Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
Different approaches in modeling of RC
shear wall: A review
A. L. Mulla1, Satish Rathod2, Y. R. Suryawanshi3
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JSPMS Imperial College of Engineering and research, Wagholi, Pune.
Abstract RC shear walls are used in new structures as well
as in the rehabilitation of existing structures. Shear walls (SWs)
are vital to limit deformation demands under earthquake
excitations. So correct modeling of shear walls is most important
issue in linear and nonlinear analyses of building for Predicting
the behavior of RC shear walls under lateral loads such as winds
and earthquake. This paper presents various modeling techniques
that have been used by researchers in modeling of RC shear
walls. These range from macro-models, micro-models such as
finite element models and fibre models. For the purpose of finite
elements modelling, different techniques utilizing either shell
elements or combination of frame elements with mid pier frame
can be used. The paper discusses the efficiency of each modelling
approach in representing both the global and local behavior of
RC shear walls. . The aim of this study is to investigate the
suitability, simplicity, accuracy; effectiveness of different
structural models
Index TermsShear wall, Macro modelling, Micro modelling,
Frame element, Shell element.
I. INTRODUCTION
Shear walls are part of the lateral force resisting system that
carry vertical loads, bending moments about the wall strong
axis, and shear forces parallel to the wall length. Shear wall
system is one of the most common and effective lateral load
resisting systems that is widely used in medium- to high-rise
buildings. It can provide the adequate strength and stiffness
needed for the building to resist wind and earthquake
loadings, provided that a proper design is considered, that
cares for both the wall strength and ductility. During the
recent years, an enormous effort has been done to provide
analytical models that are able to simulate the actual
behaviour of RC elements including shear walls. The rapid
increase in the computational efficiency of computers helped
the researchers to develop more sophisticated models that can
account for several phenomena of RC shear walls that were
used to be ignored in the analysis due to their complexity. For
these models to be verified, experimental research is
continuously conducted on RC shear walls tested under
monotonic, cyclic, or dynamic loading. The numerical
modeling of RC walls is not involved only in the applications
for new construction, but it is also extended to the
applications of retrofitting of existing structures. In that case,
it is important to construct a representative model that is able
Manuscript received April 13, 2015
to evaluate the expected response of an existing RC shear wall
under certain lateral load hazard, and to predict its expected
mode of failure in order to be able to choose the most suitable
and effective retrofitting technique for that wall that would
meet a target performance.
The numerical modeling of RC elements started by Clough
et al. (1965) when they proposed the first nonlinear macro-
model, and by Ngo and Scordelis (1967) who proposed the
first application of the finite element method of analysis in RC
elements. Since then several advancements were done in the
area of modeling of RC elements including shear walls. The
objective of this paper is to present the different numerical
models proposed by researchers for the analysis of RC shear
walls
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Analysis of Shear Wall with Openings Using Solid65
Element [7]
Previous researches on the behavior of shear walls with
openings assumed elastic analysis utilizing shell and brick
elements. The present work adopts nonlinear finite element
analysis using solid65 element. The analysis comprises both
material and geometric nonlinearities. Solid65 element models
the nonlinear response of concrete material based on a
constitutive model for the triaxial behavior of concrete after
Williams and Warnke. Five shear wall models with different
opening sizes are analyzed. A sixth model of a solid shear wall
is also presented to compare the analysis results. The paper
studies the effect of the size of the openings on the behavior of
the reinforced concrete shear walls.
Modeling of Shear Wall Using Solid65 Element
The solid65 element models the nonlinear response of
reinforced concrete. Solid65 models the concrete material
based on a constitutive model for the triaxial behavior of
concrete after Williams and Warnke. It is capable of plastic
deformation, cracking in three orthogonal directions at each
integration point.
