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Li ni u !
Gi li cm n su sc nht ti Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn l ngi Thy du dt con nhng
bc i u n vi vic nghin cu tm ti v Ha Hc Ph Thng.
Gi tng cc bn hc sinh 98 n thi THPT Quc 2016 nh mn qu nhn dp TT TRUNG THU 2015
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
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Cu 1: Hp cht hu c X c cng thc phn t l C5H15O4N3. Cho m gam X tc dng vi 150 ml dung dch
KOH 0,24M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch Y, c cn dung dch Y thu c 3,681 gam chn rn khan v
kh Z duy nht. Mt khc nu cho ton b dung dch Y trn tc dng vi HCl va th s mol HCl cn dng l
A. 0,045 mol B. 0,050 mol C. 0,051 mol D. 0,054 mol
Hng dn gii
2.5 3 15 2
k X tnh theo CTPT 0
Bin lun cu to ca X 2 X l hp cht c cha lin kt ion
X phn ng c vi KOH k X thc t 1
S lin kt ion = k X thc t k X tnh theo CTPT
Mt khc, ta c 4 X l hp cht c cha 2 nhm mui amoni
X c 4 Oxi k X thc t 2 2
Cng thc cu to ca X c th l
Trng hp 1:
Trng hp 2:
KOH d + HCl
0,006 mol
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n 3
n(a b) n CO2 0, 78 mol
V X khng tham gia phn ng trng gng este khng c dng HCOOR nn este phi l : CH3COOCH3
Li c n CO2 n H2O do ancol phi l : CH C CH2 OH (k = 2)
CH3COOCH3 k 1
n ancol n CO2 n H2O 0, 78 0, 64 0,14 mol
CH C CH 2 OH k 2
n este 0, 26 0,14 0,12 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
0,14 0,12.2 2n O2 0,78.2 0,64 mol n O2 0,91 mol V 20,384 lt
Cch 2: Da vo i lng trung bnh
n CO2
C X 3 CH3COOCH 3 : x mol
n
X
X c 6H
H X 2n H2 O 4,923 CH C CH 2 OH : y mol
nX c 4H
x y 0,26 mol
x 0,12 mol
Theo gi thuyt v bo ton nguyn t H, ta c:
6x 4y 2n H2O 1,28 mol
y 0,14 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
0,14 0,12.2 2n O2 0,78.2 0,64 mol n O2 0,91 mol V 20,384 lt
Cu 3: Thy phn hon ton m gam hn hp gm peptit X v peptit Y bng dung dch NaOH thu c 151,2
gam hn hp gm cc mui natri ca Gly, Ala v Val. Mt khc, t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X, Y
trn cn 107,52 lt kh O2 (ktc) v thu c 64,8 gam H2O. Gi tr ca m l
A. 102,4. B. 97,0. C. 92,5. D. 107,8.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: Vn dng linh hot cc nh lut bo ton
Quy i hn hp X,Y n peptit E
m gam
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s O trong E n 1
n l phn t aminoaxit trung bnh trong E c n1 lin kt peptit
Vi s N trong E = n
a l s mol ca E
k E n
n peptit E nNaOH Mui H 2 O
m gam an mol 151,2 gam a mol
Khi , theo quy lut phn ng ta c:
peptit E O2 CO2 H 2 O N 2
0
t
m gam 4,8 mol 3,6 mol 0,5a(n 1)
Th nghim 2:
BTKL
m 44n CO2 64,8 28.0,5an 4,8.32
m H 2O m N2 mO2
mCO2
n n n
X n X2 H2 O
(I). 2X n + n 2 H 2 O
nX 2 : x mol c n NaOH cn thy phn 2x mol
a mol ipeptit
s n O2 t X n v X 2 l nh nhau
X n
Gii thch: V H 2 O khng chy nn s mol O2 t H 2 O l nh nhau
ipeptit: X
2
4,8 mol O2
t : X 2 : C n H 2n N 2 O3 CO2 H 2 O (II)
3x 2.4,8 2n CO2 n H2O n CO2 n H2O x 3,2 mol
n
n
CO2 H2 O
BTNT C
m X2 (C n H2 n N2O3 ) 14 nx 76x 14. x 3,2 76x 90x 44,8 gam
nC
nCO
2
3,6 a x 3,2
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(II). X n 2NaOH
Mui H 2 O
gam : m 80x 151,2 0,4.18
p dng bo ton khi lng cho phn ng thy phn, ta c: mXn 80x 151,2 0,4.18 (2)
x 0,07 mol
Gii h (1), (2)
m Xn 102, 4 gam
Cu 4: Cho 0,3 mol hn hp X gm 2 este n chc tc dng va vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 2M un
nng, thu c hp cht hu c no mch h Y c phn ng trng bc v 37,6 gam hn hp mui hu c. t
chy hon ton Y ri cho sn phm hp th ht vo bnh cha dung dch nc vi trong d, thy khi lng
bnh tng 24,8 gam. Khi lng ca X l
A. 30,8 gam B. 33,6 gam C. 32,2 gam D. 35,0 gam
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 THPT Can Lc H Tnh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
n NaOH 0, 4
1 c cha este phenol
n X (2 este n chc) 0,3 Este ca phenol (x mol)
X gm
X NaOH
Y AgNO3 / NH3
Ag Y l anehit no, n chc Este ca ankin (y mol)
n chc
x 0,1 mol C n H 2n O
O2 , t o
CO2 H 2 O
n X x y 0,3 mol
y 0,2 mol 0,2 0,2n 0,2n
n NaOH 2x y 0, 4 mol n
Y (C n H2n O) 0,2 mol 0,2n(44 18) 24,8 gam n = 2
X NaOH
Mui C 2 H 4 O H2 O
gam : m 0, 4.40 37,6 0,2.44 0,1.18
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: m 37,6 0,2.44 0,1.18 0, 4.40 32,2 gam
Cu 5: t chy hon ton m gam mt este n chc X (to bi cc cht c trong chng trnh ph thng) cn
va ht 10,08 lt oxi (ktc), sinh ra 8,96 lt CO2 (ktc). Mt khc, m gam X phn ng va ht vi 100 ml dung
dch NaOH 1M. S ng phn cu to ca X c dng CxHyOOCH l
A. 3 B. 4 C. 7 D. 8
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 THPT ng Lc H Tnh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Xt hai trng hp sau:
X khng phi l este ca phenol
Theo gi thuyt v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
n X (C x HyO2 ) n NaOH 0,1 mol n H2O 0,3 mol
+ 2 n C H O 2 n O 2 n CO n H O n C : n H : n O 0, 4 : 2.0,3 0,2 4 : 6 : 2
x y 2 2 2 2
0,1 0,45 0,4 ?
X l C 4 H6 O2
+ X c 3 ng phn cu to dng CxHyOOCH
HCOOCH CH CH3 HCOOC(CH3 ) CH2 HCOOCH2 CH CH2
X l este ca phenol
n X (C x HyO2 ) 0,5n NaOH 0,05 mol n H2 O 0,2 mol
+ 2 n C H O 2 n O 2 n CO n H O n C : n H : n O 0, 4 : 2.0,2 0,1 8 : 8 : 2
x y 2 2 2 2
0,05 0,45 0,4 ?
X l C 8 H8O2
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+ X c 4 ng phn
Cu 6: Thy phn 63,5 gam hn hp X gm tripeptit Ala Gly Gly v tetrapeptit Ala Ala Ala Gly thu
c hn hp Y gm 0,15 mol Ala Gly ; 0,05 mol Gly Gly ; 0,1 mol Gly; Ala Ala v Ala. Mt khc, khi
thy phn hon ton 63,5 gam hn hp X bi 500 ml dung dch NaOH 2M th thu c dung dch Z. C cn
cn thn dung dch Z thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr gn nht ca m l
A. 100,5 B. 112,5 C. 96,4 D. 90,6
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 2 THPT Chuyn Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Ala Gly : 0,15 mol
Gly Gly : 0, 05 mol
Ala Gly Gly : a mol H
Ta c : 63,5 gam
Ala Ala Ala Gly : b mol Gly: 0,1 mol
Ala Ala v Ala
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton mol mt xch Gly, ta c:
203a 288b 63,5 gam
a 0,1 mol
n peptit 0, 25 mol
2a b 0,15 0,1 0,1 mol b 0,15 mol
Cu 7: t chy hon ton 29,2 gam hn hp X gm anehit acrylic, metyl axetat, anehit axetic v etylen
glicol thu c 1,15 mol CO2 v 23,4 gam H2O. Mt khc, khi cho 36,5 gam hn hp X trn tc dng ht vi
dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 th thu c ti a m gam Ag. Gi tr gn nht ca m l
A. 43,5 B. 64,8 C. 53,9 D. 81,9
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 2 THPT Chuyn Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: S dng phng php quy i
Thi bui 2015 ny ngi ta c v thch nhng bi ton hn hp nhiu cht. Nhng loi bi tp ny ch mang
tnh cht da nhau thi ch thc ra cng n gin. Ch cn cc bn tm ra c ci chung ca m hp l
tiu dit gn ngay.
+ Bn X ny c g chung ?
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Quan st k ta thy:
C hai cht c 1 Oxi v 4 Hiro (CH2=CH-CHO v CH3CHO) u c mi lin quan ti Ag.
Cn hai cht cn li c 2 Oxi v 6 Hiro (CH3COOCH3 v C2H4(OH)2) khng lin quan ti Ag.
Cx H 4O : a mol O2 , t o CO2 :1,15 mol
+ Vy th X
quy thnh
C y H6O2 : b mol H 2O :1,3 mol
29, 2 1,15.12 1,3.2
p dng bo ton khi lng ta c: n O trong X 0,8 mol
16
a 2b 0,8 mol a 0, 2 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t O v H, ta c:
4a 6b 2, 6 mol b 0,3 mol
Ch : C s thay i khi lng gia cc ln th nghim cc bn nh !
36,5 CHO2Ag
n CHO 0, 2. 0, 25 mol mAg 0, 25.2.108 54 gam gn nht
53,9 gam
29, 2
Cch 2: S dng phng php s m
Nhn xt: Bi ra gm 4 cht nhng ch cho 3 thng tin v s liu gm khi lng hn hp, s mol CO2, s mol
H2O nh vy theo phng php s m ta c th b ty (4 3) = 1 cht vi iu kin khng lm thay i bn
cht ca bi ton. th nghim 2, hn hp X phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 nn khng c b cc anehit b
ty metyl axetat (CH3COOCH3) hoc etylen glicol (C2H6O2). y, mnh chn b etylen glicol (C2H6O2).
CH 2 CH CHO : a mol
O2 , t o CO2 :1,15 mol
29,2 gam X CH 3 COOCH 3 : b mol
Khi : CH CHO : c mol H 2 O :1,3 mol
3
36,5 gam X AgNO3 /NH3
Ag :
36,5
(2a 2c) mol
29,2
Theo gi thuyt, bo ton nguyn t C v H, ta c:
56a 74b 44c 29,2 gam a 0,15 mol
3a 3b 3c n CO2 1,15 mol b 0,3 mol
4a 6b 4c 2n H2O 2,6 mol c 0,35 mol
36,5
Theo , th nghim 2 ta c: m Ag .108.(2. 0,15 2.0,35) 54 gam gn nht
53,9 gam
29,2
Lu : Bn cht ca phng php s m l dng c bit ca quy i nn vn chp nhn cc s m trong cc
s liu tnh ton ra m khng lm thay i kt qu sau cng ca bi ton !
