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Laboratory Guide for Teachers

Chapter

1 Rate of Reaction

Activity 1.1 Slow and fast reactions


Activity 1.6 Effect of catalyst on the rate of
1. 2 mol dm hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting
3
reaction
170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid with
distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3. 1. 20-volume hydrogen peroxide is prepared by diluting
200 cm3 of 100volume hydrogen peroxide with
2. 0.1 mol dm3 sodium thiosulphate solution is prepared distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
by dissolving 24.8 g of solid Na2S2O3. 5H2O in distilled
water and then make it to 1 dm3.
Guided Effect of the amount
of

catalyst
3. 1 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared by 1.7
Experiment on the rate of reaction PEKA
dissolving 331 g of solid Pb(NO3)2 in distilled water
and then make it to 1 dm3. 1. 10-volume hydrogen peroxide is prepared by diluting
500 cm 3 of 20volume hydrogen peroxide with
1.2 distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
Activity Method of measurement of rate of
reaction OR
10-volume hydrogen peroxide is prepared by diluting
1. 0.1 mol dm hydrochloric acid is prepared by
3
100 cm3 of 100volume hydrogen peroxide with
diluting 8.5 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3.
with distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
2. Remind students to remove the oxide layer on the
surface of the magnesium ribbon by rubbing it using Chapter

sandpaper. 2 Carbon Compounds

Guided 1.3 Effect of total surface area


Experiment
on the rate of reaction PEKA Activity 2.1 Properties of alkanes and alkenes

1. 0.1 mol dm 3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by 1. Bromine solution is prepared by adding 6 cm3 of
diluting 8.5 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid liquid bromine into 200 cm3 of 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane
with distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3. in a reagent bottle. The mixture is shaken well.
2. Use crushed marble chips and not marble powder. 2. 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting
56 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with distilled
water and then make it to 1 dm3.
Guided 1.4 Effect of concentration

on

the 3. Potassium manganate(VII) solution is prepared by
Experiment rate of reaction PEKA dissolving 3 g of solid potassium manganate(VII) in
distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
1. 0.2 mol dm3 sodium thiosulphate solution is prepared
by dissolving 49.6 g of solid Na2S2O3. 5H2O in distilled 4. Remind pupils to stay further away when the
water and then make it to 1 dm3. liquids hexane and hex-1-ene are burnt in the
porcelain dishes. Use only 1 cm3 of each liquid for
2. 1.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting
combustion.
55.0 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with distilled
water and then make it to 1 dm3.
Activity 2.2 Preparation of ethanol, C2H5OH,
through fermentation
Guided 1.5 Effect of temperature

on

the 1. Use fresh yeast in this activity.
Experiment rate of reaction PEKA
2. Ensure that the fermentation process is carried out
1. 0.2 mol dm3 sodium thiosulphate solution is prepared at a uniform temperature of about 30C.
by dissolving 49.6 g of solid Na2S2O3. 5H2O in distilled 3. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium
water and then make it to 1 dm3. hydroxide powder in distilled water until the white
2. 1.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting powder cannot be dissolved anymore. The mixture is
55.0 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with distilled then filtered to obtain a saturated colourless solution
water and then make it to 1 dm3. (lime water).