The cracking is modeled through an adjustment of the material
properties that is carried out by changing the element stiffness
matrices. If the concrete at an integration point fails in
uniaxial, biaxial or triaxial compression, the concrete is
assumed crushed at that point. Crushing is defined as the
complete deterioration of the structural integrity of the
concrete.
 Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
ANSYS allows entering three reinforcement bar materials in
the concrete, each material corresponding to the x, y and z
directions of the smeared element (ANSYS, release 5.5).
Figure 20: Solid65 element (ANSYS, release 5.5)
B. Numerical tools for modeling of RC shear walls [6]
Three different modeling techniques of RC shear walls into the
OpenSEES software were discussed. These models include
fiber section model, flexure-shear interaction model and cyclic
softened membrane model (CSMM). Numerical simulation of
cyclic loading test of a slender shear wall based on OpenSEES
in this paper shows that CSMM and fiber section model are
able to simulate characteristics of the cyclic wall responses.
Strength deterioration, stiffness degradation, hysteretic shape
and pinching behavior are clearly captured in the analysis
results, however because of fewer DOFs and less computing
time, the fiber section model is applicable to tall shear walls
too. Comparison between analytical model responses and test
results show that the flexure-shear interaction model provides
a reasonably accurate response prediction for a slender shear
wall.
a. Flexure- shear interaction model
In order to capture the experimentally observed shear-
flexure interaction in RC walls, Orakcal proposed an analytical
model that incorporates RC panel behavior described by a
rotation- angle approach into the multiple-vertical-line-
element-model (MVLEM, Figure 18). The analytical model
was based on the methodology developed by Petrangeli to the
MVLEM element. Flexure-shear interaction model involves
modifying the MVLEM by assigning a shear spring for each
uniaxial element. Each uniaxial element is then treated as an
RC panel element, with membrane actions, with uniform
normal and shear stresses applied in the in-plane direction
(Figure 19). The interaction between flexure and shear was
incorporated at the uniaxial element level. This methodology
involves the implementation of the finite element method
together with a constitutive RC membrane model.
b. Fiber section model
In this model, there are a number of control cross-sections
along the element. Each cross-section is subdivided into
concrete and steel fibers where uniaxial stress-strain laws are
used to describe the response of the material in the
longitudinal direction (parallel to the element axis). These
2
sections are located at the control points of the numerical
integration
Figure 18. MVLEM model
Figure 19. Flexure-shear interaction model [9].
C. Nonlinear Analysis Methods for Reinforced Concrete
Buildings with Shear walls [5]
Reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls are modeled utilizing
different techniques either using shell elements or combination
of frame elements. In the nonlinear analyses, the nonlinear
material model of mid-pier frame is generally based on plastic
hinge concept located on the plastic zones at the end of the
structural elements or distributed along the member span
length. The nonlinear behavior of the shell elements is
generally modeled using multi-layer shell element with layered
material model. In this approach, the concrete and the
reinforcement inside the structural elements are modeled
respectively with different layers.
a. Linear Models for Shearwalls
Application of the finite element method for the analysis of
building structures with shear walls requires an understanding
of the approximations involved in the modeling assumptions to
build these elements. The two modeling procedure and
assumptions are explained below:
Frame Elements Based Model
The shear walls are modeled using a set of frame elements.
The most common modeling technique is to use a composition
of mid-pier frame to represent the shear wall stiffness and a
horizontal frame (rigid arm) to allow proper connections with
intersecting beams and slab components. The most critical
 Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
point for this model is the proper selection of rigidity and
stiffness property for the horizontal frame. Infinite rigidity of
the upper frame can highly overestimate the bending moments
especially at the connecting beams. This model is used widely
in practice to model planar shear walls in building structures
for linear and nonlinear analyses. This model might have no
reliable results for very long, interacting or complex shear
