Lua Chọn Vo Chong ĐNA

optimum support of development roadways - do ngoc anh
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 1-8
8. V chng ti u cho Cng trnh ngm.
8.1. D bo ti trng tnh v ti trng ng.
8.1.1. nh gi chung v tc ng ca ti trng a tng

ln v chng.
Ni chung, h thng v chng cho mt cng trnh ngm (CTN)
c la chn trn c s tiu chun hot ng (kh nng lm
vic ca v chng), phng php xy dng, cc iu kin a
cht v s d on ti trng t tc dng ln CTN.
Trong thc t, vic la chn h thng v chng khng hon

ton ph thuc vo p lc a tng, mc d vn c th tn ti
nhng ngoi l, c bit khi t xung quanh ng l qu
yu, mm hoc b nn p v trng n, do dn n th tch
ca mt s loi t nh t st, phin st, bn,
mcm, thch cao khi gp nc.
Trong nhng iu kin nh vy, ta c th la chn s b v

chng cho CTN, s lm vic ca v chng c tip tc iu
chnh thng qua cc qu trnh theo di quan st tin hnh
trong thi gian thi cng cng trnh.
Mi loi v chng u phi c kh nng chng li ti trng tc

dng, kh nng bin dng ph hp vi iu kin a cht v
iu kin lm vic. Ngi thit k trong qu trnh la chn,
xc nh kch thc v chng phi tnh ton ti trng t
tc dng ln v chng theo mt vi phng php khc nhau nh
phng php thc nghim (vm t nhin trong khi , khi
nim vm st ln), cc phng php phn loi khi , cc ph-
ng php phn tch, cc phng php s.
Tm li, ngi thit k nn s dng nhiu phng php thy

c s nh hng khc nhau ca cc thng s n kt qu tnh
ton v a ra c mt kt qu y ng tin cy.
Tuy nhin, nhng kin thc kinh nghim, thc t tch lu c

s gip ch rt nhiu cho ngi k s trong vic a ra c quyt
http://dotheanhxdnm57.blogspot.com a ch cung cp ti liu xy dng ngm

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 2-8
nh hp l v c tnh thc tin v gi tr ti trng t tc

dng ln CTN.
8.2 Cc l thuyt xt ti s hnh thnh vm p lc trong

.
8.2.1. Khi nim chung
Cc l thuyt ny gii quyt vn xc nh kch thc vng
ph hu pht trin trong khi khi c cng trnh ngm o
qua. Mt c im chung ca cc phng php ny l s gi
thit (tha nhn) rng cc v chng tm thi hoc c nh
ch chu tc ng bi ti trng tnh ca t trong vm
st l. Chiu cao ca vm st l trong khi ph thuc vo
c tnh bn nh l: gc ma st trong ca khi , mc nt
n trong khi v vo kch thc ca cng trnh ngm.
8.2.2 L thuyt ca Prtdiaknp:

L thuyt ny c s dng rng ri trong thc t. Theo kinh
nghim trong ngnh cng nghip xy dng m v CTN th n
rt hu dng trong cc gii hn no . Theo s xem xt di
y, kt cu vm t nhin sinh ra trong khi c dng gn
vi vm Parabol. c im ch yu ca l thuyt ny c
tng kt trong bng 8.1.
Bng 8.1: L thuyt ca Prtdiaknp.
1: Gc ma st trong ca
P nc
2: Gc ma st trong ca
R
hng
R
, 1, 2: Dung trng ca
2l: Chiu rng ca nc CTN
p
h: Chiu cao ca CTN
a: Khong cch gia cc v
chng
+ Chiu cao vm gim ti:
l
h1 , f 4
f
v m l1
h1 , f 4
f

l1 l h cot g cot g 450 2
2
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 3-8
+ H s kin c f:
f = tg 1 f 4
f = 0.1d f > 4
d- bn nn ca nc, MPa (Bng 8.2a- [53]).
+ Ti trng thng ng tc dng ln v chng:
PV = .h1
Hp lc tc dng thng ng:
RV 2,1.a.PV = 2,1.a. .h1
p lc ngang:

P1 h1 tg 2 450 2
2

P2 h1 h .tg 2 450 2
2
p lc y ngang trung bnh:

P1 P2
P .h
2
Hp lc tc dng ngang ln mt mt di dc trc CTN:
To im t ca hp lc:
.l
Rl . 2h1 h tg 2 450 2
2 2
h 3h1 h
y .
3 2h1 h
Bng 8.2: H s cng ca theo Prtdiaknp.

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 4-8
S dng l thuyt ca Kommerell ta c th xc nh c

h1
e
100
dch chuyn ca nc vo trong CTN:
y: e- dch chuyn ca khi
h1- Chiu cao vm st l
- H s ln st ca khi bn trong vm tnh theo t l
% v c cho vi mi loi t khc nhau:
(%)
-
t ht ri (ct) 1-3
-
t dnh kt trung bnh 3-5
-
t dnh kt tt 5-8
-
mm ( vi, ct kt) 8-12
-
cng 10-15
Chiu cao (h1) c tnh theo l thuyt ca Prtdiaknp (bng
8.1).
8.2.3 L thuyt ca Terzaghi [58].

Cc cng thc tnh ton ca Terzaghi c s dng rng ri
c bit ti Bc M thit k h thng v chng cho cc
CTN nm khng su. C s phng php ny ca Terzaghi
nh gi p lc t tc dng ln h thng v chng l gi
thit rng vm p lc bao quanh CTN, v chng phi chng li
ti trng tc dng t khi t nm trong vm p lc
(hnh 8.1).
Thnh phn (yu t) bn ch yu trong s cc c tnh ca

t chi phi s pht trin ca p lc tc dng ln v chng
chnh l gc ma st trong ca t , cn lc dnh kt ch
ng vai tr th yu. Cng thc chung c trnh by trong
bng (8.3). Mt CTN tit din hnh vung c ly lm v d
minh ho song v nguyn tc vn c th p dng cho cc hnh
dng khc.
Cc iu kin a ra ch yu p dng cho trng ng sut

thu tnh vi s pht trin ln hn ca ng sut ngang.
Trn hnh (8.1), d = 2h. cho thy yu cu v kh nng chng

gi cn thit ca v chng t c s n nh (bn
v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 5-8
vng) theo cc cng thc ca Terzaghi khi c = 2500kg/m3

v = 250 - 450.
40
35
30
25
=
Kh o n g g i t r bn k h i
25 15
u
y
t i c c m c a Anh
t
k
20 5
10
=2
t
s
5
15 =4 5 =45
n g
c
10 t
k 0
t
c
Ph m vi t h n g t h n g t i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5
c c m c a An h
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hnh 8.1: Cng p lc theo hai phng ng (Pv) v

ngang (Ph) tc dng ln ng hm tu theo chiu rng cng
trnh trn c s tnh ton ca Terzaghi.
Kinh nghim v cc o c thc t cho thy cc v chng

thp khi tnh theo cng thc ca Terzaghi qu nng, tha bn
v khng kinh t (trong cc CTN ti M).
Bng 8.3: p lc ti trng ln v chng theo Terzaghi trong mi

trng vt liu ri.
d- Chiu rng
CTN
http://dotheanhxdnm57.blogspot.com a ch
h- Chiu cao CTNcung cp ti liu xy dng ngm
v m
- Dung trng ca

Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 6-8
p lc thng ng ln nht cn phi chng :

. B1
PV
K . tg
B1- Na chiu rng vng do:
d d
B1 h tg 450 d tg 450
2 2 2 2
k- Nghch o ca hng s Rankine:
1 sin
k tg 2 450
1 sin 2
H s ng sut 3 trc:
1
tg 2 45 2
0
k 1
tg
2 k
hoc
-
st yu ( = 200-300) k = 2; 3
-
Than hoc than ( = 370) k = 4
-
Ct kt ( = 400; 500) k = 5; 6
- Gc ma st trong ca t
1 1
B1 d
2 k
H s ng sut nguyn sinh:
h
K
V
p lc ti trng thng ng tc dng ln v chng:

d 2d tg 45 2
0
PV
2 tg

hoc
PV
k 2
k
p lc theo phng ngang:
v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 7-8
Ph = 0.3 (0.5 h + PV)
V chng thp khi kt hp vi BTP - trong phng php NATM

(phng php o mi ca o) v neo s rt thanh mnh v nh.
Khi , cn thit phi thay i cc h s ti trng khi
thit k cc v chng vm thp trong CTN nh c gii thiu
bi Rose [43].
Trn hnh (8.2) m t ng cong c iu chnh R. Qua

xem xt chi tit cc d liu cho thy rng ng cong R
cng cha ti hn 90% cc trng hp v gn nh trng khp vi kt
qu ca Terzaghi i vi khng chu nh hng ca nc
ngm.
Hnh 8.2: ng cong p lc c iu chnh
p= b
2,8 h
t =t er zaghi(1946)
=deer e(1969), t r ung bnh c a t er zaghi
b
2,4 =deer e(1969), nh hn ca t er zaghi
=deer e(1969), o bng m y o(TBM)
2,0 =c or ding(1972), neo
p
b
R=r ev ised
1,6
dl iu t :
deer e, 1967
1,2
H S TI TRNG
c or ding, deer e (1972)
0,8
0,4
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
r t
r t y u yu t r ung bnh t t t t r qd
c t , si 3 30 75 85 95
v n t NT N RT M NH LIN KH I, T NT N
HON TON
NT N TRUNG BNH
8.2.4 p lc thng ng tc dng ln CTN o trong

khi phn tng
airey tin hnh phn tch l thuyt s tch ra ca t
b ph hu khi khi a tng phn lp mnh chu trng thi
ng sut qu ln v c vng do bao kn ton b CTN. Qua
nghin cu, tc gi thy rng a tng chu un, gc ph hu
so vi phng thng ng gn vi gc ma st trong .

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 8-8
Bng 8.4 Tnh ton p lc t thng ng tc dng

ln CTN o trong khi phn tng.
W
d- Chiu rng
CTN
- Dung trng
ca
-
Chiu cao vng ph hu:
d
hl 2
tg
-
Trng lng vng ph hu trn 1 n v chiu di dc trc
d
1 2 d2
W . d .
2 tg 4 tg
CTN:
-
p lc thng ng trung bnh:
hoc
Theo phng trnh trn th sc khng cn thit nh nht
theo phng thng ng gi t b ph hu pha
W d .
PV d
k
PV d .4 tg
2 k 1
trn CTN ng vi cc gi tr (k) thng gp c m t trn hnh
(8.3).
Mc d cc gi thuyt ny khc nhau rt nhiu song cc cng

thc ca Terzaghi v airey vn cho nhng kt qu tng t
nhau khi k = 3; k = 5 v hon ton trng khp khi k = 4.

