ASHRAE 2013 Student Design Project Competition

Design Report for Integrated Sustainable Building Design (ISBD)

University of Nottingham, UK

Team Member

Zhiang Zhang (Team leader) Dalin Si

Undergraduate in BEng (Hons) Undergraduate in BEng (Hons)
Architectural Environment Engineering, Architectural Environment Engineering
LEED Green Associate sdl0619@hotmail.com
zhangzhizza@gmail.com

Ruijun Zhang
Jiayi Qiu Ruijun Zhang
Undergraduate in BEng (Hons)
Undergraduate in BEng (Hons) Architectural Environment Engineering in BEng (Hons)
Undergraduate
@
Architectural Environment Engineering Architectural Environment Engineering
Xuyang Zhong
layjq3@exmail.nottingham.ac.uk tri.circles@gmail.com

Xuyang Zhong Yukai Wu

Undergraduate in BEng (Hons) Undergraduate in BEng (Hons)
Architectural Environment Engineering Architectural Environment Engineering
layxz7@exmail.nottingham.ac.uk layyw16@exmail.nottingham.ac.uk

Zhongzhe Wu
Undergraduate in BEng (Hons)
Architectural Environment Engineering
layzw7@exmail.nottingham.ac.uk

Supervisor
Dr. Ed Cooper
Lecturer, Course Director
University of Nottingham, UK
Edward.Cooper@nottingham.ac.uk

Department of Architecture and Built Environment

University of Nottingham
NG7 2RD
UK
Contents
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1. Objective and Method ........................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2. Groups and Duties ................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3. Design Concept and Design Brief ......................................................................................................................... 2
2. Pre-design Phase .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1. Standards and Guides ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2.2. Climate Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3. Site Analysis .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.4. Building Design ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
3. Conceptual-design Phase ................................................................................................................................................ 6
3.1. Approach to Energy Efficiency ............................................................................................................................. 6
3.2. Comparison Benchmark ........................................................................................................................................ 6
3.3. Building Shape, Layout and Space Design............................................................................................................ 6
3.4. Envelope Design .................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.5. HVAC Selection, Design and Optimization ........................................................................................................ 12
3.6. Artificial Lighting ................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.7. PV System ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.8. Building Automation and Energy Management System ...................................................................................... 18
4. Preliminary-design Phase ............................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1. Architecture Output ............................................................................................................................................. 19
4.2. MEP System ........................................................................................................................................................ 22
4.3. Cost Analysis and Energy Consumption ............................................................................................................. 29
5. LEED Evaluation........................................................................................................................................................... 30
6. Conclusion and Future Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 34
7. Reference ........................................................................................................................................................................ 34

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1. Introduction

1.1. Objective and Method

This project aims at re-designing Dallas Power & Light building through integrated design process, to achieve
lowest energy consumption of HVAC, electrical and other services under certain climate conditions. The
building has been relocated to Ningbo, China, a major city located along east coast China with population over
5 millions. Strategies including proper selection and sizing of systems, automation technology,
environmental-respondent architecture design, implementation of renewable energy and dynamic building
performance simulation have been implemented to achieve the goal of energy efficiency. LEED 2009 for New
Construction and Major Renovations is chosen as green building evaluation method and the minimum goal is
gold level.
An integrated process has been applied rather than conventional architecture-MEP method. The team is
divided into 5 specific groups (as described in 1.2) but we work together at the very first stage to set design
concept with consideration of later design in mind.
1.2. Groups and Duties
Groups People Duties
Building shape, layout and space design; Passive
Ruijun Zhang and bioclimatic design strategies; Day-lighting
Architecture YukaiWu and natural ventilation design; Urban and
XuyangZhong environmental design; Construction material
selection.
JiayiQiu HVAC system selection and baseline design;
Mechanical
XuyangZhong system optimization; Components and equipment
Engineering
Dalin Si selection; GSHP design.
Electrical Artificial lighting design; Building automation
JiayiQiu
Engineering and control design
LEED and Zhiang Zhang Building Energy Performance Simulation; CFD
Sustainability Zhongzhe Wu simulation; LEED evaluation; ASHRAE standards
Investment, operational and life-cycle cost
Financial Zhongzhe Wu
analysis

1.3. Design Concept and Design Brief

To approach the goal of zero energy, the building has been redesigned based on local climate and owners'
requirement. The architecture of this building must be respondent to local climate of Ningbo. An essential
guide on re-design of architecture is simplicity and suitability without imposing any pressures on MEP design.
For HVAC, ASHRAE 189.1 and its relative standards are the minimum requirements for HVAC design.
Thermal comfort must not be compromised and maximum energy efficiency must be achieved. This building is
also a smart building with automation system for lighting, air-conditioning and other services. Renewable
energy that is suitable for local environment and has short pay-back time should also be applied to this building
to curtail energy consumption. Dynamic whole building energy simulation software will be used to help to
optimize and justify the design along the design process. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis amy
also be conducted when necessary.
During the project, it has been divided into 3 phases: pre-design, conceptual-design and preliminary design. In
pre-design, the local climate and surrounding environment have been investigated and possible sustainable
strategies have been recommended. In conceptual design phase, sustainable and other design strategies have
been selected based on initial simulation results or relevant standards. At last, more specific calculation, design
and equipment selection have been carried out.

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2. Pre-design Phase

2.1. Standards and Guides

1) ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2011
2) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004
3) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007
4) ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007
5) LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations Rating System
2.2. Climate Analysis
The location of this building is Ningbo, China. There is no valid weather data for Ningbo, so the weather data
for the nearest city Hangzhou is used as alternative.
The Climate Consultant v4.0 is used to analyze the weather condition and the weather file is downloaded from
DOE website.
From Figure 2 Temperature and RH of Ningbo below it can be found that temperature varies significantly from
winter to summer and generally hot in summer and cold in winter. The hottest month is August with average
temperature of 28 C and coldest month is Jan with average temperature of 4 C. The design temperature range is
from -7 C to 34 C, which means both air conditioning and heating is essential.
The local climate is also very humid. From the
Figure 2 Temperature and RH of Ningbo below it
can be found for the most time of the year the
relative humidity is in the range 60-80% and in
the night and morning the RH will even reach
above 80%. This again means the air
conditioning is important for the building.
Psychometry analysis left also shows that
conventional heating and air conditioning is
important because about 68% of total points
(each point represents one hour, 8960 points in
Figure 1 Psychrometric Analysis
total) fall under heating and A/C region.
However, some other passive strategies can be also implemented as supplementary including solar shading in
summer and natural ventilation in May, June and September. Increasing solar heat gain and use of high thermal
mass material will also contribute to thermal comfort in winter time.

Figure 2 Temperature and RH of Ningbo

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2.3. Site Analysis
2.3.1. Site Selection
The site for this building is in south Ningbo, which
is a new business area planned by Ningbo
government. The site was farmland many years ago
but is now planned to be residential area due to the
urbanization. The surrounding area has been
already well developed so this site is complied with
ASHRAE 189.1 5.3.1.1 e : on a greenfield that is
within 800m of not less than 10 basic services. The
surrounding basic services are indicated in the
Figure 3 Services within 800m.

