Mathematics 55 LE1 Thirdie Tips WFQ - AY1516S2

I. Directional Derivatives and Gradients

1. Gradient: f (x, y) = hfx (x, y), fy (x, y)i (can be extended to three variables)

2. Directional Derivative: D~u f (x, y) = f (x, y) ~u

If given vector is not a unit vector, NORMALIZE.

3. Maximum (instantaneous) rate of change is ||f (x, y)|| which occurs along f (x, y) (other terms: increases
most rapidly)
Minimum (instantaneous) rate of change is ||f (x, y)|| which occurs along f (x, y) (other terms: de-
creases most rapidly)

4. Given F (x, y, z) = k, where k R.

Tangent Plane: Use the point given by (x0 , y0 , z0 ), normal vector is F (x0 , y0 , z0 ).
Normal line: Use the point given by (x0 , y0 , z0 ), direction vector is F (x0 , y0 , z0 ).
II. Relative Extrema
1. Solve the system fx (x, y) = 0, fy (x, y) = 0. Solutions must be ordered pairs.

2. Find fxx , fyy and fxy .

3. Test each point using the Second Derivatives Test. Find D = fxx fyy (fxy )2 .
D > 0 and fxx (x, y) > 0 - relative minimum at (x, y)
D > 0 and fxx (x, y) < 0 - relative maximum at (x, y)
D < 0 - saddle point at (x, y)
D = 0 - no conclusion can be made
III. Absolute Extrema, Lagrange Multipliers
Given z = f (x, y) subject to the constraint g(x, y) = k.
1. Solve the system given by fx = gx , fy = gy and g(x, y) = k.
Note: The equations above are usually NON-LINEAR. Lakasan ang intuition sa tamang approach. Check
for cases. Be careful!
Note: This can be extended in three variables.

2. Using the critical points in the previous step, evaluate each point at f .

3. Highest value - absolute maximum at that point (or those points)

Lowest value - absolute minimum at that point (or those points)
Note: Absolute extremum points can be multiple.
Note: Kapag mag-ooptimize in a closed region, i-Lagrange ang boundary, tapos kunin critical points sa
loob ng region. Then do the same comparison process.
IV. Parametric Surfaces
1. Conversion to Cartesian - Kapag may cos and sin ang parametric surface, solve for cos and sin then
gamitin ang Pythagorean identity.

2. Tangent planes and normal lines

~
(a) If given values of u and v, find the point by plugging these values on R.
If point in the 3D space is given, find the only one corresponding u and v.
(b) Tangent Plane: normal vector is R ~ u (u, v) R
~ v (u, v)
~ u (u, v) R
Normal Line: direction vector is R ~ v (u, v)
V. Double Integrals
Z bZ d Z dZ b
1. Fubinis Theorem: f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y) dx dy
a c c a
Note: Fubinis only works for RECTANGULAR regions!

2. Dapat alam ninyong magsketch ng planes, spheres, paraboloids, cones, and polar curves.

3. ALWAYS SKETCH THE REGION OF INTEGRATION. Iyon ang sikreto! If possible, sketch the
solids!

4. Volume below one surface - Usually yung nag-iisang z = something na ang surface to consider.

5. Kapag may planes, always sketch them. Fishy sila kasi minsan, yung intersections nila sa coordinate planes
ang nagdidikta ng isang boundary ng region.

6. Sa tetrahedrons, dapat yung dalawang faces ay perpendicular sa xy-plane para walang hatiang nagaganap
sa region.

7. Kung swertehin sa symmetry, pwedeng gamitin iyon para sumimple.

8. General Regions - Type I: above, below, interval in x (dy dx); Type II: right, left, interval in y (dx dy)

9. Switching - Sketch the regions carefully with the correct points. Kapag tama ang switching, maganda ang
mangyayari after the first partial integration.

10. Polar Coordinates

(a) x = r cos , y = r sin , dA = r dr d

(b) Check for outer curve, inner curve, and angles.
(c) Gamitin kapag may circles, sectors, or any region na may kinalaman sa bilog.
(d) Ingatan ang angles. May ilang polar curves na lang ang kailangan para sa isang ikot.
(e) ALALAHANIN ANG MGA BASIC POLAR CURVES. See handout.
(f) Kung medyo di obvious ang angles, get the intersection point of the two curves present, tapos =
y
tan1 (or get the intersection of the polar curves).
x
11. Volume between two surfaces

(a) Surface: (above) (below)

Tip: z = c x2 y 2 are paraboloids opening downward. Madalas silang nasa ibabaw.
(b) Get their curve of intersection. This curves projection on the xy-plane is the region to consider.
(c) Set up, choose the best coordinate system.

12. Kapag specified ang coordinate system na gagamitin, sundin iyon. Otherwise, choose the best one to use.

13. Kapag set up, set up lang. Kapag evaluate, i-evaluate.

VI. Applications of Double Integrals (See handout)

1. Ingat sa set up sa mass ng lamina, kung maaari wag mag-times-two kahit symmetric ang region.
RR
2. Kapag known na ang regions na kinukuhanan ng area (i.e , dA), pwede naman diretsuhin using Geometry
R
formulas.

GOOD LUCK! Thirdie P.