Cac Phuong Phap Giai Hoa Thong Dung

Luyn Thi i Hc Cc Phng Php Gii Ha Hc
PHNG PHP QUY I

Mt s bi ton ha hc c th gii nhanh bng cc phng php bo ton electron, bo ton nguyn
t, bo ton khi lng song phng php quy i cng tm ra p s rt nhanh v l phng php
tng i u vit, c th vn dng vo cc bi tp trc nghim phn loi hc sinh.
Cc ch khi p dng phng php quy i:
1. Khi quy i hn hp nhiu cht (hn hp X) (t ba cht tr ln) thnh hn hp hai cht hay ch cn mt
cht ta phi bo ton s mol nguyn t v bo ton khi lng hn hp.
2. C th quy i hn hp X v bt k cp cht no, thm ch quy i v mt cht. Tuy nhin ta nn chn cp
cht no n gin c t phn ng oxi ha kh nht n gin vic tnh ton.
3. Trong qu trnh tnh ton theo phng php quy i i khi ta gp s m l do s b tr khi lng
ca cc cht trong hn hp. Trong trng hp ny ta vn tnh ton bnh thng v kt qu cui cng vn tha
mn.
4. Khi quy i hn hp X v mt cht l FexOy th oxit FexOy tm c ch l oxit gi nh khng c thc.
V d 1: Nung 8,4 gam Fe trong khng kh, sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn X gm Fe, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4,
FeO. Ha tan m gam hn hp X vo dung dch HNO 3 d thu c 2,24 lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm
kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l
A. 11,2 gam. B. 10,2 gam. C. 7,2 gam. D. 6,9 gam.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hai cht Fe v Fe2O3:
Ha tan hn hp X vo dung dch HNO3 d ta c
Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
0,1
0,1 mol
3
S mol ca nguyn t Fe to oxit Fe2O3 l
8,4 0,1 0,35 0,35
n Fe n Fe2O3
56 3 3 32
Vy: m X m Fe m Fe2O3
0,1 0,35
mX 56 160 = 11,2 gam.
3 3
Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO v Fe2O3:
FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O
0,1 0,1 mol
2Fe O2 2FeO

0,1 0,1 mol
ta c: 0,15 mol
4Fe 3O 2 2Fe2O3
0,05 0,025 mol

m h 2 X = 0,172 + 0,025160 = 11,2 gam. (p n A)
Ch : Vn c th quy hn hp X v hai cht (FeO v Fe 3O4) hoc (Fe v FeO), hoc (Fe v Fe 3O4) nhng
vic gii tr nn phc tp hn (c th l ta phi t n s mol mi cht, lp h phng trnh, gii h phng
trnh hai n s).
Quy hn hp X v mt cht l FexOy:
FexOy + (6x2y)HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + (3x2y) NO2 + (3xy)H2O
0,1
mol 0,1 mol.
3x 2y
8,4 0,1.x x 6
n Fe mol.
56 3x 2y y 7
GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 1/60

0,1
Vy cng thc quy i l Fe6O7 (M = 448) v n Fe6O7 = 0,025 mol.
36 2 7
mX = 0,025448 = 11,2 gam.
Nhn xt: Quy i hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v hn hp hai cht l FeO, Fe2O3 l n gin nht.
V d 2: Ha tan ht m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 bng HNO3 c nng thu c 4,48 lt kh NO2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2 gam mui khan gi tr ca m l
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hn hp hai cht FeO v Fe2O3 ta c
FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O
0,2 mol 0,2 mol 0,2 mol
Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
0,2 mol 0,4 mol
145,2
n Fe( NO3 )3 = 0,6 mol.
242
mX = 0,2(72 + 160) = 46,4 gam. (p n B)
V d 3: Ha tan hon ton 49,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4 bng H2SO4 c nng thu c
dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO2 (ktc).
a) Tnh phn trm khi lng oxi trong hn hp X.
A. 40,24%. B. 30,7%. C. 20,97%. D. 37,5%.
b) Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch Y.
A. 160 gam. B.140 gam. C. 120 gam. D. 100 gam.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO, Fe2O3, ta c:
2FeO 4H 2SO4 Fe 2 (SO4 )3 SO 2 4H 2O

0,8 0,4 0,4 mol
49,6 gam
Fe2O3 3H 2SO 4 Fe2 (SO4 )3 3H 2O
0,05 0,05 mol

m Fe2O3 = 49,6 0,872 = 8 gam (0,05 mol)
nO (X) = 0,8 + 3(0,05) = 0,65 mol.
0,65 16 100
Vy: a) %m O = 20,97%. (p n C)
49,9
b) m Fe2 (SO4 )3 = [0,4 + (-0,05)]400 = 140 gam. (p n B)
V d 4: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4 th cn 0,05 mol H2. Mt khc ha tan
hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng th thu c th tch kh SO2 (sn
phm kh duy nht ktc) l.
A. 224 ml. B. 448 ml. C. 336 ml. D. 112 ml.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hn hp hai cht FeO v Fe2O3 vi s mol l x, y, ta c:
o
FeO + H2 t Fe + H2O
x y
o
Fe2O3 + 3H2 t 2Fe + 3H2O
x 3y
x 3y 0,05 x 0,02 mol

72x 160y 3,04 y 0,01 mol
2FeO + 4H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O
0,02 0,01 mol

Vy: VSO2 = 0,0122,4 = 0,224 lt (hay 224 ml). (p n A)
V d 5: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp X trong dung
dch HNO3 (d) thot ra 0,56 lt NO ( ktc) (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp cht rn X v hai cht Fe, Fe2O3:
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
0,025 0,025 0,025 mol
m Fe2O3 = 3 560,025 = 1,6 gam
1,6
m Fe ( trong Fe2O3 ) 2 = 0,02 mol
160
mFe = 56(0,025 + 0,02) = 2,52 gam. (p n A)
V d 6: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol, ha tan ht vo dung dch Y
gm (HCl v H2SO4 long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO 3)2 1M vo dung
dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch Cu(NO 3)2 cn dng v th tch kh thot ra
ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt. C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp 0,1 mol Fe2O3 v 0,1 mol FeO thnh 0,1 mol Fe3O4.
Hn hp X gm: Fe3O4 0,2 mol; Fe 0,1 mol + dung dch Y
Fe3O4 + 8H+ Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 4H2O
0,2 0,2 0,4 mol
Fe + 2H +
Fe + H2
2+
0,1 0,1 mol

Dung dch Z: (Fe2+: 0,3 mol; Fe3+: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO3)2:
3Fe2+ + NO3 + 4H+ 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O
0,3 0,1 0,1 mol
VNO = 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt.
1
n Cu( NO3 )2 n NO = 0,05 mol.
2 3
0,05
Vd2 Cu( NO ) = 0,05 lt (hay 50 ml). (p n C)
3 2
1
V d 7: Nung 8,96 gam Fe trong khng kh c hn hp A gm FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3. A ha tan va vn trong
dung dch cha 0,5 mol HNO3, bay ra kh NO l sn phm kh duy nht. S mol NO bay ra l.
A. 0,01. B. 0,04. C. 0,03. D. 0,02.
Hng dn gii
8,96
nFe 0,16mol
56
Quy hn hp A gm (FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3) thnh hn hp (FeO, Fe2O3) ta c phng trnh:
2Fe + O2 2FeO
x x
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
y y/2
3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
x 10x/3 x/3
Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
y/2 3y

x y 0,16
x 0,06 mol 0,06
H phng trnh: 10x n NO 0,02 mol. (p n D)
3 3y 0,5 y 0,1 mol 3
PP TNG GIM KHI LNG

Nguyn tc ca phng php l xem khi chuyn t cht A thnh cht B (khng nht thit trc tip, c th
b qua nhiu giai on trung gian) khi lng tng hay gim bao nhiu gam thng tnh theo 1 mol) v da vo
khi lng thay i ta d dng tnh c s mol cht tham gia phn ng hoc ngc li. V d trong phn
ng:
MCO3 + 2HCl MCl2 + H2O + CO2
Ta thy rng khi chuyn 1 mol MCO3 thnh MCl2 th khi lng tng
(M + 235,5) (M + 60) = 11 gam
v c 1 mol CO2 bay ra. Nh vy khi bit lng mui tng, ta c th tnh lng CO2 bay ra.
Trong phn ng este ha:
CH3COOH + ROH CH3COOR + H2O
th t 1 mol ROH chuyn thnh 1 mol este khi lng tng (R + 59) (R + 17) = 42 gam.
Nh vy nu bit khi lng ca ru v khi lng ca este ta d dng tnh c s mol ru hoc ngc
li.
Vi bi tp cho kim loi A y kim loi B ra khi dung dch mui di dng t do:
- Khi lng kim loi tng bng
mB (bm) mA (tan).
- Khi lng kim loi gim bng
mA (tan) mB (bm).
V d 1: C 1 lt dung dch hn hp Na2CO3 0,1 mol/l v (NH4)2CO3 0,25 mol/l. Cho 43 gam hn hp BaCl2 v
CaCl2 vo dung dch . Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc ta thu c 39,7 gam kt ta A v dung dch B.
Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong A.
A. %mBaCO3 = 50%, %mCaCO3 = 50%.
B. %mBaCO3 = 50,38%, %mCaCO3 = 49,62%.
C. %mBaCO3 = 49,62%, %mCaCO3 = 50,38%.
D. Khng xc nh c.
Hng dn gii
Trong dung dch:
Na2CO3 2Na+ + CO32
(NH4)2CO3 2NH4+ + CO32
BaCl2 Ba2+ + 2Cl
CaCl2 Ca2+ + 2Cl
Cc phn ng:
Ba2+ + CO32 BaCO3 (1)
Ca + CO3
2+ 2
CaCO3 (2)
Theo (1) v (2) c 1 mol BaCl2, hoc CaCl2 bin thnh BaCO3 hoc CaCO3 th khi lng mui gim
(71 60) = 11 gam. Do tng s mol hai mui BaCO3 v CaCO3 bng:
43 39,7
= 0,3 mol
11
m tng s mol CO32 = 0,1 + 0,25 = 0,35, iu chng t d CO32.
Gi x, y l s mol BaCO3 v CaCO3 trong A ta c:
x y 0,3
x = 0,1 mol ; y = 0,2 mol.
197x 100y 39,7
Thnh phn ca A:
0,1 197
%m BaCO3 100 = 49,62%; %mCaCO3 = 100 49,6 = 50,38%. (p n C)
39,7
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (I) v mt mui cacbonat
ca kim loi ho tr (II) bng dung dch HCl thy thot ra 4,48 lt kh CO 2 (ktc). C cn dung dch thu c
sau phn ng th khi lng mui khan thu c l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol mui cacbonat to thnh 1 mol mui clorua cho nn khi lng mui khan tng (71 60) = 11
gam, m
n CO2 = nmui cacbonat = 0,2 mol.
Suy ra khi lng mui khan tng sau phn ng l 0,211 = 2,2 gam.
Vy tng khi lng mui khan thu c l 23,8 + 2,2 = 26 gam. (p n A)
V d 3: Cho 3,0 gam mt axit no, n chc A tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH. C cn dung dch sau
phn ng thu c 4,1 gam mui khan. CTPT ca A l
A. HCOOH B. C3H7COOH
C. CH3COOH D. C2H5COOH.
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol axit n chc to thnh 1 mol mui th khi lng tng (23 1) = 22 gam, m theo u bi khi
lng mui tng (4,1 3) = 1,1 gam nn s mol axit l
1,1 3
naxit = = 0,05 mol. Maxit = = 60 gam.
22 0,05
t CTTQ ca axit no, n chc A l CnH2n+1COOH nn ta c:
14n + 46 = 60 n = 1.
Vy CTPT ca A l CH3COOH. (p n C)
V d 4: Cho dung dch AgNO3 d tc dng vi dung dch hn hp c ha tan 6,25 gam hai mui KCl v KBr
thu c 10,39 gam hn hp AgCl v AgBr. Hy xc nh s mol hn hp u.
A. 0,08 mol. B. 0,06 mol. C. 0,03 mol. D. 0,055 mol.
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol mui halogen to thnh 1 mol kt ta
khi lng tng: 108 39 = 69 gam;
0,06 mol khi lng tng: 10,39 6,25 = 4,14 gam.
Vy tng s mol hn hp u l 0,06 mol. (p n B)
V d 5: Nhng mt thanh graphit c ph mt lp kim loi ha tr (II) vo dung dch CuSO 4 d. Sau phn
ng khi lng ca thanh graphit gim i 0,24 gam. Cng thanh graphit ny nu c nhng vo dung
dch AgNO3 th khi phn ng xong thy khi lng thanh graphit tng ln 0,52 gam. Kim loi ha tr
(II) l kim loi no sau y?
A. Pb. B. Cd. C. Al. D. Sn.
Hng dn gii
t kim loi ha tr (II) l M vi s gam l x (gam).
M + CuSO4 d MSO4 + Cu
C M gam kim loi tan ra th s c 64 gam Cu bm vo. Vy khi lng kim loi gim (M 64) gam;
0,24.M
Vy: x (gam) = khi lng kim loi gim 0,24 gam.
M 64
Mt khc: M + 2AgNO3 M(NO3)2 + 2Ag
C M gam kim loi tan ra th s c 216 gam Ag bm vo. Vy khi lng kim loi tng (216 M) gam;
0,52.M
Vy: x (gam) = khi lng kim loi tng 0,52 gam.
216 M

0,24.M 0,52.M
Ta c: = M = 112 (kim loi Cd). (p n B)
M 64 216 M
V d 6: Ho tan hon ton 104,25 gam hn hp X gm NaCl v NaI vo nc c dung dch A. Sc kh Cl 2
d vo dung dch A. Kt thc th nghim, c cn dung dch thu c 58,5 gam mui khan. Khi lng
NaCl c trong hn hp X l
A. 29,25 gam. B. 58,5 gam.

C. 17,55 gam. D. 23,4 gam.
Hng dn gii
Kh Cl2 d ch kh c mui NaI theo phng trnh
2NaI + Cl2 2NaCl + I2
C 1 mol NaI to thnh 1 mol NaCl
Khi lng mui gim 127 35,5 = 91,5 gam.
Vy: 0,5 mol Khi lng mui gim 104,25 58,5 = 45,75 gam.
mNaI = 1500,5 = 75 gam
mNaCl = 104,25 75 = 29,25 gam. (p n A)
V d 7: Ngm mt vt bng ng c khi lng 15 gam trong 340 gam dung dch AgNO 3 6%. Sau mt thi
gian ly vt ra thy khi lng AgNO3 trong dung dch gim 25%. Khi lng ca vt sau phn ng l
Hng dn gii
340 6
n AgNO3 ( ban u) = = 0,12 mol;
170 100
25
n AgNO3 ( ph.ng) = 0,12 = 0,03 mol.
100
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
0,015 0,03 0,03 mol
mvt sau phn ng = mvt ban u + mAg (bm) mCu (tan)
= 15 + (1080,03) (640,015) = 17,28 gam. (p n C)
V d 8: Nhng mt thanh km v mt thanh st vo cng mt dung dch CuSO4. Sau mt thi gian ly
hai thanh kim loi ra thy trong dung dch cn li c nng mol ZnSO4 bng 2,5 ln nng mol
FeSO4. Mt khc, khi lng dung dch gim 2,2 gam.
Khi lng ng bm ln thanh km v bm ln thanh st ln lt l
A. 12,8 gam; 32 gam. B. 64 gam; 25,6 gam.
C. 32 gam; 12,8 gam. D. 25,6 gam; 64 gam.
Hng dn gii
V trong cng dung dch cn li (cng th tch) nn:
[ZnSO4] = 2,5 [FeSO4] nZnSO4 2,5nFeSO4
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu (1)
2,5x 2,5x 2,5x mol
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu (2)
x x x x mol
T (1), (2) nhn c gim khi lng ca dung dch l
mCu (bm) mZn (tan) mFe (tan)
2,2 = 64(2,5x + x) 652,5x 56x x = 0,4 mol.
Vy: mCu (bm ln thanh km) = 642,50,4 = 64 gam;
mCu (bm ln thanh st) = 640,4 = 25,6 gam. (p n B)
V d 9: (Cu 15 - M 231 - TSC - Khi A 2007)
Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO 3 thu c 7,28 gam mui ca
axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l

A. CH2=CHCOOH. B. CH3COOH.
C. HCCCOOH. D. CH3CH2COOH.
Hng dn gii
t CTTQ ca axit hu c X n chc l RCOOH.
2RCOOH + CaCO3 (RCOO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O
C 2 mol axit phn ng to mui th khi lng tng (40 2) = 38 gam.
x mol axit (7,28 5,76) = 1,52 gam.
5,76
x = 0,08 mol M RCOOH 72 R = 27
0,08
Axit X: CH2=CHCOOH. (p n A)
V d 10: Nhng thanh km vo dung dch cha 8,32 gam CdSO 4. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd2+ khi lng
thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi khi lng thanh km ban u.
A. 60 gam. B. 70 gam. C. 80 gam. D. 90 gam.
Hng dn gii
2,35a
Gi khi lng thanh km ban u l a gam th khi lng tng thm l gam.
100
Zn + CdSO4 ZnSO4 + Cd
65 1 mol 112, tng (112 65) = 47 gam
8,32 2,35a
(=0,04 mol) gam
208 100
1 47

Ta c t l: 0,04 2,35a a = 80 gam. (p n C)
100
V d 11: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dung dch CuSO 4, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy
khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch Pb(NO 3)2, sau mt thi
gian thy khi lng tng 7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol CuSO 4 v Pb(NO3)2 tham gia 2
trng hp nh nhau.
A. Al. B. Zn. C. Mg. D. Fe.
Hng dn gii
Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, M l nguyn t khi ca kim loi, x l s mol mui phn ng.
M + CuSO4 MSO4 + Cu
M (gam) 1 mol 64 gam, gim (M 64)gam.
0,05.m
x mol gim gam.
100
0,05.m
x = 100 (1)
M 64
M + Pb(NO3)2 M(NO3)2 + Pb
M (gam) 1 mol 207, tng (207 M) gam
7,1.m
x mol tng gam
100
7,1.m
x = 100 (2)
207 M
0,05.m 7,1.m
T (1) v (2) ta c: 100 = 100 (3)
M 64 207 M
T (3) gii ra M = 65. Vy kim loi M l km. (p n B)

V d 12: Cho 3,78 gam bt Al phn ng va vi dung dch mui XCl 3 to thnh dung dch Y. Khi lng
cht tan trong dung dch Y gim 4,06 gam so vi dung dch XCl3. xc nh cng thc ca mui
XCl3.
A. FeCl3. B. AlCl3. C. CrCl3. D. Khng xc nh.
Hng dn gii
Gi A l nguyn t khi ca kim loi X.
Al + XCl3 AlCl3 + X
3,78
= (0,14 mol) 0,14 0,14 mol.
27
Ta c : (A + 35,53)0,14 (133,50,14) = 4,06
Gii ra c: A = 56. Vy kim loi X l Fe v mui FeCl3. (p n A)
V d 13: Nung 100 gam hn hp gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng i c 69
gam cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht tng ng trong hn hp ban u.
A. 15,4% v 84,6%. B. 22,4% v 77,6%. C. 16% v 84%. D. 24% v 76%.
Hng dn gii
Ch c NaHCO3 b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO3.
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
o
2NaHCO3 t
C nung 168 gam khi lng gim: 44 + 18 = 62 gam
x khi lng gim: 100 69 = 31 gam
168 62
Ta c: x = 84 gam.
x 31
Vy NaHCO3 chim 84% v Na2CO3 chim 16%. (p n C)
V d 14: Ha tan 3,28 gam hn hp mui CuCl 2 v Cu(NO3)2 vo nc c dung dch A. Nhng Mg vo
dung dch A cho n khi mt mu xanh ca dung dch. Ly thanh Mg ra cn li thy tng thm 0,8
gam. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Tnh m?
A. 1.28 gam. B. 2,48 gam. C. 3,1 gam. D. 0,48 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ta c:

mtng = mCu mMg phn ng = m Cu2 m Mg2 3,28 m gc axit m Mg2 0,8
m = 3,28 0,8 = 2,48 gam. (p n B)
V d 15: Ha tan 3,28 gam hn hp mui MgCl 2 v Cu(NO3)2 vo nc c dung dch A. Nhng vo dung
dch A mt thanh st. Sau mt khong thi gian ly thanh st ra cn li thy tng thm 0,8 gam. C
cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l
Hng dn gii
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: Sau mt khong thi gian tng khi lng ca thanh Fe bng
gim khi lng ca dung dch mui. Do :
m = 3,28 0,8 = 2,48 gam. (p n B)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PP TNG GIM KHI LNG

01. Cho 115 gam hn hp gm ACO 3, B2CO3, R2CO3 tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy thot ra 22,4 lt CO 2
(ktc). Khi lng mui clorua to ra trong dung dch l
02. Ngm mt l st trong dung dch CuSO 4. Nu bit khi lng ng bm trn l st l 9,6 gam th khi lng
l st sau ngm tng thm bao nhiu gam so vi ban u?
03. Cho hai thanh st c khi lng bng nhau.
- Thanh 1 nhng vo dung dch c cha a mol AgNO3.
- Thanh 2 nhng vo dung dch c cha a mol Cu(NO3)2.
Sau phn ng, ly thanh st ra, sy kh v cn li thy s cho kt qu no sau y?

