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Chapter 11

Balanced Three-Phase
Circuits

11.1-2 Three-Phase Systems


11.3 Analysis of the Y-Y Circuit
11.4 Analysis of the Y- Circuit
11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced
Three-Phase Circuits
11.6 Measuring Average Power in Three-
Phase Circuits

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Overview
An electric power distribution system looks like:

where the power transmission uses balanced


three-phase configuration.
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Why three-phase?

Three-phase generators can be driven by


constant force or torque (to be discussed).

Industrial applications, such as high-power


motors, welding equipments, have constant
power output if they are three-phase systems
(to be discussed).

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Key points

What is a three-phase circuit (source, line, load)?

Why a balanced three-phase circuit can be


analyzed by an equivalent one-phase circuit?

How to get all the unknowns (e.g. line voltage of


the load) by the result of one-phase circuit
analysis?

Why the total instantaneous power of a


balanced three-phase circuit is a constant?
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Section 11.1, 11.2
Three-Phase Systems

1. Three-phase sources
2. Three-phase systems

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One-phase voltage sources

One-phase ac generator: static magnets, one


rotating coil, single output voltage v(t)=Vmcost.

(www.ac-motors.us)

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Three-phase voltage sources

Three static coils,


rotating magnets,
three output voltages
va(t), vb(t), vc(t).

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Ideal Y- and -connected voltage sources

Neutral

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Real Y- and -connected voltage sources

Internal impedance of a generator is usually


inductive (due to the use of coils).

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Balanced three-phase voltages

Three sinusoidal voltages of the same


amplitude, frequency, but differing by 120
phase difference with one another.
There are two possible sequences:
1. abc (positive) sequence: vb(t) lags va(t) by 120.
2. acb (negative) sequence: vb(t) leads va(t) by
120.

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abc sequence

vb(t) lags va(t) by 120 or T/3.


Va Vm0 , Vb Vm 120 , Vc Vm 120.

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Three-phase systems

(Y or ) (Y or )

Source-load can be connected in four


configurations: Y-Y, Y-, -Y, -
Its sufficient to analyze Y-Y, while the others
can be treated by -Y and Y- transformations.
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Section 11.3
Analysis of the Y-Y Circuit

1. Equivalent one-phase circuit for


balanced Y-Y circuit
2. Line currents, phase and line voltages

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General Y-Y circuit model

The only
Ref. essential
node.

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Unknowns to be solved
Line (line-to-line) Line current

voltage: voltage
Line voltage Phase
across any pair of current
lines.
Phase (line-to-
neutral) voltage:
voltage across a
Phase voltage
single phase.

For Y-connected load, line current equals phase


current.
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Solution to general three-phase circuit

No matter its balanced or imbalanced three-


phase circuit, KCL leads to one equation:
I 0 I aA I bB I cC ,
VN Van VN Vbn VN Vcn VN
(1),
Z 0 Z ga Z1a Z A Z gb Z1b Z B Z gc Z1c Z C

Impedance Total Total Total


of neutral impedance impedance impedance
line. along line aA. along line bB. along line cC.

which is sufficient to solve VN (thus the entire


circuit).
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Solution to balanced three-phase circuit

For balanced three-phase circuits,


1. {Va'n, Vb'n, Vc'n} have equal magnitude and 120
relative phases;
2. {Zga = Zgb = Zgc}, {Z1a = Z1b = Z1c}, {ZA = ZB = ZC};
total impedance along any line is the same
Zga + Z1a + ZA = = Z.
VN Van VN Vbn VN Vcn VN
Eq. (1) becomes: ,
Z0 Z Z Z
1 3 Van Vbn Vcn
VN 0, VN 0.
Z Z Z
0
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Meaning of the solution
VN = 0 means no voltage difference between
nodes n and N in the presence of Z0. Neutral
line is both short (v = 0) and open (i = 0).
The three-phase circuit can be separated into 3
one-phase circuits (open), while each of them
has a short between nodes n and N.

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Equivalent one-phase circuit

Phase Phase
voltage voltage
Line current
of source of load

Inn = 0 IaA

Directly giving the line current & phase voltages:


Van VN
I aA , VAN I aA Z A , Van I aA Z1a Z A .
Z ga Z1a Z A Z
Unknowns of phases b, c can be determined by
the fixed (abc or acb) sequence relation.
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The 3 line and phase currents in abc sequence

Given I aA Van Z , the other 2 line currents are:


Vbn Vcn
I bB I aA 120 , I cC I aA120 ,
Z Z
which still
follow the abc
sequence
relation.
I cC
I aA

I bB
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The phase & line voltages of the load in abc seq.

ZA ZB
VAN Van , VBN Vbn VAN 120 , VCN VAN 120.
Z Z
Line
VAB VAN VBN (abc sequence) voltage

VAN VAN 120


3VAN 30 ,
VBC VAN 120 VAN 120 Phase
voltage
3VAN 90 ,
VCA VAN 120 VAN
3VAN 150.
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The phase & line voltages of the load in acb seq.

VAB VAN VBN (acb

VAN VAN 120


sequence)

3VAN 30 ,
VBC VAN 120 VAN 120
Phase
voltage

3VAN 90 ,
VCA VAN 120 VAN Line
3VAN 150. voltage

Line voltages are 3 times bigger, leading (abc)


or lagging (acb) the phase voltages by 30.
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Example 11.1 (1)

Q: What are the line currents, phase and line


voltages of the load and source, respectively?