2.3.2. Surrounding Environment

The chosen site is adjacent to a large park (in the
west) and a small river (in the east) and these will
affect the micro wind environment. On the north of
site there is a 20 story hotel building. This building Figure 3 Services within 800m
will again affect the micro wind environment but will have little influence on the daylight design. There is no
building in the south of the site, and this will benefit the building in terms of daylight design.
The projected site is surrounded by two main streets,Tiantong
South Road and Shounan Middle Road, and both are 6-way
streets. Generally, the traffic is not busy as the site is located
at the newly developed district. However, it is going to be
heavier. The circulation around the site will have influence on
the building orientation and entrances of site.
2.4. Building Design
2.4.1. Building Function Definition
As owner's requirements, this building has combined
functions of commercial use and residential use. The
commercial area consists of retail space and restaurant, the
Figure 4 Overshadowing Analysis area should be no less than 25,000 ft2 (which is equivalent to
2300 m2). For residential area, owner requires 158 high-end
apartment units.
2.4.2. Orientation
Ecotect analysis shows that the best orientation is south.
Therefore, the long side of the building should face south.
Besides, overheating from west should also be avoided.
2.4.3. Envelope and Construction
The thermal characteristics of building envelope will meet the
minimum requirement as states in ASHRAE 189.1 Table A-3
in Normative Appendix A.
Material with high thermal mass will benefit the building in
terms of reduce cooling load and heating load because
Figure 5 Building Orientation Analysis

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 generally the daily temperature in Ningbo changes cyclically.
2.4.4. Day-lighting and Natural Ventilation
Day-lighting can improve occupants comfort as well as reduce much energy in terms of artificial lighting. For
this building, it is essential to achieve high level of day-lighting level for residential area because that is where
people live day by day. For commercial area, day-lighting can be compromised to some extent because
occupants in that space will not require high level of visual comfort.
It is hard to design natural ventilation for a high-rise building like this because all spaces are separated by
several residential units. But good natural ventilation can still be achieved by innovation envelope strategies
and careful design of opening positions. For commercial area, natural ventilation is much less important than
residential area.
2.4.5. HVAC System
For ventilation requirement, ASHRAE 62.1 has been used as benchmark for ventilation requirements as well
as predicted maximum occupancy density of each space type.
Table 1 Ventilation Requirements

Space Type Peak occupation density Fresh air Requirements*

Residential 2 person/room&1 person /65 m2for corridor 2.5l/s/p+0.3 l/s/m2

Retail 1 person / 2 m2 3.8l/s/p+0.3 l/s/m2
Restaurant 1 person / 4 m2for serving area& 1 person / 8 m2for corridor 3.8l/s/p+0.9 l/s/m2
(* The ventilation requirement is as per ASHRE 62.1. All public corridors should have minimum ventilation rate of
0.3l/s/m2)

For terminal system, it should be selected and designed based on thermal requirements, control requirements
and architectural limitations of each space type. Following table summarizes the potential use of different
systems in various areas.
Table 2Potential Use of HVAC Systems

Spaces Type Predicted Features Suitable Systems

Retail 1) Very high cooling load in summer
2) Low heating load in winter
3) High fresh air requirement
4) Central control
5) Large ceiling height
Restaurant 1) Very high cooling load in summer
2) Low heating load in winter
3) High fresh air requirement
4) Fine decoration needed
Residential 1) Low people intensity
apartment 2) Low cooling load in summer
3) Moderate heating load in winter
4) Low fresh air requirement
5) Separate control is essential
6) High thermal comfort standard
7) Low ceiling height
8) Fine decoration needed
1) VAV with terminal reheat coil
2) 4 pipe Fan coil system with separate
fresh air
1) VAV with terminal reheat
2) 4 pipe Fan Coil system with separate
fresh air
Cooling:
1) 2 pipe fan coil system
2) 2 pipe chilled beam or chilled ceiling
Ventilation:
1) Centralized fresh air supply
2) Extract fan only
Heating:
1) Radiator
2) Floor heating system

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 Equipment efficiency should meet the minimum level stated by ASHRAE 189.1 7.4.3 to save energy. Other
renewable energies can also be used to achieve this goal. Ningbo is a good place for ground source heat pump
because the soil has high thermal exchange property and is easy to be drilled. Besides, the Ningbo
Government would cover 20% of the GSHP installation cost to encourage its application.

3. Conceptual-design Phase

3.1. Approach to Energy Efficiency

1) Climate respondent architectural design; 2) Envelope and system optimization based on CFD and thermal
modeling analysis; 3) Renewable energy; 4) Energy efficient lighting; 5) BAS and EMS
3.2. Comparison Benchmark
Benchmark has been built based on relevant standards and guides as criteria for evaluation of one design
scheme.

Site design ASHRAE 189.1 Section 5 HVAC ASHRAE 189.1 Section 7

Envelope ASHRAE 189.1 Section 7 Renewable Energy ASHRAE 189.1 Section 7
Construction thermal ASHRAE 189.1 Normative
Ventilation Requirement AHSRAE 62.1 Table 6-1
properties Appendix A
Artificial Lighting ASHRAE 189.1 Section 7 Day-lighting LEED NC 2009 Credit 8.1

3.3. Building Shape, Layout and Space Design

3.3.1. Commercial Area
1) Space requirements: It has been required that at least 25,000 ft2 commercial area is needed. The existing
building design does not adhere to that requirement. For existing design, the ground floor has area of
about 9600 ft2, therefore, at least 3 floors are needed to be commercial area to comply with owner's
requirements. It is designed that 2 levels will be for retail and 1 level will be for restaurant.
2) Moving to underground: As discussed in pre-design, natural ventilation and day-lighting is not much
important for commercial area, especially for retail space. To reduce heating and cooling load, retail
space can be moved to underground, while restaurant can be located at ground floor.
3) Entrance Pathway: Retail space has very large occupancy intensity, so the main entrance of retail space
must be separated from entrance of residential area to avoid interruption on life of residents by customers
of retail area.
3.3.2. Residential Area
1) Space design & orientation: 158 high-end
residential units are required as owner's requirements,
but the existing design cannot satisfy that. New design
must be carried out to change building layout and space
design. From pre-design, it has been concluded that long
side of the building should face south to avoid strong
solar gain from west and east. Besides, all services
space will be located at west side of the building and
thus, no windows will be projected on west facade.
Figure 6 Refined Building Layout and Space Design

2) Refining based on Day-lighting: The space and layout design is mainly based on daylighting, so all
rooms must not be too deep. Besides, maximum number of rooms must be designed for each level.
Therefore, layout and space design must be changed. The layout of each floor has been further

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 simplified and treated as a rectangle. Also, the depth of each room will be minimized while the area of
each room must be no smaller than 50 m2. Figure 6 Refined Building Layout and Space Design shows the
refined design. There will be totally 17 levels of such design for residential area.
3.4. Envelope Design
3.4.1. Construction Material
1) Thermal Property
Building envelope thermal requirements of ASHRAE Standard 189.1 for climate zone 3 is illustrated as
below. (The minimum requirements used for this project are underlined)
Opaque Elements Thermal Property Residential Thermal Property Commercial
Roof-Insulation Entirely above Deck U-0.22 U-0.22
Steeled Framed Wall-above grade U-0.43 U-0.31
Below Grade Wall C-6.47 C-6.47
Steel Joint Floor U-0.21 U-0.21
Slab-On-Grade Floor-heated F-1.11 F-1.11
Metal Fr. Curtainwall-Vertical Penestration U-2.84 ,SHGC-0.25 U-2.84, SHGC-0.25

2) Green Roof
Green roof has the benefits of reducing cooling load for
the building. Besides, the water storage ability of soil
and plants will reduce rain-water run-off from roof,
which will help to earn points in LEED. It is also a
recommended strategy to reduce heat island effect by
LEED because plants and soil have very high solar
reflection index (SRI). Figure left shows the benefits of
green roof very clearly.
The native plant is suggested to be planted to reduce
Figure 7Benefits of Green Roof the water consumption of irrigation and maintenance
cost. Some points in LEED WE will also be earned for the use of native plants. Native plants suitable for
the green roof include:
Examples of Native Plants for Green RooF
Pink Reineckea Herb Speiranthagardenii Radix Ophiopogonis

3) Thermal Mass
From climate analysis in section 2.2, thermal mass will reduce heating and cooling load of building.

