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Constructability

in CFS Load Bearing


Mid-Rise Design
Presented by:

Dawn Hopper
Design Manager
Benefits of Light Gauge Steel
o Light weight o Mold and mildew proof.
o High strength to weight ratio o Can be used in conjunction
o Economical with virtually any finish material
o Non-combustible and fire o Architecturally compatible
resistant without spray o Wall, Floor, and Truss UL Fire
fireproofing rating of 1, 1, and 2 hours
o Will not rot or warp o STC rating of 58
o Termite, insect, and vermin o G-60 Hot Dipped Galvanized
proof coating for rust resistance (G-90
available upon request)
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

Engineer of Record
Standard Floor Systems
Constructability
Coordinating Trades
Light Gauge Shop Drawings
ENGINEER OF RECORD
Standard Building Codes

Locally adopted State Building Code


International Building Code

ASCE 7 (Latest version)


Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
Standard CFS Codes
S100 North American Specification for the
Design of Cold Formed Steel
Structural Members

North American Standard for


Cold Formed Steel Framing
S200 General Provisions
S201 Product Data
S202 Code of Standard Practice
S210 Floor and Roof System Design
S211 Wall Stud Design
S212 Header Design
S213 Lateral Design
S214 Truss Design
AkeypointoftheCodeof
StandardPracticeandthe
documentsusedinits
developmentisthat
althoughdesignmaybe
delegated,thebuilding
designerisresponsiblefor
theoverallstabilityand
integrityofthestructure
whencompleted.

S20211,A4
The Building Designer
a.k.a. Engineer of Record
Reference AISI S202 Section A2 Definitions

Reference AISI S202 Section A4.2 Responsibility for Design


Design Criteria
FLOORS
DEAD LOAD:
LIVE LOAD:

ROOF
DEAD LOAD:
LIVE LOAD: EARTHQUAKE DESIGN DATA:
(calculations include snow drift where required) Seismic Importance Factor, I:
Occupancy Category:
ROOF SNOW LOADS Spectral Response Accelerations:
Ground Snow Load, Pg: SS:
Flat Roof Snow Load, Pf: S1:
Snow Exposure Factor, Ce: Site Class:
Snow Load Importance Factor, Is: Spectral Response Coefficients:
Thermal Factor, Ct: SDS:
SD1:
WIND LOADS: Seismic Design Category:
Basic Wind Speed: Basic Seismic-force Resisting System(s):
Wind Importance Factor, I: Design Base Shear (kips):
Occupancy Category: Seismic Response Coefficient, CS:
Wind Exposure: Response Modification Factor, R:
Internal Pressure Coefficient (GCpi): Analysis Procedure Used:
Components and Cladding: *** Story Drift Limits:
ASCE 7-05
AISI S213-07
Diagonal Strap Bracing
16-0 Shearwall
Resulting forces at the
foundation of this
16-0 long
5 story shearwall
designed to
withstand 5 kips of
story shear each
floor

Equals a total of
51.56 kips.
12-0 Shearwall
Resulting forces at the
foundation of this
12-0 long
5 story shearwall
designed to
withstand 5 kips of
story shear each
floor

Equals a total of
68.75 kips.
8-0 Shearwall
Resulting forces at the
foundation of this
8-0 long
5 story shearwall
designed to
withstand 5 kips of
story shear each
floor

Equals a total of
103.13 kips.
5-4 Shearwall
Resulting forces at the
foundation of this
5-4 long
5 story shearwall
designed to
withstand 5 kips of
story shear each
floor

Equals a total of
154.78 kips.
Lateral Design Scope
Reference AISI S202-11 Section A4.2 Responsibility for Design
1. Magnitude
Provide Shear Values for each shearwall frame for each
floor Story Shear.
2. Load Path
Identify types and locations on the structural framing
plans for each shearwall frame at each floor level.