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. TC 16


3. 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution is prepared by diluting
Activity 2.3 Chemical properties of ethanol, 135 cm3 of concentrated ammonia with distilled
C2H5OH water and then make it to 1 dm3.
1. Use absolute ethanol (pure ethanol) in this activity.
2. Remind pupils to be careful when burning the Activity 2.8 Vulcanisation of rubber
ethanol.
3. Potassium dichromate(VI) solution is prepared by 1. Use fresh latex in this activity.
dissolving 6 g of solid potassium dichromate(VI) in 2. A solution of disulphur dichloride in methylbenzene is
distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3. prepared by dissolving 5 cm3 of disulphur dichloride
4. Remind pupils to be careful when handling in 100 cm3 of methylbenzene. This preparation must
concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 because it is be carried out in the fume chamber.
corrosive. 3. Remind pupils to be careful when handling disulphur
5. Bromine water is prepared by adding 6 cm3 of liquid dichloride because its vapour is poisonous.
bromine into 200 cm3 of distilled water in a reagent
bottle. The mixture is shaken well. Comparison of the elasticity
Guided 2.9
6. Remind pupils to heat the porcelain chips first until Experiment of unvulcanised and vulcanised
they become very hot before the glass wool soaked rubber PEKA
in ethanol is heated.
1. Use the unvulcanised and vulcanised rubber strips
from Activity 2.8.
Activity 2.4 Chemical properties of ethanoic 2. Remind pupils to measure again the length of each
acid, CH3COOH rubber strip after the removal of the weight.
1. Use glacial ethanoic acid and pure butan-1-ol in this
activity. Chapter

2. Remind pupils to be careful when handling the 3 Oxidation and Reduction


corrosive concentrated sulphuric acid and glacial
ethanoic acid.
3. Remind pupils to take all necessary precautions Activity 3.1 Combustion of metal in oxygen gas,
when heating the mixture in a boiling tube because O2
butan-1-ol is flammable.
1. Ensure that pupils remove the oxide layer on the
surface of the magnesium ribbon by rubbing it using
Activity 2.5 Preparation of ester sandpaper.
1. Use absolute ethanol and glacial ethanoic acid in
this activity. Activity 3.2 Heating of metal oxide with carbon
2. Remind pupils to be careful when handling the
corrosive concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4. 1. Remind pupils to mix copper(II) oxide, CuO with
3. Ensure that hot oil bath is used to boil the mixture carbon powder thoroughly.
in order to distill the ethyl ethanoate and to heat the 2. Ensure that carbon and copper(II) oxide, CuO used
mixture uniformly. are in powder form.

Activity 2.6 Physical properties of ethyl Activity 3.3 Change of iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to
ethanoate, CH3COOC2H5 iron(III) ions, Fe3+ and vice-versa
1. Propanone is poisonous. Be careful when handling 1. 0.5 mol dm3 iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution is
it. prepared by dissolving 140 g of solid FeSO4. 7H2O and
2. Liquid ethyl ethanoate floats on the surface of water 100 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in distilled
but dissolves in propanone. water and then make it to 1 dm3.
2. 0.5 mol dm3 iron(III) sulphate, Fe2(SO4)3 solution is
prepared by dissolving 200 g of solid Fe2(SO4)3 in
Activity 2.7 Coagulation of latex
distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
1. Use fresh latex in this activity. 3. Bromine water is prepared by adding approximately
2. 2 mol dm3 ethanoic acid is prepared by diluting 6 cm 3 of liquid bromine into a reagent bottle
114 cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid with distilled water containing 200 cm3 of distilled water. The bottle is
and then make it to 1 dm3. stoppered and the mixture is then shaken well.

TC 17 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.