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 Figure 8 Rendered Concrete Example
Concrete is the most common thermal mass material (commands direct exposure to environment) and
will be used for this project. Nowadays, the availability of rendered concrete makes exposed concrete out
of aesthetical issues. A property "admittance value" can be used to evaluate the thermal mass effect.
4) Sustainable and Regional Material
For this project, traditional aggregates and cement are partly replaced by recycled and secondary material.
Ningbo has one of the largest coal-fired power plants in China. This gives an access to use Pulverised
Fuel Ash (PFA) and Fly Ash Aggregates (bio-product from coal burning) for concrete production. It has
been researched that if 30% of OPC is replaced by PFA, 17% of greenhouse gas emission and 14% of
primary energy can be conserved. This strategy will contribute to points for LEED MR credit 4: recycled
content.
Table 3Reduced Environmental Impact of PFA With the purpose to reduce transportation energy
consumption embodied in material, all the material
selected should be purchased or processed locally if
possible. Ningbo is located in Yangtze River Delta,
which is famous for its developed secondary industry.
So, all construction materials can be bought locally.
Table 4 lists the companies and factories that are
related to the construction materials. This strategies
will contribute to 2 points in LEED NC MR credit 5:
regional material.
Table 4 Local Construction Material Provider
Company Main Products
Baosteel Ltd, Shanghai Providing steel products
Ningbo CONCH Cement Ltd Providing cement and cement alternatives
Ningbo CONCH Profiles and Science Ltd Providing window and door
Ningbo Huamei Insulation Material Ltd Providing insulation materia
NBSolar Ltd Providing PV panels.

3.4.2. Innovative Envelope Strategies

Two existing methods, double skin facade and trombe
wall, may be possible strategies that can help to achieve
reduction of heating load in winter. These two strategies
will be tested by EnergyPlus v7.2 to show their benefits
and potential problems.
1) Double Skin Facade (DSF)
The model built for E+ is shown below. This model will
be compared to the one with normal window (Single
Skin Facade (SSF)).

Figure 9 Double Skin Facade Model in EnergyPlus

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 A fan coil unit is assumed in the test model. The simulation shows that the total energy consumption is
reduced by 25.9% with DSF annually. The most significant reduction is in heating (68.45% decrease)
due to the much lower heat loss through infiltration and glazing in winter (shown in Figure 10 Annual
Heat Transfer Comparison).

Figure 10 Annual Heat Transfer Comparison of DSF

Figure 12 DSF Air Flow Pattern in winter Figure 11 Solar Gain Comparison of DSB

The CFD analysis has been conducted for DSF in winter. In sunny days, the simulation result shows
that if the outer glazing is sealed, the solar heat will be trapped within cavity area and then transferred to
occupied space.
The cooling energy falls slightly by 13%, which is due to the reduced solar gain in summer (seen in
Figure 11 Solar Gain Comparison of DSB). However, even the cavity area will be natural ventilated in
summer to avoid overheating, the heat gain to occupied zone through glazing is raised slightly (Figure
10 Annual Heat Transfer Comparison of DSF). Also, it should be noted that double skin facade may have
influence on natural ventilation effectiveness, so passive cooling effect is weaken (Figure 10 Annual
Heat Transfer Comparison of DSF) which is a probable limitation of this kind of facade.

2) Trombe Wall
Trombe wall is another passive solar design
considered in this project. The simulation is
processed by EnergyPlus. In order to evaluate the
feasibility of trombe wall in Ningbo, a simple
rectangular model is built as shown below.
Trombe wall provides advantages in increasing the
solar heat gain in winter, so that the heat energy can
Figure 13 Trombe Wall Model for EnergyPlus be reduced. It is found that trombe wall can cut
down the heating energy consumption by about 64%
due to simulation results. As the outside glazing will trap the heat, cooling load is then increased and

9
 cause a big issue in summer. Although the outside glazing will be open to allow the natural ventilation so
that heat can be taken out, the heat gain through partition is still higher than normal walls. Generally, the
cooling energy for building with trombe wall will be increased by 60% in Ningbo.
In conclusion, double skin facade will be implemented in this project for part of south facade of this
building, while trombe will not.
3.4.3. Window and Opening Design
1) Residential Area
a) Window design: A general rule for window design to ensure that total window area is less than 40% of
gross wall area, as required by ASHRAE 189.1 Section 7. Day-lighting is the major consideration for
window design.
For south facade, DSF will be implemented as discussed before. To increase day-lighting at deep end of
the room, two windows are added on upper left and upper right side of DSF. For north side, two identical
windows with height of 2m and width of 2.5m are installed for each room.

Figure 14Window Design

RADIANCE is used to simulate the day-lighting

performance under CIE clear sky model. It has
been shown that for standard residential level,
averagely 81.1% of room area has illuminance
level within LEED requirement.
b) Opening design: CFD analysis is conducted
for three types of rooms (south facing room, north
facing room and east facing room) and the
window opening position is carefully selected to
maximize single sided natural ventilation.
South Room
For south facing room there are two types of
windows, which are double skin facade and
ordinary windows at the top part of the south
Figure 15 Daylight Simulation Results from Radiance
facing wall. The simulation is carried out at noon
on 4th June. After several attempts it is found that the best ventilation will be achieved by the following
opening scheme.

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 Figure 16 Opening Design and CFD Results (age of air)

In Figure 16 Opening Design and CFD Results (age of air) it can be seen that the maximum age of air is
1102.86s, which is generally equivalent to ACH of 1.62.
North window
For north facing room there are two identical windows with each has the area of 5 m2. The simulation
time point is at 12:00 in 2nd Jun. It is found that the best scheme occurs when there is opening at both top
and bottom of each window.

Figure 17 Opening Design for North Window and CFD Results (Velocity Vector)

It can be seen from above figure that cold air enters from bottom window and hot air leaves from top
windows. The maximum age of air is 710.6 s which is generally equivalent to ACH 2.53.
East Room
The east room has windows on two different walls, which makes the natural ventilation much more
effective. After tests of several strategies, following figure shows the best design of opening.
The simulation time point is 12:00 1st Jun. It can be seen that at noon on 1st Jun, the air goes into the
building from east windows and comes out through north window. The maximum age of air is only
238.58s, which is equivalent to ACH 7.54. It can be seen that the ventilation effectiveness is much more
better than previous rooms.

