Indefinite Integral Part II

Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS - PART 2

px q px q
Method to integrate functions of the form 2
dx or dx
ax bx c ax 2 bx c

Here we take the Nr . A

d
Dr. B , where A and B are constants. Find the values of A and B, then it
dx
1 1
becomes any one of the forms of dx or dx and hence can be integrated.
ax 2 bx c 2
ax bx c
2 x dx
E.g.: I
2
x 2x 2
d 2
2x = A ( x 2 x 2) B
dx
2 x A2 x 2 B

Taking the coe. of x : 2 2 A 2 A 2 A 1

Taking the constant terms: 0 2 A B 2 1 B 0 B 2 0 B 2

2 x 12 x 2 2

2x 2x 2 2
dx dx dx
2 2 2
x 2x 2 x 2x 2 x 2x 2
dx
log x 2 2 x 2 2 log x 2 2 x 2 2I1 . (1)
2
x 2x 2
dx
Let I1
2
x 2x 2
2
2
4 4 1 2 4
x 2 2 x 2 x ( x 1) 2 2
= ( x 1) 1
2
2 1 4 12 4

dx x 1
I1 11 . tan1 C tan1 x 1 C
2
( x 1) 12 1

In (1) we have I log x 2 2 x 2 2 tan1 x 1 C

God created the natural numbers, everything else is mans hard work Leopold kronecker

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

P( x)
Method to integrate functions of the form dx , where P(x) is a polynomial of degree 2 or
ax 2 bx c
more.

Here divide the numerator by the denominator until the degree of the numerator becomes less than that of
remainder
the denominator and then the function is rewritten in the form quotient and then integrate.
divisor

x2
E.g.: I dx
2 x 2 3x 4

x 2 2 x 2 3x 4 2
2
2x
3x 4

3x 4 3x 4
I 2 dx 2 x 2 dx 2 x I1 (1)
2
2 x 3x 4 2 x 3x 4
3x 4
Let I 1 dx
2
2 x 3x 4
d
Now 3x 4 A (2 x 2 3x 4) B
dx
3x 4 A(4 x 3) B
3
Taking the coe. of x : 3 4 A 4 A 3 A
4
3 9
Taking the constant terms: 4 3 A B 3 B 4 B 4 9 4B 16
4 4
7
4 B 16 9 4 B 7 B
4
3 4x 3 7 dx 3 7
I1 dx log 2 x 2 3x 4 I 2 .(2)
4 2 x 2 3x 4 4 2 x 2 3x 4 4 4
dx
Now let I 2
2
2 x 3x 4

3
2
32 4 2 4 3
2
9 32 3
2
23
2 x 2 3x 4 2 x 2 x 2 x
2 2 4 22 4 16 4 16

2
23
2
23
2
3 3

2 x 2 x
4 16 4 4

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

x 3
tan1 4C
dx 1 dx 1 1
2
I2 = =
2 2 2 2 23
3
2
23 3 23 23

2 x x 4
4

4 4 4 4

4x 3


2
tan 1 4 C 2 tan1 4 x 3 C

23 23 23 23

4
In (2) we have
3 7 2 4x 3
I1 log 2 x 2 3x 4 tan1 C
4 4 23 23
3 7 4x 3
log 2 x 2 3x 4 tan1 C
4 2 23 23
Substituting in (1) we have,
3 7 4x 3
I 2x log 2 x 2 3x 4 tan1 C
4 2 23 23

Integration by parts

If u and v are any two functions of x then uvdx u vdx u . vdx dx

d
dx
i.e., integral of the product of two functions = 1st function int egral of the 2 nd

int egral of derivative of the first function int egral of the 2 nd function
If both functions are integrable, take that function as the first function, which can be finished by repeated
differentiation and the other function as the second.
If the integrand contains one unintegrable function (logarithmic, inverse t-function, etc.), take that function as
the first function.
If the integrand contains only one unintegrable function, then take the unintegrable function as the first
function and 1 as the second function.
If the integrand contains both functions integrable and none can be finished by repeated differentiation, then
take any one as the first function and other as the second and repeat the rule of integration by parts.