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 9-8
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2 4 6 8 10
Hnh 8.3: p lc gia c theo phng ng cn ti thiu

gi n nh cng trnh.
8.2.5 p lc thng ng tc dng ln v chng da theo

ch s nc (roof index)
Theo cc kt qu kho st thc nghim tin hnh ti cc m
ca Balan, phm vi ph hu (st ln) ca khi nm pha trn
CTN, m n to ra ti trng tnh tc dng ln v chng, c lin
quan trc tip ti ch s nc (hnh (8.4) [35]). Ch s nc c
th tnh theo cng thc:
L = 0.0064 c1.7. K1 . K2 . K3
trong : L- Ch s nc;
c- bn nn n trc ca xc nh t cc
mu kh (d/h = 1), KG/m2
K1- H s bn ti hin trng (t s kch thc)
0.33 - ct kt
0.42 - st
0.5 - bn
K2- H s mi c trng cho tnh gim yu ca
theo thi gian. N c tnh theo cc mc gim
v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 10-8
yu ca di tc dng ca ti trng di hn. Trong

iu kin in hnh:
0.7 - ct kt
0.6 - st
K3- H s biu hin s nh hng ca m ti
bn ca
0.6 - ct kt
i vi ct kt:
L = 0.0064 c1.7. 0.33 . 0.70 . 0.60
L 9 c1.7 10- 4
Bi xc nh cc thng s thit k v d nh phm vi

vng t ph hu, sc chu ti cn thit ca v chng, ch
s hi t (convergence index) cho cc v chng dng vm v
dng khung thng thng gp trong cc m ca Balan c th
hin trn hnh (8.5) [35].
Da vo ch s nc L, ta c th xc nh c phm vi vng ph
hu khi bit chiu cao CTN t hnh (8.4). Lc ny, cng p
lc nc tc dng ln v chng c th xc nh theo cng thc
sau:
Proof = . hz = .n.hc
trong : Proof- p lc nc (= "Pk" sc chu ti ca v chng);

hz- Chiu cao vng ph hu (vm);
n- H s ph thuc vo ch s nc (L) v phng
php o (roadway with goaves on one side or two
side);
hc- Chiu cao CTN;
- Dung trng ca .
II
2
I
0
http://dotheanhxdnm57.blogspot.com
20 40 60 80 100 120a 140 160cp ti liu xy dng ngm
ch cung
I, II III IV l
v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 11-8
Hnh 8.4: Mi lin h gia chiu cao vng st l v din

tch mt ct ngang
L: I- for crossing with goaves on one side, II- for crossing
with goaves on two sides
Hnh 8.5
V d: Mt v d in hnh v vic s dng biu trn
hnh (8.5). Cc d liu cho:
-
bn nn ca ct kt ( nc): c = 600KG/cm2
-
Chiu dy va khai thc (chiu cao CTN): hc = 1.8m
-
Phng php o: goaves on two sides
-
Chiu rng CTN: b = 4.2m
Xc nh cc thng s thit k cho v chng:
+ Ch s nc:
L = 9. c1.7. 10- 4 = 9 x (600)1.7 x 10- 4 = 47.5
T hnh (8.5) ta c:
-
Chiu cao vng ph hu: hz = 2.4m
-
p lc thng ng: PK = 11Mp/m2
-
Khong cch gia cc v chng: a = 1m
-
Ch s hi t: Z" = 38%
8.2.6 Cc phng php ca Whittaker - Hodgkinson [56],

Schaafer [47], arioglu [4] v Mostkov [38] xc nh
p lc t tc dng ln v chng.
Theo cc phng php ny, p lc c sinh ra ch do ti trng
tnh ca t trong vm ph hu ca khi pha trn
CTN. Bng (8.5) tng kt nhng nt chnh ca cc phng
php trong vn ny.
H s "" ca arioglu s oc trnh by cc trang sau bng

cch s dng phn loi ca Barton.
8.3 p lc ln v chng tnh theo cc phng php phn

loI khi .
8.3.1 Khi nim chung [48].
Cc gii php k thut thng dng trong vn tnh ton v
chng v n nh ca CTN c th t c khi s dng cc
phng php phn loi khi ca Wickham [57], Bieniawski
[12], Barton [9]. c bit phng php ca Barton kt hp
v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 12-8
nhiu yu t mt cch kh chi tit v cng xc nh c p

lc cui cng tc dng ln v chng, khong lu khng an ton
(khng chng) trong mi lin quan vi cht lng khi . C
Bieniawski v Barton u a vo nhng gi tr h s ca
gc ma st trong , bn c kt ca tu theo cht lng v
phn loi ca khi . T khi xut hin cc phng php phn
loi ny c mt xu hng tng cng vic p dng chng vo
cc lnh vc khc nhau ca c hc v c bt l trong
ngng m. cng l kha cnh chnh th hin u im ca
cc phng php phn loi khi so vi cc phng php khc
trong cc lnh vc lin quan ti cu trc .
Bng 8.5: c im ch yu ca cc phng php.

Phng php Cc biu hin Cng thc
Whittaker- -
Vm ph hu c dng - p lc thng ng
Hodgkinson[56] elip. Trc ln v trc ln v chng:
nh ca elip i ngang PV = hl.D.
Hnh (a) qua tm ng cong - Tng ti trng
vm. ca vm ph hu:
hl- Chiu cao -
Trong iu kin ti
vm ph hu trng thng thng:
D- ng knh hl = 0.5 D QV 0.5.
D
hl a
CTN -
Trong tt (iu 2
- Dung trng kin ti trng yu):
QV 0.785 D hl a
ca hl = 0
= 2500kg/m3 Cho iu kin ti
trng thng thng:
QV 0.98 D 2 a (t )
Cho iu kin ti
trng xu:
QV 1.96 D 2 a (t )
D (m), a (m)
Schaefer[47]v - Chiu cao vm ph - p lc thng

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 13-8
Arioglu[4] hu xc nh theo cc
iu kin ti trng bt ng:
gp thc t trong CTN: PV = hl = ..L
Hnh (b) hl = . L - Ti trng trn mt
- H s ti trng n v chiu di:
= 0.5: iu kin ti qV = PV.a = ..L.a
trng thng thng - Tng ti trng
= 1 - 2: iu kin ti gy ra bi vm ph
trng ln hu:
a- Khong cch - QV = qV.L =
Gi thit ti trng
gia cc v ..L .a,
2
phn b u
chng kN
L- Chiu rng L (m), a (m).
CTN
Khi nim Cng thc

Phng php ca Trn c s xem xt s liu ti mt s CTN ,
Mostkov [38] chiu cao vm pha hu c tnh gn ng
theo cng thc:
b = K . l0
Hnh (c) f K
15 0 0.05
14 10 0.05 0.1
97 0.1 0.15
b- Chiu cao
65 0.15 0.2
vm ph hu
l0- Chiu rng
4 0.2 0.3
CTN 32 0.2 0.4
K- H s k ti i vi CTN o trong c f = 2 4 th gi
tnh cht c hc tr K phi c nhn thm h s su K0
ca . Gi tr K cho theo chiu su
xc nh da
vo h s kin Chiu su K0
c f <100 m 1
100 250m 1.3
250 500m 1.5

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 14-8
Nh c th -
c ch , cc kt - p lc nc:
qu trn rt ph Pr = b. = K.l0.
hp vi h s ti Khi CTN nm su H 500m v bn
trng ca 20 40 MPa th p lc nc c th tnh gn
arioglu ng theo cng thc:
Pr = b. = K.l0. 1,5.0,4.l0. 0.6.l0.
8.3.2 Phn loi ca Barton.

Cc cng thc kinh nghim ca Barton xc nh cht lng
khi , khong lu khng an ton v p lc cui cng tc dng
ln v chng c gii thiu di y:
-
Cht lng khi :
RQD J r J
Q x x w
Jn J a SRF
trong : RQD- Rock Quality Designation (xc nh theo
Deere [23])
Jn- Ch s th hin s h khe nt
Jr- Ch s th hin nhm b mt khe nt (rough)
Ja- Ch s th hin vt liu lp nht trong khe nt
Jw- Ch s th hin iu kin nc ngm
SRF- H s gim ng sut trong khi
v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 15-8
Tng chiu di cc li khoan 100mm

RQD (%) = 100
Chiu di l khoan
Khong lu khng an ton (W):
W = 2 ESR Q0,4 , mt (8.2)
ESR- T s gia c o
3-5.3 V chng c nh, tunnel dn nc c p, -
ng hm hng khng, l bng v phn vm
cc CTN tit din ln
1.3 Hm tr, ng l nh, tunnel ng st, l
dn
1 Hm nng lng, ng l ln v tunnel ng
st ln
0.8 Sn ga tu in ngm v cc nh my
ngm
Ni cch khc gi tr tiu chun Q c tnh theo W c vit di

2,5
W
QC
2 ESR
dng:
-
p lc cui cng ln v chng:
Nu s h khe nt nh hn 3, phng trnh c dng:
Phng trnh (8.3) ph hp vi nhng kt qu ghi nhn c cn
20 113
Pnoc Q 2 1, N 2 (8.3)
20 J cm
Pnoc J r n Q 3(8.4), N
3 Jr cm2
phng trnh (8.4) c suy ra t phng trnh (8.3) bi Barton.
-
p lc ngang Ph:
20
QW 3
1
Ph ,N
Jr cm 2
vi Qw- H s hng c tra theo bng 8.6 [10].
Bng 8.6: H s hng Qw

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 16-8
Q Qw
>10 5Q
0.1-10 2.5Q
<0.1 Q
Kt qu nghin cu cc trng hp ch ra rng than b
ph hu trong phm vi cc gi tr:
Jn = 2 - 3
Jr = 0.5 - 1.5
Ja = 1 - 2
ngoi tr trng hp chng c bn khi ln. C ngha l trong
iu kin mi trng than gi tr Q c th tnh xp x theo
RQD . JW
Q
SRF
cng thc sau:
Vic xc nh h s gim ng sut SRF thng gp kh

khn i vi cc trng hp ng l nm gn nhau. Mt
cch khc phc kh khn ny l tin hnh phn
tch trng thi ng sut trong trng hp c th, nh gi
ng sut chnh ln nht tc ng ti s n nh ca
khi , th hin n theo mt t l vi bn nn
hoc ko v xc nh SRF theo bng ca Barton [10].
Qua kt qu nghin cu 7 trng hp nn t ca Sheorey [50]

ch ra rng p lc cui cng tc dng ln nc CTN tnh theo
cc phng php phn loi khi hin i khng ph hp vi
cc gi tr o c. C th thy t l thuyt phn tch n do
rng p lc t phi ph thuc vo chiu dy lp t
ph pha trn CTN nh kch thc vng do, trong khi gi tr
SRF c xut bi Barton khng xem xt ti nh hng thc
t ny. Trong khi chu trng thi nn p, gi tr SRF c
xc nh da vo mt thng s ng tin cy l (RMR * x p
lc t ph) (hnh 8.6). ( * RMR = 9lnQ + 44)
Hnh (8.7) th hin s so snh cc kt qu tnh p lc tc

dng ln v chng theo gi tr SRF (hnh 8.6), theo p lc o
c thc t v theo phng php tnh ton na phn tch [50].