walls with openings.
Shell Elements Based Model
The shell element considered in most of the design software
has six degrees of freedom at each node and an in-plane
rotational degree of freedom, which makes it compatible with
three-dimensional beam type finite element models. It is worth
to know that a bilinear shape functions are used to define the
displacement field of the quadrilateral elements, Wilson
(2002). Therefore, shear wall modeling requires a mesh
discretization in order to get realistic behavior. The advantage
of using shell elements is the ability to model very long,
interacting and complex shear walls within the three
dimensional model.
b. Nonlinear Material Models Shear Walls
The nonlinear element models of shear walls are ranged from
three dimensional nonlinear solid elements, two dimensional
nonlinear shell elements to simplified models using frame
elements.
Continuum Finite Element Models
The shear wall is modeled with continuum elements using
nonlinear solid elements existed in many advanced finite
element analyses software as ANSYS, ABAQUS, etc. The
continuum elements offer superiority in accurately modeling
the concrete and reinforcement details (Nicolae and
Reynouard, 2000). Reinforcement can be defined in three
different directions. The plasticity model for concrete is based
on the flow theory of plasticity, Von Mises yield criterion,
isotropic hardening and associated flow rule. The continuum
elements also capture important behavioral responses such as
axial-flexure interaction, inelastic shear deformation, steel
confining effect on concrete behavior, concrete compression
softening, and concrete tension stiffening (Spacone and El-
Tawil, 2004).
Multi-Layer Shell Element
The shear wall is modeled using a fine mesh of smeared
multi-layer shell elements. The multi-layer shell element is
based on the principles of composite material mechanics and it
can simulate the coupled in-plane/out-plane bending and the
coupled in-plane bending-shear nonlinear behaviors of RC
shear walls (Miao et al, 2006). The shell element is made up of
many layers with different thickness. And different material
properties are assigned to various layers (Figure 17)
3
Rebar
2
3 1
Concrete
laye
2
Rebar
1
Figure 17. Multi-layer shell elements
D. Comparison of Practical Approaches for Modelling
Shear walls in Structural Analyses of Buildings [4]
Shell elements formulations generally consist of out-of-
plane (plate) and in-plane (membrane) degrees of freedom.
The membrane element with drilling degrees of freedom was a
challenge for the engineering community for many decades.
The membrane elements generally combined with plate
elements to form a shell element that has six degrees of
freedom at each node and an in-plane rotational degree of
freedom, which makes it compatible with three-dimensional
beam-type finite element. This approach was successful and
many analysis software have adopted various formulations for
the shell elements. In practical engineering, although the shell
element appears to have full compatibility with three-
dimensional beam element, some limitations in the formulation
were identified. Although drilling rotations allow introducing
external loads in the form of drilling moments, analytical
results show inconsistency and sensitivity to mesh sizes and
loading conditions.
a. Shell Elements Based Model
The shell element can be used efficiently for the analysis of
building structures with shear walls. The shell element
considered in most of the design software has six degrees of
freedom at each node and an in-plane rotational degree of
freedom, which makes it compatible with three-dimensional
beam-type finite element models. It is worth to know that a
bilinear shape functions are used to define the displacement
field of the quadrilateral elements, Wilson (2002). Therefore,
shearwall modeling requires a mesh discretization in order to
get realistic behavior. The advantage of using shell elements is
the ability to model very long, interacting and complex
shearwalls within the three dimensional model. The optimal
size of the mesh and the effects of mesh size on the results are
shown in the numerical examples below. Although the shell
element formulations include the drilling degree of freedom,
analytical results show inconsistency and sensitivity of the
drilling moment to mesh sizes and loading conditions. This
shortcoming has significant effects on the bending moment of
the in-plane beams connected to the shearwall. To resolve this
problem, in engineering practice, the beam connecting to shear
wall are generally modeled to some extend inside the shearwall
shell elements.
 Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no. 4