Cu 8: t chy hon ton 22,9 gam hn hp X gm hai este n chc, mch h to bi cng mt ancol vi
hai axit cacboxylic k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, thu c 1,1 mol CO2 v 15,3 gam H2O. Mt khc, ton
b lng X trn phn ng ht vi 300 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y thu
c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m c th l
A. 20,4 B. 23,9 C. 18,4 D. 19,0
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 2 THPT Chuyn Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
O2 , t
o
CO2 H 2O
Ta c : 22,9 gam RCOOR ' 1,1 mol 0,85 mol
0,3 mol NaOH
m gam Y R 'OH
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Cu 9: Cho 11 gam hn hp X gm hai este n chc, mch h A v B tc dng ht vi 200 gam dung dch
KOH 5,6% un nng, thot ra hn hp ancol Y ng ng kt tip, c cn dung dch th thu c m gam cht
rn khan. Cho Y i qua bnh Na d th khi lng bnh tng 5,35 gam v c 1,68 lt kh thot ra ktc. Mt
khc, 16,5 gam X lm mt mu ti a a gam brom. Gi tr (m + a) l
A. 40,7. B. 52,7. C. 32,7. D. 28,7.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 2 THPT Tnh Gia 2 Thanh Ha, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
n ROH 2 n H2 0,15 mol
m ROH 5,5 gam
0,075 CH3OH
5,5 ROH gm
m bnh Na tng m ROH m H2 M ROH 0,15 36,67 C 2 H 5OH
5,35 gam ? 0,075.2
RCOOCH3
0,1 mol
R 14 Loi
n RCOOR '(X) n ROH 0,15 mol HCOOC 2 H 5
0,05 mol
11 RCOOR' gm
M R 0,15 44 19,6 HCOOCH3
0,1 mol
R 27 CH 2 CH
R'
RCOOC 2 H 5
0,05 mol
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Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c : mcht rn m este m KOH m ancol 16,7 gam
m 11 11,2 5,5
Cu 10: Hn hp T gm X, Y, Z (58 < MX < MY < MZ < 78, l hp cht hu c tp phc, phn t ch cha C,
H v O c cc tnh cht sau:
- X, Y, Z u tc dng c vi Na
- Y, Z tc dng c vi NaHCO3
- X, Y u c phn ng trng bc
Nu t chy ht 0,25 mol hn hp T th thu c m gam cht CO2, gi tr ca m gn nht vi
A. 44,4 B. 22,2 C. 11,1 D. 33,3
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 2 THPT Chuyn Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Nhn xt: do X, Y, Z u l tp chc v u c M > 58 nn hn hp X, Y, Z khng cha HCOOH v ch cha
ti a 1 nhm CHO v 1 nhm COOH.
+ X, Y, Z u tc dng vi Na X, Y, Z u cha nhm chc OH hoc COOH.
+ Y, Z u tc dng vi NaHCO3 Y, Z u cha nhm chc COOH.
+ X, Y u c phn ng trng bc X, Y c cha nhm chc CHO.
Theo :
+ X, Y u c cha 1 nhm CHO. Mt khc, X c phn ng vi Na, khng tc dng vi NaHCO3; cn Y phn
X mang nhm OH v CHO 58MX MY MZ 78 X : HO CH2 CHO
ng vi c 2
Y mang nhm COOH v CHO Y : HOC COOH
M 74 M 78
+ Z khng trng bc Y mang nhm COOH
Y Z Y : HO CH2 COOH
X : HO CH 2 CHO
O2 , t o
Suy ra T l : Y : HOC COOH CO 2
Z : HO CH COOH
? gam
2
C n H 2n 1COOC 3 H 7 k 1
X O2 to
CO2 H 2 O
C 3 H 7 OH k 0 1,795 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c : mX 12.1, 45 2.1,6 16. 0,2.2 0,15 29, 4 gam
n 1
0,15.60 0,2. 14n 88 29, 4 gam
mC3H7OH mC nH2 n1COOC3H7 axit to Y l CH3COOH hay C 2 H 4 O2
Cu 12: Hn hp E cha peptit X mch h (to bi glyxin v alanin) v este Y mch h (c to bi etylen
glicol v mt axit n, khng no cha mt lin kt C=C). un nng hn hp E vi dung dch NaOH va thu
c 23,08 gam hn hp F c cha a gam mui ca glyxin v b gam mui ca alanin . Ly ton b F t chy
thu c Na2CO3, N2, 23,76 gam CO2 v 7,56 gam H2O. Mt khc cng em t cng lng E trn cn dng
19,936 lt kh O2 (ktc). Gi tr ca a : b gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 2,45. B. 2,60. C. 2,70. D. 2,55.
Hng dn gii
Amino axit to X: C n H 2n 1O2 N (n 2) Mui ca amino axit A : C n H 2n O2 NNa : x mol
Axit to este Y: C m H 2m 2 O2 Mui ca axit B : C m H 2m 3O2 Na : y mol
A: C n H 2n O2 NNa : x mol O2 , t o
23,08 gam F Na 2 CO3 CO2 H 2 O N 2
B: C m H 2m 3O2 Na : y mol 0,54 mol 0,42 mol
(x y)
p dng bo ton nguyn t Na, ta c : n Na2CO3 mol
2
k 1; c 1 nit
A (k A 1 0,5.S N) n A (k B 1) n B n CO2 n H2O
k B 2 1 1 x 2 y 0,54 mol 0,42 mol
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Cu 13: Hn hp X gm 0,2 mol axetilen, 0,1 mol but1in, 0,15 mol etilen, 0,1 mol etan v 0,85 mol H2.
Nung nng hn hp X (xc tc bt Ni) sau mt thi gian, thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi H2 bng x. Cho
Y tc dng vi AgNO3 d trong NH3 thu c kt ta v 19,04 lt hn hp kh Z (ktc). Sc kh Z qua dung
dch brom d thy c 8,0 gam brom phn ng. Gi tr ca x gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 9,0. B. 10,0. C. 10,5. D. 11,0.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 2 THPT Chuyn Bn Tre Bn Tre, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
CH CH : 0,2 mol
Ankin d
AgNO3 /NH3
thu c
CH C CH 2 CH 3 : 0,1 mol
Anken
X CH 2 CH 2 : 0,15 mol
Ni, t o
Y 0,05 mol Br2
C H : 0,1 mol 0,85 mol Z Ankan
2 6
H 2 : 0,85 mol H 2 d
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Cu 14: Hn hp X gm peptit A mch h c cng thc CxHyN5O6 v hp cht B c cng thc phn t l
C4H9NO2. Ly 0,09 mol X tc dng va vi 0,21 mol NaOH ch thu c sn phm l dung dch gm ancol
etylic v a mol mui ca glyxin, b mol mui ca alanin. Mt khc, nu t chy hon ton 41,325 gam hn hp
X bng oxi va th thu c N2 v 96,975 gam hn hp CO2 v H2O. Gi tr ca a : b gn nht vi gi tr
no sau y ?
A. 0,50. B. 0,76. C. 1,30. D. 2,60.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 3 THPT Chuyn i hc Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
C 2 H 5OH
C x H y N 5O6 0,21 mol NaOH A l pentapeptit to bi Gly v Ala
0,09 mol X C 2 H 4 O2 NNa
C 4 H 9 NO2 C H O NNa B l H 2 N CH 2 COOC 2 H 5
3 6 2
44n CO2 18n H2O 96,975 gam 44n CO2 18n H2O 96,975 gam
n CO2 n H2O (5 1 0,5.5)x (1 1 0,5.1)2x
n CO2 n H2O 0,5x 0
n CO2 1,575 mol
n H2O 1,5375 mol
x 0,075 mol
1,575 4.2.0,075
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, ta c: S C trong A = 13 (Gly Gly Ala Ala Ala)
0,075
C 2 H 4 O2 NNa : 2.0,03 0,06 mol
Gly Gly Ala Ala Ala : 0,03 mol mui ca Gly
0,09 mol
BT mt xch Gly
H 2 N CH 2 COOC 2 H 5 : 0,06 mol
BT mt xch Ala
C 3 H6 O2 NNa : 3.0,03 mol
muoiscaAla
a 0,12 4 gn nht
Vy 1,30
b 0,09 3
Cu 15: Hn hp X gm hai cht hu c no , mch h (u cha C, H, O), trong phn t mi cht c hai nhm
chc trong s cc nhm OH, CHO, COOH. Cho m gam X phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung dch
AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 4,05 gam Ag v 1,86 gam mt mui amoni hu c. Cho ton b lng mui amoni
hu c ny vo dung dch NaOH (d, un nng), thu c 0,02 mol NH3. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,50. B. 1,24. C. 2,98. D. 1,22.
( thi Trung hc ph thng Quc Gia nm 2015 B Gio dc v o to)
Hng dn gii
n Ag 0,0375 mol
n CHO 0,01875 mol 1,86
+ M RCOONH4 93 R = 31 (OH CH2 )
NH3
n =0,02 mol
n R COONH 4
0,02 mol 0,02
Gii thch do trong X mi cht u cha hai trong 3 nhm chc OH, CHO, COOH.
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
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3
b = n CO2 n H2O n CO2 0,22 b 0,02 mol
12n CO2 2.0,22 16.2(a b) 5,88 gam n CO2 0,24 mol
Mt khc, do axit khng no, c ng phn hnh hc Este khng no cng c ng phn hnh S C 4
0,02.100
Vy Este khng no l CH3CH=CHCOOCH3 (0,02 mol) %m .100 34,01%
5,88
Cu 17: Hn hp T gm hai ancol n chc l X v Y (MX < MY), ng ng k tip ca nhau. un nng 27,2
gam T vi H2SO4 c, thu c hn hp cc cht hu c Z gm: 0,08 mol ba ete (c khi lng 6,76 gam) v
mt lng ancol d. t chy hon ton Z cn va 43,68 lt O2 (ktc). Hiu sut phn ng to ete ca X v
Y ln lt l
A. 20% v 40%. B. 40% v 30%. C. 30% v 30%. D. 50% v 20%.
( thi Trung hc ph thng Quc Gia nm 2015 B Gio dc v o to)
Hng dn gii
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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2R OH
H2SO4
R O R H2 O 6,76
Ta c:
gi thuyt
M R O R 84,5 R 34,25
mol : 0,16 0,08 0,08
X : C 2 H 5 (29) 8,75
ng vi
0,1 mol
M X M Y
+ Do X, Y ng ng k tip 0,16 mol R 34,25
Y : C H (43) 5,25
ng vi
0,06 mol
3 7
+ Do lng C trong T v Z l khng i nn t chy hn hp ancol hay t Z (H2O chy khng cn oxi) u
cn cng mt lng O2 nh nhau (1,95 mol).
C 2 H6 O 3O2
to
2CO2 3H 2 O
+ Do lng ancol ban u
C 3 H8 O 4, 5O2 3CO2 4H 2 O
to
46x 60y 27,2 gam x 0,2 mol
Gi s mol C2H5OH v C3H7OH ban u ln lt l x, y mol
3x 4,5y 1,95 mol y 0,3 mol
0,1 0,06
H%X .100 50% v H%Y .100 20%
0,2 0,3
Cu 18: Hn hp X gm 2 cht c cng thc phn t l C3H12N2O3 v C2H8N2O3. Cho 3,40 gam X phn ng
va vi dung dch NaOH (un nng), thu c dung dch Y ch gm cc cht v c v 0,04 mol hn hp 2
cht hu c n chc (u lm xanh qu tm m). C cn Y, thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,36. B. 2,97. C. 2,76. D. 3,12.
( thi Trung hc ph thng Quc Gia nm 2015 B Gio dc v o to)
Hng dn gii
+ Gi 2 cht trong X l A v B.
