Lighting & Energy Considerations Lighting Power Budget

* 3 Energy Consumption Factors

Building
Transportation
Manufacturing

* Energy Consumption in Buildings

mid 30 ~ 45% in total

* Energy

Primary Energy --------> Transformation ---------> Secondary Energy--------> To consumption

ex) crude oil, hard oil petroleum products

waste, manufactured solid
blomass, wind fuels and gases
hydro, nuclear bio fuels

* Primary Energy?
- Raw form of energy

* Secondary Energy?
- Transformed form of energy ready to be consumed.

* Embodied Energy?
- All combined energies to make and sustain a product throughout its life
- a form of energy that accounts all the energy expenditure, including what causes the
buildings to be what they are
- difficult to measure, the most difficult one is manufacture material

* Site Energy?
- Energy consumed on site

* 5 types of energy expenditures

- Manufacture material
- Transport material
- Construction => Embodied Energy(rarely used)
- Operation & Maintenance
- Disposal of building

* Can site energy be expressed in secondary energy?

Can site energy be expressed in primary energy? => YES
Can embodied energy be expressed in primary energy?
Can embodied be expressed in secondary energy? => YES
* Energy consumption in office builidngs vs. Energy consumption in
education building

Electricity > Natural Gas Electricity < Natural Gas

* Lighting is the largest energy consumption in office buildings

- used for lighting fixtures
- pay for electricity
- remove heat

* Energy Consumption vs. Energy Expenditures

66% < 88%
- because electricity is more expensive than other energy

* Residential Utility Billing Systems

For residential buildings, consumers are charged for Kwh consumed

Electric energy (wh) = Total Watts * Duration of operation

ex) 100 W lamp burning for 10 hours consumes 1000wh

* Commercial Utility Billing Systems

For non-residential buildings, utilities companies apply 2 different rates:
1) Consumption -> Kwh
2) Demand -> Kw

Energy Consumption Charges = $0.08/Kwh

Power Demand Charges = $8.32/Kw

* Understanding Demand & Consumption

Total maximum load: 15 Kw
Hours of operation: 15 min= hr

Consumption Charges:
Consumption= (15Kw * 15min)= (15Kw * hr)= 3.75 Kwh
Consumption Charges= 3.75 Kwh * $0.08/Kwh= $0.30

Demand Charges:
$8.32/Kw * 15Kw=$124.8

* EPACT 92 and The National Energy Code

- creates minimum standard of consumption for construction, divided by climate zones
- limitations in terms of efficiency
ASHRAE 90.1 regulates:
- efficiency of building assembles
 - energy consumption of watt/sq ft (max energy power allowance)

* Prescriptive Method for Determining Lighting Power Allowance

1. Complete Building Method
- Only applied when all areas in the entire building are complete.
ex) Lighting will be installed throughout the entire building under the permit for which
the standards compliance is prepared.
- The building must consist of one type of use for a minimum of 90% of the floor area
of the entire building.
2. Area Category Method
- More flexible than the complete building method because it can be used for multiple
tenants or partially completed buildings.

QUESTIONS

1. If 150W lamp is burned for 10 hours, how much would be energy consumption?
Ans) 150W * 10hrs = 1500Wh
2. What time the maximum energy consumption is usually measured?
Ans) 2~3 O Clock afternoon
3. For non-residential buildings, utilities companies apply which 2 different rates?
Ans) consumption and demand
4. What is the difference between primary and secondary energy?
Ans) Primary energy is a raw form of energy and secondary energy is
Transformed energy
5. What is the largest energy consumption? List 3 reasons.
Lighting. 1) used for lighting fixture 2) electricity bill 3) remove heat
6. why do some office buildings have lights on all night?
Ans) because the cost of demand charges + consumption charges off hours is
very cheap compared to the day charges.
7. what is the unit of demand charges?
Ans) dollars/kw
8. What are the four different types of energy for buildings?
Ans. Primary, Secondary, Embodied, and Site Energy
9. Can site energy be expressed in secondary energy?
Answer: Yes, for example, electricity that the building consumes.
10. What percentage of the primary energy is lost in the power stations? 70%
11. What are the two prescriptive methods for determining lighting power allowance? 1)
Complete Building Method, 2) Area Category Method
12. In order to apply the complete building method, the building must consist of one type
of use for a minimum percentage of the floor area of the entire building. Which
percentage is it? 90%