A. Khi lng hai thanh sau nhng vn bng nhau nhng khc ban u.
B. Khi lng thanh 2 sau nhng nh hn khi lng thanh 1 sau nhng.
C. Khi lng thanh 1 sau nhng nh hn khi lng thanh 2 sau nhng.
D. Khi lng hai thanh khng i vn nh trc khi nhng.
04. Cho V lt dung dch A cha ng thi FeCl 3 1M v Fe2(SO4)3 0,5M tc dng vi dung dch Na 2CO3 c d,
phn ng kt thc thy khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim 69,2 gam so vi tng khi lng ca cc
dung dch ban u. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,2 lt. B. 0,24 lt. C. 0,237 lt. D.0,336 lt.
05. Cho lung kh CO i qua 16 gam oxit st nguyn cht c nung nng trong mt ci ng. Khi phn ng
thc hin hon ton v kt thc, thy khi lng ng gim 4,8 gam.
Xc nh cng thc v tn oxit st em dng.
1
06. Dng CO kh 40 gam oxit Fe 2O3 thu c 33,92 gam cht rn B gm Fe 2O3, FeO v Fe. Cho B tc
2
dng vi H2SO4 long d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc).
Xc nh thnh phn theo s mol cht rn B, th tch kh CO (ktc) ti thiu c c kt qu ny.
07. Nhng mt thanh st nng 12,2 gam vo 200 ml dung dch CuSO 4 0,5M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra,
c cn dung dch c 15,52 gam cht rn khan.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra, tm khi lng tng cht c trong 15,52 gam cht rn khan.
b) Tnh khi lng thanh kim loi sau phn ng. Ha tan hon ton thanh kim loi ny trong dung dch
HNO3 c nng, d thu c kh NO2 duy nht, th tch V lt (o 27,3 oC, 0,55 atm). Vit cc phng
trnh phn ng xy ra. Tnh V.
08. Ngm mt thanh ng c khi lng 140,8 gam vo dung dch AgNO 3 sau mt thi gian ly thanh ng
em cn li thy nng 171,2 gam. Tnh thnh phn khi lng ca thanh ng sau phn ng.
09. Ngm mt l km nh trong mt dung dch c cha 2,24 gam ion kim loi c in tch 2+. Phn ng xong,
khi lng l km tng thm 0,94 gam.
Hy xc nh tn ca ion kim loi trong dung dch.
10. C hai l kim loi cng cht, cng khi lng, c kh nng to ra hp cht c s oxi ha +2. Mt l c ngm
trong dung dch Pb(NO3)2 cn l kia c ngm trong dung dch Cu(NO3)2.
Sau mt thi gian ngi ta ly l kim loi ra khi dung dch, ra nh. Nhn thy khi lng l kim loi
c ngm trong mui ch tng thm 19%, khi lng l kim loi kia gim 9,6%. Bit rng, trong hai phn
ng trn, khi lng cc kim loi b ha tan nh nhau.
Hy xc nh tn ca hai l kim loi ang dng.
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
01. B 02. D. 03. B. 04. A.
05. Fe2O3. 06. VCO = 8,512 lt ; %nFe = 46,51% ; %nFeO = 37,21% ; %n Fe2O3 16,28%.
07. a) 6,4 gam CuSO4 v 9,12 gam FeSO4.
b) mKL = 12,68 gam ; VNO2 26,88 lt.
08. Thanh Cu sau phn ng c mAg (bm) = 43,2 gam v mCu (cn li) = 128 gam.
09. Cd2+
10. Cd
PHNG PHP CC I LNG DNG KHI QUT
Trong cc kim tra v thi tuyn sinh theo phng php trc nghim chng ta thy rng s lng
cu hi v bi tp kh nhiu v a dng bao trm ton b chng trnh ha hc ph thng. Rt nhiu cc
phng php, cc dng bi c bn c bit n. Sau y l mt s v d v dng bi tm mi lin h
khi qut gia cc i lng thng xut hin trong trong cc thi tuyn sinh i hc.
V d 1: (Cu 11 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na 2CO3 ng thi khuy u, thu c
V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch X thy c xut hin kt
ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a, b l
A. V = 22,4(a b). B. V = 11,2(a b). C. V = 11,2(a + b). D. V = 22,4(a + b).

Hng dn gii
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3 ta c phng trnh:
HCl + Na2CO3 NaHCO3 + NaCl (1)
b b b mol
HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + CO2 + H2O (2)
(a b) (a b) mol
Dung dch X cha NaHCO3 d do HCl tham gia phn ng ht,
NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 d CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O
Vy: V = 22,4(a b). (p n A)
V d 2: (Cu 13 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)

Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1 phn t clo phn ng
vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l
A. 3. B. 6. C. 4. D. 5.
Hng dn gii
Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
CH CH 2 CH CH 2 CH CH
| + kCl2 xtto | | |
Cl Cl Cl Cl
n nk k
Do: %mCl = 63,96%
%mC,H cn li = 36,04%.
35,5 (n k) 35,5 2 k 63,96
Vy =
27 (n k) 26 k 36,04
n
= 3. (p n A).
k
V d 3: (Cu 21 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl3 vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta th cn c t l
A. a : b = 1 : 4. B. a : b < 1 : 4. C. a : b = 1 : 5. D. a : b > 1 : 4.
Hng dn gii
Trn a mol AlCl3 vi b mol NaOH thu c kt ta th
Al3 3OH Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3 OH 2 2H 2O
AlO
Al3 4OH 2 2H 2O
AlO
a 4 mol
kt ta tan hon ton th
n OH b
4 4.
n Al3 a
b
Vy c kt ta th <4
a
a : b > 1 : 4. (p n D)
V d 4: (Cu 37 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO 2. Mt khc, trung ha a mol Y cn va
2a mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l
A. HOOCCH2CH2COOH. B. C2H5COOH. C. CH3COOH. D. HOOCCOOH.
Hng dn gii
- t a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2 axit hu c Y c hai nguyn t C trong phn t.
- Trung ha a mol axit hu c Y cn dng 2a mol NaOH axit hu c Y c 2 nhm chc cacboxyl
(COOH).
Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l HOOCCOOH. (p n D)
V d 5: (Cu 39 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH3COOH c cng nng mol/l, pH ca hai dung dch tng ng l x
v y. Quan h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t CH3COOH th c 1 phn t in li)
A. y = 100x. B. y = 2x. C. y = x 2. D. y = x + 2.
Hng dn gii
pHHCl = x [H+]HCl = 10x
pH CH 3COOH y [H ]CH3COOH 10 y
Ta c: HCl H+ + Cl
10x 10x (M)
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO
100.10y 10y (M).
Mt khc: [HCl] = [CH3COOH]
10x = 100.10y y = x + 2. (p n D)
V d 6: (Cu 53 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
thu ly Ag tinh khit t hn hp X (gm a mol Al 2O3, b mol CuO, c mol Ag2O), ngi ta ho tan X
bi dung dch cha (6a + 2b + 2c) mol HNO3 c dung dch Y, sau thm (gi thit hiu sut cc
phn ng u l 100%)
A. c mol bt Al vo Y. B. c mol bt Cu vo Y.
C. 2c mol bt Al vo Y. D. 2c mol bt Cu vo Y.
Hng dn gii
Ha tan hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3
Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
a 6a 2a mol
CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
b 2b b mol
Ag2O + 2HNO3 2AgNO3 + H2O
c 2c 2c mol
Dung dch HNO3 va . Dung dch Y gm 2a mol Al(NO3)3, b mol Cu(NO3)2, 2c mol AgNO3. thu Ag
tinh khit cn cho thm kim loi Cu vo phng trnh
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
c mol 2c
Vy cn c mol bt Cu vo dung dch Y. (p n B)
V d 7: (Cu 32 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr, c mng ngn xp). dung
dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l (bit ion
SO42 khng b in phn trong dung dch)
A. b > 2a. B. b = 2a. C. b < 2a. D. 2b = a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh in phn dung dch
CuSO4 + 2NaCl pdd Cu + Cl2 + Na2SO4 (1)
a 2a mol
Dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng sau phn ng (1) th dung dch
NaCl cn d v tip tc b in phn theo phng trnh
2NaCl + 2H2O mpdd
ng ngn 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 (2)
Vy: b > 2a. (p n A)
Ch : Tng t cng cu hi trn chng ta c th hi:
+ dung dch sau in phn c mi trng axit th iu kin ca a v b l.
A. b > 2a. B. b = 2a. C. b < 2a. D. a = 2b.
+ dung dch sau in phn c kh nng ha tan kt ta Al(OH)3 th iu kin ca a, b l
A. b > 2a. B. b < 2a. C. b 2a. D. b 2a.
V d 8: t chy hon ton a mol mt anehit X (mch h) to ra b mol CO 2 v c mol H2O (bit b = a + c).
Trong phn ng trng gng, mt phn t X ch cho 2 electron. X thuc dy ng ng anehit
A. no, n chc.
B. khng no c hai ni i, n chc.
C. khng no c mt ni i, n chc.
D. no, hai chc.
Hng dn gii
Trong phn ng trng gng mt anehit X ch cho 2e X l anehit n chc bi v:
1 3
RCHO RCOONH 4
trong : C+1 2e C+3.
t cng thc phn t ca anehit n chc X l CxHyO ta c phng trnh
y 1 y
CxHyO + x O2 xCO2 + H2O
4 2 2
a.y
a a.x mol
2
(b mol) (c mol)
a.y
Ta c: b = a + c ax = a + y = 2x 2.
2
Cng thc tng qut ca anehit n chc X l CxH2x2O c dng Cx1H2(x1)1CHO l anehit khng no c
mt lin kt i, n chc. (p n C)
V d 9: Cng thc phn t ca mt ancol A l CnHmOx. cho A l ancol no th m phi c gi tr
A. m = 2n. B. m = 2n + 2.
C. m = 2n 1. D. m = 2n + 1.
Hng dn gii
Theo phng php ng nht h s: Cng thc tng qut ca ancol no l C nH2n+2-x(OH)x hay CnH2n+2Ox.
Vy m = 2n+2. (p n B)
V d 10: Hi t l th tch CO2 v hi nc (T) bin i trong khong no khi t chy hon ton cc ankin.
A. 1 < T 2. B. 1 T < 1,5.
C. 0,5 < T 1. D. 1 < T < 1,5.
Hng dn gii
CnH2n-2 nCO2 + (n 1)H2O
iu kin: n 2 v n N.
n CO2 n 1
.
T= = n 1 1
n H 2O 1
n
Vi mi n 2 T > 1; mt khc n tng T gim.
n = 2 T = 2 l gi tr ln nht.
Vy: 1 < T 2. (p n A)
V d 11: t chy 1 mol aminoaxit NH2(CH2)nCOOH phi cn s mol O2 l
2n 3 6n 3 6n 3 2n 3
A. . B. . C. . D. .
2 2 4 4
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh t chy amino axit l
6n 3 2n 3
H2N(CH2)nCOOH + O2 (n + 1)CO2 + H2O
4 2
(p n C)

V d 12: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO 2 v a mol NaOH tc dng vi mt dung dch cha b mol
HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l
A. a = b. B. a = 2b. C. b = 5a. D. a < b < 5a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O (1)
a mol a mol
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl (2)
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O (3)
NaAlO2 + 4HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O (4)
a mol 4a mol
iu kin khng c kt ta khi nHCl 4n NaAlO2 + nNaOH = 5a. Vy suy ra iu kin c kt ta:
nNaOH < nHCl < 4n NaAlO2 + nNaOH
a < b < 5a. (p n D)
V d 13: Dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol H3PO4 sinh ra hn hp Na2HPO4 +
a
Na3PO4. T s l
b
a a a a
A. 1 < < 2. B. 3. C. 2 < < 3. D. 1.
b b b b
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + H2O (1)
2NaOH + H3PO4 Na2HPO4 + 2H2O (2)
3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + 3H2O (3)
Ta c: nNaOH = a mol ; n H3PO4 = b mol.
thu c hn hp mui Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4 th phn ng xy ra c hai phng trnh (2 v 3), do :
n NaOH a
2< n < 3, tc l 2 < < 3. (p n C)
H 3 PO4 b
V d 14: Hn hp X gm Na v Al.
- Th nghim 1: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi H2O d th thu c V1 lt H2.
- Th nghim 2: nu cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c V2 lt H2.
Cc kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l
A. V1 = V2. B. V1 > V2. C. V1 < V2. D. V1 V2.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng khi ha tan hn hp Na v Al vi H2O v vi dung dch NaOH d:
1
Na + H2O NaOH + H2 (1)
2
2Al + 6H2O + 2NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 (2)
t s mol Na v Al ban u ln lt l x v y (mol).
x 3x
TN1: x y nNaOH va hoc d khi ha tan Al c hai th nghim cng to thnh mol
2 2
H2.
V1 = V2.
TN2: x < y trong TN1 (1) Al d, TN2 (2) Al tan ht n H 2 (TN 2) n H 2 (TN 2) .
V2 > V1.
Nh vy (x,y > 0) th V2 V1. (p n D)

V d 15: Mt bnh kn cha V lt NH 3 v V lt O2 cng iu kin. Nung nng bnh c xc tc NH 3 chuyn
ht thnh NO, sau NO chuyn ht thnh NO 2. NO2 v lng O2 cn li trong bnh hp th va vn
ht trong nc thnh dung dch HNO3. T s V V l
A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
4NH3 + 5O2 t o
xt
4NO + 6H2O
V 5V/4 V
2NO + O2 2NO2
V V/2 V
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3
5V V
V V
4 2
5V V V
V = 4 V = 2. (p n B)
4 2 V
V d 16: Cht X c khi lng phn t l M. Mt dung dch cht X c nng a mol/l, khi lng ring d
gam/ml. Nng C% ca dung dch X l
a.M d.M 10a a.M
A. . B. . C. . D. .
10d 10a M.d 1000d
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 lt dung dch cht X:
nX = a mol mX = a.M
a.M.100
mdd X = = 1000d
C%
a.M
C% = . (p n A)
10d
V d 17: Hn hp X c mt s ankan. t chy 0,05 mol hn hp X thu c a mol CO 2 v b mol H2O. Kt
lun no sau y l ng?
A. a = b. B. a = b 0,02.
C. a = b 0,05. D. a = b 0,07.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca 1 s ankan l C x H 2x 2
3x 1
C x H 2x 2 + O2 x CO2 + (x 1) H2O
2
0,5 0,05 x 0,05 (x 1) mol
0,05x a
a = b 0,05. (p n C)
0,05(x 1) b
V d 18: (Cu 40 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim:
1) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO.
2) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO 3 1M v H2SO4 0,5 M thot ra V2 lt
NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l
A. V2 = V1. B. V2 = 2V1. C. V2 = 2,5V1. D. V2 = 1,5V1.
Hng dn gii

3,84
n H 0,08 mol
n Cu 0,06 mol
TN1: 64
n HNO 0,08 mol n NO3 0,08 mol
3
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

u bi: 0,06 0,08 0,08 H+ phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02 mol
V1 tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
TN2: nCu = 0,06 mol ; n HNO3 0,08 mol ; n H 2SO4 0,04 mol.
Tng n H = 0,16 mol ; n NO3 = 0,08 mol.
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
u bi: 0,06 0,16 0,08 Cu v H+ phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04 mol
Nh vy V2 = 2V1. (p n B)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG
PHP CC I LNG DNG TNG QUT
01. Dung dch A c a mol NH4+, b mol Mg2+, c mol SO42 v d mol HCO3. Biu thc no biu th s lin quan
gia a, b, c, d sau y l ng?
A. a + 2b = c + d. B. a + 2b = 2c + d.
C. a + b = 2c + d. D. a + b = c+ d.
02. Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO 3. a v b c quan h nh th no thu c dung
dch Fe(NO3)3 duy nht sau phn ng?
A. b =2a. B. b a. C. b=3a. D. b a.

03. Dung dch A cha cc ion Na : a mol; HCO3 : b mol; CO3 : c mol; SO42: d mol. to ra kt ta ln nht
+ 2
ngi ta dng 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng x mol/l. Lp biu thc tnh x theo a v b.
ab ab
A. x = a + b. B. x = a b. C. x = . D. x = .
0,2 0,1
04. Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO2. Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol dung dch HCl th lng kt
a
ta sinh ra u nh nhau. T s c gi tr bng
b
A. 1. B. 1,25. C. 1,5. D. 1,75.
05. Oxi ha mt lng Fe thnh hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn a mol Oxi. Kh hon ton hn hp X
a
thnh Fe cn b mol Al. T s c gi tr bng
b
A. 0,75. B. 1. C. 1,25. D. 1,5.
06. C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau, mi phn cha a mol HCHO.
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 thu c m gam Ag.
- Phn 2: Oxi ha bng Oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch A. Cho A tc dng vi
m
dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 thu c m gam Ag. T s c gi tr bng
m
A. 0,2. B. 0,4. C. 0,6. D. 0,8.
07. A l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol A tc dng vi dung dch cha a mol
Ba(OH)2 thu c dung dch B. Ngi ta nhn thy:
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch B lm qu tm.
Nu a = 0,02 mol th dung dch B lm xanh qu tm. B c cng thc cu to:
A. CH3CH2COOH. B. CH2=CHCOOH.
C. CHCCOOH. D. HOOCCH2COOH.

08. C 2 axit hu c no: (A) l axit n chc v (B) l axit a chc. Hn hp (X) cha x mol (A) v y mol (B).
t chy hon ton (X) th thu c 11,2 lt CO 2 (ktc). Cho x + y = 0,3 v MA < MB. Vy cng thc phn
t ca (A) l:
A. CH3COOH. B. C2H5COOH.
C. HCOOH. D. C3H7COOH.
09. Hn hp A gm Al v Fe 2O3 c khi lng trung bnh l M A . Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm, sau mt thi
gian thu c hn hp B c khi lng phn t trung bnh l M B . Quan h gia M A v M B l
A. M A = M B . B. M A > M B . C. M A < M B . D. M A M B .
10. Kh hon ton mt lng oxit st cn V lt H 2. ha tan hon ton lng st sinh ra trn trong dung dch
HCl thy to ra V lt H2. Bit V > V (cc kh o cng iu kin). Cng thc oxit st l
A. Fe2O3. B. FeO. C. Fe3O4. D. Fe2O3 v Fe3O4.
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A
6. D 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D
PHNG PHP T CHN LNG CHT

Trong mt s cu hi v bi tp trc nghim chng ta c th gp mt s trng hp c bit sau:
- C mt s bi ton tng nh thiu d kin gy b tc cho vic tnh ton.
- C mt s bi ton ngi ta cho di dng gi tr tng qut nh a gam, V lt, n mol hoc cho t l
th tch hoc t l s mol cc cht...
Nh vy kt qu gii bi ton khng ph thuc vo cht cho. Trong cc trng hp trn tt nht
ta t chn mt gi tr nh th no cho vic gii bi ton tr thnh n gin nht.
Cch 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t, phn t hoc mt mol hn hp cc cht phn ng.
Cch 2: Chn ng t l lng cht trong u bi cho.
Cch 3: Chn cho thng s mt gi tr ph hp chuyn phn s phc tp v s n gin tnh
ton.Sau y l mt s v d in hnh:
Cch 1: CHN 1 MOL CHT HOC HN HP CHT PHN NG
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ha tr n bng mt lng va dung dch H 2SO4 9,8% ta thu
c dung dch mui sunfat 14,18%. M l kim loi g?
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Al. D. Zn.
Hng dn gii
Chn 1 mol mui M2(CO3)n.
M2(CO3)n + nH2SO4 M2(SO4)n + nCO2 + nH2O
C (2M + 60n) gam 98n gam (2M + 96n) gam
98n 100
m dd H2SO4 1000n gam
9,8
m dd mui m M2 (CO3 )n m dd H 2SO4 m CO2
= 2M + 60n + 1000.n 44.n = (2M + 1016.n) gam.
C%dd mui
2M 96 100 14,18
2M 1016n
M = 28.n n = 2 ; M = 56 l ph hp vy M l Fe. (p n B)
V d 2: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 10% th thu c dung
dch mui c nng 10,25%. Vy x c gi tr no sau y?
A. 20%. B. 16%. C. 15%. D.13%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol CH3COOH:
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

60 gam 40 gam 82 gam
60 100
m dd CH3COOH gam
x
40 100
m ddNaOH 400 gam
10
60 100 82 100
m dd mui 400 gam.
x 10,25
x = 15%. (p n C).
V d 3: (Cu 1 - M 231 - Khi A - TSC 2007)
Khi ha tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)2 bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 20% thu c dung
dch mui trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Mg.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol M(OH)2 tham gia phn ng
M(OH)2 + H2SO4 MSO4 + 2H2O
C (M + 34) gam 98 gam (M + 96) gam
98 100
m dd H2SO4 490 gam
20
m dd MSO4 M 34 490
M 96 100

