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Article history: This work studies the inuence of gamma prime and eta phases, resulting from precipitation hardening, on the
Received 1 June 2015 corrosion behaviour of A286 superalloy by using electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) and double
Received in revised form 23 July 2015 loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DLEPR). The general trend is that Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa increase
Accepted 9 August 2015
with aging temperature and, for a given aging temperature, with aging time, which is consistent with the fact that
Available online 14 August 2015
gamma prime precipitate may cause discontinuities in the passive layer. Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa reach a peak, which
Keywords:
alters the general trend, for both aging temperatures (670 and 720 C), at the aging time from which there is
A286 superalloy evidence of the presence of eta phase at grain boundary (GB). Gamma prime and eta precipitates can cause
Precipitation hardening the passive layer that forms on them to become more unstable and, consequently, cause the current density
EPR through the passive layer and the susceptibility to localized corrosion attack to increase.
DLEPR 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
SEM
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.041
0264-1275/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
. Martn et al. / Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271 267
Table 1
Chemical composition of A286 superalloy (wt.%).
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni V Ti Al B
0.032 0.50 1.24 0.011 b0.0003 14.98 1.18 24.74 0.29 2.30 0.16 0.0046
Table 2
Each of the 16 precipitation hardening conditions consisted of the solution treatment
condition followed by one of the 16 aging conditions.
Fig. 2. Yield strength (0.2% offset), obtained from each of the 16 precipitation hardening
conditions, as a function of aging time and aging temperature. The yield strength (0.2% Fig. 5. DLEPR curves of: (A) Solution treatment condition; (B) solution treatment followed
offset) obtained from solution treatment (ST) condition (aging time equal to 0 h) is also by aging treatment at 720 C for 5 h; (C) solution treatment followed by aging treatment at
provided as a reference value. 720 C for 50 h; (D) solution treatment followed by aging treatment at 720 C for 25 h.
Fig. 6. Ratio between maximum reactivation current density during reverse scan (Ir) and
Fig. 3. Maximum reactivation current density, Ir (A/cm2), obtained from the EPR test
maximum activation current density during anodic scan (Ia), Ir/Ia (%), obtained from the
performed for each of the 16 precipitation hardening conditions and also for the solution
DLEPR test performed for each of the 16 precipitation hardening conditions and also for
treatment (ST) condition (aging time equal to 0 h). The EPR tests performed for the
the solution treatment (ST) condition (aging time equal to 0 h). The DLEPR tests
precipitation hardening conditions for which Ir reaches a peak were repeated four
performed for the precipitation hardening conditions for which Ir/Ia reaches a peak were
times; the value shown is the mean value and the error bar is the standard deviation of
repeated four times; the value shown is the mean value and the error bar is the standard
the four repeated tests.
deviation of the four repeated tests.
Zhao et al. [25], which demonstrated that the growth kinetics of DLEPR curves (Fig. 5) were analysed by using Ir/Ia (Fig. 6) and Qr/Qa
precipitates is faster at higher aging temperatures. (Fig. 7) parameters; the greater the value of Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia or Qr/Qa, the
The results obtained from EPR curves (Fig. 1) were analysed by using higher the current density through the passive layer and, consequently,
Ir (Fig. 3) and Qr (Fig. 4) parameters, and the results obtained from
Fig. 7. Ratio between charges in the reactivation scan (Qr) and in the activation scan (Qa),
Fig. 4. Reactivation charge, Qr (C/cm2), obtained from the EPR test performed for each of the Qr/Qa (%), obtained from the DLEPR test performed for each of the 16 precipitation
16 precipitation hardening conditions and also for the solution treatment (ST) condition hardening conditions and also for the solution treatment (ST) condition (aging time
(aging time equal to 0 h). The EPR tests performed for the precipitation hardening equal to 0 h). The DLEPR tests performed for the precipitation hardening conditions for
conditions for which Qr reaches a peak were repeated four times; the value shown is the which Qr/Qa reaches a peak were repeated four times; the value shown is the mean
mean value and the error bar is the standard deviation of the four repeated tests. value and the error bar is the standard deviation of the four repeated tests.
. Martn et al. / Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271 269
Fig. 8. SEM micrographs of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed by (A) aging treatment at 720 C for 10 h, there is no cellular phase; and by (B) aging treatment at
720 C for 25 h, presence of cellular phase at GB. Electrolytic etching with etchant No. 83 according to ASTM E407-07 [18].