2.3 2 12 2
k A tnh theo CTPT 1
Bin lun cu to ca A 2 A l hp cht c cha lin kt ion
A phn ng c vi NaOH k A thc t 1
S lin kt ion = k A thc t k A tnh theo CTPT
Mt khc, ta c 3 A l hp cht c cha 2 nhm mui amoni
X c 3 Oxi k A thc t 2 1
k B tnh theo CTPT 0
"Tng Vn T" B 3 B l hp cht cha 1 nhm mui amoni
c 3 oxi k 2 1
thc t
x mol y mol
CH NH 2 : 2x mol 2x y 0,04 mol x 0,01 mol
Khi : Hn hp kh 3
C 2 H 5 NH2 : y mol 124x 108y 3,4 gam y 0,02 mol
Na CO BT gc CO32 v NO3
Vy Y gm 2 3 m 0,01.106 0,02.85 2,76 gam
NaNO3
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
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Cu 20: Cho 0,7 mol hn hp T gm hai peptit mch h l X (x mol) v Y (y mol), u to bi glyxin v
alanin. un nng 0,7 mol T trong lng d dung dch NaOH th c 3,8 mol NaOH phn ng v thu c dung
dch cha m gam mui. Mt khc, nu t chy hon ton x mol X hoc y mol Y th u thu c cng s mol
CO2. Bit tng s nguyn t oxi trong hai phn t X v Y l 13, trong X v Y u c s lin kt peptit khng
nh hn 4. Gi tr ca m l
A. 340,8. B. 409,2. C. 396,6. D. 399,4.
( thi Trung hc ph thng Quc Gia nm 2015 B Gio dc v o to)
Hng dn gii
+ Do s lin kt peptit trong X hoc Y khng nh hn 4 ngha l s amino axit to X hoc Y khng nh hn 5.
+ Gi n l s mt xch amino axit trung bnh ca X v Y. Theo quy lut phn ng thy phn peptit, ta c:
n peptit (X,Y) + nNaOH Mui + H2 O 3,8
n 5, 43 .
mol : 0,7 0,7n 3,8 0, 7
Phi c 1 peptit cha 5 mt xch amino axit (pentapeptit): C H O N S O = 13 peptit cn li: C H O N
x y 6 5 n m 7 6
X l Pentapeptit : C x H y O6 N 5 (x mol) x y 0, 7 mol
+ Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s
gi thuyt
Y l Hexapeptit : C n H m O7 N 6 (y mol) 5x 6y 3,8 mol
x 0,4 mol
. Mt khc, do t 0,4 mol X hay 0,3 mol Y u thu c cng mt lng CO2.
y 0,3 mol
X : (Gly)a (Ala)5a nCO (X) nCO (Y)
Khi : 2 2
0,4.[2a + 3(5 a)] = 0,3.[2b + 3(6 b)]
Y : (Gly) b (Ala)6b
Vy
Y : Gly2 Ala 4 (0,3 mol) C 3 H6 O2 NNa
0,4.2 0,3.4 2 mol
BT nhm Ala
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Cu 21: Thy phn hon ton cht bo X trong mi trng axit, thu c glixerol v hn hp hai axit bo gm
axit oleic v axit linoleic. t chy m gam X cn va 76,32 gam O2, thu c 75,24 gam CO2. Mt khc, m
gam X tc dng ti a vi V ml dung dch Br2 1M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 120. B. 150. C. 180. D. 200.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 THPT chuyn L Qu n, Qung Tr, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
axit oleic : C17 H33COOH (1 C C )
Ta c: X l vi a + b = 3.
axit linoleic : C H
17 31COOH (2 C C )
y to y
+ Vy cht bo X khi c dng : C18.3+ 3HyO6 C 57 H y O6 57 3 O2 57CO2 H2 O
4 2
y
n O2 57 3
2,385
+ Gi thuyt, ta c: 4 y = 102.
n CO2 57 1,71
ab3 a 2
p dng bo ton nguyn t H, ta c: 33a + 31b +5 = y = 102
b 1
CC 2.1 2 4 .
n CO2 1,71
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, ta c: n X 0,03 mol
S C X 57
BT mol C C
nBr2 phn ng 0,03.4 0,12 mol V 120 ml
Cu 22: Thy phn hon ton 0,1 mol este X cn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1,5M. C cn dung dch sau phn
ng thu c glixerol v 24,6 gam mui khan ca axit hu c mch thng. S cng thc cu to ca X l
A. 1 B. 4 C. 7 D. 6
( thi th THPT Quc Gia THPT chuyn Vnh Phc, Vnh Phc, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
+ 0,1 mol X + 0,3 mol NaOH Glixerol + mui ca cc axit hu c.
X l (RCOO)3C 3H 5 : 0,1 mol 24,6
R 67 15 (CH3 )
Mui l RCOONa : 0,3 mol 0,3
R1 : H (a) R1 : CH3 (b) R1 : H (a)
R2 : CH3 (b) hoc R2 : CH 3 (b) hoc R2 : H (a)
R : C H (c) R : CH (b) R : CH CH CH (b)
3 2 5 3 3 3 3 2 2
+ S ng phn ca X l 6 gm :
(b) (a) (b) (c) (a) (a)
Cu 23: Cho hn hp X gm mt este n chc v mt ancol (bn), c hai u mch h v c cng s nguyn
t cacbon. t chy hon ton m gam X, thu c 10,08 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 7,2 gam H2O. Mt khc, cho m
gam X tc dng vi NaOH d thu c 0,1 mol ancol. Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,4. B. 10,1. C. 9,5. D. 8,5.
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Hng dn gii
nCO2 0,45 mol ; nH2O 0,4 mol . Gi cng thc este l CnHyO2; ancol l CnHtO. (do este v ancol c cng C)
n CO2 0,45
Trng hp 1: thy phn este to ra ancol n X nancol 0,1 mol S C = 4,5 (L Loi) .
nX 0,1
Trng hp 2: thy phn este khng to ra ancol este khng no n 3.
0,45 n 3
Ta c khi 0,1 mol chnh l s mol ancol ban u n X 0,1 mol n n 3
4,5 n 4
0,1
0,45 y
+ Nu n = 4 n X 0,1125 mol n este 0,0125 mol
BTNT H
0,0125y 0,1t 0,4.2 t 8
4 8
D thy khng c nghim y nguyn no tha mn v C4HyO2 khng no th y 6.
0,45
+ Nu n = 3 n X 0,15 mol n este 0,05 mol
BTNT H
0,05y 0,1t 0,4.2 y 2t 16
3
y 2 t 7 L Loi Este : HCOOCH CH2
C3HyO2 khng no th y 4
y 4 t 6 (Tha mn) Ancol : CH 2 CH CH 2 OH
m 0,05.72 0,1.58 9,4 gam
Cu 24: Hn hp X gm metan, etilen, propin, vinylaxetilen v hiro. Dn X qua Ni nung nng, sau phn
ng hon ton thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi kh nit ioxit l 1. Bit 5,6 lt hn hp Y (ktc) lm
mt mu va 72 gam brom trong dung dch. Nu ly 5,6 lt hn hp X (ktc) lm mt mu va bao
nhiu gam brom trong dung dch?
A. 56 gam. B. 60 gam. C. 48 gam. D. 96 gam
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp Y thnh C n H2n 22k
0,45
Khi : 0,25 mol Y + 0,45 mol Br2 va k 1,8 Y l C n H 2n 1,6
0,2
C 3,4 H4
+ M Y 14n 1,6 46 n 3,4. Vy Y l C 3,4 H5,2 X
H 2
C 3,4 H 4 :1 mol
C 3,4 H4 0,6H2
Ni,t o
C 3,4 H5,2 Nu ly 1,6 mol X gm
H 2 : 0,6 mol
C 3,4 H 4 :1,5625 mol
Ly 0,25 mol X gm
H2 : 0,09375 mol
C 3,4 H4 2, 4Br2 C 3,4 H 4 Br4,8
o
Ni,t
mBr2 0,375.160 60 gam
mol : 0,15625 0,375
Cu 25: Bit X l axit cacboxylic n chc, Y l ancol no, c hai cht u mch h, c cng s nguyn t
cacbon. t chy hon ton 0,4 mol hn hp gm X v Y (trong s mol ca X ln hn s mol ca Y) cn
va 30,24 lt kh O2, thu c 26,88 lt kh CO2 v 19,8 gam H2O. Bit th tch cc kh iu kin tiu
chun. Khi lng ca Y trong 0,4 mol hn hp trn l
A. 9,0 gam. B. 11,4 gam. C. 19,0 gam. D. 17,7 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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n CO 1, 2(mol)
BTNT O XY
2 n Trong 1, 2.2 1,1 1,35.2 0,8
O
Ta c : n H2O 1,1(mol) 1, 2
Phn ng S C trong X hoc Y= 3
O2
n 1,35(mol) 0, 4
2, 2
V H 5,5 c hai trng hp xy ra .
0, 4
C3 H 4 O2 : a mol BTNT H a b 0, 4 a 0, 25
Trng hp 2: 0, 4 mol tha mn.
C3 H8 On : b mol 4a 8b 1,1.2 b 0,15
H 2 : 0,16 mol
Trong Y ta tng tng l chia thnh hai phn:
CH CH : a mol CAg CAg : a mol
CH CHO : 0,5a mol Ag : a mol
3
Phn 1: m gam
AgNO3
gn nht
m 29,1248 29 gam
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n Ag
n CHO x 2y t 0,26 mol (1)
Theo gi thuyt, ta c: 2
n COOH 2z 2t n 0,12 mol (2)
OH phn ng
44n CO2 18n H2O m (m 7,92) 44n CO2 18n H2O 2m 7,92 gam
n CO2 n H2O 0,38 mol
m O2
n CO2 n H2O 0,38 mol
n 0,86 mol
CO2
n H2 O 0, 46 mol
m 19,28 gam 19,36 gam
gn nht
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gc Ala Gly 2HCl H 2 O Mui
Theo quy lut phn ng, ta c:
gc Lys 2HCl H 2 O
Mui
BTKL
mmui 0,16.(146 36,5.2 18) 0,24.(128 36,5 18) 90,48 gam
Cu 29: Hn hp E gm cht X (CxHyO4N) v Y (CxHtO5N2); trong X khng cha chc este, Y l mui ca
amino axit no vi axit nitric. Cho m gam E tc dng va vi 100 ml NaOH 1,2M un nng nh thy thot
ra 0,672 lt (ktc) mt amin bc 3 th kh iu kin thng. Mt khc m gam E tc dng va vi a mol HCl
trong dung dch thu c hn hp sn phm trong c 2,7 gam mt axit cacboxylic. Gi tr m v a ln lt l
A. 9,87 v 0,03 B. 9,84 v 0,03 C. 9,87 v 0,06 D. 9,84 v 0,06
Hng dn gii
+ Amin bc 3 th kh iu kin thng ch c th l trimetyl amin (CH3)3N : 0,03 mol.
+ X (CxHyO4N) khng cha chc este, ch c 1 nguyn t N nn l mui amoni ca axit 2 chc.
+ Y l mui ca amino axit no vi axit nitric nn phn ng vi NaOH khng sinh kh.
TN1: HOOC R COOHN(CH 3 )3 2NaOH NaOOC R COONa + (CH 3 )3 N 2H 2 O
mol : 0,03 0,06 0,03
Vi X
TN 2 : HOOC R COOHN(CH 3 )3 HCl HOOC R COOH + (CH 3 )3 NHCl
mol : 0,03 0,03
0,03
2,7
Maxit cacboxylic 90 R 0 (HOOC COOH). Vy X l C 5H11O 4 N Y l C 5H t O5 N 2
0,03
Mt khc Y l mui ca amino axit no vi HNO3 amino axit c 2O 1N
amino axit l C5H11O2N.