27,21
M = 64 M l Cu. (p n A)
V d 4: Hn hp X gm N2 v c H2 c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 3,6. Sau khi tin hnh phn ng tng hp
c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 4. Hiu sut phn ng tng hp l
A. 10%. B. 15%. C. 20%. D. 25%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp X, ta c:
mx = M X = 7,2 gam.
t n N 2 a mol , ta c:
28a + 2(1 a) = 7,2 a = 0,2
n N 2 0,2 mol v n H 2 0,8 mol H2 d.
xt, t o
N2 + 3H2
p
2NH3
Ban u: 0,2 0,8
Phn ng: x 3x 2x
Sau phn ng: (0,2 x) (0,8 3x) 2x
nY = (1 2x) mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c mX = mY
m
nY Y
MY
7,2
1 2x x = 0,05.
8
0,05 100
Hiu sut phn ng tnh theo N2 l 25% . (p n D)
0,2
V d 5: Hn hp A gm mt Anken v hiro c t khi so vi H2 bng 6,4. Cho A i qua niken nung nng c
hn hp B c t khi so vi H2 bng 8 (gi thit hiu sut phn ng xy ra l 100%). Cng thc phn
t ca anken l
A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C5H10.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp A gm (a mol CnH2n v (1a) mol H2)
Ta c: 14.n.a + 2(1 a) = 12,8 (1)
Hn hp B c M 16 14n (vi n 2) trong hn hp B c H2 d
o
CnH2n + H2 Ni, t CnH2n+2
Ban u: a mol (1a) mol
Phn ng: a a a mol
Sau phn ng hn hp B gm (1 2a) mol H2 d v a mol CnH2n+2. tng nB = 1 2a.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c mA = mB
m 12,8
n B B 1 2a a = 0,2 mol.
MB 16
Thay a = 0,2 vo (1) ta c 140,2n + 2(1 0,2) = 12,8
n = 4 anken l C4H8. (p n C)
V d 6: Oxi ha C2H5OH bng CuO nung nng, thu c hn hp cht lng gm CH 3CHO, C2H5OH d v
H2O c M = 40 vC. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ha l
A. 25%. B. 35%. C. 45%. D. 55%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol C2H5OH. t a mol C2H5OH b oxi ha. Vy a l hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ha ru.
o
C2H5OH + CuO t CH3CHO + H2O + Cu
Ban u: 1 mol
Oxi ha: a mol a mol a mol
Sau phn ng: (1 a) mol C2H5OH d a mol a mol
46(1 a) 44a 18a
M 40
1 a
a = 0,25 hay hiu sut l 25%. (p n A)
V d 7: Hn hp X gm N 2 v H2 c M X 12,4 . Dn X i qua bnh ng bt Fe ri nung nng bit rng hiu
sut tng hp NH3 t 40% th thu c hn hp Y. M Y c gi tr l
A. 15,12. B. 18,23. C. 14,76. D. 13,48.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp X mX = 12,4 gam gm a mol N2 v (1 a) mol H2.
28a + 2(1 a) = 12,4 a = 0,4 mol n H 2 0,6 mol
xt, t o
N2 + 3H2
p
2NH3 (vi hiu sut 40%)
Ban u: 0,4 0,6
Phn ng: 0,08 0,60,4 0,16 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,32 0,36 0,16 mol
Tng: nY = 0,32 + 0,36 + 0,16 = 0,84 mol;
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: mX = mY.
12,4
MY 14,76 gam . (p n C)
0,84
V d 8: Phng in qua O2 c hn hp kh O2, O3 c M 33 gam. Hiu sut phn ng l
A. 7,09%. B. 9,09%. C. 11,09%. D.13,09%.
Hng dn gii
3O2 TL 2O3
Chn 1 mol hn hp O2, O3 ta c:
n O2 a mol n O3 1 a mol .
15 15 1
32a 48 1 a 33 a mol O 2 n O3 1 mol
16 16 16

1 3 3
n O2 boxi ho mol
16 2 32
3
100
Hiu sut phn ng l: 32 9,09% . (p n B)
3 15

32 16
V d 9: Ho tan hon ton mt lng kim loi R ha tr n bng dung dch H 2SO4 long ri c cn dung dch
sau phn ng thu c mt lng mui khan c khi lng gp 5 ln khi lng kim loi R ban u
em ho tan. Kim loi R l
A. Al. B. Ba. C. Zn. D. Mg.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol kim loi ng vi R (gam) tham gia phn ng.
2R + nH2SO4 R2(SO4)n + nH2
2R 96n
C R (gam) gam mui
2

2R 96n 5R R = 12n tha mn vi n = 2. Vy: R = 24 (Mg). (p n D)
2
Cch 2: CHN NG T L LNG CHT TRONG U BI CHO

V d 10: (Cu 48 - M 182 - khi A - TSH 2007)
Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon ton hn hp
trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H 2SO4 c, thu c hn hp kh Z c t khi i
vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C3H8. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C3H4.
Hng dn gii
t hn hp gm hirocacbon X gm CxHy (1 mol) v O2 (10 mol ).
y y
CxHy + x O2 xCO2 + H2O
4 2
y y
1 mol x mol x mol mol
4 2
y
Hn hp kh Z gm x mol CO2 v 10 x mol O2 d.
4
M Z 19 2 38
(n CO2 ) 44 6 n co2 1

38 n o2 1
(n O2 ) 32 y 6
Vy: x 10 x 8x = 40 y.
4
x = 4, y = 8 tho mn p n C.
V d 11: A l hn hp gm mt s hirocacbon th kh, B l khng kh. Trn A vi B cng nhit p sut
theo t l th tch (1:15) c hn hp kh D. Cho D vo bnh kn dung tch khng i V. Nhit v
p sut trong bnh l toC v p atm. Sau khi t chy A trong bnh ch c N 2, CO2 v hi nc vi
VCO2 : VH 2O 7 : 4 a bnh v toC.
p sut trong bnh sau khi t l p1 c gi tr l
47 16 3
A. p1 p. B. p1 = p. C. p1 p. D. p1 p.
48 17 5
Hng dn gii

y y
t A: CxHy + x O2 xCO2 + H 2O
4 2
V phn ng ch c N2, H2O, CO2 cc hirocacbon b chy ht v O2 va .
y 15
Chn n Cx H y 1 nB = 15 mol n O2 p. x 3 mol.
4 5
n N 2 4n O2 12 mol
y
x 3 7 8
4 x= ; y=
x : y 2 7 : 4 3 3
V nhit v th tch khng i nn p sut t l vi s mol kh, ta c:
p1 7 3 4 3 12 47 47
p1 p. (p n A)
p 1 15 48 48
Cch 3: CHN GI TR CHO THNG S

132.a
V d 12: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X hai hirocacbon A, B thu c gam CO2 v
41
45a
gam H 2O . Nu thm vo hn hp X mt na lng A c trong hn hp X ri t chy hon
41
165a 60,75a
ton th thu c gam CO2 v gam H 2O . Bit A, B khng lm mt mu nc Br2.
41 41
a) Cng thc phn t ca A l
A. C2H2. B. C2H6. C. C6H12. D. C6H14.
b) Cng thc phn t ca B l
A. C2H2. B. C6H6. C. C4H4. D. C8H8.
c) Phn trm s mol ca A, B trong hn hp X l.
A. 60%; 40%. B. 25%; 75%. C. 50%; 50%. D. 30%; 70%.
Hng dn gii
a) Chn a = 41 gam.
132 45
t X n CO2 3 mol v n H 2O 2,5 mol .
44 18
1 165 60,75
t X A n CO2 3,75 mol v n H 2O 3,375 mol .
2 44 18
1
t A thu c (3,75 3) = 0,75 mol CO2 v (3,375 2,5) = 0,875 mol H2O.
2
t chy A thu c n CO2 1,5 mol v n H 2O 1,75 mol .
v n H 2O n CO2 A thuc loi ankan, do :
3n 1
C n H 2n 2 O2 2 n 1 H 2O
nCO
2
n CO2 n 1,5
n = 6 A l C6H14. (p n D)
n H 2O n 1 1,75
b) t B thu c (3 1,5) = 1,5 mol CO2 v (2,5 1,75) = 0,75 mol H2O

nC 1,5 1
Nh vy cng thc tng qut ca B l (CH) n v X khng lm mt mu nc Brom
n H 0,75 2 1
nn B thuc aren B l C6H6. (p n B)
c) V A, B c cng s nguyn t C (6C) m lng CO2 do A, B to ra bng nhau (1,5 mol) nA = nB.
%nA = %nB = 50%. (p n C)
V d 13: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C6H14 v C6H6 theo t l s mol (1:1) vi m gam mt
275a 94,5a
hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c gam CO2 v gam H2O.
82 82
a) D thuc loi hirocacbon no
A. CnH2n+2. B. CmH2m2. C. CnH2n. D. CnHn.
b) Gi tr m l
A. 2,75 gam. B. 3,75 gam. C. 5 gam. D. 3,5 gam.
Hng dn gii
a) Chn a = 82 gam
t X v m gam D (CxHy) ta c:
275
n CO2 44 6,25 mol

n H O 94,5 5,25 mol
2
18
19
C6H14 + O2 6CO2 + 7H2O
2
15
C6H6 + O2 6CO2 + 3H2O
2
y y
t D: C x H y x O 2 2
xCO H 2O
4 2
t n C6 H14 n C6 H6 b mol ta c: 86b + 78b = 82 b = 0,5 mol.
t 82 gam hn hp X thu c:
n CO2 0,5 6 6 6 mol
n H 2O 0,5 7 3 5 mol
t chy m gam D thu c:
n CO2 6,25 6 0,25 mol
n H 2O 5,25 5 0,25 mol
Do n CO2 n H2O D thuc CnH2n. (p n C)
b) mD = mC + mH = 0,25(12 + 2) = 3,5 gam. (p n D)
V d 14: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe 3C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l 96%, hm lng C n
cht l 3,1%, hm lng Fe3C l a%. Gi tr a l
A. 10,5. B. 13,5. C. 14,5. D. 16.
Hng dn gii
Xt 100 gam hn hp X ta c mC = 3,1 gam, m Fe3C = a gam v s gam Fe tng cng l 96 gam.
12a
m C trong Fe3C 100 96 3,1
180
a = 13,5. (p n B)
V d 15: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO3 (phn cn li l tp cht tr) mt thi gian thu
c cht rn Y cha 45,65 % CaO. Tnh hiu sut phn hy CaCO3.
A. 50%. B. 75%. C. 80%. D. 70%.
Hng dn gii

Chn mX = 100 gam m CaCO3 80 gam v khi lng tp cht bng 20 gam.
o
CaCO3 t CaO + CO2 (hiu sut = h)
Phng trnh: 100 gam 56 gam 44 gam
56.80 44.80
Phn ng: 80 gam .h .h
100 100
Khi lng cht rn cn li sau khi nung l
44.80.h
m X m CO2 100 .
100
56 80 45,65 44 80 h
h 100
100 100 100
h = 0,75 hiu sut phn ng bng 75%. (p n B)
GII BI TON BNG PHNG TRNH ION RT GN

Dng 1: Cc bi ton c phng trnh phn t xy ra cng bn cht
- Cn nm bng tan hay qui lut tan; iu kin phn ng trao i ion xy ra: Sau phn ng phi c
cht khng tan (kt ta), cht in li yu(H2O,CH3COOH), cht kh.
- Bit cch chuyn i linh hot gia pt phn t v pt ion. Bit cch gim s lng phn ng khi chuyn
t phn ng dng phn t sang phn ng dng ion. Tm c bn cht ca phn ng
- Khi pha trn hn hp X(nhiu dung dch baz) vi hn hp Y(nhiu dung dch acid) ta ch cn ch
n ion OH- trong hn hp X v ion H+ trong hn hp Y v phn ng xy ra c th vit gn li thnh:
OH- + H+ H2O(phn ng trung ha)
- Ta lun c :[ H+][ OH-] = 10-14 v [ H+]=10-a pH= a hay pH=-log[H+]
- Tng khi lng dung dch mui sau phn ng bng tng khi lng cc ion to mui.
V d 1: a/ 200 ml dung dch A cha HCl 0,15M v H2SO4 0,05M trung ho ht bao
nhiu ml dung dch baz B cha NaOH 0,2 M v Ba(OH)2 0,1 M ?
c/ Tnh tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng gia dung dch A v B ?
Hng dn
y l nhng phn ng gia 2 Baz v 2 Axit (c km theo theo to kt ta). Vy nn
nu gii phng php bnh thng s rt kh khn trong vic lp phng trnh gii
h. Nn ta s dng phng trnh ion thu gn.
a. Gi th tch dung dch B l V (lit).
Trong 200 ml ddA :

nH = 2. 5 x = 0,05 (mol)
Trong V (lit) ddB :

nOH = 0,2 . V + 2. 0,1. V = 0,4 V (mol)

nH = nOH hay 0,4 V = 0,05 => V = 0,125 (lit) hay 125 (ml)
b. Tnh tng khi lng cc mui.
m Cc mui = m cation + m anion
2 2
= mNa + mBa + mCl + mSO 4
= 23.0,2.0,125 + 137.0,1.0,125 + 35,5.0,2.0,15 + 96.0,2.0,05 = 4,3125
(g)
V d 2: Cho 200 ml dung dch A cha HCl 1 (M) v HNO3 2(M) tc dng vi 300 ml dung
dch B cha NaOH 0,8 (M) v KOH (cha r nng ) thu c dung dch C. Bit rng
trung ho 100 ml dung dch C cn 60 ml dung dch HCl 1 M, tnh :
a/ Nng ban u ca KOH trong dung dch B.
b/ Khi lng cht rn thu c khi c cn ton b dung dch C.
A. Hng dn
Bnh thng i vi bi ny ta phi vit 4 phng trnh gia 2 axit vi 2 baz. Nhng nu
ta vit phng trnh dng ion ta ch phi vit 1 phng trnh ion thu gn ca phn
ng trung ho.
a. Phng trnh phn ng trung ho :
H+ + OH- H2O
Trong 200 (ml) ddA :

nH = 0,2 . 1 + 0,2 . 2 = 0,6 (mol)
Trong 300 (ml) ddB :

nOH = 0,3 . 0,8 + 0,3 . a = 0,24 + 0,3.a (a : nng mol ca KOH).
Trong dung dch C cn d OH-

Trong 100 (ml) dd C : nOH = nH = 1. 0,06 = 0,06 (mol)

Trong 500 (ml) dd C : nOH = 0,06 . 5 = 0,3 (mol).

nOH = (0,24 + 0,3.a) 0,6 = 0,3.a 0,36 (mol)
Ta c : 0,3.a 0,36 = 0,3 => a = 0,66/0,3 = 2,2 (M).
b. Khi lng cht rn khi c cn ton b dd C.
i vi bi ny nu gii vi phng php bnh thng s gp kh khn, v c th tnh c
khi lng cc mui nhng khng tnh c khi lng baz v ta khng bit baz no d.
Vy bi ny ta s s dng phng trnh ion, thay v tnh khi lng cc mui v baz ta
i tnh khi lng cc ion to ra cc cht .

Ta c : m Cht rn = mNa + mK + mCl + mNO 3 + mOH d

mNa = 0,24. 23 = 5,52 (g)

mK = 0,3 . 2,2 . 39 = 25,74 (g)

mCl = 0,2 . 35,5 = 7,1 (g)

mNO 3 = 0,4 . 62 = 24,8 (g)

nOH d = 0,3.a 0,36 = 0,3 . 2,2 0,36 = 0,3 (mol)

mOH d = 0,3 . 17 = 5,1 (g).

m Cht rn = mNa + mK + mCl + mNO 3 + mOH d = 68,26 (g).
V d 3: a/ Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 (dung dch A). trung ho 10 ml dung

dch A cn 10 ml dung dch B cha 2 axit HCl v H2SO4. Xc nh pH ca dung dch B ?
b/ Trn 100 ml dd A vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 x (M), thu c dung dch C. trung
ho dung dch 500 ml dung dch C cn 350 ml dung dch B. Xc nh x
Hng dn
y l nhng phn ng gia 1 Baz v 2 Axit v 2 Baz v 2 Axit (c km theo theo to
kt ta), v c lin quan n pH dung dch. Vy nn nu gii phng php bnh thng
s rt kh khn trong vic lp phng trnh gii h. Nn ta s dng phng trnh ion
thu gn.
a. Phng trnh phn ng trung ho ddA vi ddB
H+ + OH- H2O (1)
Dd NaOH (ddA) c pH = 13 H = 10-13 (M) OH = 10-1 (M).
Trong 10 ml = 10-2 (l) dung dch A c :
S mol OH- :

nOH = 10-2.10-1 = 10-3 (mol)

theo pt (1) c : nOH = nH = 10-3 (mol)
Trong 10 (ml) = 10-2(l) dung dch B c :

nH = 10-3 (mol)
H = 10-3 / 10-2 = 10-1 (M) => pHB = 1.

b. Trn 100 ml A + 100 ml Ba(OH)2 x(M) => 200 ml dd C.

=> nOH dd C = 10-2 + 0,2 . x (mol).

Trong 500 ml dd C c : nOH = 2,5. 10-2 + 0,5x (mol).

Trong 350 ml dd B c : nH = 3,5. 10-2 (mol).
Theo pt (1) c : 2,5. 10-2 + 0,5x = 3,5 . 10-2 => x = 2.10-2 (M)
V d 4: Cho 35 gam hn hp X gm Na2CO3 v K2CO3. Thm t t , khuy u 0,8 lit
HCl 0,5 M vo dung dch X trn thy c 2,24 lit kh CO2 thot ra ktc v dung dch Y.
Thm Ca(OH)2 vo dung dch Y c kt ta A.
Tnh khi lng mi cht trong X v khi lng kt ta A ?
Hng dn:
Bi ny nu hc sinh dng phng trnh phn t lm th s gp kh khn khi xt
phn ng ca Ca(OH)2 vi dung dch Y to ra kt.
Nn i vi bi ny ta nn s dng phng trnh ion.
Gi s mol ca Na2CO3 l a, K2CO3 l b.
Khi thm t t dd HCl vo dd X ln lt xy ra phn ng :
CO 32 + H+ HCO 3
a+b a+b a+b
Khi ton th CO 3 bin thnh HCO 3
2
HCO 3 + H+ CO2 + H2O

0,1 0,1 0,1
nCO 2 = 2,24/ 22,4 = 0,1 mol.
Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng Ca(OH)2 cho kt ta. Vy HCO 3 d, H+ ht.
HCO 3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + OH- + H2O
nH = a + b + 0,1 = 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4
hay a + b = 0,3 (1)
v 106a + 138b = 35 (2). Gii h c a = 0,2 mol Na2CO3,
b = 0,1 mol K2CO3.
Do khi lng 2 mui l :
mNa 2 CO 3 = 0,2 . 106 = 21,2 (g)

mK 2 CO 3 = 0,1 . 138 = 13,8 (g)
khi lng kt ta :

nCaCO 3 = nHCO 3 d = a + b - 0,1 = 0,2 mol
mCaCO 3 = 0,2 . 100 = 20 (g)
V d 5: a/ Ly 21 gam hn hp Na2CO3 v K2CO3(vi t l mol ln lt l 2:1) vi thnh
phn % nh trn tc dng vi dung dch HCl va (khng c kh CO2 bay ra). Tnh th
tch dung dch HCl 2M cn dng ?
b/ Nu thm t t 0,12 lit dung dch HCl 2M vo dung dch cha 21 gam hn hp X trn.
Tnh th tch CO2 thot ra ktc ?
B. Hng dn gii
a. Khi cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch X : Na2CO3, K2CO3
(21 gam = 2 . 10,5 gam hn hp trn).
CO 32 + H+ HCO 3
0,18 0,18 0,18
Nu khng c kh CO2 thot ra, tc l phn ng dng li y.

nHCl = nH = 0,18 mol => VHCl 2M = 0,18/2 = 0,09(l)
b. Nu dng 0,12 lit dung dch HCl 2M hay 0,12.2 = 0,24 mol H+ > 0,18 mol. Nn s c
phng trnh :
HCO 3 + H+ CO2 + H2O
0,06 0,06
VCO 2 = 0,06.22,4 = 1,344 (l)
Bi tp tham kho
Cu 1: Mt dung dch A cha HCl v H2SO4 theo t l mol 3:1. 100ml dung dch A trung ha va bi 50ml
dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Nng mol mi acid l?
A. [HCl]=0,15M;[H2SO4]=0,05M B. [HCl]=0,5M;[H2SO4]=0,05M
C. [HCl]=0,05M;[H2SO4]=0,5M D. [HCl]=0,15M;[H2SO4]=0,15M
Cu 2: 200ml dung dch A cha HCl 0,15M v H2SO4 0,05M phn ng va vi V lt dung dch B cha
NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M. Ga tr ca V l?
A. 0,25lt B. 0,125lt C. 1,25lt D. 12,5lt
Cu 3: Tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng ca dung dch A v dung dch B trn(cu 22) l?
A. 43,125gam B. 0,43125gam C. 4,3125gam D. 43,5gam
Cu 4: 200 ml dung dch A cha HNO3 v HCl theo t l mol 2:1 tc dng vi 100ml NaOH 1M th lng acid
d sau phn ng tc dng va vi 50 ml Ba(OH)2 0,2M. Nng mol cc acid trong dung dch A l?
A. [HNO3]=0,04M;[HCl]=0,2M B. [HNO3]=0,4M;[HCl]=0,02M
C. [HNO3]=0,04M;[HCl]=0,02M D. [HNO3]=0,4M;[HCl]=0,2M
Cu 5: Trn 500 ml dung dch A cha HNO3 0,4M v HCl 0,2M vi 100 ml dung dch B cha NaOH 1M v
Ba(OH)2 0,5M th dung dch C thu c c tnh g?
A. Acid B. Baz C. Trung tnh D. khng xc nh c
Cu 6: Cho 84,6 g hn hp 2 mui CaCl2 v BaCl2 tc dng ht vi 1 lt dung dch cha Na2CO3 0,25M v
(NH4)2CO3 0,75M sinh ra 79,1 gam kt ta. Thm 600 ml Ba(OH)2 1M vo dung dch sau phn ng. Khi lng
kt ta v th tch kh bay ra l?
A. 9,85gam; 26,88 lt B. 98,5gam; 26,88 lt
C. 98,5gam; 2,688 lt D. 9,85gam; 2,688 lt
Cu 7: Cho 200 ml dung dch A cha HCl 1M v HNO3 2M tc dng vi 300 ml dung dch cha NaOH 0,8M
v KOH (cha bit nng ) th thu c dung dch C. Bit rng trung ha dung dch C cn 60 ml HCl 1M.
Nng KOH l?
A. 0,7M B. 0,5M C. 1,4M D. 1,6M

