You are on page 1of 12

:

: ( :
) . : 0202

Critical " "


Discourse Analysis . "
"
" " ( .





( Hammersley
7991 . 832




Critical Discourse
) Analysis (CDA

- " "


" " .

.







/



( 7991 Fairclough and Wodak
822-817 " "" """
"" .

( power authority
hegemony control ( ideology


.

( 8221 van Dijk 778


.







. .

. power of language
Chilton
8228( Schaffner 7 language of power
.

( 7918
.

( 7991 821-822



.



" .
-
.
.


" - "
( . 38 :

.
" .


.

.



.
.



( (


(


.

gender encounters media discourse
political discourse racism
( .parliamentary discourse






.
(
" :
" " " "
" . (
- "" ""

"" "
.

"" "" " "

.
" "

" - ... ".

.

. "

( 7991 8:

:"
.
" "
.

.



"
.
:
/ transitivity
"

certainty
doubt

obligation
" " "" " " " " " " "
"
.modalities

" " :Affirmative-Negative "
"" " " :Interrogative "
" "" " :Imperative
" "" "" " ( 8223
762-761" .
lexicalization
"
.
nominalizations " ...
" " .... .... .... ".
.
" "..."
" " " " " "
".
" - labels, adjectives and epithets "
" " "" " " " "
"" .
metaphor " "

simile personification metonymy
irony .hyperbole
presupposition implicature
.entailment " "
" .
" " ".
deixis
address forms
" vocative " " " " " deictic-
.shift
- euphemism
- dysphemism
.
" .passivization " " "
" "" " " " "

" (
7911
.
"" "" " " " "
"

" (
. 7912

.
"
" " " " "




.



" ( 8221 732
" ideological square

.

:
( : ( (
.
( : (
( .
( : ( (
.
( : (
( .




.

.
.

Wodak


.

.



" "

" "
.