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

If the integrand is the product of two functions, then their order is determined by the word ILATE.
1. Inverse circular functions
2. Logarithmic functions
3. Algebraic function
4. Trigonometric function
5. Exponential function.

E.g.: .
d
1) I log x dx log x .1 dx log x 1 dx (log x) . 1 dx dx
dx

log x.x . x . dx x log x 1dx x log x x xlog x 1 C

1
x

2) I
d x
e x cos x dx e x cos x dx
dx

e . cos x dx dx

d

e x . sin x e x . sin x dx e x sin x e x . sin x dx e x . sin x dxdx
dx


e x . sin x e x . cos x e x . cos x dx e x sin x e x cos x e x cos x dx

I e
x
sin x e x cos x I I+I e
x
sin x e x cos x C
1 x
2 I e x sin x e x cos x C I = e (sin x cos x) C
2

3) I
log x
2
dx log x. x 2 dx log x. x 2 dx [
d
log x . x 2 dx] dx
x dx

x 1 1 x 1 1 1 1 log x 1
log x. . dx log x. . dx . dx
1 x 1 x x x x x2
log x 1 1
C (log x 1) C
x x x

Integrals of the form e ax sin bx dx (or) e ax cos bx dx

i) Let I e ax sin bx dx
d

e ax sin bx dx e ax . sin bx dxdx
dx
cos bx ax cos bx e ax cos bx a ax
dx
b
e ax ae e cos bx dx
b b b

e ax cos bx a ax


e

d
cos bx dx e ax
dx
cosbx dxdx
b b
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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

e ax cos bx a ax sin bx sin bx

e
ae ax . dx
b b b b

e ax cos bx a ax sin bx a 2 ax
e e sin bx dx
b b b b2
e ax cos bx a ax sin bx a 2
e I
b b b b2
a2 e ax cos bx a ax
I I e sin bx
b2 b b2
b 2 I a 2 I beax cos bx aeax sin bx
b 2 a 2 I e ax b cos bx a sin bx

e ax a sin bx b cos bx C
1
I
2
a b 2

ii) Let I e ax cos bx dx
d

e ax cos bx dx e ax . cos bx dxdx
dx
sin bx ax sin bx e ax sin bx a ax
dx
b
e ax ae e sin bx dx
b b b

e ax sin bx a ax
b b
d
dx

e sin bx dx e ax sin bx dxdx

e ax sin bx a ax cos bx ax cos bx
e ae . dx
b b b b
e ax sin bx a ax a 2 ax
e cos bx e cos bx dx
b b2 b2
e ax sin bx a ax a2
e cos bx I
b b2 b2
a2 e ax sin bx a ax
I I e cos bx
b2 b b2
b2
I beax sin bx aeax cos bx
2 2
a b
a2 b2 ax
I e b sin bx a cos bx C
b2

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

Integration by partial fractions

Partial fraction is the process of splitting off a single fraction into 2 or more simple fractions.

The degree of Nr. Is less that of the Dr.

If the Dr. is a non-repeated linear factors of the form

px q A1 A2 An
.........
a1 x b1 a2 x b2 a3 x b3 .......an x bn a1 x b1 a2 x b2
n an x bn

x A B
E.g.: i)
( x 1) ( x 2) ( x 1) ( x 2)

If the Dr. is a repeated linear factors of the form

px q A1 A2 An
.........
ax b ax b ax b
r 1 2
ax bn

2x 1 A B C
E.g.: i)
( x 1) ( x 2)2 ( x 1) ( x 2) ( x 2) 2
x3 A B C D
ii)
x( x 1) 3 x ( x 1) ( x 1) 2
( x 1) 3