Y l C 5 12 5 2 HOOC C 4 H8 NH3 NO3
H O N (
HOOC COOHN(CH 3 )3 2NaOH NaOOC COONa + (CH3 )3 N 2H 2 O
mol : 0,03 0,06
TN1
HOOC C 4 H8 COONH 3 NO3 2NaOH NaOOC C 4 H8 NH 2 + NaNO3 2H 2 O
mol : 0,03
0,03
m 0,03.149 0,03.180 9,87 gam
Vy
a n HCl 0,03 mol
n OH 0, 425
+ Th nghim 2 n OH trong ancol 2n H2 0, 425 mol S O = 2,125
nX 0, 2
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Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Cu 33: Hn hp X gm mt s amino axit (ch cha nhm chc COOH v NH2 trong phn t), trong t
l mO : mN = 16 : 7. tc dng va vi 10,36 gam hn hp X cn va ng 120 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Mt
khc cho 10,36 gam hn hp X tc dng vi 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M ri c cn thu c m gam rn. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 14,20. B. 16,36. C. 14,56. D. 13,84.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 4 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
0,12 mol HCl
va
(NH3Cl)n R(COOH)m
(NH 2 )n R(COOH)m 0,15 mol NaOH (NH 2 )n R(COONa)m
m gam H2 O
10,36 gam
NaOH d
n NH2 n HCl 0,12 mol m N 0,12.14 1,68 gam
mO 16
1,68.16 0,24
mN 7
mO
3,84 gam nO 0,24 mol n COOH 0,12 mol
7 2
Mt khc, ta c: nNaOH p nCOOH nH2O sinh ra 0,12 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: m 10,36 0,15.40 0,12.18 14,2 gam
mX mNaOH mH O
2
Cu 34: Tetrapeptit X (CxHyO5Nt) trong oxi chim 26,49% v khi lng; Y l mui amoni ca
amino axit Z. un nng 19,3 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z cn dng 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c mt
mui duy nht v 2,688 lt kh (ktc) T (T c t khi hi so vi H2 < 15). Mt khc 19,3 gam E tc dng HCl
d thu c m gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 27,85. B. 28,45. C. 31,52. D. 25,10.
Hng dn gii
+ Hn hp E phn ng vi NaOH ch thu c 1 mui duy nht X l tetrapeptit c to bi 1 amino
axit Z.
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16.5
+ %mO 26,49% M tetrapeptit 302 4M Z 3.18 302 M Z 89 (Alanin)
0,2649
+ Do Y l mui amoni ca amino axit c to bi amino axit Z phn ng vi NH3 hoc amin.
Do MT 30 T l NH3 (c sinh bi mui amoni Y phn ng vi NaOH).
Cch 1: Gii chn phng
p dng bo ton nguyn t Na nCH3CH(NH3 )COONa n NaOH 0,2 mol . Khi , ta c:
X : Ala Ala Ala Ala : x mol CH3CH(NH 2 )COONa : 0,2 mol
0,2 mol NaOH
19,3 gam E Y: CH3CH(NH 2 )COONH 4 : y mol NH 3 : 0,12 mol
Z : CH CH(NH )COOH : z mol
3 2 H 2 O
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: mH2O 19,3 0,2.40 (0,2.111 0,12.17) 3,06 gam n H2O 0,17 mol
4x y z n NaOH phn ng 0,2 mol x 0,01 mol
x y z n H2O sinh ra 0,17 mol y 0,12 mol
z 0,04 mol
y = n NH3 0,12 mol
Ala Ala Ala Ala 4HCl 3H 2 O CH 3CH(NH 3Cl)COOH
mol : 0,01 0,04 0,03
CH 3CH(NH 3 )COONH 4 2HCl CH 3CH(NH 3Cl)COOH + NH 4 Cl
19,3 gam E
mol : 0,12 0,24
CH 3CH(NH 3 )COOH HCl CH 3CH(NH 3Cl)COOH
mol : 0,04 0,04
nHCl dng 0,04 0,24 0,04 0,32 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: mmui 19,3 0,32.36,5 0,03.18 31,52 gam
Cch 2: p dng bo ton nguyn t Na ngc Ala nCH3CH(NH3 )COONa n NaOH 0,2 mol .
CH3CH(NH3Cl)COOH 0,2 mol
HCl
BT gc Ala
Khi : E
m mui 0,2.125,5 0,12.53,5 31,52 gam
NH 4 Cl
0,12 mol
NH3 :0,12 mol
Cu 35: X, Y l hai cht hu c k tip thuc dy ng ng ancol anlylic; Z l axit no hai chc; T l este to
bi X, Y, Z. t chy 17,12 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z, T (u mch h) cn dng 10,864 lt O2 (ktc) thu
c 7,56 gam nc. Mt khc 17,12 gam E lm mt mu va dung dch cha 0,09 mol Br2. Nu un nng
0,2 mol E vi 450 ml dung dch KOH 1M, c cn dung dch sau phn ng, ly phn lng cha cc cht hu c
i qua bnh ng Na d thy khi lng bnh tng m gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 11,34. B. 7,50. C. 10,01. D. 5,69.
Hng dn gii
X,Y : R' CH CH CH 2 OH : a mol (k = 1) 0,485 mol O2 CO2
17,12 gam E Z : R(COOH)2 : b mol (k = 2) H 2 O : 0,42 mol
0,09 mol Br2
T : R(COO CH 2 CH CH R')2 : c mol (k = 4)
25,08
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: mCO2 17,12 0,485.32 7,56 = 25,08 gam n CO2 0,57 mol
44
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b 3c n CO2 n H2O 0,15 mol b 0,12 mol n E 0,07 0,12 0,01 0,2 mol
a 2c n Br2 phn ng 0,09 mol
c 0,01 mol
C X,Y 3
n CO2 0,57
Mt khc ta c: C Z 2 S C trong E 2,85 C Z 2 Y l HOOC COOH
C 8 nE 0,2
T
Do s mol E th nghim cng l 0,2 mol nn 0,2 mol E phn ng vi KOH cng chnh l 17,12 gam hn
hp ban u. Khi , ta c:
R' CH CHCH 2 OH : (0,07 0,01.2) 0,09 mol
R' CH CHCH 2 OH : 0,07 mol
0,45 mol (C OOK)2 : (0,12 0,01) 0,13 mol
17,12 gam (COOH)2 : 0,12 mol KOH
KOH d : 0,19 mol
(COOCH 2 CH CH R')2 : 0,01 mol H O : 0,12.2 = 0,24 mol
2
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: m E m KOH m R'CHCHCH OH m(COOK)2 m KOH d m H2O
2
17,12 0,45.56 0,13.166 0,19.56 0,24.18
Cu 36: Chia 0,15 mol hn hp X gm mt s cht hu c (bn c trong sch gio khoa c bn), trong phn t
cng cha C, H v O thnh ba phn bng nhau. t chy phn mt bng mt lng oxi va ri hp th ton
b sn phm chy vo bnh ng nc vi trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Phn hai tc dng vi mt lng d
dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 8,64 gam Ag. Phn ba tc dng vi mt lng Na va thu c 0,448
lt H2 (ktc). Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Khi lng ca 0,15 mol hn hp X l
A. 6,48 gam. B. 5,58 gam. D. 5,52 gam. D. 6,00 gam.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 4 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
O2 , t
CO2 : 0,05.3 0,15 mol n C/trong X 0,15 mol
o
AgNO3 /NH3
0,15 mol X Ag : 0,08.3 0,24 mol
Na
H 2 : 0,02.3 0,06 mol n H linh ng 0,12 mol
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Cu 37: Cho hn hp X gm mui A (C5H16O3N2) v B (C4H12O4N2) tc dng vi mt lng dung dch NaOH
va , un nng n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton ri c cn thu c m gam hn hp Y gm hai mui D v
E (MD < ME) v 2,24 lt hn hp Z gm hai amin no, n chc ng ng k tip c t khi hi i vi H2 l
18,3. Khi lng ca mui E trong hn hp Y l
A. 2,12 gam. B. 3,18 gam. C. 2,68 gam. D. 4,02 gam.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 4 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
2.5 2 16 2
k A tnh theo CTPT 1
Bin lun cu to ca A 2 A l hp cht c cha lin kt ion
A phn ng c vi NaOH k A thc t 1
S lin kt ion = k A thc t k A tnh theo CTPT
Mt khc, ta c 3 A l hp cht c cha 2 nhm mui amoni
X c 3 Oxi k A thc t 2 1
k B tnh theo CTPT 0
" Tng Vn T" B 4 B l hp cht cha 2 nhm mui amoni
c 4 oxi k 2 2
thc t
x mol y mol
x y 0,1 mol
C 2 H 5 NH 2 : x mol x 0,04 mol
Khi : Z 45x 31y
CH3 NH 2 : y mol x y 18,3.2 y 0,06 mol
D : Na 2 CO3 : 0,02 mol
Y m E 134.0,03 4,02 gam
E : (COONa)2 : 0,03 mol
n 4a 5b 0,22.2 mol
N
n NaOH phn ng 0, 44 mol
BTNT Na
n Na CO 0, 22 mol 2 3
C 2 H 4 O2 NNa
O , t
Na 2 CO3 CO 2 H 2 O N 2
o
(m 15,8) Y 2
n H 2n H O
O N Na
Y 2
44n CO 18n H O 56,04 gam
n 2 n H C
O/ trong mui
2 2
n 2.0, 44 0,88 mol
n n 0, 44 mol 2n H O 2(0, 22 n CO )
N
2 2
Na
m 29, 4 gam
BTNT C
2n C H O NNa 3n C H O NNa 0,84 0, 22 mol n C H O NNa 0, 26 mol
n CO 0,84 mol
2 4 2 3 6 2 2 4 2
n 1,06 mol
2 4 2 3 6 2 3 6 2
HO 2
xAla
tetrapeptit A : 0,06 mol gm (4 x)Gly
Gi
BT mc xch Ala
0,06x 0,04y 0,18 mol
pentapeptit B : 0,04 mol gm yAla
(5 y)Gly
x 1 A : Gly Gly Gly Ala 0,06(75.3 89 3.18)
%m A .100 53,06%
y 3 B : Gly Gly Ala Ala Ala 29, 4
Cu 39: Hn hp A gm 2 este n chc X, Y. Cho 0,05 mol A tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH thu c
hn hp sn phm hu c B. t chy ht ton b B thu c 2,688 lt CO2; 3,18 gam Na2CO3. Khi lm bay
hi B thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,56. B. 3,40. C. 5,84. D. 5,62.
Hng dn gii
Theo bo ton nguyn t C, ta c :
2.3,18 n NaOH phan ng 0,06
n NaOH phan ng 2nNa 0,06 1,2
2CO3 106 n(X, Y) 0,05
Suy ra : X hoc Y l este ca phenol.
nC nCO n Na CO 0,12 0,03 X : HCOOCH3
2 2 3
C(X, Y) 3
n(X, Y) n(X, Y) 0,05 Y : Cx Hy O2 (x 7)
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t C, ta c :
n n C H O 0,05 n C H O 0,01
HCOOCH3 x y 2 x y 2
n HCOOCH3 2n CxHyO2 n NaOH 0,06 n HCOOCH3 0,04 Cx H y O2 : HCOOC6 H 5
2n HCOOCH3 x.nCxHyO2 nC 0,15 x 7
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Theo bo ton khi lng, ta c : m chat ran 0,04.60 0,01.122 0,06.40 0,04.32 0,01.18 4,56 gam
m(X, Y) m NaOH mCH OH mH O
3 2
Cu 40: Hn hp X gm mt axit cacboxylic no hai chc, mch h; hai ancol no n chc k tip nhau trong
dy ng ng v mt ieste to bi axit v c 2 ancol . t chy hon ton 4,84 gam X trn thu c 7,26
gam CO2 v 2,70 gam H2O. Mt khc, un nng 4,84 gam X trn vi 80 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, sau phn ng
thm va 10 ml dung dch HCl 1M trung ha lng NaOH d. C cn phn dung dch thu c m gam
mui khan, ng thi thu c 896 ml hn hp ancol (ktc) c t khi hi so vi H2 l 19,5. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,595 B. 5,765. C. 5,180. D. 4,990.