Cu 8: 100 ml dung dch X cha H2SO4 2 M v HCl 2M trung ha va bi 100ml dung dch Y gm 2 baz
NaOH v Ba(OH)2 to ra 23,3 gam kt ta. Nng mol mi baz trong Y l?
A. [NaOH]=0,4M;[Ba(OH)2]=1M B. [NaOH]=4M;[Ba(OH)2]=0,1M
C. [NaOH]=0,4M;[Ba(OH)2]=0,1M D. [NaOH]=4M;[Ba(OH)2]=1M
Cu 9: Dung dch HCl c pH=3. Cn pha long bng nc bao nhiu ln c dung dch c pH=4.
A. 10 B. 1 C. 12 D. 13
Cu 10: Dung dch NaOH c pH=12 cn pha long bao nhiu ln c dung dch c pH=11
A. 10 B. 1 C. 12 D. 13
Cu 11: Trn 100 ml dung dch gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M vi 400 ml dung dch gm H2SO4 0,0375M
v HCl 0,0125M thu c dung dch X. Ga tr pH ca dung dch X l?
A. 2 B. 1 C. 6 D. 7
Cu 12: Cho 2,45g hn hp Al- Ba(t l mol tng ng l 4:1) tc dng vi 50ml dd NaOH
1M, thu c dung dch X. Tnh th tch HCl 1M cn thm vo dd X sau phn ng
thu c:
a/ Kt ta ln nht
A. 0,07 l B. 0,08 l C. 0,09 l D. 0,1 l
b/ 1,56 g kt ta
A. 0,05 l B. 0,08 l C. 0,13 l D. C A v C ng
Cu 13: Cho m gam hn hp Mg v Al vo 250ml dung dch X cha hn hp acid HCl 1M v acid H2SO4 0,5M
thu c 5,32 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng i). Dung dich Y c pH l?
A. 7 B. 1 C. 2 D. 6
Cu 14: Cho mt mu hp kim Na-Ba tc dng vi nc d thu c dung dch X v 3,36lt H2 (ktc). Th tch
dung dch acid H2SO42 M cn dng trung ha dung dch X l?
A. 150ml B. 75ml C. 60ml D. 30ml
Cu 15:200 ml dung dch A cha HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,2M trung ha vi dung dch B cha NaOH 2M v
Ba(OH)2 1M. Th tch dung dch B cn dng l?
A. 0,05 lt B. 0,06 lt C. 0,04lt D. 0,07 lt
Cu 16: Hn hp X gm Na v Ba. Ha tan m gam X vo nc c 3,36lt H2 ( ktc) v dung dch Y.
trung ha lng dung dch Y cn bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 2M?
A. 0,15lt B. 0,3 lt C. 0,075lt D. 0,1lt
Cu 17: Dung dch X cha NaOH 0,06M v Ba(OH)2 0,02M. pH ca dung dch X l?
A. 13 B. 12 C. 1 D.2
Cu 18:Trn dung dch X cha NaOH 0,1M; Ba(OH)2 0,2M vi dung dch Y (HCl 0,2M; H2SO4 0,1M) theo t
l no v th tch dung dch thu c c pH=13?
A. VX:VY=5:4 B. VX:VY=4:5 C. VX:VY=5:3 D. VX:VY=6:4
Cu 19: C 4 dd mi dung dch ch cha 1 ion (+) v 1 ion (-). Cc ion trong 4 dung dch gm: Ba2+, Mg2+,
Pb2+, Na+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, CO32-. l 4 dung dch no sau y?
A. BaSO4, NaCl, MgCO3, Pb(NO3)2 B. BaCl2, Na2CO3, MgSO4, Pb(NO3)2
C. Ba(NO3)2, Na2SO4, MgCO3, PbCl2 D. BaCO3, NaNO3, MgCl2, PbSO4
Cu 20: Trn 150 ml dd MgCl2 0,5M vi 50ml dd NaCl 1M th nng mol/l ion Cl- trong dung dch l?
A. 2 M B. 1,5 M C. 1,75 M D. 1 Khi lng
Cu 21: Cho 8,8 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Mg v Ca tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch HCl. Sau c cn
dung dch, thu c a gam hn hp 2 mui. Cho hn hp 2 mui trn vo 1 lng d dung dch cha hn hp
Na2CO3 v (NH4)CO3 . Kt thc phn ng thu c 26,8 g kt ta X
Nng mol ca dung dch HCl v khi lng ca Mg trong hn hp ban u ln lt l
A. 1,2 M - 4,8g B. 1,5 M- 4,8g C. 1,2 M - 2,4g D. 1 M - 4,8g
p n: 1- A 2- B 3-C 4- D 5 -A 6-B 7-C 8-D 9-A 10-A 11-A
12-A-D 13-B 14-B 15-D 16-C 17-A 18-A 19- B 20-D 21-A
Dng 2: Phn ng ca oxit axit vi hn hp dung dch kim.

nOH
Nu 1 => ch to ra mui axit (HCO 3 )
nCO2
nOH
Nu 2 => ch to ra mui trung tnh (CO 32 )
nCO2
nOH
Nu 1< < 2 => to ra 2 mui.
nCO2
Ch :
- Nu baz d ch thu c mui trung ho.
- Nu CO2 d ch c mui axit.
- Nu cng mt lc c 2 mui th c 2 cht CO2 v baz u ht.
- Khi lng chung ca cc mui :
m Cc mui = m cation + m anion
trong : mCation = mKim loi ,
mAnion = mGc axit
V d. C 200 ml dung dch A gm : NaOH 1M v KOH 0,5 M. Sc V lit kh CO2 ktc vi
cc trng hp V1 = 2,24 lit, V2 = 8,96 lit, V3 = 4,48 lit. Thu c dung dch B, c cn B thu
c m gam cht rn khan. Tnh m trong cc trng hp ?
Hng dn gii
i vi bi ny nu dng phng trnh phn t s gp nhiu kh khn lp h rt di

dng. V vy khi gp dng ny ta nn gii theo phng trnh ion.
TH1 : V1 = 2,24 lit CO2 ktc
2,24
nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,1 mol

nOH = 0,2.1 + 0,2.0,5 = 0,3 mol
nOH 0,3 2
nCO2 = 0,1 > 2 ch to ra mui trung tnh CO 3
CO2 + 2 OH-- CO 32 + H2O

0,1 0,3 0,1
C cn dung dch B khi lng cht rn khan l khi lng cc ion to ra cc mui :
2

m = mK + mNa + mCO 3 + mOH d
= 0,2.0,5. 39 + 0,2.1. 23 + 0,1. 60 + (0,3 0,2).17 = 16,2 (g)
8,96
TH2 : V2 = 8,96 lit CO2 ktc; nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,4 mol; nOH = 0,2.1 +
0,2.0,5 = 0,3 mol
nOH 0,3
nCO2 = 0,4 < 1 ch to ra mui axit HCO 3
CO2 + OH-- HCO 3

0,4 0,3 0,3

m = mK + mNa + mHCO 3
= 0,2.0,5. 39 + 0,2.1. 23 + 0,3. 61 = 26,6 (g)
TH3 : V3 = 4,48 lit CO2 ktc

4,48
nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,2 mol; nOH = 0,2.1 + 0,2.0,5 = 0,3 mol
nOH 0,3 2
1 < n = 0,2 < 2 to ra 2 mui axit HCO 3 v CO 3
CO 2
CO2 + OH-- HCO 3

a a a
CO2 + 2 OH --
CO 32 + H2O
b 2b b
a + b = 0,2 (1)
a + 2b = 0,3 (2) Gii h c a = b = 0,1 mol
2
m = mK + mNa + mHCO 3 + mCO 3
= 0,2.0,5. 39 + 0,2.1. 23 + 0,1. 61 + 0,1. 60 = 20,6 (g)
Bi tp tham kho
Cu 1: Sc CO2 vo 200ml hn hp dung dch gm KOH 1M v Ba(OH)2 0,75M. Sau khi
kh b hp th hon ton thy to 23,6 g kt ta. Tnh VCO2 dng o ktc
A. 8,512 lt B. 2,688 lt C. 2,24 lt D. C A v B u ng
Cu 2: Hp th 4,48 lt CO2(ktc) vo 0,5 lt hn hp dung dch gm NaOH 0,4M v
1
KOH 0,2M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch X. Ly dd X tc dng vi dd Ba(OH)2 d,
2
sau phn ng to m gam kt ta. Gi tri m v tng khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi
c cn dd X ln lt l
A. 19,7g- 20,6g B. 19,7g- 13,6g C. 39,4g- 20,6g D. 1,97g- 2,06g
Cu 3: Sc 2, 24 lt(ktc) CO2 vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm KOH 1M v Ba(OH)2
0,75M. Sau khi kh b hp th hon ton thy to m g kt ta. Tnh m
A. 19,7g B. 14,775g C. 23,64g D. 16,745g
Cu 4: Sc 4, 48 lt(ktc) CO2 vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm KOH 1M v Ba(OH)2
0,75M. Sau khi kh b hp th hon ton thy to m g kt ta. Tnh m
A. 23,64g B. 14,775g C. 9,85g D. 16,745g
Cu 5: Hp th 3, 36 lt SO2(ktc) vo 0,5 lt hn hp dung dch gm NaOH 0, 2M v
KOH 0,2M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c khi lng mui khan l
A. 9,5gam B. 13,5g C. 12,6g D. 18,3g
p n: 1-D 2-A 3-B 4-C 5- D
Dng 3: Tnh cht ca ion NO 3 trong mi trng axit.

V d 1: Cho 1,92 g Cu vo 100ml hn hp dung dch X gm KNO3 0,16 M v H2SO4

0,4M. Sau phn ng thy thot ra Vlt kh NO(ktc). Tnh V
Hng dn gii
Do trong thnh phn ca X c ion NO 3 v ion H+ nn dung dch X c tnh cht nh dung
dch HNO3. V vy sau phn ng Cu s b oxho nn Cu2+. Nhng nu gii bi ton bng
phng trnh phn t s gp phi tnh hung kh, ion Cu2+ c th s trong CuSO4
cng c th trong Cu(NO3)2. trnh phi chia thnh 2 trng hp nh trn bi ton s c
gii theo phng trnh ion thu gn nh sau

nCu= 0,03 mol; nNO 3 = nKNO 3 = 0,016 mol; nH = 2 nH 2 SO 4 = 0,08
Khi Cu tc dng vi X s c phn ng sau

3 Cu + 8 H+ + 2 NO 3 3 Cu2+ + 2 NO + 4 H2O

0, 03 0, 08 0, 016
Do > nn trong phn ng trn NO 3 s ht, th tch kh NO sinh ra s -
3 8 2
c tnh theo ion ny

nNO = nNO 3 = 0,016 mol VNO = 0,3584 lt
V d 2: Hn hp X gm Fe v Cu cho tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long, d thy to
2,24 lt kh. oxiho cc cht sau phn ng cn dng mt lng va 10,1 g KNO3.
Phn ng kt thc thy to V lt kh NO. Tnh V v % khi lng hn hp X(th tch cc
kh u o ktc)
Hng dn gii
nH 2 = 0,1 mol
Fe + H2 SO4 FeSO4 + H2
0,1 0,1 mol

nNO 3 = nKNO 3 = 0,1
Vy sau phn ng hn hp thu c c Cu, ion Fe2+, H+ d, SO 24 . Khi thn KNO3 vo s c
cc phn ng
3 Cu + 8 H+ + 2 NO 3 3 Cu2+ + 2 NO + 4 H2O

0, 2
mol 0,1
3
3 Fe 2+
+ 4 H + NO 3 3 Fe3+ + NO + 2 H2O
+
0,1
mol 0,1
3

T 2phng trnh nNO = nNO 3 = 0,01 V= 2,24 lt
nCu= nFe= 0,1 mol % Fe = 46,67; % Cu = 53,33
V d 3: Cho 11,76 gan hn hp X gm Fe, Mg, Cu tc dng vi 100ml dung dch HNO3
3,4 M. Sau phn ng thy to kh NO v cn mt kim loi cha tan ht. Cho t t dung
dch H2SO4 0,5M vo hn hp thu c, n khi kimloi va tan ht thy tn ht 220 ml
axt, phn ng li sinh ra thm kh NO. Ly ton b dung dch thu c tc dng vi NaOH
d. Tch kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i to 15,6 g cht rn.
Tnh % khi lng X
Hng dn gii
Bi ny tuy ni dung rt di nhng nu nm c nhng iu sau y ni dung
gii s tr nn rt ngn gn
Do Cu c tnh kh yu nht nn kim loi cha tan ht phi l Cu. Cng do Cu d
nn sau phn ng vi HNO3, Fe ch b oxiho thnh Fe2+ ging nh Mg thnh Mg2+
v
Cu + Fe(NO3)3 Cu(NO3)2 + Fe(NO3)2
Khi thm H2SO4 vo v nguyn tc c Cu d v Fe2+ u to NO, nhng do tnh
kh ca Cu > Fe2+ v vy Cu phn ng trc. Nn 220 ml axt thm vo ch dng
phn ng vi Cu, Fe2+ cha phn ng
Sau hai lt phn ng vi hai axt im ging nhau cc kim loi loi u ch b
oxiho ln +2
Gi: a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca Fe, Mg, Cu
M l k hiu chung cho 3 kim loi
Sau phn ng vi hai axt pt ion thu gn l
3 M + 8 H+ + 2 NO 3 3 M2+ + 2 NO + 4 H2O

mol 0,21 0,56
nH = 2 nH 2 SO 4 + nHNO 3 = 0, 56 a + b + c = 0,21 (1)

Do sau cc th nghim th
2 Fe Fe2O3 ; Mg MgO ; Cu CuO
a a/ 2 b b c c
a
15,6 = 160 + 40b + 80c (2)
2
11,76= 56a + 24b + 64 c (3)
Gii h (1), (2), (3) kt qu
Bi tp tham kho
Cu 1: Cho 19,2g Cu vo 500ml dung dch NaNO3 1M sau thm tip 500ml dung
dch HCl 2M vo. Phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch X v V lt kh NO(ktc). Gi tr
ca V v th tch dung dch NaOH 2M cn dng kt ta ht ion Cu2+ trong dung
dch X ln lt l
A. 4,48lt - 4lt B. 4,48lt - 2lt C. 2,24lt - 4lt D. 4,48lt -
0,5lt
Cu 2: Thc hin 2 th nghim
a. Cho 3,84g Cu phn n vi 80ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO
b. Cho 3,84g Cu phn n vi 80ml dung dch HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M thot ra V2 lt NO. Bit NO l sn
phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l nh th no?
A. V2=2,5V1 B. V2=1,5V1 C. V2=V1 D. V2=2V1
Cu 3: Ho tan 27,8g mui FeSO4.7 H2O vo nc c dung dch X. Chia X thnh hai phn
bng nhau
Phn 1 cho tc dng vi 900ml hn hp dung dch gm HNO3 1M v H2SO4 1M thy to
Vlt kh NO(ktc)
Phn 2 cho tc dng vi dung dch NH3 d, tch kt ta nung trong khng kh n
khi lng khng i to mg cht rn
Gi tri m v V ln lt l
A. 4- 0,224 B. 4- 0,3584 C. 2- 0,224 D. 2- 0,3584
Cu 4(bi ny ni dung gii rt hay) Khuy k dung dch cha 13,6g AgNO3 vi m g bt
Cu ri thm tip 100ml dung dch H2SO4 long d vo. un nng cho ti khi phn ng xy
ra hon ton th thu c 9,28g kim loi v Vlt kh NO
Tnh m v V o ktc
A. 6,4- 2,24 B. 3,2- 0,3584 C. 10,88- 1,792 D. 10,88- 2,68
8
p n: 1-A 2-D 3-B 4-C
BO TON MOL NGUYN T

C rt nhiu phng php gii ton ha hc khc nhau nhng phng php bo ton nguyn t v phng
php bo ton s mol electron cho php chng ta gp nhiu phng trnh phn ng li lm mt, qui gn vic tnh
ton v nhm nhanh p s. Rt ph hp vi vic gii cc dng bi ton ha hc trc nghim. Cch thc gp
nhng phng trnh lm mt v cch lp phng trnh theo phng php bo ton nguyn t s c gii thiu
trong mt s v d sau y.
V d 1: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3 cn 0,05 mol H2. Mt khc ha tan
hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H 2SO4 c thu c th tch kh SO 2 (sn phm kh
duy nht) iu kin tiu chun l
A. 448 ml. B. 224 ml. C. 336 ml. D. 112 ml.

Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l
H2 + O H2O
0,05 0,05 mol
t s mol hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 ln lt l x, y, z. Ta c:
nO = x + 4y + 3z = 0,05 mol (1)
3,04 0,05 16
n Fe 0,04 mol
56
x + 3y + 2z = 0,04 mol (2)
Nhn hai v ca (2) vi 3 ri tr (1) ta c:
x + y = 0,02 mol.
Mt khc:
2FeO + 4H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O
x x/2
2Fe3O4 + 10H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
y y/2
x y 0,2
tng: n SO2 0,01 mol
2 2
Vy: VSO2 224 ml. (p n B)
V d 2: Thi t t V lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm CO v H 2 i qua mt ng ng 16,8 gam hn hp 3 oxit: CuO,
Fe3O4, Al2O3 nung nng, phn ng hon ton. Sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn v mt hn hp
kh v hi nng hn khi lng ca hn hp V l 0,32 gam. Tnh V v m.
A. 0,224 lt v 14,48 gam. B. 0,448 lt v 18,46 gam.
C. 0,112 lt v 12,28 gam. D. 0,448 lt v 16,48 gam.
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l
CO + O CO2
H2 + O H2O.
Khi lng hn hp kh to thnh nng hn hn hp kh ban u chnh l khi lng ca nguyn t Oxi
trong cc oxit tham gia phn ng. Do vy:
mO = 0,32 gam.
0,32
nO 0,02 mol
16

n CO n H2 0,02 mol .
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
moxit = mcht rn + 0,32
16,8 = m + 0,32
m = 16,48 gam.
Vhh (CO H2 ) 0,02 22,4 0,448 lt. (p n D)
V d 3: Thi rt chm 2,24 lt (ktc) mt hn hp kh gm CO v H 2 qua mt ng s ng hn hp Al 2O3,
CuO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 c khi lng l 24 gam d ang c un nng. Sau khi kt thc phn ng khi
lng cht rn cn li trong ng s l
Hng dn gii
2,24
n hh (CO H 2 ) 0,1 mol
22,4
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit l:
CO + O CO2
H2 + O H2O.
Vy: n O n CO n H 2 0,1 mol .
mO = 1,6 gam.
Khi lng cht rn cn li trong ng s l: 24 1,6 = 22,4 gam. (p n A)
V d 4: Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc X qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau khi phn ng
hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c c t khi i vi
hiro l 15,5. Gi tr ca m l
Hng dn gii
o
CnH2n+1CH2OH + CuO t CnH2n+1CHO + Cu + H2O
Khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim chnh l s gam nguyn t O trong CuO phn ng. Do nhn c:
0,32
mO = 0,32 gam n O 0,02 mol
16
C n H 2n 1CHO : 0,02 mol
Hn hp hi gm:
H 2O : 0,02 mol.
Vy hn hp hi c tng s mol l 0,04 mol.
C M = 31
mhh hi = 31 0,04 = 1,24 gam.
mancol + 0,32 = mhh hi
mancol = 1,24 0,32 = 0,92 gam. (p n A)
Ch : Vi ru bc (I) hoc ru bc (II) u tha mn u bi.
V d 5: t chy hon ton 4,04 gam mt hn hp bt kim loi gm Al, Fe, Cu trong khng kh thu c 5,96
gam hn hp 3 oxit. Ha tan ht hn hp 3 oxit bng dung dch HCl 2M. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl
cn dng.
A. 0,5 lt. B. 0,7 lt. C. 0,12 lt. D. 1 lt.
Hng dn gii
mO = moxit mkl = 5,96 4,04 = 1,92 gam.
1,92
nO 0,12 mol .
16
Ha tan ht hn hp ba oxit bng dung dch HCl to thnh H2O nh sau:
2H+ + O2 H2O
0,24 0,12 mol
0,24
VHCl 0,12 lt. (p n C)
2
V d 6: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacbonxylic n chc cn va V lt O 2 ( ktc), thu c 0,3
mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Gi tr ca V l
A. 8,96 lt. B. 11,2 lt. C. 6,72 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
Hng dn gii
Axit cacbonxylic n chc c 2 nguyn t Oxi nn c th t l RO2. Vy:
n O ( RO2 ) n O (CO2 ) n O (CO2 ) n O ( H 2O)
0,12 + nO (p.) = 0,32 + 0,21
nO (p.) = 0,6 mol
nO2 0,3 mol
VO2 6,72 lt. (p n C)
V d 7: (Cu 46 - M 231 - TSC Khi A 2007)
Cho 4,48 lt CO ( ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt oxit st n khi phn ng xy
ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng thc ca oxit st v
phn trm th tch ca kh CO2 trong hn hp kh sau phn ng l
A. FeO; 75%. B. Fe2O3; 75%.