If the Dr. is a non-repeated, non-resolvable quadratic polynomial of the form

px q Ax B

2 2
ax bx c ax bx c

2x 3 A Bx C
E.g.: i)
2
( x 1) ( x 2) ( x 1) ( x 2) 2
1 1 A Bx C
ii)
3

2


x 1 x 1 x x 1 ( x 1) x x 12

Problems

x dx
1. I= (x 1) (x 2)
x A B
Let
( x 1) ( x 2) ( x 1) ( x 2)
x Ax 2 Bx 1
put x 2
2 A0 B2 1 2BB2

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

put x 1 1 A(1 2) B(0) 1 A A 1

x 1 2

( x 1) ( x 2) x 1 x 2

log x 1 2 log x 2 log x 22 log x 1

x 1 dx
( x 1) ( x 2) dx
x 1
dx 2
x2

log
x 2 2 C
x 1

x2

2. I
x 2 2x 2 1 dx
x2 u
Let
x 2
2 x 1 2

u 2u 1
put x 2 u

u A B

u 2u 1 u 2 u 1

u Au 1 Bu 2

1 A1 1 B1 2 1 3B B
1
put u 1 :
3
2 2
put u 2 : 2 A 2 1 B 2 2 2 3 A A
3 3
2 1
u
3 3
u 2u 1 u 2 u 1

u 2 1 1 1 2 1
dx du du log u 2 log u 1 C
u 2u 1 3 u2 3 u 1 3 3

u 1

1
log u 1 2 log u 2 C log u 1 log u 22 C log
1

1
C
3 3 3 u 22
1
log
x2 1
C replacing u by x 2
3 2
x 2
2

Integral of functions of the form

dx dx dx
i. a b sin x ii. ii. a b cos x iii.
a b sin x c cos x
dx.

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

x x 1 dt 2 dt 2 dt 2dt
Here put tan t sec 2 . dx dx dx
2 2 2 dx x x 1 t2
sec 2 1 tan2
2 2

x x
2 tan 1 tan2 2
and sin x 2 2t and cos x 2 1 t .
x 2 x 2
1 tan2 1 t 1 tan2 1 t
2 2
Now the given integral is any one of the previous forms and can be evaluated.
dx dx dx
Eg:- 5 4 sin x , 3 2 cos x , 1 2 sin x cos x , etc
Evaluate:
dx
1. I
41 9 cos x

x 2dt 1 t2
Put tan t ; dx and cos x
2 1 t2 1 t2
2 dt 2 dt
2
I 1 t 1 t2
2 dt

2 dt
2
1 t 2 2
41(1 t ) 9(1 t ) 2
41 41t 9 9t 2
32t 2 50
41 9.
1 t2 1 t2

1 dt 1 1 4t
2dt 1 t 1
tan C tan1 C
50 16 2 5 2 16 5
5 20 5
32 t 2 t
32 4 4
4
(OR)
dx
I
41 9 cos x

x
1 tan2
put cos x 2
2 x
1 tan
2

I dx dx

1 tan2
x x x
411 tan2 91 tan2
41 9. 2 2 2
x x
1 tan2 1 tan2
2 2

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

2 x x x
1 tan dx sec 2 sec 2
2
2 dx 2 dx
2 x 2 x 2 x
41 41tan 9 9 tan 2 x 2 x
32 tan 50
411 tan 91 tan
2 2 2 2 2
x x 1 x
put tan t sec 2 dx dt sec 2 dx 2dt
2 2 2 2


2dt 2 dt 1 dt 1 1 1 t 1 4t
tan C tan1 C
2
32t 50 32 t 2 50 16 2 5 2 16 5 5 20 5
t
32 4 4
4

dx
2. I
4 5 sin x

x 2dt 2t
Put tan t ; dx and sin x
2
2 1 t 1 t2
2dt 2dt

1 t 2
1 t2
2dt

2dt
4 5.
2t
2
2

4 1 t 10t 2
4 4t 10t 2
4t 10t 4
1 t 1 t2
dt
2t2 + 5t + 2 = 2 [(t 5 )2 2516 ]
2 4 16
2t 5t 2
1 dt