Figure 18 Opening Design for East Rooms and CFD Results (Velocity Vector)

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 2) Commercial Area
a) Retail space: From previous calculation it has been designed that retail space will be moved to
underground, but 2 strategies will be implemented on window (and door) design to increase day-lighting
performance.
Firstly, entrance to retail level will be all glass
doors on north side of the building, to provide
day-lighting and avoid large solar heat gain in
summer. Besides, a line of windows will be
equipped on top of walls of B1 to increase
light penetrating into room. Figure below
shows these two strategies.
b) Restaurant
Floor-to-ceiling window is designed to

Figure 19Window Design for Retail Space maximum view of customers.

3.5. HVAC Selection, Design and Optimization
3.5.1. Terminal System Selection
Based on previous design, this project will consist of commercial area (restaurant& retail) and residential area.
Terminal system will be selected with aid of EnergyPlus simulation results.
1) Commercial Area
From pre-design section it has been known that for commercial area with large internal gain, VAV and Fan
Coil system may be suitable. Compared with FCU, VAV system has several prominent merits, including
energy efficiency, low maintenance cost and low noise level. Besides, the floor to ceiling height for lower
floor is 4 m, which is large enough to occupy the VAV duct. However, the most obvious drawback of VAV
system is its weakness for winter heating. However fortunately, heating may not be much necessary for
commercial area because of low fabric heat loss (retail levels are located underground) and high internal heat
gain (high occupancy density and light energy density)
If no HVAC system is equipped, the temperature profile of lower floor in three days in winter design days is
summarized in Figure 20 Temperature Profile in Winter Design Days.
In figure it can be seen that generally the air
temperature in lower floors will be high than set point
temperature (which is 20 C) in occupied time. This
means the cooling is still needed in winter time for
lower floors. Therefore, VAV system is suitable because
it won't (or little) be required to supply the winter

Figure 20 Temperature Profile in Winter Design Days heating. Besides, a terminal reheat coil will be as well
added to meet the heating load when necessary.
2) Residential Area
Based on the analysis in pre-design, the chilled ceiling and fan coil unit may be appropriate for residential area.
Even though generally speaking chilled ceiling is much more energy efficient than FCU, it must be noted that
Ningbo has very humid summer so there will be the danger of condensation and high RH if the chilled ceiling
is used. Simulation results show that during simulation period from 1 Jul to 7 Jul (summer design week for
Ningbo) indoor RH is always above 90% and indoor air temperature will be above 24.5 sometime. This means
chilled ceiling is not suitable for Ningbo.

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 Figure 21Temperature and RH in Summer Design Week for Chilled Ceiling System

For winter heating, the FCU, water radiator and

Heating Energy Comparison
heated floor are evaluated by thermal comfort and
energy consumption. The operative temperature
(which is the temperature related to air and radiant
temperature) is used as the control variables because
air temperature only will not guarantee the thermal
comfort.
In the Figure 22 Heating Energy Comparison it can be
seen that FCU consume much more energy than the
other two methods. In terms of thermal comfort, the
FCU Water Radiator Heated Floor largest drawback of FCU is that it may cause the
"cold feet" problem.
Figure 22 Heating Energy Comparison
Water radiator is the most energy efficient one, but
considering that GSHP may be used as heat source, heated floor is much more suitable because it does not
need high supply water temperature and has moderate energy consumption.
To summarize, for residential area, the HVAC system is 3 pipes FCU (cold water pipe and condensate water
pipe) with separate fresh air supply and heated floor for winter heating.
3.5.2. Baseline HVAC System Design
1) Baseline Terminal System
Based on the selected system a basic VAV with reheat system is built. The Figure 23VAV with Reheat System
for Commercial Area shows the schematic diagram of this system.
The VAV system is used in commercial area. Each floor has one VAV AHU unit that cool and dehumidify air.
There are several VAV terminal units with reheat coils on each floor to maintain the desired temperature in
specific zone. The fresh air will be introduced to the AHU directly from outside environment, no pre-cooling
air handling unit will be used.

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 Figure 23VAV with Reheat System for Commercial Area

Fan coil systems can satisfy the individual heating and cooling requirements of multiple zone buildings and
enable good building flexibility. Each room in residential area is served by one fan coil unit. Fresh air is
centrally supplied to each room after being treated by Pre-treatment Air Handling Units (PAU) which are
located on the top of building. Underfloor heating is used for winter heating.
Simple illustration for system is described in Figure 24 Fan Coil Unit+Floorheatng for Residential Area.

Figure 24 Fan Coil Unit+Floorheatng for Residential Area

3.5.3. System Optimization

System optimization is conducted by EnergyPlus v7.2. Several strategies is tested and annual HVAC energy
consumption is compared before and after a strategy is implemented.
1) VAV with Reheat-Commercial Area
To optimize the system in terms of energy efficiency, 3 methods are implemented for this VAV system,
including air-side economizer, heat recovery and supply air temperature reset. Strategies are cumulative (e.g.
when using heat recovery, economizer has been already selected)
Air side economizer
Air side economizer is used to maximize outside air supply to provide free cooling when outside temperature
or enthalpy is lower than inside temperature or enthalpy. For this building particularly, because from previous
section it has been known that cooling is needed in winter for lower levels, the air side economizer will
effectively reduce the cooling energy in winter. But it must be noted that because in winter outside air is dry,
larger intake of winter outside air may increase the humidification energy.
After EnergyPlus simulation, the best configuration for economizer is shown below:

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 Control Type Differential Temperature
Upper and Lower Temperature Limit No limit
Operation Schedule On for whole year

The annual simulation results are shown in Figure 25 Energy Consumption after 3 Strategies. It can be found
that the total HVAC energy consumption has been decreased by 6.65%.
Heat recovery
Heat recovery is used to recover the heat form extract air so the incoming air can be preheated or precooled.
In this case, the heat recovery is needed not to recover the heat in winter but recover the "heat" from cool air
in summer. This is because the effect of heat recovery will counteract the effect of economizer. Generally,
heat recovery will be bypassed when economizer is operating.
In the simulation the rotational heat recovery device with sensible heat recovery 75% and latent heat
recovery 70% is used (Nowadays technology allows higher efficiency than that). The operation schedule is
on for the whole year.
From the Figure 25 Energy Consumption after 3 Strategies. it can be seen that both cooling and heating
energy has been reduced by heat recovery. The total HVAC energy consumption is about 13.5%.
Supply air temperature reset
VAV has the most obvious drawbacks in winter
heating, especially when the heating and cooling
load happens simultaneously at different zones. If
AHU supply air setpoint can be reset based on the
heating load, the heating energy may be reduced
because repeated heating may be avoided. After
EnergyPlus testing, the best reset strategy is
resetting supply air temperature based on the
average zone heating load. But it must be noted
that the supply air temperature cannot be too high,
because cooling is needed for inner zones, even
in winter. In this case, the upper supply air
temperature limit is 14 C. From Figure 25 Energy
Consumption after 3 Strategies it can be seen that
Figure 25 Energy Consumption after 3 Strategies the heating energy is reduced obviously. The total
energy consumption is reduced by 14.6% (compared with baseline case)
2) FCU+ Fresh Air-Residential Area
To minimize the energy consumption of the system, heat
recovery on fresh air supply and different FCU capacity
control methods are tested.
Heat Recovery
For residential rooms, separate fresh air supply is needed.
Therefore, heat recovery is essential for this system to
reduce heating energy. For EnergyPlus simulation, sensible
heat recovery effectiveness is 75% and latent heat recovery
effectiveness is 70%.
It can be seen that heat recovery could effectively reduce
heating energy, as well as cooling and fan energy. The total
Figure 26 Energy Consumption after Heat Recovery

