Question & Answers

Gopala Krishna Palepu

Assistant Divisional Engineer
400KV / APTRANSCO / Hyderabad
S.No QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. What are the Protections adopted 1. Main-1 Protection : Distance Protection
in 400KV Lines (21M1/L1)
2. Main-2 Protection : Distance/ Differential
(21M2/L2 or 87M2/L2)
3. Over Voltage Stage-1 Prot (59-1)
4. Over Voltage Stage-2 Prot (59-2)
5. Auto reclosure with check synchronization
(79 + 25)
6. Sensitive IDMT Directional E/F Relay
(67N)
2. What are the Protections adopted 1. Main Protection: Differential Protection
for 400/220KV ICT (87T)
2. Backup Protection: IDMT Directional Over
Current & Earth Fault Protection on HV side
(67HV)
3. Backup Protection: IDMT Directional Over
Current & Earth Fault Protection on LV side
(67LV)
4. Over Flux Protection on HV side (99T HV)
5. Over Flux Protection on LV side (99T LV)
6. Additional Protection: REF Protection or
High Impedance Differential Protection
(64T/87T)
7. Additional Protection: Neutral
Displacement Protection (151N)
8. Additional Protection: Under Impedance/
Distance Protection (21T)
9. Additional Protection: Neutral Current
Protection(51)
10. Over Load Alarm Protection (51 O/L)
3. What are the Protections adopted 1. Main Protection: Differential Protection
for 400KV Shunt Reactor. (87R)
2. Backup Protection: Under Impedance/
Distance Protection or Definite Time Over
Current & Earth Fault Protection(21R/51)
3. REF Protection (64R)
4. What are the inbuilt Protections 1. Gas Detector or Oil Surge detector or Say
available for 400KV ICT / Shunt Buchholz Relay or Oil Surge relay
Reactor? 2. Similarly for OLTC Buchholz Relay or Oil
Surge relay
3. Oil Temperature
4. Winding Temperature

5. Meaning of LBB/BFR
6. What are the requirements for
LBB operation
7. Why we need Bus bar Protection? To Provide High Speed Sensitive Clearance of
8. Why line protection need
duplicate Distance protection?
9. How many zones are required in Minimum 3 Zones and some manufacturers
Distance Protection
10. on which principle the
differential relay operates
11. Why 2nd harmonic restraint
required for Differential Relay secondary circuit open, is switched on, it acts
12. Name at Least 2 types of
Characteristics for distance
5. Oil Level
6. Pressure Relief.
Local Breaker Backup Protection / Breaker
Failure Relay
1. Any protective relay operates will initiate
LBB.
2. After initiation, timer starts & waits for
200ms.
3. After elapse of stipulated time still
initiation is there and currents are available
in LBB then it will Operate and give trip
signal to adjacent Breakers connected to the
Bus.
Bus bar Faults by tripping all the Circuit
Breakers connected to faulty Bus.
For redundancy and Reliability.
are giving more than 3 zones.
Merz-Price Principle
When a Power Transformer with its
as a simple Inductance and a magnetizing in
rush current which will be several times,
Transformer full load current will flow. As the
inrush current flows in the Primary of the
Transformer only, it appears to the
Differential relay as an internal fault.
A Harmonic analysis of typical magnetic
inrush current wave is shown below
2nd : 63.0 %
rd
3 : 26.8 %
th
4 : 5.1 %
5th : 4.1 %
th
6 : 3.7 %
th
7 : 2.4 %
as seen from the above, the second
harmonic component is predominant in the
Magnetizing Inrush Current. A Differential
Relay which Extracts the 2nd Harmonic
Current and fed to the restraint coil to make
the relay inoperative due to Magnetic inrush
current.
1. Quadrilateral
2. Mho
 schemes.
13. Differentiate switched Distance
scheme and non switched
distance scheme.
14. What is the accuracy limit of
Zone-1 reach
15. Why Fuse Failure Protection is
required as an inbuilt feature in
Distance Protection.
16. What types of unit protections
are available for Line?
17. Need of Over Voltage Protection
for Transmission Lines.
18. Necessity of Over Flux Protection
for Transformers.
3. Optical/Lens
4. Bullet
5. Triangular
In an Ideal Non switched scheme, there will
be 6 starters, 3 for Phase Faults and 3 for
ground faults. There will be independent
Measuring units for both Phase faults and
earth faults for each phase, for all 3 zones,
totaling 18 units. This scheme is faster and
more accurate but is costly.
In the switched scheme, only one measuring
unit will be used for all types of faults. This
single measuring unit is switched to the
correct fault loop impedance by switching-in
the respective voltages and currents by the
starter.
Switched scheme is relatively slow in
operation and has the risk of total scheme
failure in the event of failure of the only one
measuring unit is available.
< 5%
The distance relays being voltage restraint
O/C relays, loss of Voltage due to main PT
fuse failure or inadvertent removal of Fuse in
one or more phases will cause the relay
operation. The fuse failure relay will sense
such condition by the presence of residual
voltage with out residual current and blocks
the relay.
1. Phase Comparison Protection
2. Phase segregated Line Differential Relay
Normally 400KV transmission lines are
meant for Transmission of Bulk Power to
Long Distances to Load center area. If the
line is idle charged condition or lightly loaded
condition the sending end voltage is more
than the receiving end voltage due to line
mutual capacitance. This is called Ferranti
effect. This may cause the failure of
equipment. To safe guard the equipment,
over voltage protection is adopted.
If Flux increases causes on increase of the
iron losses and disproportionately large
increase in magnetizing current. This leads
to a rapid temperature rise in the bolts and
destroying their insulation and damaging coil

