The document discusses various models of communication including the Aristotelian model, Lasswell model, Shannon-Weaver model, Schramm's model, Berlo's model, and others. It also covers key aspects of communication such as the definition, functions, nature, levels, modes, misconceptions around communication, and listening. Specifically, it defines communication as a dynamic process that is systemic and involves symbols to transfer meaning between individuals. It also notes that listening is an active process that plays an important role in acquiring knowledge.
Original Description:
UP Manila Communications III Reviewer for Midterms
The document discusses various models of communication including the Aristotelian model, Lasswell model, Shannon-Weaver model, Schramm's model, Berlo's model, and others. It also covers key aspects of communication such as the definition, functions, nature, levels, modes, misconceptions around communication, and listening. Specifically, it defines communication as a dynamic process that is systemic and involves symbols to transfer meaning between individuals. It also notes that listening is an active process that plays an important role in acquiring knowledge.
The document discusses various models of communication including the Aristotelian model, Lasswell model, Shannon-Weaver model, Schramm's model, Berlo's model, and others. It also covers key aspects of communication such as the definition, functions, nature, levels, modes, misconceptions around communication, and listening. Specifically, it defines communication as a dynamic process that is systemic and involves symbols to transfer meaning between individuals. It also notes that listening is an active process that plays an important role in acquiring knowledge.
communis(latin) common, public - describes an event, object, or relationship
Communia- working together - image; representation Com together - attempts to describe how the process of Munia duties communication works - for better understanding of various Speech Communication phenomena - oral communication - most preferred and most ideal because of Aristotelian Model convenience o Speaker o Message Functions of Speech o Audience 1. Self-definition - Persuasion is the key - Engage in speech - Ethos speakers credibility and communication to define persuasiveness themselves - Should contain the following - Reaffirm ones identity Content - Indicate belief Arrangement 2. Dissemination of ideas and Manner of delivery information Ethos 3. Debate Arguments 4. Transform individuals and groups - Pathos speakers emotions - Persuade, bring change, - Logos logical argument progress Lasswell Model o Communicator Nature of Communication o Message o Medium 1. Communication is a dynamic o Receiver process. o Effect 2. Communication is systemic - Advanced by Harold - Contextual Lasswell(1948) - Interrelated parts - Communication to society - The whole is more than the sum - Surveillance of the environment of parts - Correlation of the components of - Constraints within systems society influence or affect meanings - Cultural transmission between 3. Communication involves generation communicators 4. Communication is irreversible Shannon Weaver Model 5. Communication is proactive - Telephone communication 6. Communication is symbolic o Information source interaction o Transmitter 7. Meaning in communication is o Receiver individually construed o Destination o Noise o Channel Schramms Model Hearing o Source Seeing o Encoder Touching o Signal Smelling o Decoder Tasting o Destination o Receiver - Please refer to the slides posted Same as the Berlos Model communicator o Source Whites Model Communication skills - Eugene White individuals skills to o Monitoring communicate o Thinking Attitude the attitude o Symbolizing towards the audience, o Expressing subject, and towards o Transmitting one self o Receiving Knowledge the o Decoding knowledge about the o Feedbacking subject one is going to communicate Donces Helical Model Social system Woods Symbolic Interaction Model includes the various - Language is a system of aspects in society like symbols and words are symbolic the values, beliefs, - This models shows that the culture, religion, and process of communication is general dynamic and systemic understanding of Speech Communication Transaction society. Model o Message o Speaker primary Content- beginning to communicator the end of the o Message form od ideas or message information Elements language, o Listener receiver of the gestures, and body message language o Feedback flow ideas Treatment the wat o Channel verbal, visual, the message is aural/paralinguistic, pictorial conveyed o Situation physical setting Structure how the and social context message is arranged o Culture differences and Code hoe the perspectives message is sent in what form it could be Misconceptions on Human - 80% of knowledge is acquired Communication through listening - A skill which plays an important 1. More communication is needed role in our daily lives 2. Speakers provides the effective communication 3. Communication breakdown stops communication 4. Communication consists of words Hearing vs Listening 5. Meanings are in words 