C. Fe2O3; 65%. D. Fe3O4; 65%.
Hng dn gii
FexOy + yCO xFe + yCO2
Kh thu c c M 40 gm 2 kh CO2 v CO d
n CO2 44 12
40
nnCO 28 4
3
%VCO2 75% .
CO2

n CO 1
75
Mt khc: n CO ( p. ) n CO2 0,2 0,15 mol nCO d = 0,05 mol.
100
Thc cht phn ng kh oxit st l do
CO + O (trong oxit st) CO2
nCO = nO = 0,15 mol mO = 0,1516 = 2,4 gam
mFe = 8 2,4 = 5,6 gam nFe = 0,1 mol.
Theo phng trnh phn ng ta c:
n Fe x 0,1 2
Fe2O3. (p n B)
n CO2 y 0,15 3
V d 8: Cho hn hp A gm Al, Zn, Mg. em oxi ho hon ton 28,6 gam A bng oxi d thu c 44,6 gam
hn hp oxit B. Ho tan ht B trong dung dch HCl thu c dung dch D. C cn dung dch D c
hn hp mui khan l
A. 99,6 gam. B. 49,8 gam.
C. 74,7 gam. D. 100,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
Gi M l kim loi i din cho ba kim loi trn vi ho tr l n.
n
M + O2 M2On (1)
2
M2On + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2O (2)
Theo phng trnh (1) (2) n HCl 4.n O2 .
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng m O2 44,6 28,6 16 gam
n O2 0,5 mol nHCl = 40,5 = 2 mol
n Cl 2 mol
mmui = mhhkl + m Cl = 28,6 + 235,5 = 99,6 gam. (p n A)
V d 9: Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng ng 0,01 mol FeO v 0,03 mol Fe 2O3 (hn hp A) t nng. Sau
khi kt thc th nghim thu c 4,784 gam cht rn B gm 4 cht. Ho tan cht rn B bng dung dch
HCl d thy thot ra 0,6272 lt H2 ( ktc). Tnh s mol oxit st t trong hn hp B. Bit rng trong B
s mol oxit st t bng 1/3 tng s mol st (II) oxit v st (III) oxit.
A. 0,006. B. 0,008. C. 0,01. D. 0,012.
Hng dn gii
FeO : 0,01 mol
Hn hp A + CO 4,784 gam B (Fe, Fe2O3, FeO, Fe3O4) tng ng vi s mol l: a,
Fe2O3 : 0,03 mol
b, c, d (mol).
Ho tan B bng dung dch HCl d thu c n H 2 0,028 mol.
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
a = 0,028 mol. (1)
1
1
Theo u bi: n Fe3O4 n FeO n Fe2O3 d b c
3 3
(2)

Tng mB l: (56.a + 160.b + 72.c + 232.d) = 4,78 gam. (3)
S mol nguyn t Fe trong hn hp A bng s mol nguyn t Fe trong hn hp B. Ta c:
nFe (A) = 0,01 + 0,032 = 0,07 mol
nFe (B) = a + 2b + c + 3d
a + 2b + c + 3d = 0,07 (4)
T (1, 2, 3, 4) b = 0,006 mol
c = 0,012 mol
d = 0,006 mol. (p n A)
V d 10: Kh hon ton 24 gam hn hp CuO v FexOy bng H2 d nhit cao thu c 17,6 gam hn hp 2
kim loi. Khi lng H2O to thnh l
Hng dn gii
mO (trong oxit) = moxit mkloi = 24 17,6 = 6,4 gam.
mO H2O 6,4 gam ; n H O 6,4 0,4 mol.
2
16
m H2O 0,4 18 7,2 gam. (p n C)
V d 11: Kh ht m gam Fe3O4 bng CO thu c hn hp A gm FeO v Fe. A tan va trong 0,3 lt dung
dch H2SO4 1M cho ra 4,48 lt kh (ktc). Tnh m?
Hng dn gii
Fe3O4 (FeO, Fe) 3Fe2+
n mol
n Fe trong FeSO4 n SO2 0,3 mol
4
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t Fe:

n Fe Fe3O4 n Fe FeSO4
3n = 0,3 n = 0,1
m Fe3O4 23,2 gam (p n A)
V d 12: un hai ru n chc vi H2SO4 c, 140oC c hn hp ba ete. Ly 0,72 gam mt trong ba ete
em t chy hon ton thu c 1,76 gam CO2 v 0,72 gam H2O. Hai ru l
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH. B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
C. C2H5OH v C4H9OH. D. CH3OH v C3H5OH.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca mt trong ba ete l CxHyO, ta c:
0,72 0,72
mC 12 0,48 gam ; m H 2 0,08 gam
44 18
mO = 0,72 0,48 0,08 = 0,16 gam.
0,48 0,08 0,16
x : y :1 : : = 4 : 8 : 1.
12 1 16
Cng thc phn t ca mt trong ba ete l C4H8O.
Cng thc cu to l CH3OCH2CH=CH2.
Vy hai ancol l CH3OH v CH2=CHCH2OH. (p n D)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP BO TON MOL NGUYN

T
01. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,4 mol FeO v 0,1mol Fe 2O3 vo dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c
dung dch A v kh B khng mu, ha nu trong khng kh. Dung dch A cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH
d thu c kt ta. Ly ton b kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn
c khi lng l
02. Cho kh CO i qua ng s cha 16 gam Fe 2O3 un nng, sau phn ng thu c hn hp rn X gm Fe,
FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3. Ha tan hon ton X bng H2SO4 c, nng thu c dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y,
lng mui khan thu c l
03. Kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 cn 2,24 lt CO ( ktc). Khi lng st thu c
l
04. t chy hn hp hirocacbon X thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O. Th tch O2 tham gia
phn ng chy (ktc) l
A. 5,6 lt. B. 2,8 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 3,92 lt.
05. Ho tan hon ton a gam hn hp X gm Fe v Fe 2O3 trong dung dch HCl thu c 2,24 lt kh H 2 ktc
v dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tc dng dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta, nung trong khng kh n
khi lng khng i thu c 24 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a l
06. Hn hp X gm Mg v Al2O3. Cho 3 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii phng V lt kh (ktc).
Dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch NH3 d, lc v nung kt ta c 4,12 gam bt oxit. V c
gi tr l:
A. 1,12 lt. B. 1,344 lt. C. 1,568 lt. D. 2,016 lt.
07. Hn hp A gm Mg, Al, Fe, Zn. Cho 2 gam A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii phng 0,1 gam kh. Cho 2
gam A tc dng vi kh clo d thu c 5,763 gam hn hp mui. Phn trm khi lng ca Fe trong A l
A. 8,4%. B. 16,8%. C. 19,2%. D. 22,4%.
08. (Cu 2 - M 231 - TSC - Khi A 2007)
t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng kh (trong khng
kh Oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v 9,9 gam H2O. Th tch khng kh (ktc)
nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l
A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi X v Y bng dung dch HCl thu c dung dch A v kh H 2. C
cn dung dch A thu c 5,71 gam mui khan. Hy tnh th tch kh H2 thu c ktc.
A. 0,56 lt. B. 0,112 lt. C. 0,224 lt D. 0,448 lt
10. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp Y gm C 2H6, C3H4 v C4H8 th thu c 12,98 gam CO2 v 5,76 gam
H2O. Vy m c gi tr l
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C
6. C 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. C
P DNG NH LUT BO TON ELECTRON

I PHNG PHP GII
Nguyn tc:
Tng s electron cho bng tng s electron nhn. T suy ra tng s mol electron cho bng tng s mol
electron nhn
Phng php ny p dng cho cc bi ton m cc cht tham gia phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho (cc phn
ng oxi ho kh), cc bi ton phc tp xy ra qua nhiu qu trnh, thm tr nhiu bi khng xc nh dc cht
d cht ht. iu c bit l th ca phng php ny l khng cn vit bt c mt phng trnh phn ng no,
khng cn quan tm ti cc giai on trung gian..
Cc dng bi tp thng gp:
1. Kim loi (hoc hn hp kim loi) tc dng vi axit ( hoc hn hp axit) khng c tnh oxi ho (HCl, H 2SO4
long )
2. Kim loi (hoc hn hp kim loi) tc dng vi axit ( hoc hn hp axit) c tnh oxi ho (HNO 3, H2SO4 c,
nng ) to 1 kh hoc hn hp kh
3. Oxit kim loi (hoc hn hp ox it kim loi) tc dng vi axit ( hoc hn hp axit) c tnh oxi ho (HNO 3,
H2SO4 c, nng )
4. Cc bi ton lin quan ti st (in hnh l bi ton st ngoi khng kh)
5. Bi ton nhng kim loi vo dung dch mui
Ni chung bt k bi ton no lin quan ti s thay i s oxi ho u c th gii c bng phng php ny.
II- VN DNG
A BI TP MU
Bi 1: Ho tan hon ton 1,5 g hn hp gm Al v Mg bng dung dch HCl d thu c 1,68 lt kh H 2 (ktc).
Tnh phn trm khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
Gii:
+ Qu trnh cho e:
Al - 3 e Al3+ Mg - 2 e Mg2+
x 3x y 2y
+Qu trnh nhn e: +
2H + 2e H2
0,15 0, 075
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3 x + 2 y = 0,15 (1)
27 x + 24y = 1,5 (2)
Mt khc, theo bi ra ta c PT:
T (1) v (2) c: x = 1/30, y = 0,025
Do vy c: % Al = 60%; %Mg = 40%
Bi 2: Cho 3,2 g Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c, d thu c NO2 c th tch l bao nhiu?
Gii: nCu = 3,2/64 = 0,05 mol
+ Qu trnh cho e: Cu - 2 e Cu2+ +Qu trnh nhn e: N+5 + 1e N+4 (NO2)
0, 05 0,1 x x
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: x = 0,1 V = 0,1 . 22,4 = 2,24 lt
Bi 3: Ho tan ht 12 gam mt kim loi cha r ho tr bng dung dch HNO 3 long thu c 2,24 lt ktc
mt kh khng mu, khng mi, khng chy. Xc nh tn kim loi?
Gii: Gi kim loi cn tm l M c ho tr n
Kh khng mu, khng mi, khng chy chnh l N2
+ Qu trnh cho e: +Qu trnh nhn e:
M ne Mn+ 2N+5 + 10e N2
12 12n 1 0,1
M M
12n
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: = 1 M = 12n
M
Bin lun:
n 1 2 3
M 12 24 36
Kt lun Loi Mg Loi
Bi 4:Ho tan ht a gam Cu trong dung dch HNO3 long th thu c 1,12 (lit) hn hp kh NO v NO 2 ktc,
c t khi so vi H2 l 16,6. Tm a?
Gii:
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca NO v NO2
1,12
x+y = 0, 05
22,4
Theo bi ra ta c:
30x+ 46y
16, 6
x+y 2
Suy ra: x = 0,04, y = 0,01 nNO = 0,04 mol, nNO2 = 0,01 mol
+ Qu trnh cho e:
Cu - 2 e Cu2+
x 2x
+Qu trnh nhn e:
N+5 + 3e N+2 (NO) N+5 + 1e N+4 (NO2)
0,12 0,04 0,01 0,01
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 2x = 0,12 + 0,01 x = 0,065 a = 4,16 gam
Bi 5: Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe v Cu c s mol bng nhau bng axit HNO 3 thu c V lt hn
hp kh gm NO v NO2 o ktc, c t khi so vi H2 bng 19. Tm V?
Gii:
Gi a l s mol ca Fe v Cu. Theo bi ra ta c: 56x +64x = 12 x = 0,1 mol
+ Qu trnh cho e:
Fe - 3 e Fe 3+ Cu - 2 e Cu2+
0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2
+Qu trnh nhn e:

N+5 + 3e N+2 (NO) N+5 + 1e N+4 (NO2)
3x x y y
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3 x + y = 0,5 (1)
30x+ 46y
Mt khc theo bi ra ta c: 19 (2)
x+y 2
Gii h (1) v (2) tm c: x = y = 0,125 mol V = (0,125+0,125). 22,4 = 5,6 lt.
Bi 6: Ho tan ht 7,44 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong th tch va 500 ml dung dch HNO 3 long thu c
dung dch A v 3,136 lt hn hp 2 kh ng mol c khi lng 5,18g, trong c 1 kh khng mu ho nu
trong khng kh. Tnh thnh phn trm khi lng kim loi trong hn hp ban u?
Gii:
3,136 5,18
n hh 0,14 mol; M hh 37
22, 4 0,14
Kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh l NO, gi kh cn li c khi lng l M.
Gi x l s mol ca mi kh trong hn hp (v 2 kh ng mol)
T cng thc tnh khi lng trung bnh ta c:
30x+Mx 30+M 0,14
M hh 37 M=44 N 2O x = 0, 07 mol
x+x 2 2
+ Qu trnh cho e:
Al - 3 e Al 3+ Mg - 2 e Mg2+
a 3a b 2b
+Qu trnh nhn e:
N+5 + 3e N+2 (NO) 2N+5 + 8e 2N+1 (N2O)
0,21 0,07 0,56 2. 0,07
p dng nh lut bo ton e ta c: 3a + 2b = 0,21+0,56= 0, 77 (1)
Mt khc theo bi ra ta c: 27a + 24b = 7,44 (2)
T (1) v (2) tm c: a = 0,2; b = 0,085 %Mg = 27,42%; %Al = 72,58%
Bi 7:
( Tnh s mol axit c tnh oxi ho tham gia phn ng vi kim loi)
Cc axit c tnh oxi ho thng gp l HNO3 v H2SO4 c, nng
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta lun c:
n
n HNO3 n NO to mui vi kim loi + NO3 to sn phm kh
3
n SO 2
n H 2SO 4 = n SO 2
4
to mui vi kim loi + 4
to sn phm kh

Tuy nhin vic p dng nhanh chng hn chng ta cng nhau i xy dng cng thc tng qut:
Xt phn ng ca x mol kim loi M c s oxi ho cao nht l n vi dung dch HNO 3 v N5+ b kh xung Nm+
c s mol l y
+ Qu trnh cho e: +Qu trnh nhn e:
M - ne Mn+ M(NO3)n N+5 + (5-m)e N+m
x nx (5-m)y y
nx
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: nx = (5-m)y y =
5-m
n NO
n HNO3 n NO to mui vi kim loi + 3 to sn phm kh
3
nx 6- m n 6- m
= nx + y = nx + = nx. = NO3
5-m 5-m 5-m
6- m
Vy: n HNO3 n NO3
5-m
Xt phn ng ca x mol kim loi M c s oxi ho cao nht l n vi dung dch H 2SO4 v S6+ b kh xung S m+
c s mol l y
M - ne Mn+ M2(SO4)n S+6 + (6-m)e N+m
x nx (6-m)y y
nx
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: nx = (6-m)y y =
6-m
Sn phm mui kim loi tn ti di dng: M2(SO4)n
nx
n SO42 2
to mui vi kim loi =
n SO 2
n H 2SO 4 = n SO 2
4
to mui vi kim loi + 4
to sn phm kh
nx nx nx 8- m 8- m
n SO 2
= 2 +y = 2 + 6-m = nx. 2 6-m = 4
. 2 6-m
8- m
Vy: n H 2SO 4
n SO42 .
2 6-m
7.1. Cho m gam Al tc dng vi 150 ml dung dch HNO 3 a (M) va thu c kh N2O duy nht v dung dch
A. C cn dung dch A thu c (m+18,6)g. Tnh a?
Gii:
Khi lng ion NO3- trong mui thu c l : (m+18,6) m =18,6 g
18, 6 1
n NO- 0,3 mol n Al n Al NO3 n NO- 0,1 mol
3
62 3
3 3
+ Qu trnh cho e:
Al- 3 e Al 3+
0,1 0,3
+Qu trnh nhn e:
2N+5 + 8e 2N+1 (N2O)
8x x
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 8x = 0,3 x = 0,0375 mol
n
n HNO3 n NO to mui vi kim loi + NO3 to sn phm kh = 0,3 + 2.0,0375 = 0,375 mol
3

0,375
a= = 2,5M
0,15
6- 1
Nu p dng cng thc d suy ra: n HNO3 0,3. =0,375 mol
5-1
7.2. Ho tan hon ton hn hp 2 kim loi A v B trong axit H 2SO4 c nng d thu c kh SO2 duy nht v
dung dch X. Dn ton b lng kh sinh ra vo bnh ng dung dch nc Brom d thy c 96 gam brom phn
ng. S mol axit H2SO4 tham gia phn ng l?
Gii:
- Qu trnh cho nhn electron khi cho SO2 qua dung dch nc Brom:
Cho: S+4 - 2e S+6 ; Nhn: Br2 + 2e 2 Br -
x 2x 0,6 01,2
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 2x = 0,12 x = 0,06 mol
p dng cng thc xy dng c trn c:
8- m 8- 4
n H2SO4 nSO42 . 2 6-m = 0,6. 2 6-4 = 1,2 mol
Bi 8: ( Bi ton st ngoi khng kh Bi ton kinh in)
m gam st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp B gm 4 cht rn l : Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4
c khi lng 12 gam. Cho B tc dng vi axit HNO3 thy gii phng ra 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht ktc.T nh
m?
Gii:
Bi ton ny chng ta gp trong phng php Ghp n, vi phng php bn cn vit y cc
phng trnh mo t tng giai on ca qu trnh, ng thi bn cng cn c mt k nng tnh ton tng i
tt Nhng nu s dng nh lut bo ton electron th bi ton n gin hn rt nhiu.
C th phn tch bi ton bng s sau:
Fe o2 Fe,FeO,Fe 2O 3 ,Fe 3 O 4
HNO3
Fe NO3 3 +NO+H 2O
Ta c cc qu trnh cho v nhn electron nh sau:
+ Qu trnh cho e: + Qu trinh nhan e: N+5 + 3e N+2
Fe - 3 e Fe3+ (NO)
m 3m 0,3 0,1
56 56 O2 - 4e 2O2-
12-m 12-m
32 8
(p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng c: mFe + mO2 = mB

12 - m
mO2 = mB - mFe = 12 - m n O = 2
32
12 - m 3m
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: + 0,3 = m= 10,08 gam
8 56
Bi 9: Chia hn hp 2 kim loi A, B c ha tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 tan ht trong dung dch HCl, to ra 1,792 lt H2(ktc).
- Phn 2 nung trong oxi thu c 2,84g hn hp oxit. Khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi trong hn
hp u l:
A. 2,4g B. 3,12g C. 2,2g D.1,8g
gii:

1
H + + 1e H 2
2

0,16 0,16 0,08 mhhkloi banu=2. (moxit - mO) = 2.(2,84 - 0,08 .16) = 3,12g
O + 2e O 2-

0,08 0,16 0,08
B BI TP T GII
B1 - T lun:
Bi 1: Hn hp A gm 0,06 mol Mg, 0,02 mol Al v 0,04 mol Fe tc dng ht vi dd HNO 3 thu c V lit hn
hp kh gm N2 v N2O c t khi so vi Hidro bng 20.
1. Hy biu din cc ptp dng ion thu gn.
2. V=? ( o ktc ).
3. Tnh s mol HNO3 phn ng.
Bi 2: Cho hn hp bt kim loi A gm 0,02 mol Fe, 0,04 mol Al, 0,03 mol Cu v 0,01 mol Zn ha tan ht vo
dung dch HNO3 thu c V lit hn hp kh gm NO v N2O c t khi so vi Hidro l 16,75.Tnh V ( ktc).
Bi 3: Cho hn hp bt kim loi A gm 0,04 mol Al, 0,02 mol Fe v 0,05 mol Cu tc dng vi dd HNO 3 12,6%
c V lit hn hp kh gm NO v N2 c t khi so vi Hidro l 14,75.Tnh V ( ktc), khi lng dd HNO 3
phn ng bit axit HNO3 d 10% so vi lng cn dng.
Bi 4: m(g) Fe trong khng kh b oxi ha 1 phn thnh 22(g) hn hp cc oxit v Fe d. Ha tan hn hp
ny vo dd HNO3 d thu c 4,48 lit kh NO duy nht (kc). Tm m.
Bi 5: m(g) Fe2O3 nung vi CO thiu thu c 6,52(g) hn hp Y gm 4 cht. Ha tan Y ht vo dd HNO 3 th
thu c 0,15 mol kh NO duy nht. Tm m.
Bi 6: Cho m(g) hh bt kim loi A gm Mg v Al ha tan ht vo dd HCl d thy gii phng 0,25 mol kh.
Thm 1 lng Cu bng 1,255m (g) vo hh A c hh B. Ha tan B vo dd HNO 3 d th thu c 0,5 mol hh kh
gm NO v NO2 c t khi so vi Hidro bng 21,4. Tnh tfn % theo klng cc cht trong hh A.
Bi 7: Hn hp X gm 1,56(g) Mg v 0,486(g) Al c ha tan ht vo V lit dd HNO 3 2M thy gii phng
0,4704 lit (kc) hn hp kh gm N2 v N2O. Cng V lit dd HNO3 ha tan va ht 3,3335(g) kim loi M gii
phng kh N2O duy nht. Xc nh kim loi M v tnh V.
Bi 8: Ha tan ht kim loi Mg vo dd cha 1,5 mol HNO 3 thu c dd A v 0,2 mol hh kh gm NO v N 2O.
Hi kt ta ht lng Mg2+ c trong dd A cn ti thiu bao nhiu mol NaOH?
Bi 9: Ha tan 12,9(g) hh A gm Zn v 1 kim loi M ha tr II vo dd H 2SO4 long d thu c 2,24 lit H2.
Cn khi ha tan ht 12,9(g) hh A vo dd H 2SO4 c c 4,144 lit hn hp gm SO 2 v H2S c t khi so vi
Hidro bng 31,595. Xc nh kim loi M bit th tch cc kh o ktc.
Bi 10: Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c
cht rn A. Ho tan A bng dd axit HCl d c dd B v kh C. t chy C cn V lt O 2
(ktc). Tnh V, bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Bi 11: m gam phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn
hp (B) c khi lng 12 gam gm st v cc oxit FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3. cho B tc dng hon
ton vi dung dch HNO3 thy gii phng ra 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc).
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
2. Tnh khi lng m ca A.
Bi 12: Hn hp A c iu ch bng cch ho tan 27,9 gam hp kim gm Al, Mg vi lng
va dung dch HNO3 1,25M v thu c 8,96 lt kh A (ktc) gm NO v N2O, c t khi
so H2 bng 20,25.
2. Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc kim loi trong hp kim.
3. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 dng.
Bi 13: Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi M, N c ho tr tng ng l m, n khng i (M, N
khng tan trong nc v ng trc Cu). Cho hn hp A phn ng hon ton vi dung dch