4. Chlorine water is prepared by mixing the same ratio 4. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium iodide, KI solution is prepared
of volume of sodium chlorate(I), NaClO solution with by dissolving 83.0 g of solid KI in distilled water and
dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in a reagent bottle. then make it to 1 dm3.
5. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared 5. 0.2 mol dm3 acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution is prepared by dissolving 58.8 g of solid
in distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3. K2Cr2O7 and 500 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid in
distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
Activity 3.4 Displacement of metals 6. 50 g dm3 potassium thiocyanate, KSCN solution is
prepared by dissolving 50 g of solid KSCN in distilled
1. 0.5 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared water and then make it to 1 dm3.
by dissolving 125 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O in distilled 7. 1% starch solution is prepared by dissolving 1 g
water and then make it to 1 dm3. of starch powder in a little cold water in a beaker
2. 0.1 mol dm3 silver nitrate is prepared by dissolving and then add 1 dm3 of boiling water into the beaker.
17.0 g of solid AgNO3 in distilled water and then Stir the mixture well.
make it to 1 dm3. 8. Ensure that pupils clean the carbon electrodes with
3. Ensure that pupils remove the oxide layer on the sandpaper before using them.
surface of the zinc and copper strips by rubbing
them using sandpaper. Guided Effect of other metals on
3.7
Experiment rusting
Activity 3.5 Displacement of halogens 1. 50 g dm3 of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution
is prepared by dissolving 50 g of solid K3Fe(CN)6 in
1. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium chloride solution is prepared
distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
by dissolving 37.25 g of solid KCl in distilled water
and then make it to 1 dm3. 2. A hot jelly solution containing potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and phenolphthalein
2. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium bromide solution is prepared
indicator is prepared by adding 5 g of jelly into 100
by dissolving 59.5 g of solid KBr in distilled water and
cm3 of boiling water. Then, a few drops of potassium
then make it to 1 dm3.
hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and phenolphthalein
3. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium iodide solution is prepared indicator are added into the jelly solution.
by dissolving 83.0 g of solid KI in distilled water and
3. Ensure that pupils clean the iron nails, magnesium
then make it to 1 dm3.
ribbon, copper strip, zinc strip and tin strip with
4. Bromine water is prepared by adding approximately sandpaper before using them.
6 cm 3 of liquid bromine into a reagent bottle
containing 200 cm3 of distilled water. The bottle is
stoppered and the mixture is then shaken well. Activity 3.8 Reactivity series of metals with
5. Chlorine water is prepared by mixing the same ratio oxygen
of volume of sodium chlorate(I), NaClO solution with 1. Remind pupils to heat the metal strongly first before
dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in a reagent bottle. heating the solid potassium manganate(VII).
6. Iodine solution is prepared by dissolving 25 g of 2. Remind pupils not to mix the metal powder with
solid iodine in 1 dm3 of 50 g dm3 potassium iodide solid potassium manganate(VII) because the mixture
solution. of the two substances will cause explosion when
7. Remind pupils that chlorine water, bromine water heated.
and iodine solution are poisonous.

Activity 3.9 The position of carbon in the


Activity 3.6 Transfer of electrons at a distance reactivity series of metals with
1. 2.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting oxygen
110.0 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with distilled 1. Remind pupils to mix the metal oxide with carbon
water and then make it to 1 dm3. powder thoroughly before heating the mixture.
2. 0.5 mol dm3 iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution is
prepared by dissolving 140 g of solid FeSO4.7H2O and
100 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in distilled Activity 3.10 The position of hydrogen in the
water and then make it to 1 dm3. reactivity series of metals with
3. 0.2 mol dm3 acidified potassium manganate(VII) oxygen (Demonstration by teacher)
solution is prepared by dissolving 32 g of solid 1. 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting
potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 and 500 cm3 of 55.0 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with distilled
dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in distilled water and water and then make it to 1 dm3.
then make it to 1 dm3.

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. TC 18


2. 1 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared 2. 0.5 mol dm3 silver nitrate solution is prepared by
by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O in distilled dissolving 85 g of solid silver nitrate in distilled water
water and then make it to 1 dm3. and then make it to 1 dm3.
3. Ensure that the flow of hydrogen gas is continuous 3. Remind pupils to stir the reacting mixture throughout
throughout the activity. the activity using the thermometer until the highest
temperature is obtained.
Activity 3.11 Oxidation and reduction in
electrolytic cells Heat of displacement of
Guided 4.3
1. 1 mol dm potassium iodide solution is prepared
3
Experiment
copper PEKA
by dissolving 166 g of solid KI in distilled water and
then make it to 1 dm3. 1. 0.2 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared
2. 1% starch solution is prepared by dissolving 1 g of by dissolving 50.0 g of CuSO4.5H2O in distilled water
starch powder in a little cold water in a beaker and and then make it to 1 dm3.
then add 1 dm3 of boiling water into the beaker. Stir 2. Use fresh zinc powder and magnesium powder
the mixture well. because old stocks may contain zinc and magnesium
3. Ensure that pupils clean the carbon electrodes with that have been oxidised respectively.
sandpaper before using them. 3. Ensure that the reacting mixture is continuously
stirred with the thermometer until the highest
temperature is obtained.