19. What is the Percentage of
Transient Faults in Transmission
Lines in total faults?
20. In which condition Auto
reclosure Relay operates.
21. Meaning of dead time In auto-
reclosure operation.
22. Meaning of reclaim time In auto-
reclosure operation
23. What are the conditions required
for blocking Auto reclosure Relay.
24. LBB relay is Current Operated or
Voltage operated or both
25. Why Main and Check Bus bar
protection is required.
26. For 400KV lines
Main-1 is 21L & Main-2 is 87L
utilized.
For 400/220 KV ICT
Main-1 is 87T & B/U 21T is it
possible to utilize.
27. What is the principle of Operation Circulating Current Principle.
of REF relay?
28. How many Configurations
available in One & Half Breaker
insulation. To safe guard the Transformer,
over flux protection is provided.
Around 85%
Zone-1 and Phase to Earth Faults only
The time between the Auto-reclosing Scheme
being energized and the operation of the
contacts which energize the Circuit Breaker
closing circuit.
The Time Following a successful closing
operation measured from the instant the
Auto-Reclosing relay closing contacts make
which must elapse before the Auto-Reclosing
relay initiates another reclosing attempt. In
other words, it may be said to be the time
between 1st and 2nd Auto-Reclosure.
1. Zone 2/3/4 of Distance protection
2. LBB/BFR relay Operation
3. Over Voltage Protection
4. Circuit Breaker Problems
5. Bus bar Protection
6. carrier Fail conditions
7. Line Reactor Protection
8. Direct Transfer Trip signal received.
It is current operated.
Bus bar differential protection should have
over all sensitivity above heaviest loaded
feeder current, unless separate check zone
has been provided. Normally high impedance
Bus bar protection needs check zone
protection to over come this problem. The
trip command is only given when both a
discriminating & check zone system
operates.
Yes, for ICT 21T may be utilized as a Backup
Protection.
1. I- Configuration
2. D- Configuration
 System
29. What are the CT methods 1. 3 CT Method
available in One & Half Breaker 2. 4 CT Method
System? 3. 5 CT Method
4. 6 CT Method (GIS Version)
5. 6 CT Method (AIS Version)
30. Which CT Method is More 3 CT Method
Economical?
31. Which CT Method is fault free in 6 CT method ( GIS Version)
Protection and not having blind
zones?
32. Explain the Relevance of STUB When a Line is supplied via 2 Circuit
Protection? Breakers in a One & Half Circuit Breaker
arrangement, the line protection includes the
area between the two CTs. However, when
the line isolator is open the line CVTs for the
Distance Protection are connected to the line
and cannot provide the correct voltage for
the STUB end.(i.e the area between the line
isolator and CTs) (stub = dead end)
To provide protection for a fault in this area,
Distance Protection is Provided with a STUB
protection which gives a bus over current trip
if the line isolator is open and the current
exceeds the set value in any phase.
33. Explain the Relevance of TEED The Main CT, Tie CT & Line CT are Physically
Protection located in T shape in case of 5 CT Method.
For identification of Fault in between these
three CTs, then it is connected to Differential
relay in the principle of Main CT current + Tie
CT current = Line Current.
34. Explain the need of SOFT This is required where there are line voltage
protection transformers, to provide fast tripping in the
Event of accidental line energisation with
maintenance earthing clamps left in position.
35. If power swing occurs whether It will block
Distance scheme will operate or
block
37. Why Over Load Relay is provided Over Load relay shall be set at 100% of
in ICT Protection rated current with delay of 5 seconds. This
shall be connected to give alarm only, for
alertness and arranging a load relief.
38. In which case the Auto Where Transformation ratio HV to LV is less
Transformers are utilized. than 2.
39. Condition for ND Relay Operation Due to Unbalanced Load condition the
in case of Transformer shifting of Neutral will takes place from zero
Protection. voltage to some voltage. This may cause
 failure of Transformer. To safe guard the
Transformer this relay will be provided in LV
winding.
40. Give the drawing of SLD of One
& Half Breaker System (one dia
Only) with CT, CVT, LA/SA, CB,
WT/LT, Isolators & Earth
Switches, Bus CVT with
nomiclatures.