CuSO4 d. Cho Cu thu c phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 d c 1,12 lt kh NO
duy nht. Nu cho lng hn hp A trn phn ng hon ton trong dung dch HNO 3 d th
thu c bao nhiu lt N2. (Bit th tch cc kh c o ktc)
Bi 14: t chy x mol Fe bi oxi thu c 5,04 gam hn hp A gm cc oxit st. Ho tan hon
ton A trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 0,035 mol hn hp Y gm NO v NO 2. T khi ca Y
i vi H2 l 19. Tnh x.
Bi15: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO 3 d c 1,12 lt hn hp X
(ktc) gm NO v NO2 c t khi so H2 bng 21,4. Hy tnh tng khi lng mui nitrat
to thnh.
Bi 16: Ho tan hon ton 4,431 gam hn hp Al, Mg bng dung dch HNO 3 long thu -
c dung dch A v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp 2 kh khng mu c khi lng 2,59 gam, trong
c mt kh b ho nu trong khng kh.
1. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
2. Tnh s mol HNO3 phn ng.
3. Khi c cn dung dch A th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Bi 17: t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh ng O2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm
Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v Fe. Ho tan hon ton lng hn hp A bng dung dch HNO3 thu c V lt
hn hp kh B gm NO v NO2 c t khi so H2 bng 19.
2. Tnh V (ktc).
Bi 18: Cho 16,2 gam kim loi M (ho tr khng i) tc dng vi 0,15 mol oxi. Cht
rn thu c sau phn ng cho ho tan hon ton vo dung dch HCl d thu c 13,44 lt
H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi M (Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton).
Bi 19: Ho tan hon ton 19,2 gam Cu bng dung dch HNO3, ton b lng kh NO thu c
em oxi ho thnh NO2 ri chuyn ht thnh HNO3. Tnh th tch kh oxi (ktc) tham
gia vo qu trnh trn.
Bi 20: Cho 7,22 gam hn hp X gm Fe v kim loi M (c ho tr khng i) Chia hn
hp thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Ho tan ht phn 1 trong dung dch HCl, c 2,128 lt H2.
Ho tan ht phn 2 trong dung dch HNO3 c 1,792 lt kh NO duy nht .
1. Xc nh kim loi M v % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp X
2. Cho 3,61 gam X tc dng vi 100ml dung dch A cha Cu(NO 3)2 v AgNO3. Sau phn
ng thu c dung dch B v 8,12 gam cht rn D gm 3 kim loi. Cho cht rn D tc
dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 0,672 lt H2. Tnh nng mol ca Cu(NO3)2 v
AgNO3 trong dung dch A. (Cc th tch kh c o iu kin tiu chun v cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton)
Bi 21: Cho m1 gam hn hp gm Mg, Al vo m 2 gam dung dch HNO3 24%, sau khi cc
kim loi tan ht c 8,96 lt hn hp kh X gm NO, N 2O v N2 bay ra (ktc) v c dung
dch A. Thm mt lng oxi va vo X, sau phn ng thu c hn hp kh Y. Dn Y t t
qua dung dch NaOH d c 4,48 lt hn hp kh Z i ra (ktc), t khi hi ca Z so vi H 2
bng 20. Nu cho dung dch NaOH vo A c lng kt ta ln nht th thu c 62,2
gam kt ta.
2. Tnh m1, m2. Bit lng HNO3 ly d 20% so vi lng cn thit phn ng.
3. Tnh C% cc cht trong dung dch A.
Bi 22:
Cho m gam Al tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO 3 th thy thot ra 11,2 lt kh o
ktc gm N2, NO v N2O c t l s mol tng ng l 2:1:2 .Tnh m?
Bi 23: Ho tan a gam hn hp X gm Mg, Al vo dung dch HNO 3 c ngui, d th
thy thu c 0,336 lt NO2 00C, 2atm. Cng a gam hn hp trn khi cho vo dung dch
HNO3 long, d th thu c 0,168 lt kh NO 00C, 4atm. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi
trong hn hp ban u?

Bi 24: Th tch dung dch FeSO4 0,5M cn thit d phnn ng va vi 100 ml
dung dch cha KMnO4 0,2M v K2Cr2O7 0,1M trong mI trng axit l bao nhiu?
Bi 25: Chia 9,76 gam hn hip X gm Cu v oxit ca st lm hai phn bng nhau. Ho
tan hon ton phn th nht trong dung dch HNO 3 hu c dung dch A v 1,12 lt hn
hp kh B gm NO v NO 2 ktc, c t khi so vi hiro bng 19,8. C cn dung dch A
thu c 14,78 gam mui khan. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca oxit st v tnh khi l -
ng mi cht trong hn hp ban u?
Bi 26: Ha tan hon ton 19,2 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HNO 3 d thu c 8,96 lit( ktc) hn hp
gm NO2 v NO c t l th tch 3:1. Xc nh kim loi M
Bi 27: Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam Fe vo HNO 3 d thu c dung dch A v 6,72 lit hn hp kh B gm NO
v m t kh X vi t l th tch l 1:1. Xc nh kh X
Bi 28: Ha tan ht 2,16g FeO trong HNO 3 c. Sau m t hti gian thy thot ra 0,224 lit kh X( ktc) l sn
phm kh duy nht. Xc nh X
Bi 29: Ha tan 2,4 g hn hp Cu v Fe c t l s mol 1:1 vo dung dch H2SO4 c, nng. Kt thc phn ng
thu c 0,05 mol m t sn phm kh duy nht c cha lu hunh. Xc nh sn phm
Bi 30: C 3,04g hn hp Fe v Cu ha tan ht trong dung dch HNO 3 to thnh 0,08 mol hn hp NO v NO 2
c M 42 . Hy xc nh thnh phn % hn hp kim loi ban u
Bi 31: Khuy ky 100 ml dung dch A cha AgNO 3 v Cu(NO3)2 vi hn hp kim loi c 0,03 mol Al v 0,05
mol Fe. Sau phn ng c dung dch C v 8,12 gam cht rn B gm 3 kim loi. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch
HCl d th thu c 0,672 lit H2( ktc). Tnh nng mol/l ca AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong A
Bi 32: p gam b t st ngoi khng kh sau m t thi gian thu c cht rn R n ng 7,52 gam gm Fe, FeO,
Fe3O4. Ha tan R bng dung dch HNO3 c , nng thu c 0,672 lit
( ktc) hn hp NO v NO2 c t l s mol 1:1. Tnh p
Bi 33: Tr n 2,7 gam Al vo 20 g hn hp Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhi t nhm c hn hp A.
Ha tan A trong HNO3 thy thot ra 0,36 mol NO2 l sn phm kh duy nht. Xc nh khi lng ca Fe2O3 v
Fe3O4
Bi 34: Cho 13,4gam hn hp Fe,Al,Mg tc dng ht vi m t lng dung dch HNO3 2M( ly d 10%) thu
c 4,48 lit hn hp NO v N 2O c t khi so vi H 2 l 18,5 v dung dch khng cha mui amoni. Tnh th
tch dung dch HNO3 dng v khi lng mui c trong dung dch sau phn ng
B2 Bi tp trc nghim
Bi 1. Cho 2,52 gam hh Mg , Al tc dng ht vi dd HCl d thu c 2,688 lt kh ktc .
Cng cho 2,52 gam 2 kim loai trn tc dng ht vi dd H 2SO4 c nng thu c 0,672 lt
kh l sp duy nht hnh thnh do s kh ca S+6 Xc nh sp duy nht
A. H2S B. SO2 C. H2 D. Khng tm c
Bi 2. Oxit ca st c CT : Fe xOy ( trong Fe chim 72,41% theo khi lng ) . Kh hon
ton 23,2gam oxit ny bng CO d th sau phn ng khi lng hn hp kh tng ln 6,4
gam . Ho tan cht rn thu c bng HNO3 c nng thu c 1 mui v x mol NO2 .
Gi tr x l
A. 0,45 B. 0,6 C. 0,75 D. 0,9 .
Bi 3. t 8,4 gam bt Fe kim loi trong oxi thu c 10,8 gam hh A cha Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 v
Fe d . Ho tan ht 10,8 gam A bng dd HNO 3 long d thu c V lt NO ! ktc . Gi tr V
l
A. 5,6 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 1,12 lt D. 3,36 lt
Bi 4. Kh hon ton 45,6 gam hn hp A gm Fe , FeO , Fe 2O3 , Fe3O4 bng H2 thu c m
gam Fe v 13,5 gam H2O . Nu em 45,6 gam A tc dng vi lng d dd HNO3 long th
th tch NO duy nht thu c ktc l :
A. 14,56 lt B. 17,92 lt C. 2,24 lt D. 5,6 lt
Bi 5. Ha tan 32 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HNO 3 d thu c 8,96 lt hn hp kh
gm NO v NO2. Hn hp kh ny c t khi so vi hiro l 17. Xc nh M?
A. Fe B. Zn C. Cu D. Kim loi khc
Bi 6. Cho mt dng CO i qua 16 gam Fe 2O3 nung nng thu c m gam hn hp A gm
Fe3O4 , FeO , Fe v Fe2O3 d v hn hp kh X , cho X tc dng vi dd nc vi trong d c 6
gam kt ta . Nu cho m gam A tc dng vi dd HNO 3 long d th th tch NO duy nht
thu c ktc l :
A. 0,56 lt B. 0,672 lt C. 0,896 lt D. 1,12 lt
Bi 7. Ho tan ht a gam hp kim Cu ,Mg bng mt lng va dd HNO3 40% thu c dd
X v 6,72 lt ktc hh 2 kh NO , NO 2 c khi lng 12,2 gam . C cn dd X thu c 41
gam mui khan . Tnh a
A. 8g B. 9 g C. 10g D. 12g
Bi 8. Ho tan 35,1 gam Al vo dd HNO3 long va thu c dd A v hh B cha 2 kh
l N2 v NO c Phn t khi trung bnh l 29 . Tnh tng th tch hh kh ktc thu
c
A. 11,2 lt B. 12,8 lt C. 13,44lt D. 14,56lt
Bi 9. Cho 16,2 gam kim loi M ( ho tr n ) tc dng vi 0,15 mol O 2 . ho tan cht rn
sau phn ng bng dd HCl d thy bay ra 13,44 lt H2 ktc . Xc nh M ?
A. Ca B. Mg C. Al D. Fe
Bi 10. Oxi ho chm m gam Fe ngoi KK thu c 12 gam hn hp A gm FeO , Fe2O3 ,
Fe3O4 v Fe d . Ho tan A bng lng va 200 ml dd HNO 3 thu c 2,24 lt NO !
ktc . Tnh m v CM dd HNO3:
A . 10,08 g v 3,2M B. 10,08 g v 2M C. Kt qu khc D. khng xc nh
Bi 11. Cho 7,505 g mt hp kim gm hai kim loi tc dng vi dd H 2SO4 long , d th thu
c 2,24 lt H2 , ng thi khi lng hp kim ch cn li 1,005 g ( khng tan ) . Ho tan
1,005 g kim loi khng tan ny trong H 2SO4 c nng thu c 112 ml kh SO2 . V o
ktc . hai kim loi l :
A. Mg v Cu B. Zn v Hg C. Mg v Ag D. Zn v Ag
Bi 12. Ho tan 0,56 gam Fe vo 100 ml dd hn hp HCl 0,2 M v H 2SO40,1 M thu c V
lt H2 ktc . tnh V :
A. 179,2 ml B. 224 ml C. 264,4ml D. 336 ml
Bi 13. Cho 0,125 mol 1 oxit kim loi M vi dd HNO 3 va thu c NO duy nht v dd
B cha mt mui duy nht . C cn dd B thu c 30,25 g cht rn . CT oxit l :
A. Fe2O3 B. Fe3O4 C. Al2O3 D. FeO .
Bi 14. Cho m gam kim loi A tc dng ht vi dd HNO 3 long thu c 0,672 lt NO !
ktc , c cn dd sau phn ng thu c 12,12 gam tinh th A(NO3)3.9H2O . Kim loi A l
A. Al B. Cr C. Fe D. Khng c kim loi
ph hp
Bi 15. Ho tan 3,24 gam 1 kim loi M bng dd H 2SO4 d thu c kh SO2 . Hp th ht
SO2 vo bnh A cha 480 ml dd NaOH 0,5 M , sau phn ng phi dng 240 ml dd KOH
0,5 M phn ng ht cc cht cha trong bnh A . Kim loi M l :
A. Cu B. Fe C. Mg D. Kt qu khc
Bi 16. Cho 62,1 gam Al tan hon ton trong dd HNO 3 long thu c 16,8 lt hh N2O , N2
ktc .Tnh t khi hn hp kh so vi hidro .
A. 16,2 B. 17,2 C. 18,2 D. 19,2
Bi 17. Cho mt hn hp gm 0,03 mol Al v 0,05 mol Fe tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch
cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2, khuy k cho ti phn ng hon ton. Sau phn ng thu c
dung dch A v 8,12 gam cht rn B gm 3 kim loi. Ha tan cht rn B bng dung
dch HCl d thy bay ra 672 ml kh H2. Tnh nng mol ca AgNO 3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong
dung dch ban u ca chng. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
A. 0,25M v 0,4M B. 0,35M v 0,5M C. 0,55M v 0,12M D. Kq khc
Bi 18. Cho hh A gm kim loi R ( ho tr 1 ) v kim loi X ( ho tr 2 ) . Ho tan 3 gam A
vo dd c cha HNO3 v H2SO4 thu c 3,3 gam hh B gm kh NO2 v kh D c tng th
tch l 1,344 lt ktc . Tnh tng khi lng mui khan thu c bit s mol to mui ca
2 gc axit bng nhau .
A. 5,74 g B. 6,74 g C. 7,74 g D. 8,84 g
Bi 19. Ho tan hhp A gm 1,2 mol FeS2 v x mol Cu2S vo dd HNO3 va phn ng
thu c dd B ch cha mui sunfat v V lt NO o KTC . Tnh x
A. 0,6 B. 1,2 C. 1,8 D. 2,4
Bi 20. Oxiho x mol Fe bi oxi thu c 5,04 gam hhp A gm cc oxit st . Ho tan ht
A trong dd HNO3 thu c 0,035 mol hhp Y cha NO , NO 2 c t khi so vi H2 l 19 . Tnh
x
A. 0,035 B. 0,07 C. 1,05 D. 1,5
Bi 21. Cho 21 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Fe, Cu , Al tc dng hon ton vi l ng d dd
HNO3 thu c 5,376 lt hn hp hai kh NO , NO2 c t khi so vi H2 l 17 . Tnh khi lng
mui thu c sau phn ng .
A. 38,2 g B. 38,2g C. 48,2 g D. 58,2 g
Bi 22. Cho 2,16 gam Al tc dng vi Vlt dd HNO 3 10.5 % ( d = 1,2 g/ml ) thu c
0,03mol mt sp duy nht hnh thnh ca s kh ca N+5 . Tnh V ml dd HNO3 dng
A. 0,6lt B. 1,2lt C. 1,8lt D. Kt qu khc
Bi 23. Ho tan 56 gam Fe vo m gam dd HNO 3 20 % thu c dd X , 3,92 gam Fe d v V
lt hh kh ktc gm 2 kh NO , N2O c khi lng l 14,28 gam . Tnh V
A. 7,804 lt B. 8,048lt C. 9,408lt D. Kt qu khc
Bi 24. Ho tan hon ton 17,4 gam hh 3 kim loi Al , Fe , Mg trong dd HCl thy thot ra
13,44 lt kh ktc . Nu cho 34,8 gam hh 3 kim loi trn tc dng vi dd CuSO 4 d , lc
ton b cht rn to ra ri ho tan ht vo dd HNO 3 c nng th th tch kh thu -
c ktc l :
A. 11,2 lt B. 22,4 lt C. 53,76 lt D. 76,82 lt
Bi 25: a gam b t st ngoi khng kh, sau m t thi gian s chuyn thnh hn hp A c khi lng 75,2
gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. Cho hn hp A phn ng ht vi dung dch H 2SO4 m c , nng thu c
6,72 lit kh SO2( ktc). Khi lng a gam l:
A. 56g B. 11,2g C. 22,4g D. 25,3g
Bi 26: Cho 1,92g Cu ha tan va trong HNO 3 thu c V lit NO( ktc). Th tch V v khi lng HNO 3
phn ng:
A. 0,048lit; 5,84g B. 0,224lit; 5,84g C. 0,112lit; 10,42g D. 1,12lit; 2,92g
Bi 27: Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi R1, R2 c ha tr x,y khng i( R1 v R2 khng tc dng vi nc v ng
trc Cu trong dy hot ng ha hc). Cho hn hp A phn ng hon ton vi dung dch CuSO4 d, ly Cu thu
c cho phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HNO 3 d thu c 1,12 lit NO duy nht( ktc). Nu cho hn hp A
trn phn ng hon ton vi HNO3 th thu c N2 vi th tch l:
A. 0,336lit B. 0,2245lit C. 0,448lit D. 0,112lit
Bi 28: Khi cho 9,6gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch H 2SO4 m c thy c 49gam H2SO4 tham gia phn
ng to mui MgSO4, H2O v sn phm kh X. X l:
A. SO2 B. S C. H2S D. SO2,H2S
Bi 29: Cho 1,35gam hn hp A gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO 3 d c 1,12lit NO v NO2 c khi lng
trung bnh l 42,8. Bit th tch kh o ktc. Tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l:
A. 9,65g B. 7,28g C. 4,24g D. 5,69g
Bi 30: Cho a gam hn hp gm FeO, CuO, Fe3O4 c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon ton vi lng va l
250ml dung dch HNO3, khi un nng nh c dung dch B v 3,136 lit hn hp kh C( ktc) gm NO 2 v NO
c t khi so vi H2 bng 20,143
a/ a nh n gi tr l:
A. 46,08g B. 23,04g C. 52,7g D. 93g
b/ Nng mol/l HNO3 dng l:
A. 1,28 B. 4,16 C. 6,2 D. 7,28
Bi 31(TS A 2007): Ha tan hon ton 12g hn hp Fe, Cu( t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO3, thu c V
lit( ktc) hn hp kh X( gm NO v NO2) v dung dch Y( ch cha 2 mui v axit d). T khi ca X i vi
H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 4,48lit B. 5,6lit C. 3,36lit D. 2,24lit

Bi 32: Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe 2O3 nhi t cao m t thi gian ngi ta thu c
6,72 g hn hp gm 4 cht rn khc nhau A. em ha tan hon ton hn hp ny vo dung dch HNO 3 d thy
to thnh 0,448 lit kh B duy nh6at1 c t khi so vi H2 bng 15. m nh n gi tr l:
A. 5,56g B. 6,64g C. 7,2g D. 8,8g
Bi 33: Nung m gam st trong khng kh, sau m t thi gian ngi ta thu c 104,8 gam hn hp rn A gm
Fe,FeO,Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Ha tan hon ton A trong HNO3 d thu c dung dch B v 12,096 lit hn hp kh
NO v NO2 (ktc) c t khi so vi He l 10,167. Gi tr m l:
A. 72g B. 69,54g C. 91,28 D.A khc
Bi 34: Cho tan hon ton 58g hn hp A gm Fe, Cu, Ag trong dung dch HNO 3 2M thu c 0,15 mol NO,
0,05mol N2O v dung dch D. C cn dung dch D, khi lng mui khan thu c l:
A. 120,4g B. 89,8g C. 116,9g D. 90,3g
Bi 35: Ha tan ht 16,3 gam hn hp kim loi gm Mg, Al v Fe trong dung dch H 2SO4 c, nng thu c
0,55 mol SO2. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, khi lng cht rn khan thu c l:
A. 51,8g B. 55,2g C. 69,1g D. 82,9g
Bi 36: Cho 18,4 g hn hp kim loi A,B tan ht trong dung dch hn hp gm HNO3 c v H2SO4 c, nng
thy thot ra 0,3 mol NO v 0,3mol SO2. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, khi lng cht rn thu c l:
A. 42,2g B. 63,3g C. 79,6g D. 84,4g
PHNG PHP GI TR TRUNG BNH
Phng php ny cn gi l phng php chuyn bi ton hn hp nhiu cht thnh bi ton mt cht
tng ng.
* Phm vi p dng :thng dng gii bi ton xc nh thnh phn hn hp c kt hp tm cng thc
phn t cht thnh phn
* c im bi ton : cho hn hp nhiu cht cng tc dng vi mt cht khc m phng trnh phn ng
c dng tng t nhau v sn phm, t l h s trc cc cng thc trong phn ng, hiu sut phn ng.Chng
hn, bi ton hn hp nhiu kim loi kim hay kim loi kim th tc dng vi nc, bi ton hn hp kim loi
c cng ho tr tc dng vi dung dch axit, bi ton hn hp cc cht hu c trong cng dy ng ng...th ta
c th thay th hn hp bng mt cht tng ng vi cc i lng trung bnh: Mhh ,s nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t thnh phn trong cng thc tng ng( CTPT, trung bnh).
1. Khi nim, tnh cht v mt s cng thc tnh khi lng mol phn t trung bnh hn hp( Mhh )
* Khi nim: Mhh l khi lng mt mol hn hp( vi hn hp kh cn c th coi l khi lng 22,4l kh
o ktc)
*Tnh cht:
- Mhh khng phi l hng s m c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht thnh phn trong
hn hp
V d: Hn hp kh A gm hai kh O2 v H2. Nu thnh phn:
1% H2; 99% O2 th Mhh = 31,7
99% H2 ;1% O2 th Mhh = 2,3
- Mhh lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht thnh phn nh nht v ln nht
Mmin < Mhh < Mmax
V d: CO2: x( mol) Mmin = 2,8 ; Mmax = 44
m(g) hn hp O2: y(mol) =>
CO: z(mol) 28 < Mhh < 44
m m m
x yz
Hay 28 < x yz < 44 Hoc 44 28
1 Hn hp 2 cht A,B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol l a(%) , b(%).