In modeling shearwalls with shell elements, the drilling

moment of the shearwalls and the bending moment of the in-
Rigid Beam framing
Element into wall plane connected beams are changed dramatically with mesh
density. For finer meshes 10 times reduction of the drilling
moment can be estimated.
Introduction of top chord frame stabilise the results
considerably. Good estimation of the properties of the top
chord frame is very important not to affect the overall stiffness
of the structural system. Best results are obtained using a top
chord frame element to enhance the fixity of the beams
framing into the shearwall. Using one penetrating rigid
Figure 14: Rigid element defined along the top chord of the element along the top mesh give good results for coarse
wall meshes. For finer mesh (20x20) 15% differences are exist in
drilling moments for shearwalls and bending moments of the
beams along major direction.
Rigid Beam framing
E. Advancement in modeling of RC shear walls [3]
Element
This paper presents different modeling techniques that have
been used by researchers in modeling of RC shear walls. These
range from macro-models such as lumped plasticity, multi-
axial spring models, combined models, up to micro-models
such as finite element models and fibre models. The paper
discusses the efficiency of each model in representing both the
global and local behaviour of RC shear walls.

a. Micro-Modeling versus Macro-Modeling

Figure 15: Rigid element penetrating along one mesh length
a. Frame Elements Based Model
The shearwalls are modeled using a set of frame elements.
The most common modeling technique is to use a composition
of mid-pier frame to represent the shearwall stiffness and a
horizontal frame (rigid arm) to allow proper connections with
intersecting beams and slab components. The most critical
point for this model is the proper selection of rigidity and
stiffness property for the horizontal frame. Infinite rigidity of
the upper frame can highly overestimate the bending moments
especially at the connecting beams. This model is used widely
in practice to model planar shearwalls in building structures
for linear and nonlinear analyses. This model might have no
reliable results for very long, interacting or complex
shearwalls with openings.
Rigid Arm Beam framing
into wall
MidPier Wall
Element
Figure 16: MidPier Model
Based on numerical results for different buildings models and
shearwalls configurations and the different analyses set results
of the example building, the following conclusions can be
made
The two main approaches for modeling of RC members are
micro-modeling and macro modeling. Micro-modeling such as
the finite element analysis or fiber analysis is based on
representing the behaviour of different materials that compose
the RC element and the interaction between them. The member
is discretized into small elements and principles of equilibrium
are applied. This approach is complex and needs high
numerical processing efforts, and hence it might not be
practical for large structures and it is limited to model
individual structural components such as a column, a beam or
a wall. On the other hand, macro-modeling is based on
representing the overall behaviour of the RC element, such as
the wall deformations, strength, and energy dissipation
capacity. The global behaviour of the RC element using a
macro-model should be calibrated using an experimental
verification to adjust the parameters needed for the model.
This approach is simple and does not require high numerical
efforts, which makes it suitable to simulate the response of
large structures.
b. Hysteretic Models
The cyclic behaviour of RC shear walls should be defined
using a hysteretic model that is able to simulate different
inelastic phenomena of reinforced concrete materials. The
modeling of the hysteretic behaviour of the RC element can
affect the element response significantly (Anderson and
Townsend 1977). These models can be used to represent the
axial, flexure and shear behaviour of the element. The
hysteretic model consists of a primary curve (backbone curve)
that control the monotonic loading and some hysteresis rules
that control the loading and unloading element behaviour
under cyclic loading. The control parameters of the hysteresis
rules are adjusted to simulate the actual cyclic behaviour of the
tested wall.
 Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
c. Micro-Modeling of RC Shear Walls
Finite element method of analysis
The number of the finite elements is chosen according to the
level of accuracy required and the available analysis tool. The
FEM of analysis is capable of tracking the members global
behaviour (e.g. member forces and displacements) in addition
to its local behaviour (e.g. crack pattern, material stresses and
strains). The first FE model used for RC element was proposed
by Ngo and Scordelis (1967). The proposed two-dimensional
linear model used constant strain triangular (CST) finite
elements to model the concrete and steel elements, linkage
elements were used to represent the bond between steel and
concrete elements, and the effect of cracking was included in
the model.
Fibre (layer) model
In this model, the member is divided longitudinally into
several segments, and each segment consists of parallel layers.
Some layers would represent the concrete material and other
layers would represent the steel material. In other type of
models, each single layer was divided into a finite number of
fibres as shown in Figure 5 (a). The constitutive laws for
concrete and steel materials are defined, and hence the
moment-curvature relationship of the member can be
calculated at each load level. This model accounts for the
distribution of flexibility along the member length and the
axial-flexure interaction.
Figure 5 (a) Fibre beam element proposed
(b) Multi-layer finite element model
d. Macro-Modeling of RC Shear Walls
Two-component beam-column element
The model developed by Clough et al. (1965) consisted
mainly of two parallel components; one was fully elastic and
the other was perfectly elasto-plastic as shown in Figure 6. The
two components were able to represent the material yielding
(elasto-plastic behaviour) and the strain hardening (elastic
5
behaviour). The nonlinearity of this model was represented
uniformly along the entire member length. The main problem
of this model was its inability to represent the element stiffness
or strength degradation with cyclic loading.
Figure 6 Two-component element model.
One-component beam-column element
This element which was developed by Giberson (1967)
consisted of one linear elastic member with two nonlinear
rotational springs at the two member ends as shown in Figure
7. The members nonlinear deformations were assumed to be
lumped at the zero-length end springs (lumped plasticity). For
this model, the deformed shape was assumed to have a double
curvature with a fixed point of contraflexure at the middle of
the member, and the plain sections were assumed to remain
plain. The one-component model and the general two-
component model need an appropriate hysteretic load-
deformation (or moment-curvature) models to be defined. This
requires definition of different properties of the members
plastic hinges such as stiffness, strength, ductility, cyclic
behaviour, etc., which may be difficult to be defined unless
some assumptions were made. Multiple spring model
Multiple spring model
This model was proposed by Takayanagi and Schnobrich
(1976). The multiple spring model consisted of a number of
inelastic springs that are connected in series using rigid
members as shown in Figure 7. The inelastic properties of each
spring were varied according to the segment properties and the
level of axial load on that segment, however the segment
properties were assumed to be constant along the segment
length. The model was used to represent the behaviour of
coupled shear walls, while the coupling beams were modeled
using one-component elements. This model was used by Emori
and Schnobrich (1981) to model the shears wall of a 10-storey
frame-wall building. Linear shear deformations were assumed
in the analysis. The models were found to satisfactorily
represent the nonlinear behaviour of the studied structure.
Figure 7 Multiple spring model
Multi-axial spring model (MS model)
This model was proposed by Lai et al. (1984) to simulate
the axial-flexure interaction of RC columns. The proposed
model consisted of an elastic linear member with two multi-
axial spring elements (MS elements) of zero dimensions
 Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no. 6