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 17-8
R rng rng p lc tc dng ln v chng, s dng cc gi tr

SRF iu chnh, s ph hp hn vi cc gi tr quan st c
trong thc t trong iu kin khi chu trng thi nn p.
Bng : H s gim ng sut SRF

H s gim yu ng sut trong SRF Ch thch
A - Cc vng yu giao ct vi CTN, c th c

hin tng
ln st khi khi CTN o qua:
1. Gim gi tr SRF 25-50%
nu cc i ct ch gy
- Nhiu i yu cha st hoc phn hu 10 hng m hng giao ct vi
ho hc ng hm
hoc cc bao quanh mm yu
- Tng i yu cha st hoc phn hu ho 5
hc
(ng hm su <50m)
- Tng i yu cha st hoc phn hu ho 2.5
hc
(ng hm su >50m)
- Nhiu i ph hu ct trong cng ( su 7.5
bt k)
- Tng i ph hu ct trong cng (ng 5
hm su <50 m)
- Tng i ph hu ct trong cng (ng 2.5
hm su <50 m)
- Cc khe nt m, ri rc hoc dp v mnh 5
B - chu nn p, yu c biu hin chy do di tc
dng ca p lc (ng sut) ln trong khi :
- p lc nn p trung bnh 5-10
- p lc nn p ln 10-20
C - ng sut trong khi cng chc 2. Trong trng ng sut
nguyn sinh c tnh d hn
- ng sut thp, gn mt >200 >13 2.5 (nu o c), khi 5 1/3
t gim c thnh 0,8c v t
- ng sut trung bnh 200-10 13-0,66 1 thnh 0,8t. Khi 1/3>10
- ng sut cao 10-5 0,66-0,33 0,5-2 gim c v t thnh 0.6c
- Kh nng n trung 5-2,5 0,33-0,16 5-10 v 0.6t . y c =
bnh nn n trc ca t =
- Kh nng n ln 2.5 <0,16 10-20

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 18-8
bn ko ca v 1, 3l
cc ng sut chnh ln nht
v nh nht
3. Mt vi trng hp ghi
nhn c cho thy khi
chiu su t ng hm
hn kch thc ng hm
th tng SRF t 2,5ln 5,0
D - trng n, mc trng n tu thuc v iu kin nc ngm ti :
- p lc trng n trung bnh 5-10

- p lc trng n ln 10-15
16
gi t r o (st abl e suppor t s)
30 gi t r o (buc kl ed suppor t s)
x
1 Bar t on (Sr f iu chnh)
gi t r SRF c ho c c 2 Ph ng ph p na phn t ch
2
s
t r ng h p nghi n c u 12 r r p l c nc
s p l c hng
Sr f
20 1
s
2 2 1
p q 3
8 j
p l c gia c p
s
1 s
r
11
10 rs 1
sx 1 1
4 2
2
r x sx
xr rx
s
xs
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600

13
RMR x p l c t , MPa j .q
Hnh 8.7: so s nh p l c t cui c ng t c dng l n v chng
Hnh 8.6: C c gi t r SRF k huy n nghc ho c c t r ng h p
t heo o c v t heo cng t hc ca bar t on (v i SRF c
CTN nm t r ong t chu t r ng t h i nn p
iu chnh) v t heo ph ng ph p na phn t c h.
8.3.3 Phng php Unal [55, 13].

Chiu cao vng ph hu c th tnh theo cng thc:
100 RMR
hl .l
100
hl- Chiu cao vng b ph hu, m;
RMR- Ch s cht lng khi tnh theo Bieniawski;
l- Chiu rng CTN, m.

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 19-8
Bit Q ta c th suy ra RMR theo mi quan h:

RMR = 9lnQ + 44
-
p lc nc tc ng ln v chng:
100 RMR
Pnoc l l
100
8.3.4 Xc nh h s ti trng " " ca arioglu trong cc

iu kin Q khc nhau.
S lng cc m t cho mt khi v cc tnh cht c hc ca
n l cc k quan trng nm gi c k thut iu khin
a tng. a ra c mt gii php thnh cng v c tnh
kinh t khi thit k v chng cho CTN cn thit phi c s d
on chnh xc cc iu kin ca khi v phn ng thc
t ca khi ti hin trng. H s ti trng "" khng bao
gm vic nh ngha s lng cc m t khi khi c CTN
o qua n.
Tnh ton cc ng sut c hc ca v vng ng sut nguyn

sinh bng phng php s dng ch s RMR ca Bieniawski th
h s ""c th vit li theo dng hon thin hn (bng (8.7)
[7, 15]).
Ni chung bng (8.7) m t hu ht nhng kt qu ph hp

gia h s "" ca arioglu v cc ga tr tnh theo cng thc
ca Barton. S khc nhau gia cc kt qu ca hai phng php,
c bit trong cc iu kin chung, c v kh nhiu song c
th chp nhn c khi ng dng trong thc t.
8.4 nh gi p lc ln v chng theo phng php phn

tch l thuyt n do.
8.4.1 Khi nim chung [27].
S dng phng php n hi nh gi p lc ln v chng

cho CTN hnh trn nm trong mi trng n hi tuyn tnh,
ng nht v ng hng c bit ti. Nu so snh vi cc s
liu thc t o c ti cc CTN trong m than th chuyn v
d on khng hon ton chnh xc do y c s pht trin
ca vng do bao quanh cng trnh. Cc phng php phn tch
v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 20-8
n hi khng kh nng th hin y cc qu

trnh (tnh trng: state) bin i, chuyn dch ca t
bao quanh CTN. Khi nim vng do bao quanh CTN c gii
thch u tin bi Fenner. ng gii thch s phn b li ca
ng sut bao quanh CTN dng trn khi khai o. Gi tr ng
sut tip ti nc thay i t bin cng trnh ti mt phn
cch hai vng do v n hi. Cng trnh ca ng to c s
nh gi p lc ln v chng do vng do ca khi xung
quanh CTN. Gii hn c trng cho s ph hu ca Fenner l
ng thng Mohr-Coulomb. Kt qu ca Fenner c nhiu
ngi s dng v cng gp phn to ra c nhiu phng
php d on trng thi ng sut - bin dng ca t trong
vng do xung quanh CTN hnh trn sau ny. Cc kt qu
nghin cu ca Labasse [36], Bray [18], v..v.. cng u rt
ng quan tm. ln ca ng sut bao quanh ng l u
c xem xt rt r rng trong cc phng php. Mc d vy, khi
tnh ton dch chuyn vo trong CTN c xt ti s tc ng
tng h gia v chng v khi c s khc nhau ng k
gia kt qu tnh ton ca mi tc gi.
Bng 8.7: Phn loi theo h s ti trng "".

Cc thng s RQD H s nhm Jr H s nh hng ca nc
phn loi ngm Jw
- Rt yu 25 -Nt n khng lin tc:4 -Kh:
-B mt khe nt nhn <1
- Tt 50 75 1.0
- Rt tt 90 -Dng chy trung bnh:
0.7
-Dng chy mnh:
0.2
Jn Ja SRF

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 21-8
-t nt n -Thnh KN khng phong
1
ho: 1 - iu kin thun li: <2
- C 3 h KN: -Thnh KN phong ho
9 - Khe nt m, c hin tng
nh: 3 ct trt: 3
- nt n -Thnh KN c lp st
mnh:20 - chu trng thi nn p
gia: >10 mnh: > 10
Cht lng Kch thc khi bn ct gia cc ng sut tc ng
nt khi
RQD Jr JW
Q x x
Jn Ja SRF
iu kin
Q 200 (RQD/Jn) 4 (Jr/Ja) 0.02 1 (JW/SRF) 0.005
CTN 0.5
-Rt xu
1
-Tt 4-
10
-Rt tt >
100
p lc nc:
20 0.333 N
Pnoc Q
Jr cm 2
Pnoc = ..l
H s ti trng :
20 Q 0.333
.
Jr l
Khi = 2.5 t/m3, Jr = 1

th: Q 0.333
8.
l
Vi chiu rng CTN l = 5m

Q1 1.6
Q=7 0.75 < < 1.0
Q 100 0.35
Mi tc gi trong phng php tnh ca mnh u a ra

nhng iu kin c trng (gi thit) hn ch mc
phc tp ca bi ton cn gii quyt. C mt vn cn cha
c r rng trong cc phng php l vai tr ca hin tng ph
hu tc thi xung quanh CTN. Mt vi tc gi c gng a ra

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 22-8
nhng quan im ca mnh v vn ny song n nay

n vn cn phi c tip tc nghin cu thm.
Wilson trong l thuyt ca mnh a ra mt kt qu gn

ng u tin v s n nh ca mt ng l hnh trn
trong m, nm su trong iu kin a cht phc tp. L
thuyt ca ng s c gii thiu trong phn sau.
8.4.2 L thuyt ca Wilson.
L thuyt ca Wilson c bn da trn nhng nh gi l

thuyt, n c hnh thnh trn c s nhng quan st thc t
thu c ti cc m than nc Anh. Phm vi p dng ca n bao
gm cc ng hm nm su trong t c bn t ct
kt rn chc ti st yu.
Cc cng thc ca ng c s dng nh mt tiu chun

thit k ti nhiu m than Anh. c im ch yu ca l
thuyt ny c cho trong bng (8.8).
Bng 8.8: L thuyt ca Wilson.
Mi quan h gia ng sut thng ng 1 v ng sut ngang