15
 HVAC energy consumption can be reduced by 23.8%.
FCU Capacity Control Method
Three capacity methods are tested including 1) 3 speed air flow; 2) variable air flow variable water flow; 3)
variable air flow and constant water flow.
The results show that all three control methods have similar energy performance, but the first two control
methods the energy consumption is slightly better..
To conclude, VAV with terminal reheat system is used in commercial area. Heat recovery, economizer and
supply air temperature reset technologies are recommended and the total HVAC energy consumption will be
reduced by about 14.6%. For residential area, FCU + separate fresh air supply+heated floor is selected. Heat
recovery can reduce energy consumption to about 23.8%. The FCU is recommended to control by 3-speed-air
or variable air flow & variable water flow.
3.5.4. Ground Source Heat Pump
A ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and cooling system that
transmits heat to or from the ground or groundwater. Ningbo is a suitable place
to practice GSHP as discussed in pre-design section, and Ningbo government
declared that there is a 20% subsidy of installed cost in GSHPs in 2005.
GSHP is a well integrated unit, which means one unit can be used to provide
refrigeration, heating as well as domestic hot water service. GHSP also has very
low maintenance costs and quite long lifespan. Above ground equipments have
25-year lifespan and the ground circulation system has lifespan of over 50 years.
1) Energy Analysis
At least two GSHP units will be equipped for this building in which one for
residential area and one for commercial area, because residential and
commercial area has different thermal requirement of operation schedule. As
comparison, one water-cooled chiller from and boiler system from local
companies in China has been selected. The normal chiller has EER of 3.3 and
Figure 27 GSHP for EnergyPlus boiler has efficiency of 0.89.
Figure 27 GSHP for EnergyPlus shows the comparison of energy consumption between GSHP and normal
chiller+boiler system for commercial and residential area.
As shown in Figure 28 GSHP Energy Consumption Comparison Simulation shows that much energy is
reduced for heating and cooling for both residential and commercial area, the total HVAC energy consumption
will be reduced by nearly 40%.

Figure 28 GSHP Energy Consumption Comparison

16
 2) Cost Analysis
Compared with the normal chiller +
boiler system, the GSHP system has a
higher initial cost for installation in the
building. However, the yearly
expenditures of GSHP is only
334944.27(CNY), which is about 40%
lower than normal chiller + boiler
system. Therefore, it could only use no
more than 5 years to reach the break
even. Therefore GSHP is financially
feasible for this building project.
Figure 29 Life Cost of GSHP

3.6. Artificial Lighting

3.6.1. Visual Comfort and Energy Efficiency
In the lighting design, energy use for artificial
lighting can be minimized by exploiting
daylighting. However due to the
uncontrollability of natural light, the essential
artificial lighting should be supplied for
maintaining a stable illumination environment.

Figure 30 Illuminance Requirement in IESNA

According to the illuminance
requirement in the IESNA 9th
Edition Handbook, the design
illumination level for selected
spaces in this building is
displayed in Figure 30 Illuminance

Figure 31 ASHRAE 189.1 Requirements on Lighting Requirement in IESNA.

Additionally, the lighting power density (LPD) should meet the allowances in ASHRAE 90.1-2007 and
ASHRAE 189.1-2011, as shown above.
Fluorescent and LED light will be preferred for selection to reduce energy consumption and heat gain from
light.
3.6.2. Control Strategy
The types of lighting control applied in this case are shown as below
a) Manual on/off control
Manual on/off control is the basic method which not only can be applied in the large public areas (supermarket
etc.) as localized switching, but also used in the private residential units. Generally, it can be in conjunction
with other control devices in this lighting control design for the special circumstances.
b) Daylight-linked control:
This method is used in the restaurant (ground floor) and B1, due to the daylight can have a significant impact
on the lighting level in it where the glass curtain wall design is adopted. The lights can be switched on/off or
dimmed, based on the level of daylight detected by photocell sensors. Additionally, the lights near windows

17
 should have separate control. Thus the lighting level attains compensation by balancing the daylight and
artificial lighting.
For the exterior lighting, this method is also applied but combined with the timer control.
c) Timer control
This method is applied in the supermarket at B1&B2 and exterior lighting of large area for centralized control.
According to the each particular schedule, lights would be switched on/off automatically.

3.7. PV System

Ningbo is a suitable place for PV application because strong solar irradiation in summer and sufficient supply of
products (Ningbo is one of the manufacturing center of PV in China). For this project, PV will be designed to be
integrated into building.
Type of Panels
There are two main types of PV panels for this building: one is roof mounted PV and the other one is
installed on top of south windows to act as shading devices.
1) PV as shading devices
For south windows of residential area, horizontal shading
needs to be provided for double skin facade. The design
criteria is to block direct sun light in summer days
(June, July, August).Therefore, shading device need
the dimension of 1.15m*2m (width*length).
For south windows on ground floor, huge ceiling-to
floor windows are installed. The design criteria is to
Figure 32 PV Shading for South Window forblock windows above 1.5 m from direct sunlight in
Residential Area summer days because the window is too high.
Therefore, the horizontal shading above windows will be width of 1.15m.
2) Roof-mounted PV panels
Arrays of PV panels will be installed on flat roof of this project. Conceptually half of the roof area
will be occupied by PVs and the other half is for plants of building services. This design will help to
meet the requirement of SS credit 7.2 in LEED 2009 NC.
Type of installation
There are two main installation types for PV panels, including grid-interactive and off-grid using
battery. For high rise building in city on-grid PV is better because the cost of batteries is relative high
large space is needed to storage batteries. All PV panels needed to be connected in series in order to
rise its voltage to be easily integrated into grid. A typical example of grid-interactive PV panels is
shown below.

Figure 33 Installation Type of PV

3.8. Building Automation and Energy Management System

18
3.8.1. Building Automation System (BAS)
Building automation system (BAS) provides the centralized monitoring and remote control to manage and
optimize the use of all the mechanical and electrical equipments in the whole building, including central
air-conditioning system, power supply and distribution system, lighting system, fire & security system and
elevator system. The most complicated part in this case building is the control of HVAC system coupled with
floor heating and GSHP system, which involves the data collection from each air & water temperature sensor
and the corresponding controllers. Other systems such as lighting and fire system also have their exclusive
sensors and are controlled in independent means, whereas all of them need to monitor and report the operation
conditions to BMS. This process is realized by computer software, which collecting RT digital signals from
each system, then make a diagnosis of these issues and responding to the aberrant part. Its also beneficial to
reduce equipment failure rate and minimize maintenance and operating costs.
3.8.2. Energy Management System
The EMS system is designed to reduce energy consumption and save operation cost, which also has the data
exchange with BAS. Generally, the EMS is achieved by the Real-time monitoring, collecting and analysis on
energy management software to realize these effects:
1. Improve the overall management level by monitoring the energy consumption condition of equipments
during operation.
2. Find the aberrant energy consumption or Low efficiency of equipment operation timely.
3. Reduce the peak power consumption

