11/2/2016

STRUT:
A structural member subjected to axial compressive
force is called strut.
Strut may be vertical, horizontal or inclined.
The cross sectional dimensions of strut are small.
Normally, struts carry smaller compressive loads.
Struts are used in roof truss and bridge trusses.
COLUMN:
When strut is vertical it is known as column.
The cross sectional dimensions of column are large.
Normally, columns carry heavy compressive loads.
Columns are used in concrete and steel buildings.

Q. Compare Column and Struts

A.

1
 11/2/2016

Strut Channels Building services

MacPherson Strut- automobile

Geometrical property of a section. It is the distance of the area

concentrated at a point from reference axes

Radius of Gyration(k) , k = (I/A) or I = AK

K=radius of gyration
I = Moment of Inertia (mm4)
A = Area of Section (mm2)

Slenderness ratio,
Slenderness Ratio = effective length of column/Minimum
radius of gyration

= le/kmin =
L/k

2
 11/2/2016

Classification of Column:
Depending upon the mode of failure the columns are
classified as
1. short columns
2. Long columns
3. Medium columns

SHORT COLUMN :

When length of column is less as compared to its

c/s dimension, it is called Short column.
Short Column
Le/kmin <50 or L/k <32
Or,
Le/d < 15 or L/d <8
Crushing Load : The load at which, short column
fails by crushing is called crushing load.

3
 11/2/2016

MEDIUM COLUMN :
The column is said to be medium if
L/k >32 and <120
L/d > 8 and <30
Where,
L = length of column
d = least lateral dimension of column.
K = radius of gyration

LONG COLUMN :
When length of column is more as compared to its
c/s dimension, it is called long column.
Long Column
Le/kmin > 50 L/k >120
Or,
Le/d > 15 for Long L/d>30
Where,
Le = effective length of column
d = least lateral dimension of column.
Kmin = Minimum radius of gyration
These coloumns fails due to lateral buckling, before
the compressive stresses reaches its crushing value

4
 11/2/2016

Difference between crushing and buckling

Crushing Buckling

Crushing usually occurs in short columns Buckling occurs in long columns

where L/k<32

The stress attained in the material will be The stress attained will be in
equal to the ultimate stress proportionality limit.

The strength of materials is fully used. The strength of materials is not fully
utilized

Crushing indicated the material failure of Buckling indicates the geometrical failure
column of column

Transverse load at which beam bends is The load at which lateral bending or
called bending load. buckling starts is called buckling load

Difference between Bending and buckling

Bending Buckling

Bending is the term referred in beams Buckling is referred in columns where

where the horizontal centre line bends the vertical centre line buckles from its
from its original portion original position

Bending occurs due to lateral or Buckling occurs due to longitudinal or

transverse load axial load

Bending resistance can be increased by Buckling always occurs along the line of
increasing Moment of Inertia least resistance

5
 11/2/2016

ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN EULERS

COLUMN THEORY
Column is initially straight and the load is applied
axially
Cross section of the column is uniform through out its
length
The column material is isotropic and homogenous
Length of the column is very large compared to its
lateral dimensions
Direct stress (compressive stress) is very small
compared to buckling stress
The column will fail by buckling alone
Self weight of the column is negligible

CRIPPLING LOAD OR BUCKLING

LOAD

The load at which, long column starts

buckling(bending) is called buckling load or crippling
load.
Buckling of column depends upon the following
factors.
1. Amount of load.
2. Length of column
3. End condition of column
4. C/s dimensions of column
5. Material of column.

6
 11/2/2016

COLUMN END CONDITION AND

EFFECTIVE LENTH :
1.Both end hinged.
2.Both end fixed.
3.One end fixed and other hinged.
4.One end fixed and other free.

COLUMNS HAVING VARIOUS TYPES OF SUPPORTS

Effective length

14

7
 11/2/2016

FOUR END CONDITIONS

Eulers Formula

Eulers Crippling Load,

PE = EI /le

Where, E is Modulus of Elasticity (Mpa)

I is MOI or 2nd Moment of area (mm4)
Le is Effective length (mm)

Also known as Critical Buckling Load

8
 11/2/2016

Both ends hinged or pinned One end fixed end one free end

At A, x = 0 and y = 0

If c1=0, then if c2 = 0 then y=0 At fixed end slope and deflection is zero
That means bending is zero, which is not true

9
 11/2/2016

But at free end x=l, y=a

Taking the least practical value

Both ends Fixed One end fixed and another is hinged

10
 11/2/2016

11
 11/2/2016

Eulers Formula

Eulers Crippling Load,

PE = EI /le

Where, E is Modulus of Elasticity (Mpa)

I is MOI or 2nd Moment of area (mm4)
Le is Effective length (mm)

Also known as Critical Buckling Load

12
 11/2/2016

Rankines Formula
1/P = 1/PC + 1/PE
Where, P is Rankines crippling Load
PC is Crushing Load
PE is Eulers crippling Load
If A is the Cross section area of column
PC = fC . A
PE = EI /le

I = Ak2
Where Rankines Constant, = fc/(E)
Thus, P = PR = (fC . A) / (1 + )

Rankines Formula
1/P = 1/PC + 1/PE
Where, P is Rankines crippling Load
PC is Crushing Load
PE is Eulers crippling Load
If A is the Cross section area of column
PC = fC . A
PE = EI /le

I = Ak2
Where Rankines Constant, = fc/(E)
Thus, P = PR = (fC . A) / (1 + )

13
11/2/2016

14