6. Effective communicators are born, Hearing not made o Physiological aspect of receiving aural and visual Levels of Communication stimuli Intrapersonal Communication o Apprehension(being aware) - Occurs in the individual Listening Interpersonal Communication o Active phase of speech - Occurs between two or more communication persons o Comprehension(to embrace; Public Communication to understand) - Speakers and several listeners o Interpreting the meaning of messages Mass communication o Assigning meaning to aural - Occurs between sources and stimuli vast audience Organizational Communication Nature of Listening - Within a workplace Intercultural Communication 1. Listening is a dynamic, transactional - Difference in culture process Developmental Communication 2. Listening is an active process not a passive one 3. Listening is a complex process Modes of Communication Attention and Listening Verbal Communication Non-verbal Communication 1. Effective listening requires your attention Listening 2. Matter of concentration
Listen Speak Read Write Purpose of Listening
- Most used form of verbal 1. Appreciative listening listen for
communication pleasure. Entertainment, or - An activity we often take for enjoyment granted 2. Empathic/therapeutic listening- - It is an arbitrary process provide emotional support 3. Comprehensive listening to be Articulation muscle movements in informed, get facts and ideas reinforcing sound formation 4. Critical listening to make an evaluation; to criticize Aspects of Usage Barriers to Effective Listening 1. Volume intensity of loudness and 1. Hastily branding the subject softness of your voice uninteresting or irrelevant 2. Pitch highness and lowness of 2. Focusing attention on appearance or voice sounds; determined by the delivery length and width of the vocal cords 3. Avoiding difficult and unpleasant 3. Rate speed at which a person material speaks 4. Getting over stimulated by what the 4. Quality timbre of the voice speaker say 5. Pauses to add color, expression, 5. Listening primarily for facts and feeling to a speech 6. Trying to outline everything that the 6. Emphasis speaker says 7. Variety spice of public speaking 7. Faking attention 8. Creating or yielding easily to Factors Influencing Voice distractions 1. Physical make up 9. Engaging in private planning 2. Psychological factors 10. Wasting the advantage of thought 3. Past and present environment speed 4. Regional dialects a. CAPITALIZE THE ADVANTAGE OF THOUGHT Characteristics of Effective Voice SPEED 1. Audibility Guides of Effective Listening 2. Pleasant 3. Fluency 1. Listen actively 4. Flexibility 2. Listen with empathy 3. Listen for total meaning Pronunciation 4. Listen with an open mind 5. Give effective feedback - Combination of consonants, 6. Listen critically vowel, and accents that a speaker Voice Articulation Anatomy of Voice - Formation or oral symbols thru Respiration inhalation time lowers, articulators exhalation time becomes longer Dialects Phonation larynx (vocal folds, articulation) - Theres no superiority within dialects Non-verbal Communication 4. Proxemics o Spaces and distance - Transfer of meaningful 5. Haptics information by means of either o Touch than written or spoken language o Exerts status and power in Principles of Non-Verbal Communication relationship 6. Paralanguage 1. NVC, like VC, is contextual 7. Environmental Factors 2. NV behaviors are wholes, not parts Functions of NVC or segments 3. NVB always communicate 1. Repeating 4. NVC follows certain rules 2. Contradicting 5. NVC is motivated 3. Substituting 6. NVC are more credible 4. Complementing Categories of NVC 5. Accenting 6. Relating Regulating 1. Sign-language - Gestures supplanted or replaced Language 2. Action language - System of arbitrary symbols - Movement that are not used - Cognitive process exclusively as signal - Construction of verbal message 3. Object language - Display of material things Speech
Types/Dimensions of NVC - Entire scope of human
communication 1. Body motion o Emblems direct verbal translation Nature of Language o Illustrators - illustrate what is said verbally - Words are only symbols o Regulators influences turn represent and substitute taking - Triangle of meaning o Affect Displays reflect - Meanings are in people, not in emotional state of being words o Adapters unintentional - Language is dynamic movements or signs of o Growth and death of nervousness language - words are static; meanings are 2. Physical Characters dynamic o Emanating from physique or - language as a function of time body - words and places 3. Artifacts - language as a function of culture o Accessories Words have many types of meanings o Denotation o Connotation o Structural Meaning o Contextual Meaning o Sound Meaning
Attributes of Effective Oral Language
1. Effective oral language is clear
a. Correctness b. Accuracy c. Simplicity d. Understandability 2. Effective oral language is direct and conversational 3. Appropriate to the a. Listeners b. Occasion c. Speech purpose d. Speakers personality
4. Effective Language is vivid
a. Visual imagery b. Auditory imagery c. Gustatory imagery d. Olfactory imagery e. Tactual imagery f. Kinesthetic imagery g. Organic imagery