3. Bearing Material
Connection Design that will accommodate the building
calculated lateral loads.
4. Any Special Requirements for Design of
Transferring Elements
The kitchen sink
The Building Designer must also provide.
1. Deflection Requirements

In accordance with ASCE 7-05 maximum allowable


drift of a 55-0 type I or II occupancy is 1.1 feet.
This is over 2 of deflection in one 11-0 story!!!
What is reasonable? Is there an expansion joint?
The Building Designer must also provide.
2. Support and Anchorage
The Building Designer shall indicate the method of
attachment to the foundation or transfer level.
Account for any gravity loads also shared by the post.
Connection must resist Net Uplift forces.
Do not use hooked cast in place anchor bolts with
prefabricated panels!
If using epoxy anchors, specify the bolt(s) size, and
embedment. Will they be sufficient are there edge of
foundation limitations?
If steel embedment plates are provided the specialty
engineer will design the necessary field weld connection.
Diagonal Strap Braced Shearwalls
Shearwalls placed in the corridor walls and the unit demising walls of this apartment building provide
lateral stability for seismic and wind forces.
Overlapping shearwall?
Depicted here is a shearwall built up from three overlapping shearwalls. This occurs at the lowest level
of an 8 story project to resist the cumulative story shear values and drift limitations of 3/8 per floor. The
Engineer of Record is responsible for providing support for each of the 6 posts within the brace frame at
the foundation or transfer level.
Strap Deflection
It is very common in Light Gauge mid-rise construction the straps will deflect as seen here. It is
important the deflection is limited in order to not interfere with architectural finishes. Because the frame
is a tension only system the deflection is not considered a structural problem.
NOT the Proper Way
To Remove Strap Slack
STANDARD FLOOR SYSTEMS
Composite Plank C-Joist Decking Wood
Joist

Weight Light Heavy Light Medium Light

Depth 16-24 8-12 10-16 6-8 8-24

Concrete
Plywood
Plywood
Floor Concrete Topping Concrete Cement-
Cement-
Board
Board

Mechanical Open Soffit Partial Soffit Partial

Ceiling GWB Popcorn GWB GWB GWB

Spans 20-34 24-30 12-26 12-13 12-26

UL Ratings
1-2 2 1-2 1-2 1-2
(hours)
Composite Joist & Concrete Slab

Steel Distribution Member


Light Weight System
3 Nominal Concrete Slab
Joists at 48 o.c. +/-
Spans up to 40-0
Strong Diaphragm
Accommodates MEP
Fire Ratings for 1, 2 and
3 hour assemblies
Precast Hollow Core Plank

Shallow Floor System


Fast Installation
Drywall Ceiling is Optional
Heavy Loads
Seismic Controls Typically
Plank Cambers
Varying Thicknesses Occur
Shimming Required
Limited Connection Capacities, esp. in tension
C-Joist Floor Panels
Light Weight
Assembly
No Distribution
Tube Required
Must Align Joists
and Wall Studs
C-Joists Have
Limited Span
Capabilities
Works best with consistent spans and
panel repetition like hotels and
dormitories.
Typical Exterior Bearing Wall Hambro Floor Joist
Typical Exterior Non-Bearing Wall Hambro Floor Joist
Typical Exterior Bearing Wall EcoSpan Floor Joist
An alternate detail with a flush shoe is available from Nucor. The detail is similar and uses a 3 pourstop instead.
Typical Exterior Non-Bearing Wall EcoSpan Floor Joist
Typical Corridor Bearing Wall EcoSpan Floor Joist
As an alternate, when the typical joist has a flush shoe , the corridor deck is supported by a continuous light gauge Z-Closure.
Typical Exterior Bearing Wall Precast Plank
Typical Exterior Non-Bearing Wall Precast Plank
Alternate Exterior Non-Bearing Wall Precast Plank
Plank Camber requires shimming of each wall stud.
Typical Interior Bearing Wall Precast Plank
Typical Interior Single Sided Bearing Wall Precast Plank
Alternate Interior Single Sided Bearing Wall Precast Plank
Plank camber interferes with uniform bearing. Shims are required at different depths each face of the bearing stud.
Typical Exterior Bearing Wall C-Joist Floor
Typical Exterior Non-Bearing Wall C-Joist Floor
CONSTRUCTABILITY
Define Constructability
The extent to which the design of the building facilitates
ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements
for the completed building.

The effective and timely integration of construction


knowledge into the conceptual planning, design,
construction, and field operations of a project to achieve
the overall project objectives in the best possible time
and accuracy at the most cost-effective levels.
Ease of Construction
1. Floor System Characteristics
2. Stacking Structure
3. Building Tolerances and Dimensions
4. Shearwall Locations
5. Common Framing Elements
6. Room for Connections
7. Shearwall to Foundation
Stacking Structure

All bearing walls and shearwalls should align.