MA MB MA MB
Nu M > 2 th a < 50 < b M< 2 th b < 50 < a
MA MB
Khi a = b = 50 th Mhh = 2
* Mt s cng thc tm Mhh
MA.nA MB.nB ... Mi.ni MA.VA MBVB ... Mi.Vi
Mhh = nA nB ...ni Mhh = VA VB ... Vi
MA.% A MB.% B ... Mi.%i
Mhh = 100
V d minh ho:
1)Ho tan 26,8 g CaCO3 v MgCO3 vo dung dch HCl c d th thu c 6,72 l CO2 (ktc). Tm khi
lng mi mui c trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
t RCO3 l cng thc mt cht tng ng ca hn hp v M l khi lng mol phn t trung bnh
ca hn hp .
RCO3 + 2 HCl RCl2 + CO2 + H2O
6,72
Theo ptp nhh = nCO2 = 22,4 = 0,3 mol
Gi s mol ca CaCO3 l x th s mol MgCO3 l (0,3-x)
100 x 84(0,3 x) 26,8
M = 0,3 = 0,3 = 89,3
Gii pt trn suy ra x = 0,1 mCaCO3 = 100x = 10 g
mMgCO3 = 26,8 10 = 16,8
2)Cho 8,8 hn hp 2 kim loi thuc nhm IIIA tham gia phn ng vi dd HCl th thu c 6,72 l kh. Xc
nh 2 kim loi bit chng 2 chu k lin tip .
Hng dn:
Gi CT chung ca 2 kim loi l M, nguyn t khi trung bnh l M
2 M + 6 HCl 2 MCl3 + 3 H2
6,72
nH2 = 22,4 = 0,3 mol ; nM = 2/3 nH2 = 0,2 mol
Theo u bi M . 0,2 = 8,8 M = 44
Hai kim loi thuc 2 chu k lin tip M1 < M < M2 , da vo bng tun hon suy ra 2 kim loi l Al=
27 < 44 v Ga = 69,72 > 44.
* Vi bi ton: Hn hp gm hai cht A,B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1 hoc c 2 cht X,Y (
bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht A,B hay X,Y cha c th gi thit hn hp A,B ch cha 1 cht A hay
B . Chng hn:
-Vi MA < MB nu hn hp ch cha A th:
mhh mhh
nA = MA > nhh = Mhh . Nh vy nu X,Y tc dng vi A m cn d th X,Y s c d tc dng ht vi
hn hp A,B.
- Vi MA < MB nu hn hp ch cha B th
mhh mhh
nB = MB < nhh = Mhh . Nh vy nu X,Y khng tc dng vi B ng nhin cng khng tc
dng ht vi hn hp A,B. Ngha l sau phn ng X,Y ht; A,B cn d.
V d:
Cho 0,387 g hn hp gm Zn v Cu vo 50 ml dung dch Ag2SO4 0,1 M ,khuy u ti phn ng hon
ton th thu c 1,144 g cht rn C. Tnh khi lng cc cht c trong C.
Hng dn :
Zn + Ag2SO4 = ZnSO4 + 2 Ag (1)
Cu + Ag2SO4 = CuSO4 + 2 Ag (2)
0,387 0,387
Nhn thy : 65 < nhh (Cu,Zn) < 64
0,00595 < nhh < 0,00604
M nAg2SO4 = 0,05 . 0,1 < 0,00595 nn Ag2SO4 phn ng ht v chc chn kim loi phi cn d
t x,y,x,y ln lt l s mol Zn,s mol Cu ban u v phn ng.
Ta c tng khi lng kim loi sau p (1),(2) l
(2.108-65)x + (2.108-64)y = 1,144- 0,387 = 0,757
151x + 152y = 0,757 (*)
Bin lun: gi s Cu cha tham gia p (2) y = 0
x = 0,757 : 151 = 0,00502 > nAg2SO4 = 0,005 (v l) ,vy p (2) phi xy ra
V Zn p ht x =x; nAg2SO4 = x + y = 0,005
T (*) ta c 151x + 152(0,005 x) = 0,757
x = 0,003 v y = 0,002
Trong hn hp ban u: mZn = 0,002.65 = 0,195 g
mCu = 0,387 0,195 = 0,192 g
Trong hn hp C : mCu (cn d) = 0,192 64.0,002 = 0,064 g
mAg = 1,144 0,064 = 1,080 g
2.Phng php gi tr trung bnh trong ho hu c

* Phng php KLPT trung bnh:
- Cc bc xc nh cng thc phn t(CTPT) 2 cht hu c A,B trong hn hp
Bc 1: Tm Mhh theo cc cng thc cho
Bc 2: Gi s MA< MB th MA< Mhh < MB
Bin lun tm MA,MB hp l suy ra CTPT ng ca A,B
- P2 ny ch s dng c li i vi hn hp cc cht cng dy ng ng.
V d minh ho:
C 100 g dung dch ca 1 axit hu c n chc 23 %(dd A).Thm 39 g mt axit ng ng k tip vo dd
A ta c dd B. Trung ho 1/10 ddB bng 500 ml dd NaOH 0,2 M ta c dd C.Xc nh CTPT cc axit.
Hng dn:
Ta c: nhh = nNaOH = 0,5 . 0,2 . 10 = 1 (mol)
23.100
mhh = 100 + 39 = 62
Suy ra: Mhh = 62 : 1 = 62
M1< Mhh < M2 C 1 axit l HCOOH, axit cn li l CH3COOH
*Phng php CTPT trung bnh:
-Cc bc xc nh:
Bc 1: t CTPT trung bnh ca cc hp cht hu c.
Bc 2: Vit ptp dng tng qut vi CTPT trung bnh (tu theo d kin bi cho)
Bc 3: T ptp tng qut v d kin bi cho thit lp t l tnh gi tr trung bnh(s cacbon trung bnh,
s lin kt trung bnh).
-y l p2 gii ngn gn cho cc bi ton hu c thuc loi hn hp cc ng ng c bit l cc ng
ng lin tip.
V d minh ho:
Tin hnh phn ng hp nc hon ton 2 anken A,B thu c 2 ru ln tip C,D. Cho hn hp ny

phn ng ht vi Na c 2,688 l H2 (ktc). Mt khc nu t chy hon ton hn hp ru trn ri hp th ht
sn phm chy bng lng nc vi trong c 30 g kt ta, tip tc cho NaOH d vo dung dch trn li c
13 g kt ta na. Xc nh CTPT ca A,B.
Hng dn:
Gi CT trung bnh ca 2 anken l C n H 2n - 1 OH
Gi a l s mol hn hp 2 anken trn dng, ta c phn ng:
C n H 2n + H2O C n H 2n - 1 OH
a a
1
C n H 2n - 1 OH + Na C n H 2n - 1 ONa + 2 H2
a a/2
3n
C n H 2n - 1 OH + 2 O2 n CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O
a an
Sn phm chy hp th bng nc vi trong c kt ta xut hin. Thm tip NaOH li thy kt ta na
chng t c s to thnh 2 mui CaCO3 (x mol) v Ca(HCO3)2 (y mol) theo cc phn ng:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
x x
2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
y y
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2 H2O
y y
Suy ra ta c h: a/2 = 2,688 / 22,4 = 0,12
x = 30 / 100 = 0,3
y = 13 / 100 = 0,13
x + 2y = a n
Gii ra c a = 0,24; n = 2,3 Do n = 2,3 nn 2 anken cho l C2H4 v C3H6
MT S BI TP C P S
1. Ho tan 23g hh gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A,B thuc 2 chu k lin tip vo nc c dd D v 5,6l
kh (kc)
a) Nu trung ho 1/2 dd D cn bao nhiu ml H2SO4 0,5M
b) Nu thm 180 ml dd Na2SO4 0,5M vo dd D th dd sau p vn cha kt ta ion Ba2+ . Nu thm 210
ml dd Na2SO4 0,5M vo dd D sau p cn d dd Na2SO4. Xc nh tn 2 kim loi kim
Hng dn:
0,18.0,5 = 0,09 < nBa < 0,21.0,5 = 0,105

0,09 . 137 = 12,33 < mBa < 0,105 . 137 = 14,385
mhh (A,B) = 23 mBa
23 14,385 = 8,6 < mhh < 23 12,33 = 10,67
Theo p cng H2O :
nhh = 2 nH2 = 2(0,25 nBa) = 0,5 2nBa

0,5 (2.0,105) = 0,29 < nhh < 0,5 (2.0,09) = 0,32

8,6 10,67
0,32 < M < 0,29
A,B thuc 2 chu k lin tip c 27 < M < 37 nn l Na (23) v K (39)
2. Mt hh X gm 2 kim loi A v B c ho tr 2, c khi lng nguyn t xp x nhau; s mol ca A
bng 1/2 s mol ca B v khi lng ca X l 19,3g.
a) Xc nh A ,B v khi lng ca chng bit rng khi cho X tc dng vi dd HCl d ch c A tan cho
ra 2,24l H2 (kc)
b) Nu ly cng mt khi lng X nh trn cho vo 200ml ddY cha AgNO3 1M v Hg(NO3)2 0,5M
.Tnh khi lng cht rn Z thu c
Hng dn:
nB = x nA = 0,5x = 2,24:22,4
x = 0,2
nX = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 mol
M X = 19,3 : 0,3 = 64,33
MA < M X < MB hoc MB < M X < MA
M MA MB . Vy A l Zn (65) v B l Cu (64)
3. X l kim loi c ho tr 2. Ho tan hon ton 6,082g X vo dd HCl thu c 5,6l kh (kc)
a) Tm kim loi
b) X c 3 ng v bit tng s s khi ca 3 ng v l 75. S khi ca ng v th nh bng trung bnh
cng s khi ca 2 ng v kia. ng v th nht c s prton bng s ntron . ng v th ba chim 11,4 5 s
nguyn t v c s ntron nhiu hn ng v th hai l 1 n v. Tm s khi v s ntron ca mi ng v; v
thnh phn % v s nguyn t ca 2 ng v cn li
24 25
p s: a) Mg (24,328g) b) Mg ( 78,6 %) v Mg (10%)

12 12
4. Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c k tip nhau trong dy ng ng phn t ch cha 1 loi nhm chc.

Chia X thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
-t chy hon ton phn 1 ri hp th sn phm chy vo dd nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh
tng 5,24g v to ra 7g kt ta
-Cho phn 2 tc dng ht vi Na d sinh ra V(l) kh H2 (27,3 0 C ; 1,25 atm).Xc nh CTPT, CTCT v
thnh phn % theo khi lng ca X
p s: a) CH3OH (51,06 %) C2H5OH (48,94 %) b) V = 0,49l
5. Cho mt hh lng gm ru etylic v 2 hidrocacbon l ng ng k tip. Chia hn hp thnh 2 phn
bng nhau.
- Lm bay hi ht phn 1 th tch hi ca n bng th tch ca 1,32g kh CO2 c o cng iu kin
nhit , p sut.
- t ht phn 2 cn dng lng O2 thu c bng cch nhit phn hon ton 92,43g KMnO4 .Cho
sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh ng H2SO4 c v bnh ng dd Ba(OH)2 d.Sau th nghim khi lng bnh
1 tng 3,915g, bnh 2 c 36,9375g kt ta trng.
Xc nh CTPT cc hidrocacbon v tnh % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp X
p s: C7H16 (21,74 % ) ; C8H18 (60,96 % ) ; C2H5OH ( 12,3 % )
BI TP GI TR TRUNG BNH
1. Cho 47 g hn hp 2 ru qua H2SO4 c, un nng thu c hhn hp kh gm olefin, te, ru d
v hi nc. Dn cc olefin qua dd nc Br2 th thy phn ng va vi 1350 ml dd Br2 0,2 M. Hi nc to
thnh phn ng vi Na th c 4,704 l kh (kc). Hn hp te v ru bng 16,128 l o 136,5 0 C; 1 atm.
a) Tnh hiu sut to olefin
b) Xc nh CTPT ca 2 ru.
c) Tnh % th tch hn hp sau p
2. Chia hn hp 2 andehit n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau

P1: cho tc dng vi Ag2O/ NH3 d th thu c 32,4 g kim loi.
P2: cho tc dng vi H2 (Ni xc tc) thy tn ht V(l) H2 ( kc) v thu c hh 2 ru no . Nu cho hn
hp ny tc dng ht vi Na thy thot ra 3/ 8 V lt H2 (kc) cn nu em t chy hh ru ny ri cho ton b
sn phm chy hp th vo 100 g dd NaOH 40% th sau p nng NaOH cn li l 9,64%.
Xc nh CTPT,CTCT ca cc andehit v tnh khi lng mi andehit , bit rng gc hidrocacbon ca
cc andehit l no hoc c mt ni i.
3. Hai hp cht hu c mch h, n chc ch cha cc nguyn t C,H,O u tc dng c vi NaOH
khng tc dng vi Na. t chy m (g) hn hp ny cn 8,4 l O2 (kc) v thu c 6,72 l CO2 (kc) ; 8,4 g
H2O. Tnh khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hai hp cht hu c .
4. A l hn hp gm ru etylic v 2 axit hu c n chc lin tip trong dy ng ng. Chia A lm 2
phn bng nhau:
P1: cho tc dng vi Na d c 3,92 l H2 (kc)
P2: t chy hon ton cn 25,2 l O2 (kc). Sn phm chy ln lt dn qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 c v
bnh 2 ng Ba(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 17,1 g cn bnh 2 xut hin 177,3 g kt ta.
a) Tm CTPT ,CTCT cc axit
b) Tnh % theo khi lng mi cht trong A
5. Hn hp A gm 2 este l ng phn ca nhau v u c to thnh t axit v ru n chc . Cho
2,2 g hh A bay hi 136,5 0 C; 1 atm th thu c 840 ml hi este. Mt khc em thu phn hon ton 26,4 g
hh A bng 100ml NaOH 20% (d = 1,2 g/ml) ri em c cn thu c 33,8 g cht rn khan. Xc ng CTCT v
khi lng mi este trong hn hp A
6. A l hn hp gm 2 hidrocacbon th kh X,Y. Ly 0,06 mol A chia lm 2 phn bng nhau:
P1:cho qua bnh ng dd Br2 d th thy khi lng bnh tng ln m1(g) v c 6,4 g Br2 tham gia phn
ng ( khng c kh thot ra khi bnh Br2)
P2: t chy thu c m2 (g) H2O v c 0.08 mol CO2 to thnh.
a) Xc nh CTPT,CTCT ca X,Y
b) Tnh m2,m2 v % th tch ca X,Y trong hn hp A
7. Ho tan 4,6 g hh kim loi gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip vo nc c A v
1,12 l kh H2(kc).
Nu cho dd A vi 18 ml dd K2CO3 0,5 M th c mt c kh nng kt ta vi dd Na2SO4. Nu cho
dd A tc dng vi 21 ml dd K2CO3 0,5 M th c mt dd vn c kh nng to kt ta vi dd CaCl2. Xc nh
2 kim loi kim.
8. Cho 2,72 g hh gm 3 kim loi A,B,C tc dng vi halogen X thu c hn hp 3 mui c khi lng
l 8,04 g. Ho tan mui ny vo nc xong cho phn ng vi dd AgNO3 thu c 21,525 g kt ta.
a) Xc nh halogen X
b) Cho t l nguyn t khi ca A,B,C ln lt l 3:5:7 v t l s mol ln lt l 1:2:3. Xc nh 3 kim
loi
9. Ho tan ht 11,2 g hh X gm 2 kim loi M (ho tr x) v M (ho tr y) trong dung dch HCl v sau
c cn thu c 39,6 g hh 2 mui.
a) Tnh th tch kh sinh ra ktc
b) Cho 22,4 g hh X ni trn tc dng vi 500 ml dd HCl ni trn thy thot ra 16,8 lit H2 (kc). em c
cn dd c cht rn Y. Tnh khi lng Y v CM ca dd HCl
c) Hai kim loi M,M c cng ho tr v c t l s mol l 7:1; M > M. Xc nh 2 kim loi .
Bit x,y 2
10. Cho hn hp Na v mt kim loi kim X khc nng 6,2 g tc dng vi 104 g nc thu c 110 g dd
(d = 1,1 g/ml)
a) Xc nh X bit MX < 40
b) Tnh nng mol ca dd thu c v th tch dd HCl 1M cn thit trung ho dd trn.
NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG

Nguyn tc ca phng php ny kh n gin, da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng: Tng khi
lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht to thnh trong phn ng. Cn lu
l: khng tnh khi lng ca phn khng tham gia phn ng cng nh phn cht c sn, v d nc
c sn trong dung dch.
Khi c cn dung dch th khi lng mui thu c bng tng khi lng cc cation kim loi v
anion gc axit.
V d 1: Hn hp X gm Fe, FeO v Fe 2O3. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m gam hn hp X nung
nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 64 gam cht rn A trong ng s v 11,2 lt kh B (ktc) c
t khi so vi H2 l 20,4. Tnh gi tr m.
Hng dn gii
Cc phn ng kh st oxit c th c:
o
3Fe2O3 + CO t 2Fe3O4 + CO2 (1)
o
Fe3O4 + CO t 3FeO + CO2 (2)
to
FeO + CO Fe + CO2 (3)
Nh vy cht rn A c th gm 3 cht Fe, FeO, Fe 3O4 hoc t hn, iu khng quan trng v vic cn
bng cc phng trnh trn cng khng cn thit, quan trng l s mol CO phn ng bao gi cng bng s mol
CO2 to thnh.
11,2
nB 0,5 mol.
22,5
Gi x l s mol ca CO2 ta c phng trnh v khi lng ca B:
44x + 28(0,5 x) = 0,5 20,4 2 = 20,4
nhn c x = 0,4 mol v cng chnh l s mol CO tham gia phn ng.
Theo LBTKL ta c:
mX + mCO = mA + mCO2
m = 64 + 0,4 44 0,4 28 = 70,4 gam. (p n C)
V d 2: un 132,8 gam hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H2SO4 c 140oC thu c hn hp cc ete c s
mol bng nhau v c khi lng l 111,2 gam. S mol ca mi ete trong hn hp l bao nhiu?
A. 0,1 mol. B. 0,15 mol. C. 0,4 mol. D. 0,2 mol.
Hng dn gii
Ta bit rng c 3 loi ru tch nc iu kin H 2SO4 c, 140oC th to thnh 6 loi ete v tch ra 6
phn t H2O.
Theo LBTKL ta c
m H2O m r u m ete 132,8 11,2 21,6 gam
21,6
n H 2O 1,2 mol.
18
Mt khc c hai phn t ru th to ra mt phn t ete v mt phn t H 2O do s mol H2O lun bng
1,2
s mol ete, suy ra s mol mi ete l 0,2 mol. (p n D)
6
Nhn xt: Chng ta khng cn vit 6 phng trnh phn ng t ru tch nc to thnh 6 ete, cng khng
cn tm CTPT ca cc ru v cc ete trn. Nu cc bn xa vo vic vit phng trnh phn ng v t n s
mol cc ete tnh ton th khng nhng khng gii c m cn tn qu nhiu thi gian.
V d 3: Cho 12 gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe, Cu tc dng va vi dung dch HNO 3 63%. Sau phn ng thu
c dung dch A v 11,2 lt kh NO2 duy nht (ktc). Tnh nng % cc cht c trong dung dch A.
A. 36,66% v 28,48%. B. 27,19% v 21,12%.
C. 27,19% v 72,81%. D. 78,88% v 21,12%.
Hng dn gii
Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

n NO2 0,5 mol n HNO3 2n NO2 1 mol.
m d2 mui m h2 k.loi m d 2 HNO m NO2
3
1 63 100
12 46 0,5 89 gam.
63
t nFe = x mol, nCu = y mol ta c:
56x 64y 12 x 0,1