Hng dn gii
O2 , t o CO2 : 0,165 mol
R(C OOH)2 : a mol (k = 2) H 2 O : 0,15 mol
4,84 gam X R'OH : b mol (k = 0) m gam rn
R(C OOR') : c mol (k = 2) 0,08 NaOH
0,896
R'OH : 22,4 0,04 mol
2 0,01 mol HCl
Theo gi thuyt v mi lin h bt bo ha k, ta c:
a b c n CO2 n H2O 0,015 mol a 0,025 mol
2a 2c n NaOH phn ng 0,08 0,01 0,07 mol b 0,02 mol
b 2c n ancol 0,04 mol c 0,01 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c:
m X m NaOH m HCl m m H2O m R 'OH (vi n H2O a 0,01 0,035 mol)
m 4,84 0,08.40 0,01.36,5 0,035.18 0,04.19,5.2 5,765 gam
Cu 41: t chy este 2 chc mch h (X c to t axit cacboxylic no, a chc, phn t X khng c qu 5
lin kt ) thu c tng th tch CO2 v H2O gp 5/3 ln th tch O2 cn dng. Ly 21,6 gam X tc dng hon
ton vi 400 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn Y. Gi tr ln
nht ca m l
A. 28,0. B. 26,2. C. 24,8. D. 24,1.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 THPT Qunh Lu 1 Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Ta c cng thc phn t ca Este 2 chc mch l C n H 2n 22k O4 (k 5)
n 1 k to
C n H 2n 22k O 4 + n 2 O 2 nCO 2 (n 1 k)H 2 O
2
5 5 n 1 k
Theo gi thuyt n CO2 n H2O n O2 2n+1 k n 2
3 3 2
n 6
1,5n 0,5k 10,5
k 3
2 trong -COO-
Vy Este l C 6 H8 O 4 c k = 3
1 trong gc hirocacbon ca ancol
to c khi lng rn ti a th gc axit phi ln nht nhng do mch h khng th l este vng do vy c
2 gc ancol trong 1 gc cha gc hirocacbon khng no cha 1 C=C.
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Vy cu to ca este phi l
21,6
0,15 mol 0,4 mol
144
Vy m = 0,1.40 + 0,15.148 = 26.2 gam
Cu 42: Thy phn 12,64 gam hn hp X gm hai este A v B ch cha mt loi nhm chc (MA < MB) cn
va ng 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M ri c cn thu c mui ca mt axit hu c D v hn hp X gm hai
ancol no, n chc ng ng k tip. Cho ton b lng ancol ny tc dng vi 6,9 gam Na thu c 13,94
gam cht rn. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Chn kt lun ng trong cc kt lun sau:
A. T l mol gia A v B trong hn hp X l 1 : 3.
B. T l mol gia A v B trong hn hp X l 3 : 1.
C. D c thnh phn phn trm khi lng C l 26,67%.
D. D c thnh phn phn trm khi lng C l 26,08%.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 4 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
R(COOR ')n nNaOH R(COONa)n nR 'OH (I)
0,14
nA mol
n n 0, 2 mol
n 0,14 mol n
CH OH C H OH CH OH
3 2 5 BT nhm -CH
3
3
32n CH OH
3
46n C H OH
2
7, 24
5
gam
n C H OH
0,06 mol BT nhm -C H
2 5 n 0,06 mol
2 5
B n
0,14 0,06
nA : nB : 7 : 3 p n A, B u sai
n n
p dng bo ton khi lng cho (I) v bo ton nguyn t Na, ta c:
m R(COONa ) 12,64 0,2.40 7,24 13, 4 gam
m m n
n R(COONa ) 67n
este NaOH
R 'OH
n 0,2 n
mol
Na trong R(COONa )
n
n
M R 67n 67n M R 0
ch tha mn
n 2 NaOOC COONa
12.2
D : HOOC COOH % m C .100 26,67% p n C ng
90
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Cu 43: X, Y l hai cht hu c k tip thuc dy ng ng ancol anlylic; Z l axit no hai chc; T l este to
bi X, Y, Z. t chy 17,12 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z, T (u mch h) cn dng 10,864 lt O2 (ktc) thu
c 7,56 gam nc. Mt khc 17,12 gam E lm mt mu va dung dch cha 0,09 mol Br2. Nu un nng
0,3 mol E vi 450 ml dung dch KOH 1M, c cn dung dch sau phn ng, ly phn lng cha cc cht hu c
i qua bnh ng Na d thy khi lng bnh tng m gam. Gi tr ca m gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 7,00. B. 10,50. C. 8,50. D. 9,00.
Hng dn gii
X,Y : R' CH CH CH 2 OH : a mol (k = 1) 0,485 mol O2 CO2
17,12 gam E Z : R(COOH)2 : b mol (k = 2) H 2 O : 0,42 mol
0,09 mol Br2
T : R(COO CH 2 CH CH R')2 : c mol (k = 4)
25,08
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: mCO2 17,12 0,485.32 7,56 = 25,08 gam n CO2 0,57 mol
44
17,12 0,57.12 0,42.2
n O trong E 0,59 mol
16
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, mi lin h bt bo ha k v s mol C C , ta c:
a 4b 4c n O trong E 0,59 mol a 0,07 mol
b 3c n CO2 n H2O 0,15 mol b 0,12 mol n E 0,07 0,12 0,01 0,2 mol
a 2c n Br2 phn ng 0,09 mol
c 0,01 mol
C X,Y 3
n CO2 0,57
Mt khc ta c: C Z 2 S C trong E 2,85 C Z 2 Y l HOOC COOH
C 8 nE 0,2
T
0,3
Do s mol E th nghim cng l 0,3 mol nn khi lng E phn ng vi KOH l 17,12. 25,68 gam .
0,2
Khi , ta c:
R' CH CHCH 2 OH : 0,135 mol
R' CH CHCH 2 OH : 0,07.1,5 mol
0,45 mol (C OOK)2 : 0,195 mol
25,68 gam (COOH)2 : 0,12.1,5 mol KOH
KOH d : 0,06 mol
(COOCH 2 CH CH R') 2 : 0,01.1,5 mol H O : 0,36 mol
2
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: m E m KOH m R'CHCHCH OH m(COOK)2 m KOH d m H2O
2
25,68 0,45.56 0,195.166 0,06.56 0,36.18
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Cu 44: Thy phn ht m gam hn hp X gm mt s este c to bi axit n chc v ancol n chc bng
mt lng dung dch NaOH va ri c cn thu c a gam mui v b gam hn hp ancol. t chy a gam
hn hp mui thu c hn hp kh Y v 7,42 gam Na2CO3. Cho ton b hn hp kh Y sinh ra qua bnh ng
dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c 23 gam kt ta ng thi thy khi lng bnh tng 13,18 gam so vi ban u.
un b gam hn hp ancol sinh ra vi H2SO4 c 1400C thu c 4,34 gam hn hp cc ete. Cc phn ng xy
ra hon ton. Gi tr m gn gi tr no nht sau y?
A. 10. B. 11. C. 13. D. 12.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 4 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
RCOONa O
Na 2 CO3 CO2 H 2 O (I)
2
a gam
RCOOR ' NaOH
0,07 mol 0,23 mol 0,17 mol
2 3
Cu 45: Hn hp X gm cc cht c cng thc phn t l C2H7O3N v C2H10O3N2. Khi cho cc cht trong X
tc dng vi dung dch HCl hoc dung dch NaOH d un nng nh u c kh thot ra. Ly 0,1 mol X cho
vo dung dch cha 0,25 mol KOH. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch c cht rn Y, nung nng Y n khi
lng khng i c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 16,90. B. 17,25. C. 18,85. D. 16,60.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Lng c Bng Thanh Ha, nm 2014)
Hng dn gii
2.2 1 7 2
k C H O N theo CTPT 0
Bin lun cu to ca C2H7O3N 2 7 3
2 A l hp cht c cha lin kt ion
A phn ng c vi NaOH k A thc t 1
S lin kt ion = k thc t k tnh theo CTPT
Mt khc, ta c 3 A l hp cht c cha 1 nhm mui amoni
X c 3 Oxi k thc t 2 1
+ C 1 nhm mui amoni, 3 oxi nn mui c cha gc hirocacbonat v nu 3 oxi trong gc cacbonat th phi
cha t nht 2 lin kt ion.
k C H O N tnh theo CTPT 1
2 10 3 2
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Do c 2 cht u phn ng vi HCl hoc NaOH u sinh kh nn c 2 u l mui amoni ca amin hoc NH3
vi axit cacbonic. Vy cng thc cu to ca C2H7O3N v C2H10O3N2 ln lt l
C2H7O3N: C2H10O3N2:
CH3 NH3 HCO3
K CO
Sau phn ng ca X vi KOH rn gm 2 3
KOH d
Theo bo ton gc cacbonat v nguyn t K, ta c:
n K 2CO3 n CH3NH3HCO3 n CH3NH3CO3NH4 0,1 mol
Cu 46: Cho 2,76 gam cht hu c X gm C, H, O tc dng vi dung dch NaOH va sau chng kh th
phn bay hi ch c nc v cn li 2 mui ca Na c khi lng 4,44 gam. Nung nng 2 mui ny trong oxi
d, phn ng hon ton thu c 2,464 lt CO2 (ktc); 3,18 gam Na2CO3 v 0,9 gam H2O. Bit cng thc phn
t ca X trng vi cng thc n gin nht. Cho 2,76 gam X tc dng vi 80 ml dung dch KOH 1M, c cn
dung dch thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,16. B. 7,24. C. 6,88. D. 6,52.
Hng dn gii
X NaOH 2 mui Na + H2O X l este ca phenol .
Khi ta c:
CO2
o 0,11 mol
O2 ,t
o
2 mui Na Na CO
3
2,76 gam X NaOH 4,44 gam
t 2
H2O
0,03 mol
0,05 mol
H 2 O
p dng bo ton nguyn t Na: nNaOH 2nNa2CO3 2.0,03 0,06 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t C: nC trong X nCO2 n Na2CO3 0,14 mol
0,11 0,03
p dng bo ton khi lng cho phn ng thy phn X vi NaOH, ta c:
m X m NaOH m mui m H2O m H2O thy phn 0,72 gam
2,76 0,06.40 4,44 ?
n H2O thy phn 0,04 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t H:
n H trong X n H trong NaOH 2 n H2O t 2 n H2O thy phn n H trong X 0,12 mol
? 0,06 0,05 0,04
Bo ton khi lng trong phn t X, ta c:
m mC m H 2,76 12.0,14 0,12
nO trong X X 0,06 mol
16 16
T l s mol cc nguyn t trong X:
nC : nH : nO 0,14 : 0,12 : 0,06 7 : 6 : 3 CTGN ca X l C 7H6O3
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V cng thc phn t trng vi cng thc n gin nht nn cng thc phn t ca X l C7H6O3. Cng thc cu
to ca X l HCOOC6H4OH (c 3 ng phn ortho, meta, para).
Khi X phn ng vi dung dch KOH, ta c:
HCOOC 6 H 4OH 3KOH
HCOOK C 6 H 4 (OK)2 2H 2O
mol : 0,02 0,08 (d) 0,04
Theo bo ton khi lng : m rn 2,76 0,08.56 0,04.18 6,52 gam
Cu 47: t chy hon ton 24,4 gam hn hp X gm C3H6, C3H8, C4H10, CH3CHO, CH2=CH-CHO cn va
49,28 lt kh O2 (ktc).Sau phn ng thu c 28,8 gam H2O. Mt khc, ly ton b lng X trn sc vo
dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thy xut hin m gam kt ta (cc phn ng xy ra hon ton). Gi tr ca m l
A. 21,6 B. 32,4 C. 43,2 D. 54,0
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 7 CLB Gia s H Ngoi Thng H Ni, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
C3 H 6
C H
3 8 CO2
2,2 mol O 2
24, 4 gam X C4 H10 t o
CH CHO H 2 O :1,6 mol
3
CH 2 CH CHO
p dng bo ton khi lng cho phn ng, ta c: 44n CO2 28,8 24,4 2,2.32 n CO2 1,5 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng cho hn hp X, ta c:
24, 4 1,5.12 1,6.2
mX 12n CO2 2n H2O 16n O 24, 4 gam n O trong X 0, 2 mol
16
12.1,5 3,2
Nhn xt: ch c CH3CHO v CH2=CHCHO c oxi v cng ch c c hai cht phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3.
nO trong X n RCHO trong X 0,2 mol mAg 0,2.2.108 43,2 gam
Cu 48: Cho 9,3 gam cht X c cng thc phn t C3H12N2O3 un nng vi 2 lt dung dch KOH 0,1M. Sau khi
phn ng hon ton thu c mt cht kh lm qu tm m i thnh xanh v dung dch Y ch cha cht v c.