All studs must have full bearing.
Make use of fire rated partitions that must go to the
underside of the floor.
An exception to this is the typical recessed unit entries.
Wall dimensions must meet minimum bearing
requirements of floor system. Coordinate this with the
Architect.
Any required girders for non-stacking structure are
centered under walls above when possible.
Bearing Stress Distribution Between Track and Concrete
Reference AISI D110-07, Cold Formed Steel Framing Design Guide, Appendix F.
Non-Stacking
Structure
Implications
In this project, the Headers in
the lowest level are designed
to carry both gravity loads and
shearwall loads from the walls
above. Boundary element
forces are transferred to the
jamb posts and multiple
connections are required to
the foundation.

Does this work? Yes.


Is this cost effective? No!

Work with the design team to


accommodate the structure.
Often the architect will
gladly adjust the units and
move doorways to save the
client money.
Building Tolerances
Architectural drawings are often nominal dimensions to
finish, not actual.
Structural Plan dimensions (if provided) should be to
drawn to a 1/8 accuracy and coordinated with
architectural plan dimensions.
Steel, Concrete and CMU walls by others vary in
placement.
A minimum of 1 should be allowed between systems.
Be aware of special requirements for rough openings
such as oversized openings for welded door frames.
A minimum of 8 clearance is required each side of the door
with a welded door buck frame.
Shearwall Locations
All Shearwalls Should Align from the Roof to the
Foundation.
Shearwall lengths ideally match typical stud spacing.
Typically this is 16 or 24 on center.
Place Shearwalls away from the center of mass for
efficiency, however preferably there are no shearwalls in
exterior walls.
Make sure all shearwalls engage the diaphragm fully.
Make sure Shearwalls fit where indicated and at the
lengths called for on the Structural Contract Documents.
Do
Design the shearwall post to support both the boundary element
forces and the gravity loads for a single stud minimum.
Provide posts to share duties such as shearwall posts and jamb
posts (if there is room for connections).
Segment long shearwalls into consecutive braces of same lengths

Do Not
Combine shearwall posts in different wall panels especially at
90 degrees to each other. It is not possible to attach the straps.
Use a shearwall post to support a girder typically. The girder
connection interferes with the strap to post connection.
Place shearwalls outside exterior shafts, such as stairs.
Frame openings in shearwalls! You cannot put a door in an x-
brace frame no matter how hard you try.
Shearwall Design
Doesnt Fit?
Example 1:
Shearwall Type G Extends well
into a door opening.
Example 2:
Shearwall Type E clearly extends
beyond the end of the wall it is
indicated in on the right side.
The left side of the same wall Example 1
extends into the adjacent wall as
well which conflicts with
Shearwall Type G at that
location.
Example 3:
Shearwall Type H has a door
located within the frame.

Revising the lengths of brace


frames effects the geometry and
therefore the resulting forces. The
shorter the wall in length the
greater the boundary element
force is to the foundation.
Example 2 Example 3
Room for Connections
Prefabricated light gauge wall panels are welded together
by people, not robots.
Place ends of Shearwalls at 16+/- from ends of wall
panels.
Allow room for finishes to pass between wall panels
when required for fire ratings.
Account for space between Shearwall posts and Gravity
studs/posts to accommodate the dimension of the post
and the connection through the diaphragm.
If welding connections, exterior wall panels cannot weld
on the outside face weld 3 sides only maximum.
Typical Field Welded Connection at Shearwall Post
This shearwall post connection is located in an exterior wall and the weld capacity must be checked for
3 sides of weld only at the post.
Bolted Connections are Difficult to Align
The Panel Installer here had an issue with aligning the hole in the angle for the threaded rod from the
post below. After torching the angle to fit the panel they were required to grout fill the hole with non-
shrink grout and add a weld plate to the horizontal leg with a standard sized hole again. Welded
shearwall connections may be easier to accommodate than bolted connections.
Shearwall to Foundation
Connections to the foundation or transfer deck must
allow for variations in the structure of 1 minimum.
The Design Engineer should provide a detailed
connection to the foundation that is capable of resisting
the anticipated shearwall frame forces.
If welding to the foundation, provide detailed embed
plates on the construction documents.
If bolting to the foundation use only epoxy adhesive
anchors and account for concrete edge distances. Do not
use cast in place hooked anchor bolts.
Weld to steel beams below with a filler piece such as a
WT section. Do not bolt to steel beams below.
Standard Double Angle Shearwall Connection Conflict
There is a conflict with this shearwall post to foundation connection. This particular connection is
painted blue because it is located over a conduit in the slab on grade. The brace frame shown on the
structural drawings was not properly coordinated with the plumbing drawings during design.
Shear Plate Used to Connect to Beam is a problem
This particular project, in order to avoid conflict with hollow core plank, the engineer of record opted
to use a steel plate welded to the top flange of the beam below into the HSS Shearwall post above. As
you can see, there is no room to access the welds therefore the installer cut the shearwall straps to make
the connection. All these straps required field splicing afterward.
Shear Plate Detail by Engineer of Record
As detailed the shear plate connection does not allow for tolerances between the placement of the
structural steel and the wall panel above. The U-plate seen previously was necessary to allow for an
oversized slot in the bottom of the HSS tube.
COORDINATING TRADES
Edge of Slab As-Built Conflict
The bearing wall stud overhanging the transfer deck is not acceptable. This is a costly repair in the field.
When possible the Engineer of Record should allow for a slightly larger foundation or transfer level to
ensure full bearing of the stud wall.
Provide Chases for Risers
Whether risers for ductwork or risers for plumbing it is best to create fire rated chases for these. In
prefabricated construction there is no time to wait for as-builts and adjust stud locations the panels are
fabricated generally several weeks prior to delivery.
Provide Wet Walls!
Plumbers are fast to burn through the stud web to fit their pipes. It is extremely important all measures
are taken in the design phases to eliminate as much plumbing from the bearing walls as possible. As an
Engineer of Record it is important this is expressed to the project architect when the bearing wall
locations are determined.
Electrical Conflicts?
Electrical wiring is not normally considered a problem with a load bearing structure. However when
laying out efficient use of apartment or dormitory space it is very common to see kitchen countertops
located adjacent to corridor walls. The electrical outlet placement at these areas are less forgiving and
sometimes can also cause conflicts with the shearwall straps.
MEP and Steel Conflicts!
Ductwork is often not coordinated with the structural drawings. Bearing walls and Shearwalls especially
should be avoided when laying out ductwork. In this wall an opening is being added after the panel is
installed.
In addition to the MEP conflict, you will notice the end stud has been compromised by the oversized
cap plate on the column. Bearing walls should be avoided by the steel detailer.
LIGHT GAUGE SHOP DRAWINGS
The Specialty Designer
a.k.a. Light Gauge Engineer