4. Preliminary-design Phase

4.1. Architecture Output

4.1.1. Site and Building

Car park with

permeable Pavement

Figure 34 Site Design

19
 Figure 35Entrance Slop

Figure 36 Building Overview

4.1.2. Construction Material
1) Roof:

Table 5 Roof Covered by PV Panels

Roof component Thickness Surface resistance U (W/m2K)
(m) (m2K/W)
Polyisocyanurate insulation 0.05 5.35 0.187
Concrete deck 0.25 0.10 10.0
Total 0.30 5.45 0.183 (lower than standard 0.22)
Table 6 Roof Covered by Green Roof
Layer Thickness R(m2K/W) U (W/m2K)
(m)
Gravel drainage layer (sand) 0.06 0.185 5.41
Polyisocyanurate insulation 0.05 5.35 0.187
Concrete deck 0.25 0.10 10.0
Total for roof layers 0.36 5.635 0.177 (lower than standard 0.22)

2) Wall

20
 Table 7 Wall Construction
Wall type External wall Internal wall

Mineral wool insulation

Cross section

U-value Cast concrete 7.7 W/m2K N/A

2
information Air gap 35 W/m K
Mineral fiber 0.26 W/m2k

Total U-value 0..245 W/m2K

Thermal mass Admittance (W/m2K) =4.084 Admittance (W/m2K)=0.83
Decrement Factor=0.23, delayed by 10.9 hours

For the wall below grade wall, water proofing (Sealants) is needed to be added.

3) Floor:

Floor type Ground floor Upper floor

Extruded polystyrene blocks

Cross section

U-value information Cast concrete 7.6 W/m2K N/A

2
Polystyrene 0.2 W/m K

Total U-value 0.169 W/m2K

Thermal mass (admittance 0.86 Inner surface 0.55
value) W/m2K Outer surface(W/m2K) 0.95

21
 4) Window:

Total solar transmission (SHGC) 0.245 (lower than standard 0.25)

Direct solar transmission 0.237
Light transmission 0.398
2
U-value 2.12 W/m K (lower than standard 2.84)

4.2. MEP System

4.2.1. HVAC
1) Zoning Strategy
In order to separate the zone
where is influenced by outdoor
conditions from inner area, the
area shaded by blue (max 5m
distance to fabric) is defined as
outer zone. Outer zone will also
be sub-divided by different
directions because position of
sun will also influence the
indoor environment significantly.
For residential area, each unit is
Figure 37 HVAC Zoning defined as one zone.

2) Terminal System Parameter

a) VAV system in Commercial Area
To meet requirements of the cooling and ventilation, the following table summarizes the supply air
condition from each AHU.

Level Ground B1 B2
Max Supply AFR 5588 l/s 5626 l/s 5168 l/s
Supply Air DB 12C 12C 12C
Supply Air Moisture Content 0.0076kg/kg 0.0082 kg/kg 0.008kg/kg
Ventilation Rate 1450l/s 2340l/s 2340l/s
Coil Cooling Power 154 kw 232 kw 226 kw
N.B. AFR = Air Flow Rate. For all AHUs, the design coil inlet temperature is 6C and design outlet
temperature is 11C.
Every terminal unit consists of reheat coil and following table summarizes the basic information of
this coil.

Maximum supply air temperature 35C

Design coil inlet temperature 50C
Design coil outlet temperature 46C

b) FCU + Underfloor Heating for Residential Area

PAU
The PAU on rooftop is used to provide treated fresh air to each room public spaces. The supply air
will only be used to meet the ventilation requirement of each room. The following table shows supply
fresh air condition to each room.

22
 Max Supply AFR 2951 l/s
Supply air DB 23C in Summer, 21C in winter
Summer Supply Air RH* 50%
Coil Cooling Power 171 kw
Coil Heating Power 9.53 kw
*In winter, the supply air will be humidified to meet the RH requirement of indoor air.
FCU
FCU is used to eliminate sensible and latent heat gain of each room. The following table summarizes
the basic parameters of each FCU.
FCU in Each Residential Room
Max Supply AFR 250l/s
Control Type 3-level supply air flow rate, constant supply air temperature
FCU in Each Corridor
Max Supply AFR 225l/s
Control Type 3-level supply air flow rate, constant supply air temperature

In summer the design coil inlet temperature is 7 C, design outlet coil temperature is 12 C.
Underfloor Heating
The residence room will be heated

Design inlet water temperature 45 C

Design outlet water temperature 40 C
Maximum water flow rate 0.0000246m3/s
Control Type Variable water flow rate

c) Total Power Needed for Building

Commercial Area Cooling 612 kw
Commercial Area Heating 96.7 kw
Residential Cooling 998.9 kw
Residential Heating 350.2 kw

3) GSHP Parameters
Geological conditions
The vertical distribution (0-70m) of ground soil in the east of Zhejiang can be divided into four layers,
which are clay layer, sludge layer, silty clay and silty sand layer. Referring to the Quality Monitoring
Document of GSHP Installation in the National Tax Bureau of Ningbo, the thermal parameter of soil
(0-70m) in Ningbo can be displayed as following:
Ground thermal conductivity =0.5 Btu/h ft F
Ground thermal diffusivity =0.020 ft2/h
Function Classification
Based on the demands of user, this system should providing refrigeration, floor heating and domestic hot
water services.
This building consists of two different functionalized areas which are residential area and commercial area.
Thus, considering the different requirements of operation and control, at least two GSHP units must be
installed. Additionally, due to the total cooling load of the 17 levels residential area is too high
approaching 998.9kw, it is designed that there are two units providing heating and cooling for entire

23
 residential area to minimize the impact on the whole building if one unit occurs breakdown; one is for
F1-9 and the other one is for F10-17.
No. Load area HVAC load Thus in this design, the Unit-1
Cooling load 612 kw is supplying for retail &
Unit 1 Commercial level (B2, B1, F0)
Heating load 96.7 kw
restaurant, and Unit-2&3 work
Cooling load 528.8kw
Unit 2 Residential level (F1-F9) for residential zone. Table left
Heating load 185.4kw
shows HVAC load required for
Cooling load 470.1kw
Unit 3 Residential level (F10-F17) each unit.
Heating load 164.8kw

Domestic Hot Water Load

In this building, there are 1782=272 residents estimated totally.
According to GB50015-2003, a resident consume maximum 100L hot water per day and the temperature
of hot water is defined as 60. The coefficient of hourly variation is 4.0 and the temperature of water
supply is assumed as 5.
Qday=272person100/1000m3/dp=27.2m3/d, Qhr max=27.24.0/24=4.53m3/h
Pmax=4.534.187(60-5)/3.6=289.98kw
Thus the maximum heating load for domestic hot water is determined as 289.98kw.
In this design, the unit1 & unit 2 have the function of heat recovery from the process of chilled water heat
exchange to produce domestic hot water. Generally, the hot water produced from heat recovery system can
reach 55-60.
Thus in the summer design, the DHW can be outputted during the operation of unit 1&2, if there is
heating demand. As for the DWH production rate, it is depended on different units from manufacturers in
practice. Therefore the heating load cannot be estimated. Additionally, there would be a large boiler
installed in this building to complement and supply for the DWH demand.
In the winter design, the total heating load for DWH should be added into the unit heating capacity.