Fig. 9. SEM micrographs of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed by (A) aging treatment at 670 C for 50 h, there is no cellular phase; and by (B) aging treatment at
670 C for 100 h, presence of cellular phase, whose lamellar structure is shown in detail, at GB. Electrolytic etching with etchant No. 83 according to ASTM E407-07 [18].
the greater the susceptibility to localized corrosion attack. With the aim for which Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa parameters reach a peak were repeated
of verifying the reproducibility of the results, the EPR tests performed (three more times on the same sample after the original test, i.e., four
for the precipitation hardening conditions for which Ir and Qr parame- times).
ters reach a peak were repeated (three more times on the same sample As it is shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the general trend is that both Ir and Qr
after the original test, i.e., four times); and in the same manner increase with increasing aging time, but this trend is altered by a peak
the DLEPR tests performed for the precipitation hardening conditions that, for the aging temperatures of 720 C and 670 C, is reached at an
Fig. 10. SEM micrographs of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed by (A) aging treatment at 720 C for 25 h, no sign of intragranular localized corrosion attack can be
appreciated; and by (B) aging treatment at 720 C for 200 h, the arrows show the intragranular localized corrosion attack. The micrographs were taken after EPR test.
270 . Martn et al. / Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271
Fig. 11. SEM micrograph of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed Fig. 13. EDX line scan (wt.%) for Cr and Ni across the GB. SEM micrograph of A286 super-
by aging treatment at 670 C for 200 h. The gure shows the and phases and the alloy subjected to solution treatment followed by aging treatment at 670 C for 200 h. The
-free zones surrounding phase. Electrolytic etching with etchant No. 83 according to micrograph was taken after EPR test.
ASTM E407-07 [18].
aging time of, respectively, 25 h and 100 h. The results obtained from consistent with the fact that, as pointed out by hal and tefec [26],
DLEPR (Figs. 6 and 7) are consistent with that from EPR and, hence, precipitate distributed throughout the matrix may cause discontinu-
the general trend is also that Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa increase with increasing ities in the passive layer.
aging time, but this trend is altered by a peak that, for an aging temper- The effect of phase on the corrosion behaviour and its relation to
ature of 720 C, is reached at an aging time of 25 h and, for an aging the peak shown in Figs. 3, 4, 6 and 7 may be explained by (i) the fact
temperature of 670 C, at an aging time of 100 h. At 720 C, 25 h is that phase grows at the expense of phase [27,28] and consequently
the aging time from which there is evidence of the presence of -free zones surrounding phase (Fig. 11), as demonstrated by
phase (Fig. 8) and at 670 C, 100 h is the aging time from which there Seifollahi et al. [7] and by Zhao et al. [29]; and (ii) by a post-EPR
is evidence of the presence of phase (Fig. 9). microstructural study that shows a localized corrosion attack at GB
Therefore, Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa reach a peak, for both aging tempera- which becomes more extensive and continuous as the aging time
tures (670 and 720 C), at the aging time from which there is evidence of increases (Fig. 12), this localized corrosion attack at GB, as it is shown
the presence of phase at GB. in Fig. 13, is not associated with chromium depletion but with the
The effect of precipitates on the corrosion behaviour, which is precipitation of the nickel-rich phase at GB (its surrounding area is
shown is Figs. 3, 4, 6 and 7, was veried by a post-EPR microstructural nickel-depleted).
study which shows a localized corrosion attack homogeneously distrib- The results obtained from EPR are consistent with that from DLEPR,
uted into the grain which becomes more extensive as precipitates but EPR allows a better appreciation of the differences between suscep-
grow, i.e., as the aging time increases (Fig. 10). tibilities to corrosion attack at different aging temperatures; this result
Therefore, the increase of Ir, Qr, Ir/Ia and Qr/Qa with aging tempera- conrms that the sensitivity of EPR is greater than that of DLEPR at
ture and, for a given aging temperature, with aging time (Fig. 10) is lower intensities of corrosion attack [30].
Fig. 12. SEM micrographs of A286 superalloy subjected to solution treatment followed by (A) aging treatment at 720 C for 25 h; and by (B) aging treatment at 720 C for 200 h. The gure
shows the localized corrosion attack at GB (more extensive and continuous in (B) than in (A)). The micrograph was taken after EPR test.
. Martn et al. / Materials and Design 87 (2015) 266271 271
4. Conclusions [12] Z. Guo, H. Liang, M. Zhao, L. Rong, Effect of boron addition on hydrogen embrittle-
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