.
: 8222 7991( Widdowson
7991( Hammersley Blommaert
8222( Bulcaen

Abu Khalil, A. (1994): Al-Jabriyyah in the political discourse of Jamal Abd Al-Nasser
and Saddam Hussayn: The rationalization of defeat. The Muslim World, 84: 240-257.
Ahmed, M. A. (2007). The Language of Political Discourse in Arabic and English
Newspapers: A Contrastive Analysis. Unpublished MA Thesis. College of Arts, Minia
University.
Al-Rashid, M. (1996). God, the King, and the nation: Political rhetoric in Saudi Arabia
in the 1990s. Middle East Journal, 50: 359-371.
Antaki, C,, Billig, M, Edwards D. &, Potter, J. (2003). Discourse analysis means doing
analysis: A critique of six analytic shortcomings. Discourse Analysis Online, 1(1).
http://extra.shu.ac.uk/daol/previous/v1_n1.html
Atawneh, A. M., The discourse of war in the Middle East: Analysis of media reporting,
J. Pragmatics (2008), doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2008.05.013
Austin J. L (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford Clarendon Press.
Bhatia, A., The discourses of terrorism, J. Pragmatics (2008),
doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2008.05.016
Blommaert, J. & Bulcaen, C. (2000). Critical discourse analysis. Annual Review of
Anthropology 29: 447-466.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, R. & Gilman, A. (1972). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In: P. P. Giglioli
(ed.), Language and Social Context (pp. 252-282). Harmondsworth, Middlesex:
Penguin.
Cap, P. (2008). Towards the proximization model of the analysis of legitimization in
political discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 40: 17-41.
Chandler, D. (1994). Semiotics for Beginners. http://www.aber.ac.uk
Chilton. P.. (2004). Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice. London and
New York: Routledge.
Chilton. P. & Schaffner, C. (1997). Discourse and politics. In T. A. van Dijk (ed.),
Discourse as Social Interaction (pp. 206-230). London and New Delhi: Sage.
_________ & ________ (2002). Introduction: Themes and principles in the analysis
of political discourse. In P. Chilton and C. Schaffner (eds.), Politics as Text and Talk:
Analytic Approaches to Political Discourse (pp. 1-41). Amsterdam and Philadelphia:
John Benjamins.
Connor, U. (2004). Intercultural rhetoric research: Beyond texts. Journal of English for
Academic Purposes, 3: 291-304.
Cruse, A. (2000). Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Beaugrande, R. & Dressler W. U. (1981). Introduction to Text Linguistics. London:
Longman.
Denoyelle, C. (1998). Le discourse de la ruse dans les fabliaus. Poetique, 155: 327-350.
El-Kareh, S. (1985). LArgumentation dans Le Discours Politique de Nasser.
Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Alexandria: Alexandria University.
Ephratt, M. (2008). The functions of silence. Journal of Pragmatics, 40: 1909-1938.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.
__________ (8223). Analysing Discourse. London and New York: Routledge.
__________ & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. In: T. A. van Dijk (ed.),
pp. 258-284.
Fowler, R. (1986). Linguistic Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
__________ Hodge, B., Kress, G. & Trew, T. (1979). Language and Control. London
Boston and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Fox, R. F. (2000). MediaSpeak: Three American Voices. Connecticut and London:
Greenwood Publishing Group.
Genette, G. (1997): Palimpsests (trans. Channa Newman & Claude Doubinsky).
Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press
Glover, K. D. (2000). Proximal and distal deixis in negotiation talk. Journal of
Pragmatics, 32(7): 915-926.
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor
Books.
__________ (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York:
Anchor Books.
Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics (2nd ed.). London: Arnold.
Habermas, J. (1979). What is Universal Pragmatics? In: T. McCarthy (ed. and trans.)
Communication and the Evolution of Society (pp. 1-68). Toronto: Beacon Press.
Hafez, O. (1999). Discourse and power. Cairo Studies in English: Essays in Honor of
Mohamed Enani. Cairo: University of Cairo
__________ (2000). Public speaking as interaction: Audience response and speaker
footing shifts. Cairo Studies in English: Essays in Honor of Afaf ElMenoufy. Cairo:
University of Cairo.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward
Arnold.
__________ & Hasan, R. (1976): Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Hammersley, M. (1997). On the foundations of critical discourse analysis. Language &
Communication, 17: 237-248.
Hanks, W. F. (2009). Fieldwork on deixis. Journal of Pragmatics 41: 10-24.
__________ , Ide, S. & Katagiri, Y. (2009). Towards an emancipatory pragmatics.
Journal of Pragmatics, 41: 19.
Hashem, M. M. (1990). How to test things with words: A reading of Angelica Gibbs
The Test. Cairo Studies in English. Special Issue, pp. 220-237.
Hirschkind, C. (2006). Ethics of Listening: Affect, Media, and the Islamic Counter-
public. New York: Columbia University Press.
Huntington, S. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.
New York: Touchstone Books.
Hymes, D. (1972). "On communicative competence". In: J. B. Pride and J. Holmes
(eds.) Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293). Middlesex: Penguin.
__________ (1974). Foundations of Sociolinguistics An Ethnographic Approach.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kaplan, R. (1966). Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education. Language
Learning, 16(1): 1-20.