3 :
Khi tt khng b ph hu: 1 = 0 + k3
Khi b ph hu nm trong vng do: 1 = 0 + k3
H s ng sut 3 trc:
1 sin
k tg 2 450
1 sin 2
a) Trong min do:

ng sut hng knh:
k 1
r
r p p "
.
r0
p"


v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 23-8
ng sut tip:
k 1
r
k p p" .
r0
p"

b) Ti bin gia hai vng do v n hi:

2q 0
r
k 1
k ( 2q 0 )
0
"
(pha vng
k 1
do)
k ( 2q 0 ) (pha vng n
0
k 1 hi)
c) Trong min n hi:

2
r
r q A 0
r
2
r
q A 0
r
1
k 1 q 0 2q 0 p k 1
" ( k 1)
A

k 1 p p k 1
"

trong :
Bn knh vng do r xc nh theo cng thc:
1
2q 0 p k 1 " k 1
r r0
p p "
k 1
Dng phn b ng sut chung c m t di y:

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 24-8
dch chuyn xuyn tm:

c = d - d0
d d0 c
K x 100 x 100 , %
d d
hi t K:
Xc nh gi tr (c):
2
k 1
k 1 q 2q
1 f f
cd
E k 1 p p k 1
"

Gi tr (c) i vi a tng trung bnh (average strata):
v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 25-8
2
k 1
k 1 q f 2q
f
c 0.37 d x 10 3
k 1 p 0.1 k 1
"

i vi ng l bao quanh hon ton bi than:

2.2
k 1
k 1 q 2q
4 f f
c d x 10 3
k 1 p 0 .1 k 1

Ti trng phn b:
q = .H 0.025 H , MPa
Vng do s khng xut hin nu r < r0
Nu r < r0 th q = .H.
su t CTN (H) m ti bt u xut hin vng do:

H"
1
2
x p p" k 1
f

M un n hi E:
E = 0.31 x 103 , MPa
y:
c- dch chuyn xuyn tm, m;
d- ng knh cng trnh khi o, m;
r0- Bn knh cng trnh khi o, r0 = d/2;
E- Mun n hi, MPa;
e- H s th nghim bn ti hin trng (in-situ), f = 1 - 7
tu thuc vo mc nt n v bn ca .
f=1 khng nt n, lin khi (bao gm c b tng)

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 26-8
f=2
cng nt n t hoc phn tng nh
f = 3 nt n nhiu hn song vn mang tnh lin khi
f = 4 nt n mnh v yu
f = 5 t khng n nh v b ri nh than
f = 6, 7 yu gn vng c t gy
H- Chiu dy lp t ph ( su t cng trnh), m;

H- Chiu su t cng trnh bt u xut hin vng
do, m;
k- H s ng sut 3 trc;
p- p lc gia c ca v chng, MPa;
pv- p lc gia c thng ng, MPa;
p- tng p lc gia c do tnh cht dnh kt ca b ph
hy, MPa (xp x = 0.1 MPa),
"0
"
p
k 1
q- plc phn b, MPa;
- Dung trng trung bnh ca , = 0.025MN/m3;
- H s gin n lin quan ti vng do (xp x 0.2);
- H s Poisson (c th ly = 0.25);
- bn nn n trc ca t kt qu th nghim trong
phng, MPa;
0- bn nn n trc ca ph hu;
0- bn ti hin trng ca khi ,
1- bn nn trong trng thi 3 trc;
3- p lc hn ch (p lc hng).
8.5 V d d on p lc t ln v chng CTN.
nh gi (d on) p lc khi thit k v chng CTN ti cc

m Alpagut- Dodurga lignite - Th Nh K, 5 phng php tnh
khc nhau c s dng. Kt qu tnh theo mi phng php
cho trong bng (8.9).
T bng (8.9) ta rt ra mt s nhn xt sau:

-
Cng thc ca Barton v Rabcewicz nhn c trn c s l
thuyt ph hu ct nn c s dng tnh p lc
trong iu kin khi ng nht.
v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 27-8
-
p lc trung bnh tnh theo l thuyt ca Wilson ph thuc
nhiu vo mc dch chuyn hng tm (c). Ni cch khc,
khi dch chuyn (c) tng th p lc t ln v chng
gim. Kt qu quan st dch chuyn thng ng cho
thy cc gia tr tnh ton theo Wilson rt ph hp vi cc gi
tr tnh ton p lc gia c tnh theo Sikora-Kidybinski [51],
ngi xem ch s nc nh mt khi nim dng thit k.
-
Phng php ca Arioglu c bn da trn biu hin cu trc
ph hu ca h thng gia c.
8.6 nh gi tI trng ng.
8.6.1 Khi nim chung.

Khi CTN nm trong cng cho thy s pht trin ca ti trng
ng tc dng ln cng trnh gy ra bi t gn CTN,
c bit ti cc CTN nm su ni c p lc cao.
Cc dng ph hu ng khc nhau c th thy ti nhiu vng

khc nhau, nguyn nhn l do iu kin a cht cc b v
cc c tnh c hc ca khi khng ging nhau. Khi m
nm di a tng t vng chc v cng tc khai thc
pht trin trn mt phm vi rng ln s xt hin nhng tc ng
a chn (seismicity) di dng chn ng nng lng cao. Nng l-
ng to ra t cc sng a chn c th gy tc dng thm ch
ti c cc ng l nm cch xa , do gy nguy him cho
cng tc chng gi, pht sinh nhng nguy him phn nc, n
ti hng hoc bng nn [34].
ng l o trong khi gin (brittle) nm su ln, hin

tng tp trung ng sut c th l nguyn nhn gy ra s ph
hu bt ng, d thy nht l "n " lm tch ra nhng
mnh mng, l dng ph hu in hnh trong cng.
Nhng hin tng nh ng t trc hay nhng s kin a
chn sau ny trong qu trnh thay i b mt tri t c th
c nh hng ti s n nh ca ng l v n cn phi c
xem xt ti nh l mt yu t k thut trong qu trnh la chn
loi v xc nh kch thc v chng [34].

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 28-8
8.6.2 Ti liu iu tra v thit k v chng ng l

nm trong vng chu tc ng a chn.
Dowding v Roren [24] khi xem xt nh gi s nguy him ca
ng t ti cc CTN gi rng:
-
"Khng nguy him" nu tc tng tc (gia tc) v vn tc
xp x: 0.2g v 20cm/s (g = 9.81 m/s2)
-
"Nguy him nh" khi 0.5g v 90cm/s
-
"Nguy him": cc mc cn li.

v m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 29-8
Phng php D liu Cng thc p lc d Ghi ch

bo
BARTON RQD = 25 P = 24 N/cm2 Cc s liu c
LIEN Jn = 6 RQD Jr JW thu thp di
Q x x
LUNDE Jr = 1.5 Jn Ja SRF ngm vi s tr
Ja = 3 gip ca mt k
Jw = 0.66 s a cht
SRF = 15
RABCEWICZ t = 15cm P = 25 N/cm2 bn ca b
c = 500N/cm2(b P
t . tng c xc
tng) r cos . sin nh bng ph-
r = 0.25c= ng php khng
125N/cm2 ph hu (v d
= 175 cm bng ba
300 Schmidt).
SIKORA- c = 80 N/cm2 () P = 15 30 Nu Sg<0.66
KIDYBINSKI = 2.5 t/m3 c N/cm cn loi v
Sg
2
= 250m H nk ab chng c sc
H
n =3 chu ti 15
k = 1.5 30N/cm2 (tham
a = 0.8 kho bng 8.3
b =1.2 trang *****).
WILSON deq = 250cm P = 15 27 dch chuyn
http://dotheanhxdnm57.blogspot.com a ch cung cp ti liu xy dng ngm v m 2
k 1 q c
2q c k 1
1 f f
cd
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 30-8
c = 800 N/cm2 N/cm2 hng tm (c) xc

E () nh bng quan
f = 250MPa st ti hin tr-
=5 ng.
= 0.25
p = 0.2
= 10 N/cm2
c = 200 k = 2
= 75 - 150cm
(t cc kt qu quan
st)
ARIOGLU =3000N/cm2(v Pcollapse = 20 Ti trng ph
1.88 c d 3
d g) Pcollapse N/cm2 hu tng ng vi
l2 b
b = 18cm cc v chng g
l = 75cm c 3 tr c
= 150cm tnh theo l
thuyt do.
b- [ h s ph hu ] x [ khong cch gia cc v chng];

deq- ng knh n nh ca CTN;
H- su t ng l;
l- Na chiu rng v chng g;
r- Bn knh ng l;
http://dotheanhxdnm57.blogspot.com a ch cung cp ti liu xy dng ngm v m

Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 31-8
t- Chiu dy v b tng;
- Gc nghing ca t ph hu pha trn v b tng;
c- bn nn ca b tng;
- bn ct ca b tng.
Bng 8.9: D bo p lc tc dng ln CTN phc v thit k chng gi the cc phng php
khc nhau.
http://dotheanhxdnm57.blogspot.com a ch cung cp ti liu xy dng ngm v m

Nghin cu ca Glass [28] v nhng tc gi khc cho thy t l
ng sut ng trn ng sut tnh i vi c CTN c chng gi
v khng c chng gi u khng th vt qu 1/2 khi c sng
a chn truyn qua.
Theo phng php thc nghim n gin ca Barton [11], CTN

thit k chu sng a chn bng cch tng gi tr SRF trong
cng thc tnh Q. Khi tng SRF ln 100% th kt qu l:
Qa chn= 1/2 Qtnh
khi p lc gia c cn thit phi tng 25%
Ni chung, khi s dng phng php ny thit k CTN nm

trong vng chu tc ng a chn, khong cch gia cc neo
thng thu ngn li v v BTP c th phi s dng thm li
thp.
Ti vng khi cht lng km, t l ng sut ng trn ng sut

tnh s ln nht v phi s dng v chng b tng, "s gim a
chn" trong Q c th khc phc bng cch s dng thp gia c-
ng cho b tng, l phng php c hiu qu khi mun iu
khin s pht trin ca vt nt trong v chng.
8.6.3 Nng lng ti trng ng v cc thnh phn ca n

theo l thuyt ca Kidybinski [34].
Mc d ti trng ng l yu t t bn ngoi song s nh hng
ca n vn gy ra s thay i (dch chuyn) th tch ca khi
bao quanh CTN vi mt tc no . L thuyt ca
Kidybinski c tng kt trong bng (8.10).
Bng 8.10: Tng kt l thuyt ca Kidybinski.

