Hydraulic Machines

and
Hydraulic Power Stations
[ 802422-3]
Level 8, Mechanical Engineering Students
by:

Dr. Abdel-Fattah Mahrous

E-mail: a.mahrous@tu.edu.sa

1 Spring Term 2017/1438H

 Course Outline
1. Introduction and Classification of Hydraulic
Machines
2. Study of the positive displacement pumps
3. Study of the centrifugal pumps and its performance
4. Study of the axial flow pumps
5. Introduction to Hydraulic Turbines
6. Analysis of impulse turbines
7. Analysis of reaction turbines
8. Similarity of hydraulic turbines
2
 Contact Hours Credit Hours
Lecture Tutorial/Lab
2 3 3

3
 References
Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, R.S.
Khurmi and N. Khurmi, 2008.
Fluid Mechanics, Douglas, J. F. , Gasiorek, J. M., Swaffield,
J. A. and Jack, L. B., 5th Edition, Pearson E. L., 2005.
Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery,
Dixon, S. L., 4th Edition, Pergamon Press Ltd., (1998).
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering Systems, Ned H.
C. Hwang, and Robert J. Houghtalen, 3rd Edition.
Basic Hydraulic Systems and Components, Edition A, US
Army Aviation Logistics School, Fort Eustis, Virginia
23604-5439, September (1994).

4 Course Notes
 Chapter 1

Introduction
and
Classification of
Hydraulic Machines
5
What is a hydraulic machine and how
does it work?
Hydraulic Machines are mechanical devices that
either extract energy from a fluid (turbines) or add
energy to a fluid (pumps) as a result of dynamic
interactions between the device and the fluid.
Work
HE Fluid LE Fluid
Turbine
LE: Low Energy
Work HE: High Energy

LE Fluid HE Fluid
6 Pump
 Fluid Dynamics of A Hydraulic Machine

7
 Classification of Fluid Machinery
I Classification Based on Principle of Operation
Fluid Machinery

Reciprocating machines Rotodynamic machines

(Positive Displacement) (Turbomachinery)

8
 Classification of Fluid Machinery
II According to Interaction between Rotor and Fluid
(or Direction of Energy Transfer)

Fluid Machinery

Produce energy Consume Energy

(Turbine) (Fan, Pump, Compressor)

9
II
Classification of Fluid Machinery
According to Interaction between Rotor and Fluid

Two main categories of turbo-machine are identified:

Firstly, those which absorb (consume) power to increase

the fluid pressure or head (fans, compressors and pumps);

Secondly, those that produce power by expanding fluid

to a lower pressure or head (hydraulic, steam and gas
turbines).

10
II
Classification of Fluid Machinery
According to Interaction between Rotor and Fluid
First: Machines for Doing Work (Consume
Energy) on a Fluid

11
II
Classification of Fluid Machinery
According to Interaction between Rotor and Fluid

First: Machines for Doing Work (Consume

Power) on a Fluid . Continued

12
II
Classification of Fluid Machinery
According to Interaction between Rotor and Fluid

Second: Machines for Extracting

Work (Power) from a Fluid
Hydraulic Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)
Impulse Turbines: Pelton Wheel
Reaction Turbines: Kaplan & Francis turbines

Gas Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)

13
II
Second: Machines for Extracting
Work (Power) from a Fluid .. Contd

14
III Classification of Fluid Machinery
According to Flow Path
Turbomachines are further categorized according to the
nature of the flow path through the passages of the rotor.
However, direction of flow is outwards in case of pumps
and inwards in case of turbines.

1. When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly

parallel to the axis of rotation, the device is termed an
axial flow turbomachine.

Radial
Axial

15
III Classification of Fluid Machinery
According to Flow Path

2. When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly in a

plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, the device is
termed a radial flow turbomachine.

Radial
Axial

16
III Classification of Fluid Machinery
According to Flow Path
3. Mixed flow turbomachines . The term mixed flow refers to
the direction of the through-flow at rotor outlet when both
radial and axial velocity components are present in
significant amounts.

Radial
Axial

17
 Energy Conservation (Bernoullis Equation)
p V2
E z Constant on a streamline (Ideal Case)
g 2 g

Pressure Elevation (Potential)

Velocity
Head Head
Head
At any two points along a streamline, the Bernoulli
equation can be applied in ideal case as:
E E 1 2
2
p1
V1 p2 V22
z1 z2 ,
2g 2g
where g (Specific weight)
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In real cases: E1 = E2 + Energy losses
Hydraulic Symbols for different components

Standard Symbols can be found at:

https://www.edrawsoft.com/pid/images/pid-legend.pdf

19
 Review Questions

1. What is a hydraulic machine and how does it work?

2. Classify hydraulic machines based on:
Principle of operation
Energy direction (Interaction between fluid and rotor)
Flow path (direction) in the runner
3. Explain how to distinguish between pumps and turbines
4. Explain different terms of Bernoullis equation
5. Draw the standard symbol for pump and turbine.

20