Kasper, G. and Blum-Kulka, S. (eds.) (1993). Interlanguage Pragmatics. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Khairy, R. (2000). A Contrastive Discourse Study of the Objective and Emotive Styles
of Speech Making: A Three Dimensional Analysis of the Watergate Speeches.
Unpublished MA Thesis. Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University.
Khattabi, A. M. (2008). X-phemism as an Aspect of Doubelspeak in some Selected Press
Conferences: A Pragma-semantic Analysis. Unpublished MA Thesis, Taif Women's
College Taif University.
Lakoff, R. T. (1973). The logic of politeness: or, minding your ps and qs. In: C.
Corum, T. Cedric Smith-Stark, and A. Weiser (eds.), Papers from the 9th Regional
Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (pp. 292- 305). Chicago, IL: Chicago
Linguistic Society.
__________ (1975). Language and Women's Place. New York: Harper & Row
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, Bernard, (2004). From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Matheson, D. (2005). Media Discourses: Analysing Media Texts. Berkshire, UK:
McGraw-Hill Education.
Mazid, B. M. (1999). Ideology and Control in some Speech and Newspaper Genres: A
Politico-linguistic Approach to Discourse Analysis. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Faculty
of Arts, Ain Shams University.
__________ (2004). Euphemism and dysphemism in the war-on-Iraq discourse. IJAES,
5: 171-188.
__________ (2007a). Politics of Translation: Power, Culture, Ideology and X-
phemism in Translation between Arabic and English. Munich: Lincom Europa.
__________ (2007b). Presuppositions and strategic functions in Bushs 20/9/2001
speech: A critical discourse analysis. Journal of Language and Politics, 6: 351-375.
__________ (2002). Cowboy and misanthrope: A critical discourse analysis of Bush
and bin Laden cartoons. Discourse & Communication, 2(4): 433-457.
Mehler, A., (2006). "Political discourse in football coverage - the cases of Cte D'Ivoire
and Ghana". GIGA Working Paper No. 27 SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=932569.
Morris, C. W. (1938). Foundations of the Theory of Signs. International Encyclopedia
of Unified Science. Otto Neurath (ed.) Vol. 1 2). (Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Muhammad, M. M. (2004). A Pragmalinguistic Analysis of Selected English Political
Newspaper Headlines. Unpublished MA Thesis. College of Education for Women,
Baghdad University.
Pohl, G. (2004). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure and implications for language
teaching. SLLT 4. www.usq.edu.au/users/sonjb/sllt/4/Pohl04.html
Rampton, S. & Stauber, J. (2004). Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of
Propaganda in Bush's War on Iraq. Penguin.
Robinson, D. (2003) Becoming a Translator, 2nd ed. London and New York:
Routledge.
Saad, M. E. (2008). Interaction and Conflict In Egyptian Parliamentary
Interpellations: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Unpublished MA Thesis. College of
Arts, Helwan University.
Searle J. R (1969). Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shea, V. (2004). Netiquette. ttp://www.albion.com/netiquette/book/index.html.
Simpson, P. (2003). On the Discourse of Satire. Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Sinclair, J. M.. & Coulthard, R. M. (1975). Towards an Analysis of Discourse: The
English Used by Teachers and Pupils. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stubbs, M. (1983). Discourse Analysis: The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural
Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Thomas. J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4(2): 91-112.
van Dijk, T. (1995). Discourse semantics and ideology. Discourse & Society, 6: 243-
289.
_________ (2004). From Text Grammar to Critical Discourse Analysis: A brief
academic autobiography. Van Dijk's homepage.
_________ (2005). Politics, ideology and discourse. In: R. Wodak (ed.), Section of
Language and Politics. Elsevier Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Accessed
Sep. 15, 2007. http://www.discourses.org/UnpublishedArticles/
________ (2007a). Critical discourse analysis. In: T. A. van Dijk, Discourse and
Power: Contributions to Critical Discourse Studies (pp. 108-125). Houndsmill,
Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave/Macmillan.
_________ (2007b). Discourse and racism. In: T. A. van Dijk, Discourse and Power:
Contributions to Critical Discourse Studies (pp. 126-145). Houndsmill, Basingstoke,
UK: Palgrave/MacMillan.
___________(2008). Discourse and Context: A Socio-cognitive Approach. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
van Leeuwen, T. (2007). Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse &
Communication, 1: 91-112.
Wageih, H. (1994). An Introduction to the Science of Political and Social Negotiation
(in Arabic). Aalam Al-Maarifa, 190. Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts, and
Literature.
_______ (1996). Research methodology in the science of political and social
negotiation: An empirical perspective: (in Arabic). In: Y. Zeidan (ed.), Issues in Social
Sciences: The Methodology Issue (pp. 154-184). Cairo: General Culture Centers
Organization.
Widdowson, H. G. (1995). Discourse Analysis: A critical view. Language and
Literature, 4(3): 157-172.
_______ (2004). Text, Context, Pretext: Critical Issues in Discourse Analysis. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_pragmatics
Zhu, Y. (2005). Written Communication across Cultures: A Socio-cognitive
Perspective on Business Genres. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

You might also like