Nng lng ng: Ek = 0.5 Q. v2 = 0.5 Q (v12 + v22)
Q- Trng lng khi dch chuyn do tc dng ca ti trng
ng;
v- Tc dch chuyn ca khi c nh hng ti CTN;
v1- Tc dch chuyn ca cc phn t gy ra bi nhng
chn ng a chn cch xa ;
v2- Tc dch chuyn ca cc khi (lumps) gy ra bi s
ph hu nhanh chng.
Trng lng ln nht ca khi :

2 . H
Qmax a 2 . . 0 . 1
Rc
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 34-8
a- Bn knh CTN;
- Dung trng lp t ph;
0- Dung trng t bao quanh CTN
H- su t CTN
Rc- bn nn ca yu nht trong vng chu trng thi
ng sut cao bao quanh CTN.
Theo kinh nghim, khng phi ton b t bao quanh CTN b
ph hu, nghin nt m ch mt phn ca n, ti nhng v tr
yu nht, mi xy ra hin tng ny. Trng hp ng l o
trong va khong sn, trng lng khi gy ti trng ng ln
2 . H
Q 0.65 a M 1
Rc
v chng c tnh nh sau:
M- Phn khng chng ln nht trong mt ct ngang ti ni

yu nht (than) = Chiu rng ng l, m.
1.55
3.27 D
v1 2.64 0.5
2.2W
Tc dch chuyn:
D- Khong cch gia ngun gy tc ng a chn vi ng

l, m;
W- Trng lng t c tnh "n"(biu hin ph hu trong
cng chu trng thi ng sut cao) c, kg.
W = 17.6 lnE
E- Nng lng gy chn ng, J.
S dng phng trnh ny nh gi tc dng ph hu ca

sng a chn ln ng l cho ta kt qa sau:
v1 (m/s) Mc nguy him cho ng l
0.1 0.2 Sp l nhiu nc v c th
phn nn
0.2 0.5 Nguy him ln
> 0.5 Ph hu hon ton
Tc dch chuyn v2:
a 2 H 0
v2 . 1 . 1
http://dotheanhxdnm57.blogspot.com
2 t Rc 1
a ch cung cp ti liu xy dng ngm v
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 35-8
dch chuyn "ng" ca chu vi ng l (a):

a 2 H 0
a 1 1
2 Rc 1
t- Thi gian ph hu ng, t 0.3s (trung bnh);

0- Dung trng trc khi ph hu ( trng thi nguyn khi),
i vi than 0 = 1.3t/m3;
1- Dung trng ca sau khi ph hu ( trng thi ri rc), i
vi than 1 = 0.9t/m3.
8.7 La chn v xc nh kch thc CTN.

La chn v xc nh kch thc v chng ch l hai trong s
nhiu vn ca cng tc thit k mt CTN hot ng c hiu
qu v kinh t. Cc CTN phi p ng c cc nhu cu v vn
chuyn v thng gi do chc nng c bn ca h thng v
chng l duy tr s n nh cho cng trnh. Tuy nhin kt cu
v chng ch c coi l tt nht khi n ng thi xt ti c hai
yu t: an ton v tnh kinh t. V chng ph hp vi yu cu
nhim v t ra c la chn t nhiu loi khc nhau, trong
tnh kinh t s ng vai tr quyt nh i vi s la chn cui
cng.
8.7.2 Cc nh ngha.
8.7.2.1 H thng v chng "ch ng" v "b ng".
Khi xem xt cc dng v chng, mi loi c coi l v chng "ch
ng" hay "b ng" tu thuc v c im, chc nng ch
yu ca chng. Ni chung cc phng php chng gi truyn
thng c u mang tnh cht "b ng" trong khi cc phng
php chng gi gn y c xu hng ch ng hn.
Bt k loi v chng no khng c tnh ch ng sinh ra lc y

chng li khi ngay sau khi lp t u c th gi l
dng kt cu chng b ng. i vi cc kt cu chng mang
tnh b ng, n ch pht huy cc chc nng chng gi khi m
bin CTN c s dch chuyn ln "nn p" chng v v
http://dotheanhxdnm57.blogspot.com a ch cung cp ti liu xy dng ngm v

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 36-8
chng s pht sinh nhng lc chng li nhm hn ch s dch

chuyn ca khi . S "phn ng" ca v chng tu thuc vo
cng ca n v thi gian lp t . T cc quan st thc t
cho thy rng s dch chuyn sm ca khi trn bin CTN s
c th c ngn cn ****************
Hu ht cc kt cu chng gi (v chng g, v thp hnh ch

nht, vm thp, neo khng ng sut trc) u l nhng kt cu
chng mang tnh "b ng"
Kt cu chng mang tnh ch ng l nhng loi c kh nng

gy tc ng v hn ch bin dng ca khi ngay sau khi
lp t [4]. Neo dnh kt c ng sut trc, v chng lp ghp,
v b tng lin khi v v BTP l nhng v d in hnh ca
kt cu chng "ch ng".
8.7.2.2 Tng kt cc dng kt cu chng ch yu.

Kt cu chng gi ng l phn chia ra hai dng v chng tm
thi v v c nh. V chng tm thi c lp t gi n
nh cho cng trnh trong thi gian xy dng. Cc loi kt cu
chng thuc dng ny bao gm: v BTP, vm thp, cc dng kt
cu chng gia cng khi . V chng c nh c s dng
m bo s n nh lu di v cho php p ng cc nhim
v chnh t ra cho ng l. Trong tt c cc trng hp, h
thng v chng tm thi u c th s dng trc tip nh l mt
b phn ca v chng c nh.
8.7.2.3 Biu phn ng tng tc khi - kt cu chng.

ng sut v bin dng trong khi bao quanh ng l v trong
kt cu chng ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
-
c tnh c hc ca khi .
-
Trng thi ng sut nguyn sinh.
-
cng ca kt cu chng.
-
Thi gian lp t kt cu chng sau khi khai o.
Mi quan h gia cc yu t c m t r rng bi cc ng

c tnh khi v ng cong phn ng ca v chng trn
biu phn ng v chng - khi . c im v phng php
xy dng cc biu ny c trnh by trong cc ti liu
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 37-8
[17,19, 29, 39] kh chi tit. V l do , phm vi ca chng ny

ch l nhm a ra nhng thng tin v vn ny ch khng
i su vo gii quyt c th.
Mc d vy, cc khi nim c bn vn s c cp cng vi mt

v d n gin trn hnh (8.8) [20].
Mt CTN tit din trn c o trong khi ng nht, ng

hng chu trng thi ng sut thu tnh (p 0). Khi CTN o qua
khi th s gy ra s dch chuyn, bin dng trong khi
bao quanh ng l v trng ng sut c phn b li. p lc
chng gi (pi), i hi ti bin cng trnh hn ch s dch
chuyn hng knh (i) c tnh da vo ng cong c tnh
ca khi v ng cong c tnh kt cu chng s dng.
Trong trng hp xem xt di y, vng do xut hin trong khi
bt u ti thi im tng ng vi im B v khi gng l
tip tc tin th vng do cng s pht trin vo trong khi .
Kt cu chng c lp t ti im P sau khi c mt lng
dch chuyn () ca khi . p lc ln v chng tip tc tng ln
cng vi s dch chuyn dc theo ng cong phn ng ca v
chng (ng c tnh v chng) PC n khi s cn bng t
c ti im C. S c mt ca v chng s l bin php gi
n nh khi v do lm tng bn ca v kh nng t
mang ti ca khi (hnh 8.8b).

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 38-8
D
0
Hnh 8.8 (a): S hnh thnh vng do xung quanh CTN tit din
trn trong trng ng sut thu tnh v (b): Biu phn ng t-
ng tc khi - kt cu chng.
Trong trng hp khi tt v rn cng th s phn b li ng

sut c th c bo m do kh nng t mang ti cao ca khi
. Khi khng cn i hi phi s dng kt cu chng v
bin ng l ch c bin dng rt nh.
Biu phn ng khi - kt cu chng l mt cng c c

hiu qu hiu r c cu chng gi cho ng l trong m.
Chng cng c th c s dng nhiu la chn v xc nh
kch thc ca v chng.
Cc phn tch chung v mi lin quan gia v chng v a

tng c pht trin trong ti liu [26] khi c xem xt ti h s
an ton ca kt cu chng. C 3 trng hp c nh ngha:
S2 Kt cu chng cng
1.1 < S <2 Kt cu chng linh hot
S 1.1 Kt cu chng rt linh hot

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 39-8
Hnh (8.9), (8.10) [26] m t s ph thuc ca p lc vo

cng v linh hot ca kt cu chng.
p- p lc khi ;
u- Chuyn v ca khi
Pu- ng gim sc p y
ca khi (p lc
tng cng ca khi );
P0- c tnh ca v chng
linh hot hon ton (p lc
tnh ca khi );
Pa- p lc bin dng ca
khi ;
Pz- p lc ban u trong
khi ;
Ps, Ps1- c tnh ca v
chng cng;
u0- Gii hn chuyn v ca
h thng khi - kt
cu chng.
Hnh 8.9: S ph thuc ca p lc vo chuyn v nc.
Theo ti liu tham kho [26], h s an ton ca h thng "S" c

th xc nh theo phng trnh:
1
exp
1

b 1 f 2 f
S 1 S 1 H K f2
hoc
eA H .K . f 2
A

b 1 f 2
f
S- H s an ton ca kt cu chng;
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 40-8
H- Chiu su t ng l;
b- Na chiu rng ng l;
K- H s y ngang;
f- H s bn ca khi , f = tan();
- Gc ma st trong ca .
KCC cng
Sg- H s an ton ca kt cu chng do

kh nng mang ti t nhin ca khi
;
'
P v- p lc tnh tng i vi s bin dng
(gin n - decompression) ca h
thng;
P'sg- Sc chu ti tng i ca kt cu
chng cn bng vi p lc tng cng
nh nht ca khi .
'
P s2- Sc chu ti tng i ca v chng
cn bng vi p lc tng cng nh
nht ca khi khi h s an ton S
= 2.
Hnh 8.10: Phm vi thay i p lc i vi kt cu chng

linh hot v cng.
T nhng phng trnh trn xy dng c mt biu

xc nh h s S hoc thng s A (hnh 8.11) [26].
V d: H = 350m; f = 1.5; b = 2m; K = 0.45
Hnh 8.11
T hnh 8.11 ta suy ra A = 5.5; S = 1.2.
Do 1.2 < S < 2 nn phi s dng kt cu chng dng linh hot.
8.7.2.4 Tng kt cc h thng kt cu chng chnh.