Activity 3.12 Oxidation and reduction in


chemical cells Heat of neutralisation for
Guided 4.4 reactions between strong acids
1. 1 mol dm zinc sulphate solution is prepared by
3
Experiment and strong alkalis PEKA
dissolving 161 g of solid ZnSO4 in distilled water and
then make it to 1 dm3. 1. 1.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared
2. 1 mol dm copper sulphate solution is prepared
3 by dissolving 40.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O in distilled distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
water and then make it to 1 dm3. 2. 1.0 mol dm 3 potassium hydroxide solution is
3. 1 mol dm iron(II) sulphate solution is prepared by
3 prepared by dissolving 56.0 g of solid potassium
dissolving 280 g of solid FeSO4.7H2O in distilled water hydroxide in distilled water and then make it to
and then make it to 1 dm3. 1 dm3.
4. 1 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared by 3. 1.0 mol dm 3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by
dissolving 331 g of solid Pb(NO3)2 in distilled water diluting 85 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid
and then make it to 1 dm3. with distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
4. 1.0 mol dm3 nitric acid is prepared by diluting 65
cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled water
Chapter
and then make it to 1 dm3.
4 Thermochemistry 5. Ensure that the reacting mixture is continuously
stirred until the highest temperature is obtained.

Activity 4.1 Exothermic and endothermic


reactions Heat of neutralisation for
Guided 4.5 reactions between acids and
1. 2 mol dm hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting
3
Experiment
170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid with alkalis of different strengths
PEKA
distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
2. Remind pupils to be careful when handling solid 1. 2.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
sodium hydroxide because it is caustic. Avoid skin is prepared by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium
contact. hydroxide in distilled water and then make it to
1 dm3.
Activity 4.2 Heat of precipitation of silver 2. 2.0 mol dm3 ethanoic acid is prepared by diluting
chloride 116 cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid with distilled water
and then make it to 1 dm3.
1. 0.5 mol dm3 sodium chloride solution is prepared by
3. 2.0 mol dm 3 ammonia solution is prepared by
dissolving 29.25 g of solid sodium chloride in distilled
diluting 135 cm3 of concentrated ammonia with
water and then make it to 1 dm3.
distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.

TC 19 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.


4. 2.0 mol dm 3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by Chapter

diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid 5 Chemicals for Consumers


with distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
5. Remind pupils that the reacting mixture must be
stirred continuously with the thermometer until the Activity 5.1 Preparation of soap through
highest temperature is obtained. saponification
1. 5 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared
Guided 4.6 Heat of combustion of alcohols by dissolving 200.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
Experiment PEKA distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3.
2. Remind pupils to be careful when handling sodium
1. The copper can can be replaced by an aluminium
hydroxide solution because it is very caustic.
can.
2. Use pure methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol and butan-
1-ol. Guided Effectiveness of cleansing
5.2 action of soap and detergent
3. Ensure that the water in the copper can is Experiment
PEKA
continuously stirred using the thermometer.
4. During the combustion of alcohol, make sure that 1. Soap solution is prepared by dissolving a small piece
the flame touches the bottom of the copper can (i.e. of soap in distilled water.
no gap between the can and the flame). 2. Detergent solution is prepared by mixing 100 cm3 of
5. Cover the surroundings with a windshield to avoid dish washing liquid with 100 cm3 of distilled water.
disturbance by wind. 3. 1 mol dm3 magnesium sulphate solution is prepared
6. Remind pupils to weigh the spirit lamp containing by dissolving 246 g of solid MgSO4.7H2O in distilled
alcohol immediately before and after the water and then make it to 1 dm3.
combustion.

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. TC 20

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