located at the two member ends as shown in Figure 8. The MS

element consisted of 5 concrete and 4 steel springs, each
spring was assumed to be uniaxially stressed and its behaviour
was governed by the hysteretic stress-strain characteristics of
the simulated material (concrete or steel). The main input for
this model was the material (concrete/steel) constitutive laws
rather than the load-deformation relationship of the whole
member. Multi-linear curves were used to represent the stress-
strain or (force-deformation) relationship for concrete and
steel springs. The spring deformations were conformed to the
plane section assumption.

Figure 9 (a) Truss model used by Oesterle et al. (1984),

Figure 8 Multi-axial spring model by Lai et al. (1984): a)

Member model, b) Inelastic element,

(b) Softened-Strut-and-Tie model

Combined models
Three Vertical Line Element (TVLE) model
The model consisted of three vertical line elements connected
to each other by rigid bars at the top and the bottom wall ends,
two edge links with axial springs representing the boundary
elements, and the central one-component element with three
springs to control the vertical, horizontal, and rotational
deformations of the wall as shown in Figure 10. The main
problems about this model were the lack of deformation
compatibility between the wall and the boundary elements, and
c) Effective concrete and steel springs. the difficulty in defining the properties of the springs.
Truss models
This model assumed that the wall will act as a statically
determinate truss. The model consists of diagonal concrete
compression struts, horizontal tension ties (representing the
shear reinforcement), and two boundary elements at the wall
ends to carry the moment acting. Figure 9(a) shows the truss
model used by Oesterle at al. (1984) for analysis of shear
response of RC shear walls. Other models based on the same
analogy were used to calculate the capacity of RC walls, such
as the Softened-Strut-and-Tie model shown in Figure 8(b). The
model was used by Yu and Hwang (2005) to predict the shear
capacity of RC squat walls. It is worth noting that, although
such models are able to predict the capacity of RC elements,
Figure 10 Three Vertical Line Element model
they cannot capture the cyclic or the hysteretic behaviour of
these elements.
 Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
Figure 11 Axial-element-in-series model
Multiple Vertical Line Element (MVLE) model
The wall element was represented by a number of uniaxial
elements connected in parallel using infinitely rigid bars
located at the top and bottom wall ends; two external elements
simulates the wall boundary elements, while the other elements
simulates the combined axial-flexure behaviour of the central
panel. A horizontal spring was used to represent the inelastic
shear behaviour of the wall. The authors modified the axial-
element-in-series model (AESM) by having two-component
model for element 1, representing the cracked concrete and
steel reinforcement behaviour, instead of the one-component
element in the original model as shown in Figure 12. The
constitutive laws for concrete (cracked and uncracked) and
steel elements were defined to describe the hysteretic response
of the materials.
Figure 12 Multiple vertical line element model
Figure 13 Modified axial-element-in-series
7
F. An analytical model to predict the inelastic seismic
behavior of shear-wall, reinforced concrete structures [2]
2001
A shear failure mode model based on experimental results
has been added to the computer program larz. And studied
most relevant problems and solutions devised during the
development of this model. Validation of the model was
carried out by comparing its results with the actual response of
two
b. Model for flexural failure mode
The SINA hysteresis model implemented in the larz
computer program (Fig. 3) was adopted in this study to model
the non-linear flexural behavior and the moment curvature
hysteretic relations for wall elements. As shown in Fig. 3,
pinching effects and stiffness and strength reductions due to
repeated cycles at the same deformation level were not
implemented in the model for flexural behaviorreal buildings.
In spite of the fact that the model is two-dimensional and,
hence, it ignores the torsional response, the results obtained
are satisfactory
Fig. 3. Hysteretic model for flexural mode of failure (beams,
columns, shear walls).
Model for shear failure mode
Shear dominated behavior was also modeled using the
SINA hysteresis model as shown in Fig. 4. Pinching effects
and strength reduction due to repeated cycles at the same
deformation level were now implemented in the hysteresis
model. The model for the shear failure mode assumes
independent of the shear strength of walls on both the bending
moment and the axial force present in the wall.
 Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
Fig. 4. Hysteretic model for shear mode of failure (shear
walls).
This study has proposed and implemented a model to
include the shear failure mode for walls in available computer
programs. The model developed in this study is a macro-model