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 41-8
Bng 8.11: Phn loi chung cc phng php chng gi s

dng trong cc ng l m than ti Anh.
Loi kt iu kin a Phm vi p dng Ch thch
cu cht tng ng
chng vi s la chn
1 2 3 4
1- Khng 1/ rt tt (sa 1- S dng ti v tr 1- Cc iu
s dng thch lin y ging khi c kin cho php
kt cu khi...) iu kin t rt t khi xy
chng 2/ Rt him thch hp ra. Do
gp 2- Thnh thong khng nn s
gp ti ni cch dng ng l
xa s tc ng khng c
ca cng tc khai chng gi
tc
1/ Tng cng 1/ L tit din ch
1/ Neo phi -
kh nng n nht c gia c bng
c s dng hp
2- Neo nh cho khi cc neo, c bit
l
phn tng khi dng phng php
2/ V tr neo
bng neo. khai thc bung ct.
ng vai tr
2/ loi do 2/ Hn ch tc
rt quan trng.
yu i hi tin gng, s dng
neo c bit l tit din ch
3/ Neo gp nht.
phn tng 3/ S dng gia c-
n nh cng ng cho v chng.
trnh trong hu
ht cc iu
kin khai thc
than.
3- V 1/ o l trong 1/ Gim tc tin 1/ n gin khi
thp va c chiu gng tho lp
dng ch dy ln 2/ Phn gng c 2/ Tng kh
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 42-8
nht 2/ Dm nc c chng u tin
bn t 3/ iu kin a nng nng cao
nhin c tng cht ph hp duy tr c tc
cng tnh hiu s n nh phn o
qu nc, v d: nc l 3/ Nhy cm vi
3/ Trong iu sa thch ng sut a
kin ng sut tng ln v t
thp (m nm l bin dng
nng) ln c th gy
ra ph hu sm
v chng.
4- V 1/ Ca ng l 1/ Hu ht cc ng 1/ c chng
chng c bin dng ln l trong m than minh qua
dng vm v ng sut c bit ti ni m nhiu nm
cng a tng cao cc dng kt cu kinh nghim l
chng khc khng mt dng kt
kh nng mang cu chng
ti ng tin cy
v chu trng
thi ng sut
cao
5- V 1/ ng l c 1/ Mt s ng l 1/ Bin dng
thp do dch chuyn trong m than ngoi ngang ln c
a tng ln tr nhng ni c th lm mt
theo phng bin dng ngang ln hiu qu ca
thng ng xy ra tnh do v
2/ Ni yu dn ti v
c tnh do cao chng sm b
ph hu
2/ Kh khn do
thanh chng
kch thc ln
6- V 1/ iu kin 1/ Tc o nhanh 1/ V chng
chng t yu + o ton gng vng chc khi
thp 2/ Trng thi ng trong mi Iu kin c tip xc
dng trn sut thu tnh a cht tt i vi
ln 2/ S dng ch yu 2/ Tng n
3/ iu kin trong ng l chnh nh t nhin
i hi c bin ca m
dng do 3/ Ph hp vi ng l
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 43-8
hn l ca ng l
7- V b 1/ iu kin 1/ V chng phi rt 1/ Lp nht
tng lp t rt yu kho nhng khng cho y v
ghp 2/ Trng thi ng php c bin dng hiu qu pha
sut thu tnh do ng k trc khi sau v chng.
ln nt v 2/ Ti trng tp
2/ ng l tui th ln trung lm gim
ti y ging v ti mnh bn
mt s l chnh ca kt cu
chng
8- V b 1/ Trong cc 1/ L tit din ch 1/ t cn
tng lin Iu kin m nht ti v tr y c s n nh
khi ni chung tI ging c tit din tng i sau
Anh ngang ln v cn c khi xy dng
2/ ng sut y b mt nhn. (khng chu
ngang thp 2/ Bung v xng tc ng ca
3/ Thot khi xy dng di ngm cng tc khai
hon ton s (CTN tit din ln) thc)
tc ng ca 3/ Hm bunke
ng sut a
tng do cc hot
ng a cht
v m gy ra
9- V BTP 1/ Hu ht cc 1/ Cn mt v chng 1/ Vic p
iu kin a tm thi lp dng dng phi rt
cht gm c nhanh chng kho lo.
ni c nc ngn cn s tch v 2/ C th s
ngm v khi ca nhng phin dng bin
cn phi gia c mng nh ngay sau php ny ti
khi nhanh. khi o, v c s bt k thi
dng trc khi xy im no
dng v chng c trong qu
nh. trnh chng
2/ C hiu qu hn gi ng l
khi s dng kt hp
vi neo v li thp.
C th s dng lm
v chng ging.

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 44-8
8.8 Ch dn chung cho vic thc hin chng gi.

-
Tin hnh gia c gn gng ngay sau khi o (Trong mt s tr-
ng hp nu c th th tin hnh gia c trc khi o).
-
Cn to s tip xc tt gia khi v kt cu chng.
-
Kh nng bin dng ca gia c ph hp vi s dch chuyn bin
CTN.
-
H thng gia c c kh nng tt nht ngn cn s gim st cc
tnh cht c hc ca khi bi nguyn nhn phong ho.
-
Khng nn thc hin vic loi b v thay th cc thnh phn
ca gia c ang s dng.
-
H thng gia c c kh nng thch ng tt vi cc iu kin
khc nhau ca khi v tit din ngang CTN.
-
H thng gia c gy cn tr t nht ti cng tc ti gng o.
8.9 La chn h thng chng gi ng l.

Vic s dng cc nh gi thc nghim kt hp vi cc nhn xt
k thut v kinh nghim to ra mt cng c c hiu qu la
chn h thng chng gi l nh vo mt s c im ng
ch (v d nh: tnh n gin, tnh "nhy cm" vi s thay i
iu kin a tng v cc iu kin khc ca t v..v..)
ca chng.
Mc d vy, ngi k s vn cn phi c s n lc khi p dng cc

phng php phn tch v s hc kt hp vi cc qu trnh theo
di nhn xt (quan st). c bit, nhng quan st v o c
to ra nhng d liu rt c gi tr nhm lm sng t cc nh gi
thc nghim a ra, cc gi thit k thut v cng nhm hiu
r hn v mt l thuyt phn ng tng tc ca khi vi kt
cu chng.
Khi thit k v chng s gp phi nhng vn nh vn chuyn

hay lp t chng nh th no. Vic lp t v chng cn
nhanh chng, d dng v khng gy cn tr cc hot ng khc
trong cng trnh. Bi v nhng vn ny c lin quan ti gi
thnh xy dng cng trnh do ngi k s nn c s quan tm
cn thit thit k tho mn c hai yu cu. Trong chng ny
(la chn h thng v chng) ch yu da vo cc nh gi thc
nghim c s dng trong xy dng m.
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 45-8
8.9.2 La chn h thng chng gi trn c s cc iu tra

kho st ti vng than Donets.
Nghin cu tin hnh ti vng than Donets a ra mt tiu
chun nh gi n nh ca CTN, l gi tr (H/R).
Bng (8.12) a ra nhng dng kt cu chng tng ng thch hp
theo gi tr (H/R).
V d: Mt ng l c su H = 1000m, bn R =
70MPa, = 25KN/m3.
H 25 x 1000 ( kN / m 2 )
0.35
R 70.000 ( kN / m 2 )
Suy ra: n nh trung bnh.
Bng 8.12: n nh ca khi v dng chng gi khuyn

ngh
Loi Gi tr (H/R) Dng chng gi kin ngh

1 2 3 4
Chng gi nh ngn cn s trc v
Tt < 0.25 < 0.3 ca t . V chng c sc chu
ti 30 - 50 KN/m2. dch chuyn
chu vi ng l khng qu 50mm
V chng khng c vm ngc m
Trun 0.25 - 0.4 0.3 - bo do ca h thng "a tng
g 0.45 - v chng" 150-200mm v sc
bnh chu ti 100-150 KN/m2. C th p
dng v chng cng, khi tnh do
c bo m bng vic s dng cc
tm chn pha sau v chng hoc
vic xy dng c tin hnh cch
xa vng c dch chuyn mnh
V chng kn dng vng, mm c
Yu > 0.4 > 0.45 bin cong, do ca h thng "a

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 46-8
tng - v chng" m bo 300-

500mm v sc chu ti 150-
300KN/m2. Hin tng bng nn cn
thit phi ch ti
Theo cn s dng v chng dng vm cng c sc chu ti

n 100-150KN/m2.
8.9.3 La chn h thng chng gi ti u theo phng php

kin ngh bi "Vin m trung tm" Katowice.
Trn c s bn (Rcf) ta xc nh c ch s n nh ca
v theo la chn dng kt cu chng gi ti u cho ng l.
-
Ch s n nh ca Sg:
Ref
Sg
H k ab
y:Ref- bn hu hiu ca , KN/m2 (effective rock

strenght)
- Dung trng trung bnh ca cc loI trong khi
(i vi than = 13kN/m3, phin v sa thch =
25kN.m3)
H- Chiu su t CTN, m
k- H s tp trung ng sut, cc gi tr gn ng ca
(k) c ly theo bng (8.13).
b- H s ph hu , cc gi tr gn ng ly theo
bng 8.14.
a- H s "l" ph thuc kch thc ng l, gi tr xp
x ly theo hnh (8.12).

m
Chiu r ng CTN, m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 47-8
Bng 8.13: Gi tr h s tp trung ng sut (k).

Gi tr Loi v v tr CTN
(k)
1.5 L chnh o trong
2.0 L chnh v l chun b trong khonh khai thc
2.5 Cc ng l gn khu vc khai thc c o trong
than c bn yu v trung bnh (Rc 25MPa)
3.0 Cc ng l gn khu khai thc c o trong than c
bn cao (Rc 25 MPa).
Bng 8.14: Gi tr h s ph hu (b).