C cn dung dch Y thu c khi lng cht rn khan l
A. 10,375 gam. B. 9,950 gam. C. 13,150 gam. D. 10,350 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Chuyn Thng Long Lt, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
2.3 2 12 2
k C H O N2 theo CTPT 1
Bin lun cu to ca C3H12O3N2 3 12 3
2 A l hp cht c cha lin kt ion
A phn ng c vi NaOH k A thc t 1
+ X c 3 oxi c th l mui cacbonat, hirocacbonat, nitrat nhng do cha 2 lin kt ion th phi l mui
amoni cacbonat, cc mui hirocacbonat hay nitrat ch to c 1 lin kt ion
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H 2 O
n KOH 0,12
Gi n l mt xch -amino axit trung bnh ca X, Y n = 2,67
n X, Y 0,045
X : tripeptit C x H y O 4 N 3 (a mol)
Mt khc, X hn Y mt lin kt peptit
Y : ipeptit C n H m O3 N 2 (b mol)
a b 0,045 mol a 0,03 mol
Theo gi thuyt
3a 2b 0,12 mol b 0,015 mol
Vi th nghim 2:
14,364 2,52
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: 13,68 .32 m N2 31,68 n N trong X, Y TN2 2. 0,18 mol
22,4 28
Mt khc, theo bo ton nguyn t N th nghim 1 n N trong X, Y TN1 0,12 mol
n N trong X, Y TN2 0,18
1,5 Th nghim 2 dng gp 1,5 lng so vi th nghim 1
n N trong X, Y TN1 0,12
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Vi th nghim 1:
Do th nghim 2 dng lng gp 1,5 ln so vi th nghim 1
13,68
m X,Y 9,12 gam
X 1,5
0,045 mol
Y n 0,5175
C trong 0,045 mol X, Y 0,345 mol
1,5
Theo quy lut ca phn ng thy phn peptit trong dung dch kim, ta c:
n peptit nKOH
Mui Z H2 O
mol : 0,045 0,12 0,045
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: 9,12 0,12.56 mZ 0,045.18 mZ 15,03 gam
15,03.0,33832
%mC2H4O2NK (mui ca Gly) 33,832% n C2H4O2NK 0,045 mol
113
C 2 H 4 O2 NK : 0,045 mol
Vy Z C 3 H6 O2 NK : x mol
C H O NK : y mol
5 10 2
x y 0,045 n KOH 0,12 mol x 0,06 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t K v C, ta c:
3x 5y 0,045.2 0,345 mol y 0,015 mol
0,06.(89 1 30)
%mC3H6O2NK (mui ca Ala) .100 50,7%
gn nht
50%
15,03
Cu 50: Cho m gam hn hp X gm glyxin, alanin, axit glutamic v lysin (trong t l mO : mN = 16 : 9) tc
dng vi mt lng dung dch NaOH va thu c dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y ri t chy ht lng
mui thu c 7,42 gam Na2CO3. Cho ton b kh cacbonic v hi nc sinh ra qua bnh ng dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d thu c 49 gam kt ta ng thi thy khi lng bnh tng 31,64 gam so vi ban u. Cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca m l
A. 14,98. B. 13,73. C. 14,00. D. 14,84.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 3 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP. H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Do Ca(OH)2 d n CO2 n CaCO3 0,49 mol
n CO2 0,49 mol
Theo gi thuyt, ta c:
44n CO2 18n H2O 31,64 gam
n H2O 0,56 mol
Na 2 CO3 : 0,07
Glyxin
Alanin Y O2 CO2 : 0,49 mol
NaOH
o
m gam X t
H 2 O : 0,56 mol
Glutamic N
2
Lysin
H 2 O
m :m 16:9
O N
mO :m N 16:9
9m O trong X 9.16.0,28
m N trong X 2,52 gam
16 16
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Lu : X phn ng vi NaOH sinh H2O vi n H2O n NaOH phn ng 0,14 mol (lng H2O sinh bi thy phn)
p dng bo ton nguyn t C v H, ta c:
n C trong X n C trong Y n Na2CO3 n CO2 0,07 0,49 0,56 mol
n H trong X 2n H2O thy phn 2n H2 O t chy n NaOH 2.(0,14 0,56) 0,14 1,26 mol
Cu 51: X phng ho hon ton m gam mt este no, n chc, mch h E bng 26 gam dung dch MOH
28% (M l kim loi kim). C cn hn hp sau phn ng thu c 24,72 gam cht lng X v 10,08 gam
cht rn khan Y. t chy hon ton Y, thu c sn phm gm CO2, H2O v 8,97 gam mui cacbonat
khan. Mt khc, cho X tc dng vi Na d, thu c 12,768 lt kh H2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng mui
trong Y c gi tr gn nht vi
A. 67,5. B. 85,0. C. 80,0. D. 97,5.
( thi minh ha k thi THPT Quc Gia nm 2015 B Gio dc v o To)
Hng dn gii
R'OH Na d
24,72 gam cht lng X H 2 : 0,57 mol
26 gam H 2 O
RCOOR'
10,08 gam rn Y
MOH 28%
RCOOM O2
o M 2 CO3 CO 2 H 2 O
MOH d (c th) t
8,97 gam
R'OH
Na
26 26.0,28 H2 : 0,57 mol
H 2 O : 1,04 mol
18
p dng bo ton mol H linh ng, ta c: n R' OH 1,04 2n H2 1,14 mol n R' OH 0,1 mol
RCOOK : 0,1 mol
Do este n chc nn n R ' OH n RCOOK 0,1 mol 10,08 gam
KOH d : 0,03 mol
8,4
m RCOOK 10,08 56.0,03 8,4 gam %m RCOOK .100 83,33
gn nht
85,0
10,08
Lu : bi ch yu cu xc nh thnh phn phn trm khi lng mui trong hn hp nn khng nht thit
phi tm ra R v R l g? Tuy nhin vic tm R v R cng rt n gin. Cc bn c th t kim chng nh !
Cu 52: un nng 0,16 mol hn hp E gm hai peptit X (CxHyOzN6) v Y (CnHmO6Nt) cn dng 600 ml
dung dch NaOH 1,5M ch thu c dung dch cha a mol mui ca glyxin v b mol mui ca alanin.
Mt khc t chy 30,73 gam E trong O2 va thu c hn hp CO2, H2O v N2, trong tng khi
lng ca CO2 v nc l 69,31 gam. Gi tr a : b gn nht vi
A. 0,730. B. 0,810. C. 0,756. D. 0,962.
( thi minh ha k thi THPT Quc Gia nm 2015 B Gio dc v o To)
Hng dn gii
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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a 0,38 gn nht
Vy 0,730
b 0,52
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Cu 53: Ba cht hu c X, Y, Z (50 < MX < MY < MZ) u c thnh phn nguyn t C, H, O. Hn hp T
gm X, Y, Z, trong nX = 4(nY + nZ). t chy hon ton m gam T, thu c 13,2 gam CO2. Mt khc m
gam T phn ng va vi 0,4 lt dung dch KHCO3 0,1M. Cho m gam T phn ng hon ton vi lng
d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 56,16 gam Ag. Phn trm khi lng ca X trong hn hp T l
A. 32,54%. B. 47,90%. C. 74,52%. D. 79,16%.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 7 CLB Gia s H Ngoi Thng H Ni, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
13, 2
Ta c khi t chy T thu c n CO2 0,3mol
44
T tc dng vi KHCO3 chng t T cha nhm COOH n COOH n KHCO3 0, 4.0,1 0,04mol
T tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3 chng t T c nhm CHO, mt khc 50 < MX < MY < MZ chng t 1CHO cho
n
2Ag n CHO Ag 0, 26 mol
2
Nhn thy n COOH nCHO nCO 2 chng t cc cht trong T c s nhm chc bng s nguyn t cacbon
Vy X, Y, Z ln lt l HOC-CHO ; HOC-COOH ; HOOC COOH
HOC CHO : x mol 2x 2y 2z 0,3 mol x 0,12 mol
t s mol cc cht l HOC COOH : y mol y 2z 0,04 mol y 0,02 mol
HOOC COOH : z mol x 4y 4z z 0,01 mol
58.0,12
Vy %m X .100 74,52%
58.0,12 74.0,02 90.0,01
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Cu 55: Ancol X (MX = 76) tc dng vi axit cacboxylic Y thu c hp cht Z mch h (X v Y u ch
c mt loi nhm chc). t chy hon ton 17,2 gam Z cn va 14,56 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c CO2
v H2O theo t l s mol tng ng l 7 : 4. Mt khc, 17,2 gam Z li phn ng va vi 8 gam NaOH
trong dung dch. Bit Z c cng thc phn t trng vi cng thc n gin nht. S cng thc cu to ca Z
tha mn l
A. 1. B. 3. C. 2. D. 4.
( thi minh ha k thi THPT Quc Gia nm 2015 B Gio dc v o To)
Hng dn gii
Ancol X vi M X 78 X l C 3 H 6 (OH)2
Este Z mch h
Axit cacboxylic X
0,65 mol O2
n CO 7x
to
2 mol
17,2 gam Z n
2 H O 4x
0,2 mol NaOH
va
CO2 : 0,7 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: 17,2 + 0,65.32 = 44.7x + 18.4x x = 0,1 mol
H2 O : 0,4 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c: nO trong Z 0,65.2 0,7.2 0,5 n O trong Z 0,5 mol
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Z l C 7 H8 O5
C : H : O 0,7 : 0,8 : 0,5 7 : 8 : 5
k Z 4
Khi theo phng trnh to Z, ta c: C 3 H6 (OH)2 Y
C 7 H8 O5 H2 O
BTNT
Y l C 4 H2 O4 CTCT Y: HOOC-C C-COOH
Mt khc : nZ : n NaOH 1: 2 Z c 2 nhm -COO-
Cc cng thc cu to tha mn Z gm
10,08
n khng kh 0, 45 mol
KK: 20% O2 ; 80% N2
n O2 / p chy 0,09 mol
22, 4
3 2 2
Cch 1: Nhn xt: Trong hn hp X: S C = .S O n O trong X n C trong X n CO2
2 3 3
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
BTKL
44x 18y 1,86 0,09.32
x 0,075 mol
BTNT O 2
x 2.0,09 2x y y 0,08 mol
3
m mCO2 m H2 O
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y mol 2
y mol
0,5y mol
m mCO2 m H2O
Cu 57: X l mt axit cacboxylic, Y l mt este hai chc, mch h (c to ra khi cho X phn ng vi ancol
n chc Z). Cho 0,2 mol hn hp gm X v Y phn ng hon ton vi dung dch KHCO3 ly d, thu c
0,11 mol CO2. Mt khc, t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp trn thu c 0,69 mol CO2 v m gam H2O. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 6,21. B. 10,68. C. 14,35. D. 8,82.