Reference AISI S202 Section A2 Definitions

Typically, the Specialty Designer, or Light


Gauge Engineer is contracted by the wall panel
fabricator or the General Contractor.
Light Gauge Engineering
Plans and Calculations
Prepared and Signed and Sealed by the Specialty Engineer.
Schematic plans without dimensions.
Provide details and schedules with framing member sizes.
Indicate value engineered framing components based on
Design Criteria when possible.
All necessary shop and field connections are included for
fabrication and installation.
Reviewed and Approved by the Engineer of Record and
the Architect.
Specialty Engineer Connections
The Light Gauge Engineering Shop drawings will indicate all necessary shop and field connections for fabrication and
installation. This may done with notes, sections, or with typical details as shown here.
Installation Drawings
Prepared by the Panel Fabricator.
Initially may be submitted for general review and
coordination of dimensions.
Resubmitted with panel shop drawings and piece marks.
Only installation dimensions may be shown.
Plans include engineering sizes for reference only.
Reviewed by the Architect for dimensional verification
and coordination.
Reviewed by the Engineer of Record for compliance
with the contract documents.
Partial Wall Layout Plan
Wall Layout Plans are used for Panel Installation and at the very least clearly indicate panel identification marks, locations,
and lengths of each prefabricated wall assembly. Dimensions on Wall Layout Plans are to face of structure and differ from
architectural plan finish dimensions.
Wall Panel Shop Drawings
Prepared by the Panel Fabricator.
Detail Elevations of Each Wall Assembly drawn to
1/8 accuracy.
Fabrication dimensions accommodate tolerances for
shimming and alignment.
Indicate all framing sizes called for on the Light Gauge
Engineering plans.
Drawings are not engineering drawings and are not
signed and sealed or reviewed by the Specialty Light
Gauge Engineer.
Sample Wall Panel Shop Drawing
Wall panel shop drawings, or sometimes referred to as shop tickets, are used to identify lengths and locations of wall panel
components for fabrication. Often details are included to clarify built up assemblies or special shop connections. Different software
programs produce different looking wall panel shop drawings, but the information is all similar.
So Now What?
Select a floor system with the architect and the owner.
Produce Framing Plans identifying all bearing wall and
shearwall locations clearly. Indicate Floor Framing
above including framing direction and girder locations.
Provide all Necessary Design Criteria.
Indicate all Story Shear forces for each Shearwall.
Detail a proper connection to the Foundation.
Review shop drawings prepared by the CFS contractor.

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