Gi tr Loi v v tr CTN
(b)
1.0 L chnh trong nguyn
1.2 L chnh trong b nh hng ("xo trn")
1.4 L chun b trong khng b "xo trn"
1.6 L chun b trong b "xo trn"
1.8 Cc ng l c o gn khu khai thc v o trong
va dy hn 1.5m
2.0 Cc ng l c o gn khu khai thc v o trong
va dy nh hn 1.5m
Nhng nguyn tc chung sau y c s dng la chn h

thng v chng ti Upper Silesis [51].
-
Nu Sg >1.0 khi c th t n nh hoc s dng thm
neo ngn ti nc. S dng cc dng v chng dng vm, ch
nht l khng hp l.
-
Nu Sg = 0.8 - 1.0 khi khng t n nh c, i hi
phi c v chng "ng", nh chng li p lc nc hoc s
dng v chng di dng cc neo di nhm m bo s hnh
thnh vng mang ti trong khi .
-
Nu Sg = 0.6 - 0.8 Cn s dng v chng "ng" loi "nng"
(c sc chu ti cao v c linh hot) v cn ch m bo
n nh cn thit ca v chng (gn kt chung vi khi
bng neo).
-
Nu Sg < 0.6 p lc hng v t nhiu pha phi c xem
xt, nn s dng kt cu chng kn. Chng c kh nng chu
bin dng ln m khng mt i kh nng mang ti.
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 48-8
Cc k hiu sau c s dng trong bng (8.15):

S- Chiu rng ng l ti nn
LS- Vm cng bng thp ni vi nhau bng bulng bn m,
Thp ch I (2T sections) hoc thp ray.
G - 110: Thp ch I ln, cao 110mm
G - 140: Thp ch I ln, cao 140mm
LK- Vm do bng thp lng mng 190-250N/m, lin kt ma
st bng bulng gng.
MM- nets expanded from cut steel sheets.
Bng 8.15: Kin ngh la chn kt cu chng theo ch s n
nh nc Sg.
Sg < 0.6 Sg = 0.61-0.8
S dng cc v chng kn V chng thch hp l vm
(trn hoc tng t to ra t thp cng LS (G-140) c
L b tng hoc kt cu lp neo vo trong khi . Khi
chnh ghp) c do c to ra Sg 0.61 nn s dng
bng vic s dng cc tm thm BTP dy 100-150mm
m g hoc vt liu khc Hoc s dng vm v
sao cho m bo do chng dng vm thp LS
ca KCC, c th bin dng (G-140) kt hp neo cht
400mm m khng gy ph do di 0.5S ti nc v
hu KCC. Trong trng hp hng. Cc loi v chng
nn cng nn dng vm thp sau cng c th c s
cng LS (G - 140) kt hp dng:
BTP dy 200 ti nc v 1/ V b tng tng cng tr-
150mm ti sn. Kh nng c bn ko.
mang ti ti ca v 2/ V lp ghp c
chng i hi khng nh bn thch hp, kh nng
hn 150-300kN/m2 mang ti 100-150kN/m2.
Tnh do ti v tr tip xc
gia khi v v chng
c da vo chiu dy v
cht ca lp vt liu
lp y (chn) pha sau
v chng.
V chng kn hoc tng - Chng gi bng vm thp
ng lm bng vm thp cng LS (G-110) hoc t-
cng LS (G-140) c s dng ng ng vi khong
cc tm chn gi u ln cch 1m. Khi Sg 0.61 th
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 49-8
L nhau. Trng hp nn
chun cng nn s dng vm thp cc dng v chng ny nn
b cng LS (Sg 0.61G-140) ktc gia cng bng neo
hp vi neo cht do di ticht do (di ti thiu
thiu 0.5S tI nc v hng, 0.333S) hoc dng vm
khong 4-6 neo trn 1 vng. thp cng G-140 khng c
neo. Tnh do cn thit
ca vng tip xc gia
khi v v chng c
to ra bng dy v
cht ca vt liu chn
lp.
Ca V chng hnh ch nht V chng dng ch nht
hm - hoc trn c kh nng chu ct ma st v x nc dng
L dc ti ti thiu 200kN/m2, kh hp hoc G-110; G-140.
va nng bin dng do hng Khi Sg 0.61 th cc dng
knh 500mm v chng ny dng thm
neo ti nc v hng.
Khong cch gia cc v
chng Khi Sg 0.61 l
0.5m, khi Sg 0.8 l 1m
Sg = 0.81 - 1.0 Sg = 1.01 - 1.2 Sg > 1.2
V chng vm thp do LK, V chng bng Khng cn
khong cch 1m c tm chn gi neo cht do di chng gi,
u ln nhau ti nc v hng. 0.25-0.333S, ng l nn
Vt lu chn phi c cht khu 1-1.5m c bo v
ln. Khi Sg 0.81 th cn gia c kt hp li khi s ri
cng cho v chng bng neo thp bo v xung ca
cht do. Ngoi ra c th s nc v phn cc cc
dng 1 s dng v chng khc: hng trn. Hoc bng li thp
1/ V chng vm thp cng LS s dng v BTP gn cht
(G-110) hoc tng ng. dy 50mm. Tt vo nc
2/ Li thp MM ti nc v hng c cc v chng bng neo
kt hp vi neo cht do di 1/3 u i hi sc ngn.
n 1/25S v v thp khu chu ti = 30-
1,0m cng vi BTP dy 100mm ti 50kN/m
2
nc v 30mm ti hng. Tng

kh nng mang ti ca kt cu
chng l 50-100kN/m2

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 50-8
Chng gi bng vm thp do Neo cht do di
LK, khong cch cc v bng 0.333S, khu Neo cht do
1m, c li thp loi MM ti hng 1-1.5m ti nc di 1/3 S,
cn nc th s dng tm chn. v s dng neo khu
Vt liu chn phi c cht cht do (hoc 1.5m ti nc
ln. Khi Sg 0.81 th v neo g) di 0.5S v neo g ti
chng nn c gia cng bng ti hng. B hng, kt
BTP dy 100mm ti nc v xung li thp ti hp s dng
50mm ti hng hoc ta c th nc v hng li thp.
s dng vm thp cng G-110
Chng gi bng vm thp do
LK c li kim loi ti hng v tm
chn ti nc. Khi Sg 0.81, v
chng c gia cng thm bng
neo cht do hoc neo g ti
nh v chn tng.
8.9.4 F.G. Phng php la chn v thit k chng gi cc

ng l.
8.9.4.1 Khi nim chung.
Mt phng php la chn kt cu chng gi cc ng l chnh
c kin ngh t cc kt qu nghin cu k lng ca F.G.G. N c
th tng kt nh sau:
-
Tnh ton hi t "K".
-
Tr s K cn thm vo p lc chiu su nhn c t cc lp
nm trn.
-
La chn h thng v chng thch hp da vo gi tr K (bng
(8.16) [51]).
Bng 8.16.
%
V chng do hnh vm bng
thp,
3 trng lng q = 300-600 N/m.
0 Lng thp tiu dng SA = 300
N/m3
V chng do hnh vm bng
thp,
1 trng lng q = 260-290 N/m.
5 Lng thp tiu dng SA = 250

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 51-8
Lng thp tiu dng SA c tnh theo cng thc:

W q xU
SA
F xa F xa
SA- Lng thp tiu dng, N/m3;

W- Tng trng lng thp trong mt v chng, N;
q- Trng lng n v 1 mt di thp, N/m;
F- Din tch mt ct ngang ng l. m2;
U- Chu vi ng l, m;
a- Khong cch gia cc v chng, m.
Hnh (8.13) cho thy s ph thuc ca bin dng v chng vo
hi t K i vi v chng vm thp cng (1); do (2) v c
cht lp nht ng cng nhanh (3).
4
vk
1
3
2
3
2
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
k;%
Hnh 8.13: Phm vi p dng ca cc kt cu chngtrong l

chnh v ca l
VK- Ch s bin dng. K- hi t.
1- Vm thp cng. 2- Vm thp do. 3- Vm do vi cht lp nht
ng cng nhanh
Hnh 8.14: Ch s bin dng theo cc kt qu kho st hin tr-
ng ca F.G.G.
Loi Ch s bin dng v Tiu chun bin dng
ngha ca n ca cc cu kin trong
vm
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 52-8
Hnh (a) Khng un (1)
khng thy c bin
dng
Hnh (b) C ch un nh (2) Thy c bin dng
Hnh (c) C ch un mnh (3) Gp mnh
Hnh (d) Nguy him Gp mnh v xon
Hnh (e) Nguy him ln Ph hu
(b) (a) (c)
(d) (e)
Gi thit rng ch s bin dng v chng (hnh (8.14) [21]) VK =

2 l c th chp nhn c, hnh v c th c s dng
xc nh gi tr hi t ln nht cho loi v chng, v chng ring
bit. T hnh (8.13) c th thy rng cc vm chng do c cht
lp nht ng cng nhanh p ng y ti 80% gi tr K.
Hnh (8.15) ch ra r rng nh hng ca gi tr K i vi l

chnh v ca l n lng thp tiu th khi s dung v chng dng
vm do. Lng thp tiu th c th tnh xp x theo cng thc
thc nghim:
SA = 22 e0,008K
Trong : SA- Lng thp tiu th tng ng vi ch s bin dng

bng 2 hoc t hn, kg/m3;
K- hi t ca ng l.

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 53-8
Hnh 8.15: Mi lin h gia tng lng thp cn s dng (SA)

v hi t "K". 1- Cc v tr ca l. 2- L dn
a- Ch s bin dng nh hn 1.5, b- 1.5-2.0, c- 2.0-2.5
sa,
50
1
45
40
2
35
30
25
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
k;%
Ly mt v d: cho K = 40%. S dng hnh (8.15) ta c SA =

300N/m3.
8.9.5 xut kin la chn v chng.

Da trn c s xem xt k cc kt qu nghin cu tin hnh bi
F.G.G [32] cho cc ng l nm su 1000-1600m c th -
a ra 3 kin ngh sau:
-
V chng vm cng khng nn s dng ti su ln.
-
V chng vm do c thm cht lp nht c th s dng ti ni
m bao quanh cng trnh thuc loi tt v trung bnh.
-
Trong t mm yu, cn s dng v chng vm do c
thm cht lp nht ng cng nhanh.
Hnh (8.16) gii thch phm vi p dng chung cho cc loi v

chng ring bit theo bn ca nn DS (ly trung bnh
ca 6m nn u tin) v hi t K, ng thi xt ti nh h-
ng khi ng l o pha di va ang khai thc gn k
[32].
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 54-8
Hnh 8.16: Phm vi p dng ca cc dng kt cu chng khc

nhau cho CTN nm su 1600m. K- hi t. DS- bn ca
nn. A- Vm chng do vi cht lp nht ng cng nhanh. B-
Vm chng do vi cht lp nht "hand". c- Vm chng cng. A- D-
i va than ang khai thc. B- Khng nm di va than ang khai
thc.
k;%
100
80
60
a
40 b
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
,MP
ds
8.10 Xc nh kch thc v chng CTN.