( thi th i hc ln 2 THPT Minh Khai H Tnh, nm 2014)
Hng dn gii
KHCO3
CO2 : 0,11 mol
X l C x H y (COOH)2
Do Z n chc 0,2 mol O2 CO2 : 0,69 mol
Y l C x H y (COOC a H b )2 t o
H 2 O : ? gam
COOH KHCO3 CO2 H 2 O COOK
0,11 mol 0,11 mol
Cu 58: Cho 47 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol i qua Al2O3, un nng thu c hn hp Y gm: ba ete, 0,27
mol olefin, 0,33 mol hai ancol d v 0,42 mol H 2O. Bit rng hiu sut tch nc to mi olefin i vi mi
ancol u nh nhau v s mol ete l bng nhau. Khi lng ca hai ancol d c trong hn hp Y l a gam. Gi
tr ca a gn gi tr no nht sau y?
A. 14,5 B. 17,5 C. 18,5 D. 15,5
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 3 Kha luyn Moon.vn H Ni, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Ancol Anken H 2 O
o
t
mol: 0,27 0,27 0,27
47 gam Ancol n Ancol ban u 0,27 0,3 0,33 0,9 mol
o
t
2Ancol 3 ete + H 2 O
mol : 0,3 0,15 0,15
47 C H OH : (0,9 x) mol
M ancol 52,22
Ancol tch H2 O to anken nn no, n
C 2
X gm 2 5
0,9 R OH : x mol
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Do s mol cc ete l bng nhau nn s mol cc ancol to ete cng l bng nhau ( = 0,15 mol).
0, 27
Mt khc, nanken 0, 27 mol H% to anken = .100 30%.
0, 9
0,15 mol to ete 3
Khi vi R OH gm nROH d x 0,3x 0,15 0,7x 0,15 0 x .
0,3x to anken 14
Theo gi thuyt, ta c:
3
x 5,6
46.(0,9 x) M ROH .x 47 gam (M 46)x 5,6 14
M 46 M 72 (vy l C 3 H7 OH)
3 / 14
Vi C3 H7 OH (M = 60) 46.(0,9 x) 60x 47 gam x = 0, 4 mol
C H OH d : 0,7.0,4 0,15 0,13 mol
Vy 0,33 mol 3 7
C 2 H5OH : 0,2 mol
mancol d 0,13.60 0,2.46 17 gam
gn nht
17,5 gam
Cu 60: t chy hon ton 0,25 mol hn hp X gm ba ancol, cn dng va V lt O2, thu c H2O v
12,32 lt CO2. Mt khc, cho 0,5 mol X trn tc dng ht vi Na, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu
c 12,32 lt H2. Cc th tch kh u o ktc. Gi tr ca V gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 12,31. B. 15,11. C. 17,91. D. 8,95.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 4 THPT Chuyn i hc Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
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Hng dn gii
Na 12,32
+ Th nghim 2: 0,5 mol X H2 : 0,55 mol n OH trong X 2n H2 1,1 mol
22,4
1,1
n OH trong X 0,55 mol
+ Th nghim 1: Dng 0,25 mol X 2 X lun c s C = s nhm OH.
n CO 0,55 mol
2
Vy hn hp X phi gm cc ancol no (k = 0) n X n H2O nCO2 n H2O 0,25 0,55 0,8 mol
2n CO2 n H2O n O trong X 2.0,55 0,8 0,55
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c: n O2 0,675 mol
2 2
VO2 0,675.22,4 15,12 lt
gn nht
15,11 lt
Cu 61: Cho X l axit cacboxylic n chc, mch h, trong phn t c mt lin kt i C=C; Y v Z l hai
axit cacboxylic u no, n chc, mch h, ng ng k tip (MY < MZ). Cho 23,02 gam hn hp E gm X,
Y v Z tc dng va vi 230 ml dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c dung dch F. C cn F, thu c m gam
cht rn khan G. t chy hon ton G bng O2 d, thu c Na2CO3, hn hp T gm kh v hi. Hp th
ton b T vo bnh nc vi trong d, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton khi lng bnh tng thm
22,04 gam. Khi lng cht Z trong 23,02 gam E gn gi tr no nht sau y ?
A. 3,5 gam. B. 2,0 gam. C. 17,0 gam. D. 22,0 gam.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 2 THPT Minh Khai H Tnh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
23, 02
+ Do E gm cc cht n chc n E n NaOH 0, 23.2 0, 46 mol M E 50, 04
0, 46
E c cha HCOOH Y l HCOOH v Z l CH3COOH
+ Khi E tc dng vi NaOH, p dng tng gim khi lng ta c:
mG 23, 02 (23 1).0, 46 33,14 gam
O2 , t o CO
G Na 2 CO3 CO2 H 2 O T gm 2 khi lng bnh tng chnh l khi lng CO2 v H2O
H 2 O
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c:
33,14 mO2 106.0, 23 22, 04 mO2 13, 28 gam n O2 0, 415 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t Na, ta c : n Na 2CO3 0, 23 mol
Theo gi thuyt v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
44n CO 2 18n H2O 22,04 gam
n CO 2 0,37 mol
n H trong G 0,64 mol
2n CO 2
n H 2 O 0, 46.2 0, 415.2 0,23.3 mol n
2 H O 0,32 mol
E NaOH G H2 O
mol : 0, 46 0, 46
p dng bo ton nguyn t C v H, ta c :
n C 0, 23 0,37 0,6 mol
1,1
n H trong E n NaOH n H trong G 2n H2 O n H trong E 1,1 mol n H2O (E) 0, 55 mol
2
0,46 0,64 2.0,46
Cu 62: t chy 0,15 mol hn hp gm metyl acrylat, etilen glicol, axetanehit v ancol metylic cn dng a
mol O2. Sn phm chy dn qua 200 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M, lc b kt ta, cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 d vo
phn dung dch nc lc thu thm c 53,46 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca a gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 0,50. B. 0,45. C. 0,60. D. 0,55.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1:
Gii quyt d kin lng kt ta: Do Ca(HCO3 )2 Ba(OH)2 CaCO3 BaCO3 2H2 O
BaCO3 : x mol
CaCO3 (1) : 0,02 mol
53,46 gam x 0,18 mol BTNT Ca
BTNT C
nCO2 0,38 mol
CaCO3 : x mol
Ca(HCO3 )2 : 0,18 mol
Comment: Do bi hi v s mol O2 khi phi tm cch biu din phn ng t chy ca hn hp theo quy
lut nht nh c lp s mol O2. Mt khc, cho thng tin v s mol CO2, m khng h nhc ti s mol
H2O tng biu din hn hp theo H2O do nhn thy cc cht c 2O th hn cc cht c 1O lun l 2H.
C 4 H6 O2 C 4 H 2 .2H 2 O
C 2 H6 O2 C 2 H 2 .2H 2 O Quy thnh
Hn hp gm 0,15 mol C n H2 .mH2 O : 0,15 mol
C 2 H 4 O C 2 H 2 .H 2 O
CH O CH .H O
4 2 2
0,76 0,15
Ly (1) + (2) v theo v ta c : 0,76 2nO2 0,15 nO2 0,455 mol
2
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Cau 63: Chia hon hp X gom glyxin va mot so axit cacboxylic thanh hai phan bang nhau. Phan mot tac dung
vi dung dch NaOH va u roi co can. ot chay toan bo lng muoi sinh ra bang mot lng oxi va u thu
c hon hp kh Y gom CO2, H2O, N2 va 10,6 gam Na2CO3. Cho toan bo hon hp kh Y qua bnh ng
dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c 34 gam ket tua ong thi thay khoi lng bnh tang them 20,54 gam so vi
ban au. Phan hai tac dung va u vi 40 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan, coi nh N2
khong b nc hap thu. Thanh phan phan tram khoi lng cua glyxin trong hon hp X la
A. 25,73%. B. 24,00%. C. 25,30%. D. 22,97%.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 5 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
H 2 N CH 2 COOH HCl ClH 3N CH 2 COOH
Phan 2:
mol : 0,04 0,04
n
T ay theo bo ton nguyn t N suy ra so mol N2 tao thanh khi ot chay glyxin la : n N2 Glyxin 0,02 mol
2
Phan 1: X l san pham chay ta c
34 (20,54 0,34.44) 10,6
nCO nCaCO 0,34 mol, n H O 0,31 mol va n Na CO 0,1 mol.
2 3
100 2
18 2 3
106
p dng bo ton nguyn t Na, ta c: nNaOH 2nNa2CO3 = 2.0,1 = 0,2 mol.
COOH + NaOH COONa + H2 O
Theo quy lut phn ng, ta c:
mol : 0,02 0,02
0,02 0,02
p dng bao toan nguyen to oxi cho qua trnh ot chay muoi ta co:
2 n COONa 2n O2 3n Na2CO3 2 n CO2 n H2O n O2 0,445 mol
0,2 0,1 0,34 0,31
Ap dung nh luat bao toan khoi lng cho qua trnh ot chay muoi, ta co:
mmuoi mO mNa CO mCO mH O mN m muoi 10,6 + 20,54 + 0,02.28 0,445.32 = 17,46 gam.
2 2 3 2 2 2
Ap dung nh luat bao toan khoi lng cho qua trnh phan ng cua hon hp X vi dung dch NaOH:
m X mNaOH mmuoi m H O mX = 17,46 + 0,2.18 0,2.40 = 13,06 gam.
2
0,04.75
Thanh phan phan tram khoi lng cua glyxin trong hon hp X la: %m glyxin .100% 22,97%
13,06
Comment: Cu ny tng i kh, khi thit k cu ny Thy mnh cho H2NCH2COOH 0,04 (mol), CH3
COOH 0,04 (mol), CH2=CHCOOH 0,02 (mol), HCOOH 0,04 (mol) v C4H8(COOH)2 0,03 (mol). Ci kh ca
cu ny ch l hc sinh phi tri qua nhiu bc tnh v khi bo ton khi lng cho qu trnh t chy
mui, hc sinh s sut s b qun N2, khi dn n tm khi lng mui s l 16,9 gam dn n tm ra khi
lng hn hp X l 12,5 gam s chn p n B 24%. Vic ny Thy mnh tin on cho s hc sinh kh gii khi
tham gia gii thi ch nh li th Thy mnh b tay .
Cau 64: Thuy phan hoan toan 4,84 gam este A bang mot lng dung dch NaOH va u, roi co can ch thu
c hi H2O va hon hp X gom hai muoi. ot chay toan bo lng muoi tren can va ung 6,496 lt O2
(ktc), thu c 4,24 gam Na2CO3; 5,376 lt CO2 (ktc) va 1,8 gam H2O. Thanh phan phan tram khoi lng
cua muoi co khoi lng phan t nho hn trong hon hp X la
A. 27,46%. B. 54,92%. C. 36,61%. D. 63,39%.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 5 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Ap dung nh luat bao toan khoi lng cho qua trnh ot chay muoi ta co:
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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5,376 6, 496
mmuoi mO mNa CO mCO mH O mmuoi = 4,24 + 44. + 1,8 32. = 7,32 gam.
2 2 3 2 2
22, 4 22, 4
Thuy phan este A thu c hon hp hi nc va hon hp X gom hai muoi cho thay A la este cua phenol.
Ap dung nh luat bao toan khoi lng cho qua trnh thuy phan este A ta co:
mA mNaOH mmuoi m H O 4,84 + 0,08.40 = 7,32 + m H O m H O = 0,72 gam.
2 2 2
Cau 65: Hon hp X gom mot so hp chat hu c ben, moi chat ch cha 2 nhom chc trong 3 nhom chc
ancol, anehit, axit, ngoai ra khong co nhom chc nao khac va khi ot chay V lt moi chat eu thu c 2V lt
CO2. Chia 31,44 gam hon hp X thanh ba phan bang nhau. Cho phan mot tac dung vi mot lng dung dch
NaHCO3 va u thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc). Cho phan hai tac dung vi mot lng Na va u thu c 2,128
lt H2 (ktc). Cho phan ba tac dung vi mot lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c m gam Ag. Cac phan
ng xay ra hoan toan. Gia tr cua m la
A. 25,92. B. 21,60. C. 23,76. D. 24,84.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 5 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
ot chay V lt moi chat thu c 2V lt CO2 Cac chat nay cha 2 nguyen t cacbon trong phan t.