3x 2y 0,5 y 0,1
0,1 242 100
%m Fe( NO3 )3 27,19%
89
0,1 188 100
%m Cu ( NO3 )2 21,12%. (p n B)
89
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi ho tr (I) v mui cacbonat
ca kim loi ho tr (II) trong dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng thu c 4,48 lt kh (ktc). em c cn dung dch
thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
Hng dn gii
M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + CO2 + H2O
R2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl2 + CO2 + H2O
4,88
n CO2 0,2 mol
22,4
Tng nHCl = 0,4 mol v n H 2O 0,2 mol.
23,8 + 0,436,5 = mmui + 0,244 + 0,218
mmui = 26 gam. (p n C)
V d 5: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt O 2 (ktc) thu c CO2 v
hi nc theo t l th tch 4:3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi ca A so vi khng
kh nh hn 7.
A. C8H12O5. B. C4H8O2. C. C8H12O3. D. C6H12O6.
Hng dn gii
1,88 gam A + 0,085 mol O2 4a mol CO2 + 3a mol H2O.
m CO2 m H 2O 1,88 0,085 32 46 gam
Ta c: 444a + 183a = 46 a = 0,02 mol.
Trong cht A c:
nC = 4a = 0,08 mol
nH = 3a2 = 0,12 mol
nO = 4a2 + 3a 0,0852 = 0,05 mol
nC : nH : no = 0,08 : 0,12 : 0,05 = 8 : 12 : 5
Vy cng thc ca cht hu c A l C8H12O5 c MA < 203. (p n A)
V d 6: Cho 0,1 mol este to bi 2 ln axit v ru mt ln ru tc dng hon ton vi NaOH thu c 6,4
gam ru v mt lng mi c khi lng nhiu hn lng este l 13,56% (so vi lng este). Xc
nh cng thc cu to ca este.
A. CH3COO CH3.
B. CH3OCOCOOCH3.
C. CH3COOCOOCH3.
D. CH3COOCH2COOCH3.
Hng dn gii
R(COOR)2 + 2NaOH R(COONa)2 + 2ROH
0,1 0,2 0,1 0,2 mol
6,4
M R OH 32 Ru CH3OH.
0,2
meste + mNaOH = mmui + mru
mmui meste = 0,240 64 = 1,6 gam.
13,56
m mmui meste = meste
100
1,6 100
meste = 11,8 gam Meste = 118 vC
13,56
R + (44 + 15)2 = 118 R = 0.
Vy cng thc cu to ca este l CH3OCOCOOCH3. (p n B)
V d 7: Chia hn hp gm hai anehit no n chc lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,08 gam H2O.
- Phn 2: Tc dng vi H2 d (Ni, to) th thu c hn hp A. em t chy hon ton th th tch kh
CO2 (ktc) thu c l
A. 1,434 lt. B. 1,443 lt. C. 1,344 lt. D. 0,672 lt.
Hng dn gii
Phn 1: V anehit no n chc nn n CO2 n H2O = 0,06 mol.
n CO2 (phn2) n C (phn2) 0,06 mol.
Theo bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng ta c:
n C (phn2) n C ( A ) 0,06 mol.
n CO2 ( A ) = 0,06 mol
VCO2 = 22,40,06 = 1,344 lt. (p n C)
PHNG PHP S DNG PHNG TRNH ION ELETRON

lm tt cc bi ton bng phng php ion iu u tin cc bn phi nm chc phng trnh phn ng
di dng cc phn t t suy ra cc phng trnh ion, i khi c mt s bi tp khng th gii theo cc
phng trnh phn t c m phi gii da theo phng trnh ion. Vic gii bi ton ha hc bng phng
php ion gip chng ta hiu ky hn v bn cht ca cc phng trnh ha hc. T mt phng trnh ion c th
ng vi rt nhiu phng trnh phn t. V d phn ng gia hn hp dung dch axit vi dung dch baz u
c chung mt phng trnh ion l
H+ + OH H2O
hoc phn ng ca Cu kim loi vi hn hp dung dch NaNO3 v dung dch H2SO4 l
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O...
Sau y l mt s v d:
V d 1: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol, ha tan ht vo dung dch Y
gm (HCl v H2SO4 long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO 3)2 1M vo dung
dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch Cu(NO 3)2 cn dng v th tch kh thot ra
ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt.
C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp 0,1 mol Fe2O3 v 0,1 mol FeO thnh 0,1 mol Fe3O4.
Hn hp X gm: (Fe3O4 0,2 mol; Fe 0,1 mol) tc dng vi dung dch Y

Fe3O4 + 8H+ Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 4H2O
0,2 0,2 0,4 mol

Fe + 2H Fe + H2
+ 2+
0,1 0,1 mol

Dung dch Z: (Fe : 0,3 mol; Fe3+: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO3)2:
2+
3Fe2+ + NO3 + 4H+ 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O

0,3 0,1 0,1 mol
VNO = 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt.
1
n Cu( NO3 )2 n NO 0,05 mol
2 3
0,05
Vdd Cu( NO3 )2 0,05 lt (hay 50 ml). (p n C)
1
V d 2: Ha tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120 ml dung dch X gm HNO 3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M. Sau khi phn
ng kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc).
Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt. B. 1,49 lt. C. 0,672 lt. D. 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
n HNO3 0,12 mol ; n H 2SO4 0,06 mol
Tng: n H 0,24 mol v n NO 0,12 mol.
3
Phng trnh ion:

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
Ban u: 0,1 0,24 0,12 mol
Phn ng: 0,09 0,24 0,06 0,06 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,01 (d) (ht) 0,06 (d)
VNO = 0,0622,4 = 1,344 lt. (p n A)
V d 3: Dung dch X cha dung dch NaOH 0,2M v dung dch Ca(OH) 2 0,1M. Sc 7,84 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo
1 lt dung dch X th lng kt ta thu c l
Hng dn gii
n CO2 = 0,35 mol ; nNaOH = 0,2 mol; n Ca (OH )2 = 0,1 mol.
Tng: n OH = 0,2 + 0,12 = 0,4 mol v n Ca 2 = 0,1 mol.
Phng trnh ion rt gn:
CO2 + 2OH CO32 + H2O
0,35 0,4
0,2 0,4 0,2 mol
n CO2 ( d ) = 0,35 0,2 = 0,15 mol
tip tc xy ra phn ng:
CO32 + CO2 + H2O 2HCO3
Ban u: 0,2 0,15 mol
Phn ng: 0,15 0,15 mol
n CO2 cn li bng 0,15 mol
3
n CaCO3 = 0,05 mol

m CaCO3 = 0,05100 = 5 gam. (p n B)
V d 4: Ha tan ht hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th trong nc c dung dch A v
c 1,12 lt H2 bay ra ( ktc). Cho dung dch cha 0,03 mol AlCl 3 vo dung dch A. khi lng kt ta
thu c l

Hng dn gii
Phn ng ca kim loi kim v kim loi kim th vi H2O:
n
M + nH2O M(OH)n + H2
2
T phng trnh ta c:
n OH 2n H 2 = 0,1mol.
Dung dch A tc dng vi 0,03 mol dung dch AlCl3:
Al3+ + 3OH Al(OH)3
Ban u: 0,03 0,1 mol
Phn ng: 0,03 0,09 0,03 mol
n OH ( d ) = 0,01mol
tip tc ha tan kt ta theo phng trnh:
Al(OH)3 + OH AlO2 + 2H2O
0,01 0,01 mol
Vy: m Al(OH )3 = 780,02 = 1,56 gam. (p n B)
V d 5: Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO3)3 v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ha tan ti a bao nhiu gam Cu kim
loi? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion:
Cu + 2Fe3+ 2Fe2+ + Cu2+
0,005 0,01 mol
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
Ban u: 0,15 0,03 mol H+ d
Phn ng: 0,045 0,12 0,03 mol
mCu ti a = (0,045 + 0,005) 64 = 3,2 gam. (p n C)
V d 6: Cho hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 d thu c kt ta c khi lng
ng bng khi lng AgNO3 phn ng. Tnh phn trm khi lng NaCl trong hn hp u.
A. 23,3% B. 27,84%. C. 43,23%. D. 31,3%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion:
Ag+ + Cl AgCl

Ag + Br
+
AgBr
t: nNaCl = x mol ; nNaBr = y mol
mAgCl + mAgBr = m AgNO3( p. )
m Cl m Br m NO
3
35,5x + 80y = 62(x + y)

x : y = 36 : 53
58,5 36 100
Chn x = 36, y = 53 %m NaCl = 27,84%. (p n B)
58,5 36 103 53
V d 7: Trn 100 ml dung dch A (gm KHCO3 1M v K2CO3 1M) vo 100 ml dung dch B (gm NaHCO 3 1M
v Na2CO3 1M) thu c dung dch C.
Nh t t 100 ml dung dch D (gm H 2SO4 1M v HCl 1M) vo dung dch C thu c V lt CO 2
(ktc) v dung dch E. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 ti d vo dung dch E th thu c m gam kt ta. Gi
tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt. B. 4,3 gam v 1,12 lt.
C. 43 gam v 2,24 lt. D. 3,4 gam v 5,6 lt.
Hng dn gii
Dung dch C cha: HCO3 : 0,2 mol ; CO32 : 0,2 mol.
Dung dch D c tng: n H = 0,3 mol.
Nh t t dung dch C v dung dch D:
CO32 + H+ HCO3
0,2 0,2 0,2 mol

HCO3 + H +
H2O + CO2
Ban u: 0,4 0,1 mol
Phn ng: 0,1 0,1 0,1 mol

D: 0,3 mol
Tip tc cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 d vo dung dch E:
Ba2+ + HCO3 + OH BaCO3 + H2O
0,3 0,3 mol
2+
Ba + SO4 2
BaSO4
0,1 0,1 mol
VCO2 = 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt.
Tng khi lng kt ta:
m = 0,3197 + 0,1233 = 82,4 gam. (p n A)
V d 8 (Cu 40 - M 182 - TS i Hc - Khi A 2007)
Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl 1M v axit H 2SO4 0,5M,
thu c 5,32 lt H2 ( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng i). Dung dch Y c pH l
A. 1. B. 6. C. 7. D. 2.
Hng dn gii
nHCl = 0,25 mol ; n H 2SO4 = 0,125.
Tng: n H = 0,5 mol ;
n H 2 ( tothnh) = 0,2375 mol.
Bit rng: c 2 mol ion H+ 1 mol H2
vy 0,475 mol H+ 0,2375 mol H2
n H ( d ) = 0,5 0,475 = 0,025 mol
0,025
H = 0,1 = 101M pH = 1. (p n A)
0,25
V d 9.: (Cu 40 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim:
1) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO.
2) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO 3 1M v H2SO4 0,5 M thot ra V2 lt
NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l
A. V2 = V1. B. V2 = 2V1. C. V2 = 2,5V1. D. V2 = 1,5V1.
Hng dn gii
3,84
n H 0,08 mol
n Cu 0,06 mol
TN1: 64
n HNO 0,08 mol n NO3 0,08 mol
3
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

Ban u: 0,06 0,08 0,08 mol H+ phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02 mol
TN2: nCu = 0,06 mol ; n HNO3 = 0,08 mol ; n H 2SO4 = 0,04 mol.
Tng: n H = 0,16 mol ;
n NO = 0,08 mol.
3
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

Ban u: 0,06 0,16 0,08 mol Cu v H+ phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04 mol
Nh vy V2 = 2V1. (p n B)
MT S BI TON V CC PHNG PHP BO TON KHI LNG ,

BO TON NGUYN T, TNG GIM KL
Bi 1) Cho 5,4g Al vi 4,8g Fe2O3 ri nung nng thc hin phn ng nhit nhm. Sau
phn ng ta thu c m(g) hn hp cht rn. Gi tr ca m l (g).
A) 2,24g B) 4,08g C) 10,2g D) 0,224g
LBTKL : mhh sau = mhh trc = 5,4 + 4,8 = 10,2(g)
Vy p n (C) ng
Bi 2) Cho 24,4g hn hp Na2CO3, K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl 2 . Sau
phn ng thu c 39,4g kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m(g) mui
clorua. Vy m c gi tr l:
A) 2,66g B) 22,6g C) 26,6g D) 6,26g
n BaCl2 n BaCO3 0,2(mol )`
LBTKL : mhh mBaCl2 = mkt ta + m

=> m = 24,4 + 0,2 x 208 - 39,4 = 26,6 (g)
=> p n (C) ng.
Bi 3) Ha tan hon ton 5g hn hp 2 kim loi trong dung dch HCl d thy to ra 1,12
lt kh H2(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c gam mui khan. Khi lng mui
khan thu c l:
A) 1,71g B ) 0,885g C) 17,1g D) 8,55g
1,12
Theo pt in li nCl n H 2 0,1 mol
22,4
LBTKL: mmui = mhhKl + mCl = 10 + 0,2 + 35,5 = 17,1 (g) => p n (B) ng

Bi 4) Oxi ha hon ton 10,08g mt phoi st thu c mg cht rn gm 4 cht

(Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO, Fe). Th hn hp rn vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c 2,24l kh (
ktc) khng mu ha nu ngoi khng kh.
Vy m c gi tr l:
A) 12g B) 24g C) 14,4g D) 22g
Bi ton ny c th dng hai phng php gii nhanh : phng php bo ton electron v
bo ton khi lng.
Nu dng phng php bo ton khi lng, HS phi xc nh c thnh phn cht
tham gia, thnh phn sn phm to thnh, phng hng p dng nh lut.
mrn = mmui + mNO + m H2O - m HNO3 M n Fe( NO3 )3 n Fe ban u = 0,18 mol
n NO to kh = n NO 0,1mol (1) n NO trong mui = 3nFe = 0,54 mol (2)

3 3
n HNO3 n NO3(1) ( 2 ) = 0,1 + 0,54 = 0,64 (mol)

1
n H2O n HNO3 0,32(mol) mrn = 232 . 0,18 + 30.0,1 + 18 . 0,32 - 63 . 0,64 = 12
2
(g)
p n (A) ng
Bi 5) t chy hon ton m(g) hn hp X gm CH 4, C3H6 v C4H10 thu c 4,4g CO2 v
2,52g H2O. m c gi tr l:
A) 1,48g B) 2,48 g C) 14,8g D) 24,7
4,4 2,52
mX mC mH x12 x2 1,2 0,28 1,48(g)
44 18
Vy p n (A) ng
Bi 6) Cho 1,24g hn hp 2 ru n chc tc dng va vi Na thy thot ra 336 ml
H2(ktc) v m(g) mui natri.
Khi lng mui Natri thu c l:
A) 1,93 g B) 2,93 g C) 1,9g D) 1,47g
nH2O 0,015mol nH 0,03(mol)
1 LBTKL : m = 1,24 + 0,03. (23 - 1) = 1,9
R OH Na R ONa H2
2
(g)
Vy p n (C) ng
Bi 7) Cho 3,38g hn hp Y gm CH3OH, CH3COOH, C6H5OH tc dng va vi Na thy
thot ra 672 ml kh( ktc) v dung dch. C cn dung dch thu c hn hp rn Y1.
Khi lng Y1 l:
A) 3,61g B) 4,7g C) 4,76g D) 4,04g
* nH 2nH2 0,03(mol) . V 3 cht trong hn hp Y u c mt nguyn t H linh ng
* n Na 2n H 2 0, 06(mol ) LBTKL : mY1 3,38 (23 1)x0,06 4,7(g)
Vy p n( B) ng
Bi 8) Chia hn hp 2 anehit no n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- t chy hon ton phn 1 thu c 0,54g H2O
- Phn 2 cng H2(Ni, t0 ) thu c hn hp A.
Nu t chy hon ton A th th tch kh CO2 thu c( ktc) l:
A) 0,112 lt B) 0,672 lt C) 1,68 lt D) 2,24 lt
P1: hn hp l anehit no n chc nCO2 nH2O 0,03(mol)
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng

nC(P1) nC(A ) 0,03(mol) => nCO2 (P2 ) nC(A ) 0,03(mol)
VCO2 0,672lt(dktc) p n (B )ng
Bi 9) Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ru A v B ta c hn hp Y gm cc olefin.

Nu t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76g CO2. Vy khi t chy hon ton Y th
tng khi lng nc CO2 to ra l:
A) 2,94g B) 2,48g C) 1,76g D) 2,76g

X H2O
Y nC(X ) nC(Y ) nCO2 (doX ) nCO2 (doY ) 0,04 (mol)
M khi
Y O2
s mol CO2 = nH2O = 0,04 mol
mCO2 H2O 1,76 (0,04x18) 2,47(g) Vy p n ( B ) ng

Bi 10) C 1 lt dung dch Na2CO3 0,1M v (NH4)2CO3 0,25M. Cho 43g hn hp A gm
BaCl2 v CaCl2 vo dung dch trn, sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c 39,7g kt ta . %
khi lng cc cht trong A l (%)
A) 45 55 B) 55 - 45 C) 49,6 50,4 D) 50,4 49,6
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng.
C 1mol CO3 vo thay th 2Cl- th khi lng gim l 71- 60 =11g
Vy theo bi ra ta c nCO32- p = (43 39,7)/ 11 = 0,3 mol

nCO3 p < nCO32- bu CO32- d
2-
Ta c h pt: 208a + 111b = 43

197a + 100b = 39,7
Gii h pt trn ta c a = 0,1; b = 0,2
% mBaCO3 = 19,7.100/39,7 = 49,6%; % mCaCO3 = 50,4%
Vy p n C ng
Bi 11) Nhng 1 thanh nhm nng 50g vo 400ml dung dch CuSO 4 0,5M. Sau mt thi
gian ly thanh nhm ra cn nng 51,38g. Gi s tt c Cu thot ra u bm vo thanh
Al. Khi lng Cu thot ra l:
A) 0,64g B) 1,28g C) 1,92g D) 2,56
C 2mol Al 3mol Cu khi lng tng l: 3.(64 54) = 138g
Vy khi lng tng: 51,38 - 50 = 1,38g 0,03mol Cu
mCu = 0,03 x 64 = 1,92 (g)
Vy p n ( C) ng.
Bi 12) Ha tan 5,94g hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi c ha tr II A v B vo n c
c 100ml dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl - c trong dung dch X ngi ta cho
dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 thu c 17,22g kt ta.
Lc b kt ta, thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y c m(g) hn hp mui khan. m c
gi tr l:
A) 6,36g B) 63,6g C) 9,12g D) 91,2g
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng
C 1mol MCl2 to ra 2mol AgCl th m 53g
Vy nAgCl = 0,12 mol
m mui nitrat = mKL + m = 5,94 + 3,18 = 9,12 (g) p n (C) ng
Bi 13) Cho 2,84g hn hp 2 ru n chc A v B l ng ng k tip nhau tc dng
va vi Na kim loi to ra 4,6g cht rn v V lt kh H2(ktc)
a. V c gi tr l:
A) 2,24 lt B) 1,12 lt C) 1,792 lt D) 0,896 lt
b. Cng thc cu to ca A v B l:
A) CH3OH , C2H5OH B) C2H5OH, C3H7OH
C) C3H7OH , C4H9OH D) C2H3OH, C3H5OH
C 1mol ru p vi Na 1mol mui ancolat th k/l tng 23-1 = 22g.
Bi ra ta c nRu = (4,6 2,84)/ 22 = 0,08 mol
nH2 = 0,04 mol

VH2 0,04x22,4 0,896 lit
2,84/ 14 n + 18 = 0,08 n = 1,25

Vy a. p n (D) ng
b. p n (A) ng

Cac Phuong Phap Giai Hoa Thong Dung

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cac Phuong Phap Giai Hoa Thong Dung

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Luyn Thi i Hc Cc Phng Php Gii Ha Hc

PHNG PHP QUY I

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 1/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 2/60

0,1 0,1 mol

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 3/60

PP TNG GIM KHI LNG

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 5/60

A. 29,25 gam. B. 58,5 gam.

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 6/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 7/60

MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PP TNG GIM KHI LNG

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 8/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 9/60

V d 2: (Cu 13 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 12/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 13/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 14/60

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 15/60

PHNG PHP T CHN LNG CHT

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 16/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 18/60

Cch 2: CHN NG T L LNG CHT TRONG U BI CHO

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 19/60

Cch 3: CHN GI TR CHO THNG S

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 20/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 21/60

GII BI TON BNG PHNG TRNH ION RT GN

V d 3: a/ Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 (dung dch A). trung ho 10 ml dung

H = 10-3 / 10-2 = 10-1 (M) => pHB = 1.

HCO 3 + H+ CO2 + H2O

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 24/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 25/60

Dng 2: Phn ng ca oxit axit vi hn hp dung dch kim.

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 26/60

i vi bi ny nu dng phng trnh phn t s gp nhiu kh khn lp h rt di

CO2 + 2 OH-- CO 32 + H2O

CO2 + OH-- HCO 3

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 27/60

CO2 + OH-- HCO 3

p n: 1-D 2-A 3-B 4-C 5- D

Dng 3: Tnh cht ca ion NO 3 trong mi trng axit.

V d 1: Cho 1,92 g Cu vo 100ml hn hp dung dch X gm KNO3 0,16 M v H2SO4

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 28/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 29/60

p n: 1-A 2-D 3-B 4-C

BO TON MOL NGUYN T

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 30/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 32/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 33/60

p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t Fe:

MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP BO TON MOL NGUYN

P DNG NH LUT BO TON ELECTRON

+Qu trnh nhn e:

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 37/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 38/60

(p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng c: mFe + mO2 = mB

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 39/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 40/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 41/60

GV : Cao Xun Bc Trang 44/60

PHNG PHP GI TR TRUNG BNH