Zga Z1a

Phase voltages ZA
(abc sequence)

Z = Zga + Z1a + ZA = 40 + j30 .

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Example 11.1 (2)

The 3 line currents (of both load & source) are:


1200
2.4 36.87 A,
Van
I aA
Z ga Z1a Z A 40 j 30
I bB I aA 120 2.4 156.87 A,
I cC I aA 120 2.4 83.13 A.

The 3 phase voltages of the load are:


VAN I aA Z A 2.4 36.87 39 j 28 115.22 1.19 V.
VBN VAN 120 115.22 121.19 V,
VCN VAN 120 115.22 118.81 V.
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Example 11.1 (3)

The 3 line voltages of the load are:

VAB
330 VAN
330 115.22 1.19

199.58 28.81 V,
VBC VAB 120
199.58 91.19 V,
VCA VAB 120
199.58 148.81 V.

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Example 11.1 (4)
The 3 phase voltages of the source are:
Van Va n I aA Z ga 120 2.4 36.87 0.2 j 0.5
118 .9 0.32 V,
Vbn Van 120 118 .9 120 .32 V,
Vcn Van 120 118 .9 119 .68 V.
The three line voltages of the source are:
Vab
330 Van
330 118.9 0.32
205.94 29.68 V,
Vbc Vab 120 205.94 90.32 V,
Vca Vab 120 205.94 149.68 V.
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Section 11.4
Analysis of the Y- Circuit

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Load in configuration

Line current

Phase current

Line voltage =
Phase voltage

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-Y transformation for balanced 3-phase load

The impedance of each leg in Y-configuration


(ZY) is one-third of that in -configuration (Z):
ZbZc
Z1 ,
Za Zb Zc
ZcZa
Z2 ,
Za Zb Zc
Za Zb
Z3 .
Za Zb Zc

ZZ Z
ZY .
3Z 3
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Equivalent one-phase circuit

The 1-phase equivalent circuit in Y-Y config.


continues to work if ZA is replaced by Z/3:

Line current Line-to-neutral


voltage
Phase voltage
Line voltage

Van
directly giving the line current: I aA ,
Z ga Z1a Z A
and line-to-neutral voltage: VAN I aA Z A .
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The 3 phase currents of the load in abc seq.

Can be solved by 3 node equations once the 3


line currents IaA, IbB, IcC are known:
I aA I AB ICA , IbB I BC I AB , I cC ICA I BC .
Line current
(abc
sequence)

Phase
Phase
current
current

Line current
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Section 11.5
Power Calculations in
Balanced Three-Phase
Circuits
1. Complex powers of one-phase and
the entire Y-Load
2. The total instantaneous power

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Average power of balanced Y-Load

The average power delivered to ZA is:

PA V I cos ,
V VAN VL 3 ,
(rms value)
I I aA I L ,
V I Z .
A

The total power delivered to the Y-Load is:


Ptot 3PA 3V I cos 3VL I L cos .
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Complex power of a balanced Y-Load

The reactive powers of one phase and the


entire Y-Load are:
Q V I sin ,

Qtot 3V I sin 3VL I L sin .

The complex powers of one phase and the


entire Y-Load are:
S P jQ V I e j V I* ;
j j
Stot 3S 3V I e 3VL I L e .
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One-phase instantaneous powers

The instantaneous power of load ZA is:


p A (t ) v AN (t )iaA (t ) Vm I m cos t cos(t ).

The instantaneous
powers of ZA, ZC are:
(abc sequence) pB (t ) vBN (t )ibB (t )
Vm I m cost 120
cost 120 ,
pC (t ) Vm I m cost 120
cost 120 .
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Total instantaneous power

The instantaneous power of the entire Y-Load


is a constant independent of time!
ptot (t ) p A (t ) pB (t ) pC (t ) 1.5Vm I m cos

1.5 2V
2 I cos 3V I cos .

The torque developed at the shaft of a 3-phase


motor is constant, less vibration in
machinery powered by 3-phase motors.
The torque required to empower a 3-phase
generator is constant, need steady input.
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Example 11.5 (1)

Q: What are the complex powers provided by


the source and dissipated by the line of a-phase?
The equivalent one-phase circuit in Y-Y
configuration is:
Z1a

(rms value)

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Example 11.5 (2)

The line current of a-phase can be calculated by


the complex power is:
S V I , 160 j12010
* 3 600 *
I aA ,
3
I aA 577.35 36.87 A.

The a-phase voltage of the source is:


Van VAN I aA Z1a
600 3 577.35 36.87 0.005 j 0.025
357.511.57 V.
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Example 11.5 (3)

The complex power provided by the source of a-


phase is:
San Van I*aA 357.511.57 577.3536.87
206.4138.44 kVA.

The complex power dissipated by the line of a-


phase is:
SaA I aA Z1a 577.35 0.005 j 0.025
2 2

8.5078.66 kVA.
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Key points

What is a three-phase circuit (source, line, load)?

Why a balanced three-phase circuit can be


analyzed by an equivalent one-phase circuit?

How to get all the unknowns (e.g. line voltage of


the load) by the result of one-phase circuit
analysis?

Why the total instantaneous power of a


balanced three-phase circuit is a constant?
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