2 [(t 5 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ]
= 2 [(t 5 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ]
4 4
4 4

1 dt 1 1 t 5 34
C
4
log
2 [(t 5 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ] 2 2 3 t 5 34
4 4 4 4

x
2 tan 1
1 4t 5 3 1 4t 2 1 2
log C log C log C
3 4t 5 3 3 4t 8 3 x
2 tan 4
2
dx
3. I
1 sin x cos x

x 2dt 2t 1 t2
Put tan t ; dx sin x and cos x
2 1 t2 1 t2 1 t2
2dt

1 t2
2dt

2dt

dt
log1 t C
2t 1 t 2 2
1 t 2t 1 t 2 2 2t 1 t
1
1 t2 1 t2
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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

x
log1 tan C
2

Integral of the function of the form:

I e x f x f x dx
f x e x dx f x e x dx
To take the first function check which function is the derivative of the other function. Here f x is the
derivative of f x . So f x e dx is I1 .
x

I I1 f x e x dx (1)

Let I1 f x e dx
x

f x e x dx
d
f x e x dx e x . f x f xe xdx
dx
In (1) we have
I e x . f x f x e x dx f x e x dx e x f x
i.e., e x f x f x dx e x . f x C
E.g.:

1. I e x sin x cos x dx e x sin xdx e x cos xdx sin x.e x dx e x cos xdx

sin x e x dx
d
sin x e x dx e x cos xdx sin xe x cos x e x dx e x cos xdx
dx
sin xe x e x cos x dx e x cos xdx e x sin x C

1 1 1 1 1 d 1 1
2. I e x dx e x dx e x . dx e x dx e x dx e x . dx
2
x x x x 2 x dx x x2
1 1 x 1 1 1 1 1
ex e dx e x . dx e x e x dx e x dx e x C
x 2 2 x 2 2 x
x x x x

Integral of functions of the form

a sin x b cos x
I dx
c sin x d cos x
Here we take the Nr . A Dr. B
d
Dr.
dx
a sin x b cos x A c sin x d cos x B c sin x d cos x
d
dx
Ac sin x d cos x Bc cos x d sin x

Taking the coefficient of sin x and cos x , thus obtain the values of A and B and then integrate. The
following example will illustrate the form.

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

2 sin x 3 cos x
I dx
4 sin x 5 cos x
Here 2 sin x 3 cos x A 4 sin x 5 cos x B 4 sin x 5 cos x
d
dx
2 sin x 3 cos x A4 sin x 5 cos x B4 cos x 5 sin x
Taking the coe. of sin x and cos x

4 A 5B 2 (1)
5 A 4B 3 (2)
(1) 4 (2) 5

16A 20B 8
23
25A 20B 15 41A 23 A
41
Substituting in (2) 4B 3 5 A B
1
3 5 A B 1 3 5 23 B 1 3 41 5 23
4 4 41 4 41

1 123 115 1 8 2
B
4 41 4 41 41

2 sin x 3 cos x 4 sin x 5 cos x 4 sin x 5 cos x

23 2
41 41
2 sin x 3 cos x 23 4 sin x 5 cos x 2 4 cos x 5 sin x
4 sin x 5 cos x dx 41 4 sin x 5 cos x dx 41 4 sin x 5 cos x dx

23 2 4 cos x 5 sin x

41 dx
41 4 sin x 5 cos x
dx
23 2 4 cos x 5 sin x
x dx
41 41 4 sin x 5 cos x

23 2
x log 4 sin x 5 cos x C Corrolary of Type 3
41 41

Integral of functions of the form:

a2 x x
i. a 2 x 2 dx sin 1 a2 x2 C
2 a 2

x a2
ii. a 2 x 2 dx
2
a2 x2
2
log x a 2 x 2 C

x a2
iii. x 2 a 2 dx
2
x2 a2
2
log x x 2 a 2 C

iv. ax 2 bx c dx

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

Then we can write the denominator as

b
2
b 2 4ac
ax bx c a x
2
. Now the function becomes one the above three forms and hence
2a 4a 2

can be evaluated.