Heating Load for Unit 1 Heating Load for Unit 2

289.98/2+96.7=241.69kw 289.98/2+185.4=330.39kw

Ground side loop

The closed vertical loop system is selected for the ground side circulation. Due to the space restriction, the
W-type of buried pipe is chosen to increase the area of heat exchanger with ground soil in per borehole.
Totally, this designed system needs 240 boreholes and each is defined as 70m of depth & 0.055m of radius.
Generally, the material of pipe is selected as PE which has 0.45W/mk of pipe thermal conductivity. Before
this building is built, these geothermal wells and buried pipes should be installed.
Equipment Selection
Units Parameter (Cooling/Heating)
Unit 1 for B1,B2 & L0 Unit 2 for L1-9 Unit 3 for L10-17
Capacity=730kw/700kw Capacity=730kw/700kw Capacity= 475kw/460kw
Power=122kw/148kw Power=122kw/148kw Power=80.5kw/103kw
COP=6.0/4.7 COP=6.0/4.7 COP= 5.8/4.5
Type: PSRHH-3613R-ST-407 Type: PSRHH-3613R-ST-407 Type: PSRHH-Y1702
Manufacturer: Climaveneta Manufacturer: Climaveneta Manufacturer: Climaveneta

24
4) System Schematic Diagram

Figure 38 GSHP Unit and Ground Side Loop

Figure 39 Ventilation System for Residential Area

25
 Figure 40 FCU and Heated Floor for Residential Area (L1-17)

Figure 41 VAV Reheat System for L0 B1 B2

4.2.2. Artificial Lighting

Artificial light is chosen for commercial and public area. Specific light is not selected for residential rooms
because it should be chosen based on occupants taste.

For B1, B2 Retail space:

The 2600lm 28w fluorescent lamp in T16 THORN is
selected.
LPD of lighting design in retail can be determined as
8.98w/m2 by building area method, which is far less than
17.1w/m2 of LPD allowance in ASHRAE Standard 189.1

For L0 Restaurant:
The 2000lm 40w energy-saving lighting down lamp is
applied.
LPD in restaurant design can be computed as 3.61w/m2,
which is also far less than 12.6 w/m2of LPD allowance in
ASHRAE Standard 189.1
For L0 Entrance hall and corridor, the selection is the same.

26
 For L1-L7 elevator hall and corridor:
The 1100lm 10w LED Downlight is selected.
The actual LPD in elevator hall can be determined as
5.82w/m2, which is also far less than 13.3 w/m2of LPD
allowance in ASHRAE standard 189.1.

4.2.3. PV System
Predicted Energy Production
1) PV devices on shading: Based on the dimension of 1.15m (width) * 2m (length) for the south shading
device determined in the conceptual design, a suitable product has been chosen from local PV
manufacturer Ningbo Solar Co. Ltd., which is listed below.

Type Peak power Efficiency Size Weight Price

SGP-200 200 Wp 16% 1640*992*45mm 20 kg 3.98/Wp

For shadings on residential area (L1-L17), each double-skin facade will have one panel, so total active
area of PV is A=1.640.992=1.62688 m2 (active area of one panel) multiplied by 174 panels, which
equals 110.628 m2. Total solar radiation on horizontal level per year in Ningbo is R=1269.05 KWH/m2
and the efficiency of panel works is =16%. So total electricity generated by panels in residential area is
W = A R = 22468KWH /year.
For panels on ground floor, same type of PV will be used. The total active area of 35.79 m2 is determined
by 1.62688m2 22 windows, so annual energy generation is W = A R = 7270KWH /year
2) Roof mounted PV panels: Known from Ningbo Solar Co. Ltd, PV panels with angle of 24will get the
highest solar radiation, and the total solar radiation at 24per year in Ningbo is 1508.9 KWH/m2. The
product from Ningbo Solar Co. Ltd. has been selected, which is listed below.
Type Peak power Efficiency Size Weight Price
SGP-220 220 Wp 16% 1640*992*45mm 20 kg 3.98/Wp
If the panels are too closed to each other, some PV panels would be shaded by other panels.
The minimum space between two panels is determined by using the formula:
D=Lcos+Lsin(0.707tan+0.4388)/(0.707-0.4388tan)
Where L is the length of panel=1.64m; is
the angle=24and is the latitude in Ningbo
which is about 29N. Thus, D is obtained as
2.68m. The reason for choosing 1.64m as
length is that more PV panels can be installed
than using 0.992m as length. All PV panels
will be installed on the north part of the roof
in order to minimize its influence on green
roof. The layout of roof PV panels is shown in
Figure 42 PV Layouts on Roof Figure 42 PV Layouts on Roof.
There are 332=96 pieces of PV panels. Actual area is A=961.640.992=156.18048m2, total solar
radiation per year at 24is R=1508.9 KWH/m2 and the PV efficiency is 16%. So annual energy
27
 production is W = A R = 37705KWH.
Totally, power generation by PV panels per year is 67443KWH.
Cost Analysis
According to the PV panels
electricity generation, the
figure of PV life cycle cost
left shows that it could pay
for itself in 8-9 years.

Figure 43 Cost Analysis of PV

4.2.4. BAS & EMS

1) BAS:
The equipment can be provided by Jason Control.

Figure 44BAS Schematic Chart

2) EMS
In this design, the two largest energy consumption items are HVAC system coupled with GSHP and
lighting system. The primary energy input of HVAC system is electricity consumed in GSHP units, AHU
& FCU, and a little fraction of gas for boiler. As for the lighting system, its divided into outdoor and
indoor components, where only the commercial lighting part is charged by EMS in this design. The
control of these two systems would be processing separately by themselves whilst the RT energy
consumption would be reported to EMS system, also logged.

28
 With regard to the power supply & distribution system, the power consumption of each room and
commercial property would be recorded individually in this system, which is convenient for the charge of
electricity. Additionally, the electricity generated from the PV panels would also be logged then connected
to the grid.

Figure 45 EMS Schematic Chart

4.3. Cost Analysis and Energy Consumption

4.3.1. Operational cost and energy consumption

Thus, the total annual cost of electricity in this designed building is 729924.648CNY. For the HVAC system,
energy cost is shown below.

Annual energy Electricity price

Energy
consumption (KWh) (CNY/KWh) Total cost(CNY)
source
Commercial Resident Commercial Resident
HVAC 250662 340136 electricity 0.878 0.561 410897.532

29
4.3.2. Investment costs

Construction materials
Item Quantity Unit Unit cost(CNY) Total Cost(CNY)
PV panel 1 17 No 200*3.98 13532
PV panel 2 96 individual 220*3.98 84057.6
Interior wall 1 3468 Sq. Meter 980 3398640
Interior wall 2 578 Sq. Meter 980 566440
Floor 1 11343.6 Sq. Meter 165 1871694
FLOOR 2 200181176 Sq. Meter 165 330298.941
Windows 1755.124 Sq. Meter 289 507230.836
Exterior wall 3741.848 Sq. Meter 1118.5 4185256.99
Common roof 561 Sq. Meter 800 448800
Green roof 561 Sq. Meter 2000 1122000
Building systems
Item Quantity Unit Unit cost(CNY) Total Cost(CNY)
GSHP host unit 1(730kw) 1 No 360000 360000
GSHP host unit 2&3(470kw) 2 No 280000 560000
Ground heat exchanger
67200 m 7.5 504000
system-buried pipe
AHU 3 No 15555 46665
VAV terminal unit 60 No 5000 300000
Supply diffuser 60 No 300 18000
Return terminal 30 No 180 5400
fan 8 No 12300 98400
Temperature sensor 60 No 75 4500
Electrical systems
Item Quantity Unit Unit cost(CNY) Total Cost(CNY)
Room lights (average) 816 No 60 48960
Passageways LED lights 260 No 135 35100
Supermarket fluorescent lamp 350 No 73 25550
Restaurant energy-saving light 70 No 13 910
Entrance hall LED light 160 No 135 21600
Green roof systems
Item Quantity Unit Unit cost(CNY) Total Cost(CNY)
Roof Lower 1 491.98 Sq. Meter 1000
245990
Roof Lower 2 245.99 Sq. Meter 1000
Roof upper 1 630.02 Sq. Meter 1000
315010
Roof upper 2 315.01 Sq. Meter 1000