validated with the experimental results of cyclic tests of shear
walls
G. Modeling of reinforced concrete shear wall for
nonlinear analysis combining FEM panel model and
boundary elements. [1]
A member model of reinforced concrete shear wall with
boundary columns and beams was proposed for nonlinear and
dynamic frame analysis. The reinforced concrete shear wall
was idealized as axial springs for columns and a panel under
plane stress states with rigid beams at top and bottom floor
levels. Two methods were compared, in which isoparametric
element and incompatible rectangular element with four nodes
for the panel element were used. The model was verified
through the analysis of T-shaped wall tests. The analytical
results obtained by the proposed model showed generally good
correlation with the experimental results. Shear deformation
was overestimated by isoparametric panel element, whereas
incompatible rectangular element, which incorporated flexural
deformation by using internal displacements, gave better
correlation with the experimental results of flexural yielding
walls. For the walls in shear failure, the analytical results were
basically same either by isoparametric element or incompatible
element.
a. Composition of RC Wall Member Model
Three-Vertical-Line-Element-Model (TVLEM)
It was formulated [Kabeyasawa, 1983] to idealize a generic
wall member as three vertical line elements with infinitely
rigid beams at top and bottom floor levels. Outside truss
elements were represented by the axial stiffness of boundary
columns, while the central element was a uniaxial model with
vertical (axial), horizontal (shear) and rotational springs. This
model has been verified by many test data resulting in a
satisfactory correlation between calculated and measured
response of structures that use shear walls. However, it was
reported [Colotti, 1993] that the response was not adequately
described for high shear stresses.
(a) TVLEM Model (b) RC Panel Model
Figure 1: Macro-Element Model for RC Wall Member
FEM Panel Model
8
In order to improve the prediction of the overall (shear and
flexural) behavior of RC structural walls, this study proposes a
4-node panel under biaxial loading to represent the wall effect
(Figure 1(b)). The boundary column uses the same axial spring
proposed in TVLEM. Using just one panel to constitute the
wall, shear strain will be overestimated by the isoparametric
element (Figure 2(a)), satisfactory result cannot be obtained
for the flexural problem. Flexural deformation must be
considered in the element. In this study, incompatible
rectangular element is used, in which flexural deformation can
be introduced (Figure 2(b)).
2 1 2 1
3 4 3 4
(a) Isoparametric Element (b) Incompatible Element
Figure 2: Panel Element Isoparametric Element and
Incompatible Element
A new model for reinforced concrete shear wall was
proposed, which combined a FEM panel element and
boundary line elements. Two methods using isoparametric
element and incompatible element for a panel were compared
with the test results. The model with isoparametric element
slightly overestimates shear deformation for flexural yield
shear walls. The model with incompatible rectangular element
is better than the model isoparametric element for prediction
of shear and flexural displacement components. The model
gave a good correlation between analytical and experimental
results.
III. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
The study of all above researches, experiments, practical tests,
and findings it is concluded that
1. For modelling of shearwall there are two main
approaches namely Macro modelling and Micro
modelling, each approach has its own advantage and
disadvantages due to idealizations and assumptions
and choice of approach is mainly depend on response
parameters of interest either local or global behavior
of shear wall.
2. Choice of modelling of shear wall also depends on
types of shear wall its dimension, shape, material
used for wall, loading on wall etc.
3. Although the finite element method appeals for its
accuracy and for its ability to model different
phenomena and their interaction, it requires the
solution of a large system of equations, and the
integration of stress in two or three space directions.
This model is complex and needs high numerical
processing effort, and hence it might not be practical
for large structures
 Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no. 9

4. There are mainly six models included in macro

scale model: one-component model, two-component
model, multi-axial spring model (MS model), truss
model, multi spring model and multi component
model. The macro scale model is based on
representing the overall behavior of the RC shear
wall, such as the wall deformations, strength, and
energy dissipation capacity.

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College Name: - JSPMS Imperial College of Engineering and Research,

Wagholi, Pune

Asst. Prof. Y.R.Suryawanshi Asst. Prof. Satish Rathod

PG-coordinator Guide
Structural Engineering

Prof. Dr. A. W. Dhawale

Head of Department
Civil Engineering
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