E.g.:

I 3 2 x 2 x 2 dx
22 4 2 3 4 24

2 2
2 1
3 2 x 2 x 2 = 2 x 2 2 x 3 = 2 x = 2 x
2 2 4 22 2 16


28 7
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 7
= 2 x = 2 x = 2 x
2 16 2 4 2 2

2 2
7 1
=2 x
2 2

2 2 7
2
7
2
I =
2
1
x dx = 2 x 1 dx
2 2 2 2

7
2
1 1
x 2
2 2 x
7 1
2
1 2 C
= 2 x sin

2 2 7
2 2

2

2 x 1
2
2x 1 7 2x 1 7 1 2
= 2 C
7
sin
2 4 2 2 4

2
2 x 1 7 2 x 12 7 2 x 1

= 2 sin 1 C
2 4 8 7
2x 1 7 4x2 4x 1 7 2 x 1

= 2 sin 1 C


2 2 8 7
2 x 1 6 4 x 2 4 x 7
1 2 x 1
=
2 sin
C



2 4 8 7
2 x 1 2 3 2 x 2 x 2 7
1 2 x 1
= 2 sin C
2 4 8 7

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

=
2 x 1 2 3 2 x 2 x 2 7 2 1 2 x 1
sin C
2 4 8 7
2 x 1 3 2x 2x2 7 2

2x 1
sin 1 C
4 8 7

(v) To Find (px q) ax 2 bx c dx

Here px q A
d
dx

ax 2 bx c B. Now the function becomes one the above forms and hence can be

evaluated.
E.g.:

Evaluate ( x 1) x 2 x 1 dx

Let I ( x 1) x 2 x 1 dx

Here x 1 A
d 2
dx

x x 1 B x 1 A2 x 1 B

1
coefficient of x: 1 2A A
2
1 3
constant terms: 1 A B B A 1 B 1
2 2
x 1
1
2 x 1 3
2 2

1 3
( x 1) x 2 x 1 dx = 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 dx
2 2

1
= 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 dx x 2 x 1 dx = I1 I 2
3
2 2
1
2 x 1 x 2 x 1 dx put x 2 x 1 u 2 x 1dx du
2
Let I1

1 1 2 3 1
I1 =
2 u du = u 2 C1 x 2 x 1 C1
2 3 2

3 3
1 2 1 2
= u 2 C1 x x 1 2 C1
2 3 3
3
Let I 2 =
2 x 2 x 1dx

12 4 1 1 3
2
1 3
2 2 2
1 1
2

Here x x 1 = 1 x
= x =x
2 1 4 12 2 4 2 2

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 Indefinite Integral Part II
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

2
1 3
2
3
I2 = x dx
2 2 2

1 3 2
x 2
2 2
3 1 3 1 1 3
= 2 x 4 log x x C2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2x 1
3 2 1 1 3 3 2x 1 1 1 3
= x 2 2 x log x2 2 x C2
2 2 2 4 4 8 2 2 4 4

3 2x 1 3 2x 1
= x 2 x 1 log x 2 x 1 C2
2 4 8 2

=
3
2 x 1 x 2 x 1 9 log 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 C2
8 16 2

2x 1
3
x x 1 2 C1 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 log
1 2 3 9
I = x 2 x 1 C2
3 8 16 2

2x 1
3
x x 1 2 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 log
1 2 3 9
= x2 x 1 C ,
3 8 16 2

1 3
where C1 and C2 C .
2 2

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