The total investment cost of materials in this case is equals to 15118035.37 (CNY)

5. LEED Evaluation
In order to certify the design of this building reach the healthful, durable, affordable and environmental aim,
LEED2009 Green Building Rating System has been chosen to evaluate that. Prerequisites and credits in the
30
 LEED 2009 are including 7 topics that sustainable sites (SS), water efficiency (WE), energy and atmosphere
(EA), materials and resources (ME), indoor environmental quality (IEQ), innovation design (ID) and regional
priority (RP).
The LEED check list of this project is fully shown in the table below. The final score of this project in LEED
rating is 71, which can be qualified as Gold level (60-79 points).

1) Sustainable Site (SS)

This project complies with the community connectivity requirement which states that there must be 10 basic
services within 0.5 mile of the building, as described in section 2.4.1.
For the requirements of heat island effect, all outdoor parking spaces are covered by permeable pavements and
all roofs are covered by green roof and PV panels, as described in section 4.1.1.
The exterior lighting design exceeds the ASHRAE standard 189.1 criteria.
Besides, LEED project should have maximum initial illuminance value less than 1.0 horizontal and vertical
lux within LEED boundary, and no greater than 0.1 horizontal lux if 3 meters beyond the LEED project
boundary.
Table 8 Proposed Light for Site

31
2) Water Efficiency (WE)
Rain water harvest system (as described in 4.1.1) and local plants will be used to help achieve this
requirement.
Water-efficient fixture, which is better than baseline of WE credit three, will be used to earn points.
3) Energy and atmosphere (EA)
A baseline building described in ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G has been built and annual energy
consumption was simulated using EnergyPlus v7.2. Following table summarizes the basic information of
baseline building and design case.
Table 9 Baseline and Design Case for Energy Consumption Comparison
Baseline Design Case
Construction
Residential-U-0.365 Residential&Commercial U-0.245
External Wall
Commercial-U-0.479
Flat Roof Residential&Commercial-U-0.273 Residential&Commercial-U-0.177
Residential&Commercial-U3.41 Residential&Commercial-U-2.258
External Window
SHGC-0.25 SHGC-0.212
Ground Floor Residential&Commercial-U-0.169 Residential&Commercial-U-0.169
Internal Floor Residential&Commercial-U0.296 Residential&Commercial-U-0.430
Lighting
2
Residential Rooms (1-17) 12W/m , no automatic control 4 W/m2, no automatic control
Retail & Supermarket (B1 &B2) 18 W/m2, no automatic control 9 W/m2, automatic control-500lux
Restaurant (Ground) 13W/m2, no automatic control 4 W/m2, automatic control-200lux
Architectural Devices
PV shading device for every No shading
Shading Device
south-facing external window
All Others Baseline is the same as design case
HVAC system
Residential: ASHRAE system Residential: FCU+ separate fresh
1-PTAC air+ underground heating, GSHP
System Description
Commercial: ASHRAE system Commercial: VAV with reheat.
5-Packaged VAV with Reheat GSHP

32
 Figure 46 Annual Energy Consumption Comparison

It can be seen in above figure that about 35% of total energy has been reduced compared with ASHRAE 90.1
baseline building. Therefore, 12 points can be earned.
Percentage of renewable energy
The PV system and GSHP are two sources of on-site renewable energy.
1) PV system
It has been predicted in section 4.2.4 that 67000 KWH of electricity can be generated by PV panels. The
electricity price of Ningbo is 0.7195 CNY/KWH. Therefore, annual electricity cost can be reduced by
48206.5 CNY.
2) GSHP
According to section 4.3.1 and Figure 46, 334944 CNY can be reduced by GSHP.
In conclusion, on-site renewable energy system in this project could reduce 383150 (CNY) of total energy
consumption cost, which is about 33% reduction. Therefore, full points (4 points) can be earned.
4) Material and Resources
The bio-products (Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) and Fly Ash Aggregates) as described in section 3.4.1. from
local coal fired plants will be used in concrete, which is contribute to points in this section. Besides, all
material used for this building will be from local manufacturers, as listed in Table 4.
5) Indoor Environmental Quality
Daylight design for residential area has been proven by simulation results from RADIANCE that it complies
with requirements of LEED.

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 All ventilation design has exceeded requirements in ASHRAE 90.1-2007.
Thermal comfort of this building complies with the requirements of ASHRAE 55-2004 section 6.1.1.

6. Conclusion and Future Recommendation

In this project, the fundamental construction required from the owner have been satisfied firstly; then based on
the local conditions, the further design integrates the sustainable technologies such as double-skin faade, thermal
mass, PV and GSHP system to achieve the low carbon goal. With the aid of EnergyPlus and Radiance software,
the actual thermal & lighting environment are modeled and simulated. Combined with these simulation results,
our design project has been analyzed and improved repeated to obtain an optimum answer. Following this
integrated design process involving the architectural design and MEP systems shown above, Dallas Power &
Light building has been rebuilt preliminarily. Afterwards, based on our design project, the cost of this design and
LEED green building rate are evaluated. The shortage of this project is that the unit interior design is not involved,
due to its complexity and diversity. We hope this part can be achieved in the views of the function zoning and
detailing fluid dynamics simulation to meet the resident comfort in the future.

7. Reference
1. ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2011
2. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004
3. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007
4. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007
5. ASHRAE (2008) HVAC Systems and Equipment in Air Handling and Distribution 2008, ASHRAE.
6. Building Water Supply and Drainage Design Specification GB50015-2003
7. Center, M.T.C. (2010) Thermal Performance: Part L1A. .
8. Eric E. R. (2007) Requirements for Lighting Levels referring IESNA 9th Edition Handbook
9. Endecon Engineering & Regional Economic Research, Inc. (2001) A GUIDE TO PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV)
SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATION CONSULTANT REPORT Prepared for: California Energy
Commission
10. Green Seal, I., (2011) Green Seal Standard For Paints and Coatings, Connecticut Ave, NW, Ste 872.
Washington, DC USA.
11. LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations Rating System
12. LV Yue, MO Ra, ZHOU Mo, DENG Haiyan (2006) China GSHP Technology Application Development
Report(20052006) Construction & Design for Project Publisher
13. Program, E.E. (2009) Washington State Energy Code: Builder's Field Guide.
14. Wen B. W., Dong H. L (2012) Quality Monitoring Document of GSHP Installation in the National Tax
Bureau of Ningbo Gong Zheng Construction Supervision Co. Ltd in ZheJiang, China.
15. Zheng, X.,Wolff, H., (2008). Measures to Administrate the Particular Fund to Develop Energy-Saving and
Clean Production Geothermal Source Heat Pump in China. In: Proc. 9th Annual IEA Heat Pump Conference
2008.

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