8.10.1 Qui trnh xc nh chung.
Cc bc chnh ca quy trnh:
-
Bc 1: nh gi p lc tc dng ln cng trnh.
Da vo kinh nghim, s nh gi hp l, nhng cng tc iu
tra cn thit v nhng tnh ton s b p lc d on p
lc ln cng trnh. Trong bc ny, ngi thit k nn thc rng
cc phng php hin nay ang s dng d on p lc tc
dng ln cng trnh u khng xt ti tnh khng ng nht,
nh hng "ng" do n mn hoc hot ng khai thc, tnh
bt ng hng ca khi v thi im lp t v chng.
Ni chung, nn s dng ng thi nhiu phng php, mi ph-
ng php xt ti cc thng s nh hng khc nhau, d
on p lc tc dng ln cng trnh. Trong trng hp cng
trnh c khi lng cng tc chng ln th vic d bo p lc nn

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 55-8
tin hnh trc tip di ngm bng nhng phng php cn

thit.
-
Bc 2: La chn h thng v chng:
Mt h thng chng gi c gi l y khi n tho mn c
2 yu cu c bn: tnh an ton v kh nng phc v. Tnh an
ton c ngha l h thng c kh nng chu c ti trng tc
dng ln n m khng gy ra ph hu h thng. Kh nng
phc v ca cng trnh tc l n c th tho mn cc yu cu
lm vic (chu ti v..v..) m khng c nhng bin dng qu
mc hay ph huy cc b trong sut qu trnh tn ti ca cng
trnh.
-
Bc 3: n gin ho kt cu chng la chn tin hnh
phn tch cu trc v kt cu h thng chng gi.
Trong bc ny cn thit phi s dng mt s gi thit mc d
mi gi thit u gy nh hng ti tnh chnh xc khi phn
tch kt cu v chng. nng cao tnh chnh xc cho cng
tc ny i hi phi nm r s hot ng ca kt cu chng,
iu ny tu thuc vo c trng tc ng ca ti trng ln
kt cu [4]. Ngoi ra, kin thc a k thut v cng ngh
cng ng mt vai tr rt quan trng to ra c mt kt
cu chng c hiu qu.
-
Bc 4: Phn tch kt cu.
Trong giai on ny tin hnh phn tch kt cu xc
nh cc lc thnh phn v momen un xut hin trong n.
Thng thng nhng h thng chng gi c tnh linh hot s c
cng (stiffness properties) v sc chu tI cui cng ln hn
vi nhng h thng v chng khng c tnh linh hot nh vo
kh nng cho php dch chuyn ca kt cu theo bin dng
ca bin cng trnh.
-
Bc 5: Xc nh kch thc v chng:
Da vo kt qu phn tch kt cu ta xc nh kch thc cc
b phn ca kt cu theo cc thnh phn ni lc ln nht (lc
dc, lc ct. mmen un), xut hin di tc dng ca ti trng
a tng. xc nh ta c th s dng cc l thuyt n
hi hay l thuyt do.
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 56-8
-
Bc 6: Kim tra:
Trong giai on ny phi tin hnh kim tra chi tit cc thnh
phn ca kt cu chng. Nu cc kch thc tnh ton c
xc minh y th thit k tho mn yu cu. Nu khng,
cn phi tin hnh phn tch li kt cu trn c s cc kch
thc mi ca cc thnh phn trong gia c v qu trnh ny tip
tc cho ti khi kt qu nhn c c tnh hi t (thu c kt qu
hu nh khng thay i). Trong cc d n ln, vic phn tch
cc kt cu chng phi c tin hnh bng cc phng php
quan st trong sut qu trnh tn ti ca cng trnh. Mc
ch ch yu ca chng trnh quan st m gn lin vi cng
tc thit k l xc nh li cc iu kin a tng, cc
din bin thc t trong qu trnh o.

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 57-8
D on ti trng a Kinh nghim.

tng tc dng ln v Cc kin thc thc
chng t.
o c v quan st
ti hin trng.
Cc iu kin a
La chn loi v chng
tng.
(b tng, v thp, neo
Chc nng cng
v..v..)
trnh.
Kch thc cng
trnh
Thi gian tn ti
M Gi thnh h thng
M hnh ho v chng Phn ng ca v
hnh tnh ton chng
chng
tnh
Tng cng cho kt
Cc thnh cu chng
phn ni Phn tch kt cu v
lc (M. N. chng
Q).
Dch
chuyn.
Xc nh kch thc v
L thuyt n
chng hi.
L thuyt do
Tnh n nh ca Quan st thc t

h thng chng nh gi li ti hin trng.
gi. thit k Tnh ton hiu
Gi thnh v qu kinh t ton
chng. b.
Hnh 8.17: S quy trnh xc nh kch thc kt cu chng

cho cc CTN.
m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 58-8
Ti liu tham kho.
[1] Airey E.M : The derivation and numerical solution of

equations relating to stresses around mining roadways. Ph.D.
Thesis, University of Surrey, July 1974.
[2] Aldorf J, Exner K: Mine Openings Stability and Support,

Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986.
[3] Arioglu E: Dimesioning of wooden framed sets, (in Turkish),

Mining the Chamber of Turkish Mining Engenners, Vol. IX, N 5,
pp 19-29, 1970.
[4] Arioglu E: Factors affecting the design of support systems

for use in roadways associated with longwall faces in coal
measured strata, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon
Tyne 1976.
[5] Arioglu E: Determining ultimate load capacity of the Moll

support systems by mesns of plastic theory (in Turkish), 6th
Scientific Congress, Tubitak, Izmir 1977.
[6] Arioglu E, Yuksey A: Design Considerations of support of

development roadways for high rock pressure conditions, 9th
plenary scientific session/Interational Bureau of Strata
Mechanics, Varna (1985), A.A. Balkema, pp135-143, Rotterdam
1986.
[7] Arioglu E: Strata loads acting on the tunnelling support

systems (in Turkish), Seminar on Tunnel Projects, D.S.I., pp 1-
22, Adana 1986.

m
Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 59-8
[8] Arioglu E, Yuksey A: Mix design of shotcrete for underground

structural support, Jounal of Mines, metals, Fuels, January-
February 1986.
[9] Barton W., Lien R., Lunde J.: Engineering classification of

rock masses for the design of tunnel support, Rock mechanics,
Vol 6, pp 189-236, 1974.
[10]

m

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optimum support of development roadways - do ngoc anh

Ergin Ariglu 25/02/17 1:16 PM 1-8

8. V chng ti u cho Cng trnh ngm.

8.1. D bo ti trng tnh v ti trng ng.

8.1.1. nh gi chung v tc ng ca ti trng a tng

Trong thc t, vic la chn h thng v chng khng hon

Trong nhng iu kin nh vy, ta c th la chn s b v

Mi loi v chng u phi c kh nng chng li ti trng tc

Tm li, ngi thit k nn s dng nhiu phng php thy

Tuy nhin, nhng kin thc kinh nghim, thc t tch lu c

http://dotheanhxdnm57.blogspot.com a ch cung cp ti liu xy dng ngm

nh hp l v c tnh thc tin v gi tr ti trng t tc

8.2 Cc l thuyt xt ti s hnh thnh vm p lc trong

8.2.2 L thuyt ca Prtdiaknp:

Bng 8.1: L thuyt ca Prtdiaknp.

p lc y ngang trung bnh:

Bng 8.2: H s cng ca theo Prtdiaknp.

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S dng l thuyt ca Kommerell ta c th xc nh c

8.2.3 L thuyt ca Terzaghi [58].

Thnh phn (yu t) bn ch yu trong s cc c tnh ca

Cc iu kin a ra ch yu p dng cho trng ng sut

Trn hnh (8.1), d = 2h. cho thy yu cu v kh nng chng

vng) theo cc cng thc ca Terzaghi khi c = 2500kg/m3

Hnh 8.1: Cng p lc theo hai phng ng (Pv) v

Kinh nghim v cc o c thc t cho thy cc v chng

Bng 8.3: p lc ti trng ln v chng theo Terzaghi trong mi

p lc thng ng ln nht cn phi chng :

p lc ti trng thng ng tc dng ln v chng:

Ph = 0.3 (0.5 h + PV)

V chng thp khi kt hp vi BTP - trong phng php NATM

Trn hnh (8.2) m t ng cong c iu chnh R. Qua

c or ding, deer e (1972)

8.2.4 p lc thng ng tc dng ln CTN o trong

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Bng 8.4 Tnh ton p lc t thng ng tc dng

Mc d cc gi thuyt ny khc nhau rt nhiu song cc cng

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Hnh 8.3: p lc gia c theo phng ng cn ti thiu

8.2.5 p lc thng ng tc dng ln v chng da theo

yu ca di tc dng ca ti trng di hn. Trong

Bi xc nh cc thng s thit k v d nh phm vi

trong : Proof- p lc nc (= "Pk" sc chu ti ca v chng);

Hnh 8.4: Mi lin h gia chiu cao vng st l v din

8.2.6 Cc phng php ca Whittaker - Hodgkinson [56],

H s "" ca arioglu s oc trnh by cc trang sau bng

8.3 p lc ln v chng tnh theo cc phng php phn

nhiu yu t mt cch kh chi tit v cng xc nh c p

Bng 8.5: c im ch yu ca cc phng php.

Schaefer[47]v - Chiu cao vm ph - p lc thng

Khi nim Cng thc

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8.3.2 Phn loi ca Barton.

Tng chiu di cc li khoan 100mm

Ni cch khc gi tr tiu chun Q c tnh theo W c vit di

Bng 8.6: H s hng Qw

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Vic xc nh h s gim ng sut SRF thng gp kh

Qua kt qu nghin cu 7 trng hp nn t ca Sheorey [50]

Hnh (8.7) th hin s so snh cc kt qu tnh p lc tc

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R rng rng p lc tc dng ln v chng, s dng cc gi tr

Bng : H s gim ng sut SRF

A - Cc vng yu giao ct vi CTN, c th c