Theo e bai moi chat cha 2 nhom chc trong ba nhom chc ancol, anehit va axit nen tong the ta co 6 chat:
HOCH2CH2OH, CHOCHO, HOOCCOOH, CH2OHCHO, CH2OHCOOH, CHOCOOH.
Tom lai 6 chat c ket cau bi CH2OH, CHO va COOH khong con C va H t do. Nh vay khoi lng
hon hp nay chnh la khoi lng cua 3 nhom chc tren.
Phan 1: COOH + NaHCO3 COONa + CO2 + H2O
0,1 0,1 = 2,24 : 22,4
Phan 2:
COOH + Na COONa + 0,5H2 CH2OH + Na ONa + 0,5H2
0,1 0,05 0,09 0,045 =
2,128
0,05
22,4
31,44
T ay tnh c khoi lng nhom CHO phan 3: m = (0,1.45 + 0,09.31) = 3,19 gam.
3
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3,19
Suy ra so mol CHO la: n = = 0,11 mol.
29
S o hp thc phan ng trang gng cua cac chat: CHO 2Ag
0,11 0,22
Khoi lng Ag: m = 0,22.108 = 23,76 gam.
Comment: Cau nay rat kho, t gia thuyet cua e bai hoc sinh phai tong quat c cac chat c cau tao
thuan tuy bi CH2OH, CHO va COOH, viec nay khong phai de. V vay mnh ngh khong co may hoc sinh
giai c cau nay ! Ngoai 6 chat nay theo kien thc tren ai Hoc se co them mot so chat na, tuy nhien e thi
yeu cau cac chat ch cha 2 nhom chc trong 3 nhom chc ancol, anehit, axit nen ch co 6 chat tren.
Cau 66: Thuy phan 17,2 gam este n chc A trong 50 gam dung dch NaOH 28% thu c dung dch X. Co
can dung dch X thu c chat ran Y va 42,4 gam chat long Z. Cho toan bo chat long Z tac dung vi mot
lng Na d thu c 24,64 lt H2 (ktc). un toan bo chat ran Y vi CaO thu c m gam chat kh B. Cac
phan ng xay ra hoan toan. Gia tr cua m la
A. 5,60. B. 4,20. C. 6,00. D. 4,50.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 5 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
28.50 14
Khoi lng NaOH nguyen chat: mct = = 14 gam nNaOH = = 0,35 mol.
100 40
36
Khoi lng H2O: m = 50 14 = 36 gam n H O = = 2 mol.
2 18
0
at cong thc chung cua este la RCOOR (x mol): RCOOR + NaOH t
RCOONa + ROH
x x x x
Chat long Z gom: ROH (x mol) va H2O (2 mol) tac dung vi Na:
H2O + Na NaOH + 0,5H2 ROH + Na RONa + 0,5H2
mol : 2 1 24,64
0,2 0,1 = 1
22, 4
Ta co: 2.18 + 0,2.(MR + 17) = 42,4 MR = 15 (CH3).
Khoi lng este: 0,2.(MR + 44 + 15) = 17,2 MR = 27 (CH2=CH).
Cong thc cau tao cua A la: CH2=CHCOOCH3 (metyl acrylat).
Chat ran Y gom: CH2=CHCOONa 0,2 (mol) va NaOH d 0,35 0,2 = 0,15 (mol) un vi CaO:
CaO, t 0
CH2=CHCOONa + NaOH CH2=CH2 + Na2CO3
Trc phan ng: 0,2 0,15
Phan ng: 0,15 0,15
Khoi lng chat kh B: m = 0,15.28 = 4,2 gam.
Comment: Cau nay thc ra th khong kho tuy nhien phan ong cac ban lam sai: Th nhat cac ban se b lan
can chat long Z gom nc va ancol, theo loi mon th khi chng cat tac gia ra e thi se chng cat phan oan
(da vao nhiet o soi khac nhau cua cac chat e tach rieng cac chat) e co lap nc ra khoi ancol nhng ay
Thay khong chng cat phan oan e tach rieng nc va ancol. V vay cac ban kho long tm c cong thc cua
ancol. Th hai khi a tm c cong thc cua ancol va axit roi en khi tnh khoi lng CH 2=CH2 hoc sinh se
khong da vao so mol NaOH d 0,15 mol e keo ma da vao so mol CH2=CHCOONa 0,2 mol keo se dan en
ap an A la 5,6 gam. Phan ong hoc sinh kha gioi se mac phai ieu nay.
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Cau 67: Thuy phan m gam hon hp X gom este n chc A (C5H8O2) va este nh chc B (C6H10O4) can va
ung 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M roi co can thu c hon hp Y gom hai muoi va hon hp Z gom hai ancol
no n chc ong ang ke tiep, ngoai ra khong cha san pham hu c nao khac. Cho toan bo hon hp Z tac
dung vi mot lng CuO (d) nung nong thu c hon hp hi T (co t khoi hi so vi H 2 la 13,75). Cho
toan bo hon hp T tac dung vi mot lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c 32,4 gam Ag. Cac phan ng
xay ra hoan toan. Thanh phan phan tram khoi lng muoi co khoi lng phan t nh hn trong hon hp Y la
A. 38,84%. B. 48,61%. C. 42,19%. D. 41,23%.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 5 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
to
at cong thc chung cua hai ancol la: Cn H2n 2 O a (mol): Cn H2n 2 O + [O] C H O + H2O
n 2n
0
C3H5COOCH3 + NaOH
t
C3H5COONa + CH3OH
0
CH3OCOCH2COOC2H5 + 2NaOH t
CH2(COONa)2 + CH3OH +
C2H5OH
Trng hp nay vo l v so mol cua CH3OH va C2H5OH 2 phng trnh phan ng la khac nhau nhng theo
e bai th so mol 2 ancol nay la bang nhau la 0,05 (mol)
Trng hp 2: A thuy phan tao ra C2H5OH Cong thc cau tao thu gon cua A la: CH2=CHCOOC2H5
Phan ng thuy phan A va B:
0
CH2=CHCOOC2H5 + NaOH
t
CH2=CHCOONa + C2H5OH
0
CH3OCOCH2COOC2H5 + 2NaOH t
CH2(COONa)2 + CH3OH +
C2H5OH
Tng t trng hp 1 trng hp nay cung vo l.
d. Trng hp 4: B la CH3OCOCH2COOC2H5 va A la este mach vong:
Phan ng thuy phan A va B:
Phng trnh phan ng thuy phan A:
CH2 CH2 C O
0
+ NaOH t
HOCH2CH2CH2CH2COONa
CH2 CH2 O
(0,15 0,1) = 0,05 0,05
0
CH3OCOCH2COOC2H5 + 2NaOH t
CH2(COONa)2 + CH3OH +
C2H5OH
0,1 0,05 0,05 0,05
Hon hp muoi Y gom: HOCH2CH2CH2CH2COONa 0,05 (mol) va CH2(COONa)2 0,05 (mol)
Thanh phan phan tram khoi lng muoi co khoi lng phan t nho la HOCH2CH2CH2CH2COONa:
0, 05.140
%m HOCH CH CH CH COONa .100% 48,61% .
2 2 2 2 (0, 05.140 0, 05.148)
Comment: Cau nay rat kho. That ra mnh giai dai, chi tit tng minh cho cac ban hieu, hoc sinh nao tinh y
cac ban se thay neu este A thuy phan tao ra ancol th so mol cua CH 3OH va C2H5OH la khong bang nhau nh
e thi a cho.
Cau 68: Cho m gam hon hp X gom mot peptit A va mot amino axit B ( MA > 4MB) c tron theo t le mol
1 : 1 tac dung vi mot lng dung dch NaOH va u thu c dung dch Y cha (m + 12,24) gam hon hp
muoi natri cua glyxin va alanin. Dung dch Y phan ng toi a vi 360 ml dung dch HCl 2M thu c dung
dch Z cha 63,72 gam hon hp muoi. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. Ket luan nao sau ay ung?
A. T le so phan t glyxin va alanin trong phan t A la 3 : 2.
B. A co thanh phan tram khoi lng nit la 20,29%.
C. B co thanh phan phan tram khoi lng nit la 15,73%.
D. A co 5 lien ket peptit.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln 5 Thy Nguyn Vn Duyn TP H Ch Minh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Trong qua trnh nay ta co nHCl = 2nNaOH nNaOH = (0,36.2): 2 = 0,36 (mol).
Dung dch Z cha: NH3ClCH2COOH a (mol) va CH3CH(NH3Cl)COOH b (mol)
111,5a 125,5b 0,36.58,5 63, 72
a 0,18
Ta co:
a b 0,36 n HCl 0, 72
b 0,18
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Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Cu 70: Thy phn hon ton m gam peptit mch h X (c to bi cc - amino axit no, cha 1 nhm
COOH v 1 nhm NH2) bng dung dch NaOH va , c cn cn thn thu c c cht rn Y. t chy
hon ton Y bng lng oxi va thu c hn hp Z gm kh v hi. a Z v ktc thy c th tch l
82,432 lt. Mt khc, nu t chy m gam X cn 107,52 lt O2 (ktc). Bit rng s lin kt peptit trong X l 11.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 80,80. B. 117,76. C. 96,64. D. 79,36.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 1 Din n Ha hc Ph thng Bookgol, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
Nhn xt: Do s C v O trong X v Y l khng i nn t chy Y th lng O2 cn dng cng chnh bng
lng O2 cn dng t chy X. Khi , do cc - amino axit no, cha 1 nhm COOH v 1 nhm NH2 nn
cng thc tng qut ca Y l : CnH2nO2Nna.
3.(2n 1)
2C n H 2n O2 NNa O2
to
Na 2 CO3 (2n 1)CO 2 N 2 2nH 2O
2
107,52 4,8
mol : 4,8 3,2
22, 4 1,5
+ Hn hp kh cn li sau khi a Z v iu kin tiu chun gm CO2 v N2.
82, 432
n N2 3,2 0, 48 mol
22, 4 .
n Na CO n N 0, 48 mol
2 3 2
Ti y, c th th da vo phng trnh phn ng t chy trn hoc theo bo ton nguyn t O suy ra s
mol H2O. Theo phng trnh, ta c : n H2O nCO2 n N2 3,68 mol .
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c : m A 3,2.44 0,48.28 3,68.18 0,48.106 4,8.32 117,76 gam
mCO2 m N2 mH2O mNa2CO3 mO2
Mt khc, n N trong X n N trong Y 0,48.2 0,96 mol v n N trong X n NaOH phn ng thy phn peptit
Theo , do X c 11 lin kt peptit nn theo quy lut thy phn peptit, ta c :
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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X 12NaOH
Mui H 2O
0,96
BTKL
m X 117,76 1, 44 38, 4 80,8 gam
gam : 0,96.40 117,76 .18
12
Cu 71: Thy phn hon ton m gam hn hp M gm tetrapeptit X v pentapeptit Y (u mch h) bng
dung dch KOH va , ri c cn cn thn th thu c (m + 11,42) gam hn hp mui khan ca Val v
Ala. t chy hon ton mui sinh ra bng mt lng oxi va thu c K2CO3; 2,464 lt N2 (ktc) v
50,96 gam hn hp gm CO2 v H2O. Phn trm khi lng ca Y trong hn hp M c th l
A. 55,24%. B. 54,54%. C. 45,98%. D. 64,59%.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 4 THPT Chuyn i hc Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
C 3 H 6 O2 NNa
tetrapeptit X C x H y O 5 N 4 : a mol mui ca alanin
m gam
KOH
(m 11,42) + H2O
pentapeptit Y C n H m O6 N 5 : b mol C 5 H10 O2 NNa
mui ca Valin
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t N, ta c:
m 56(4a 5b) m 11,42 18(a b) 206a 262b 11,42 gam
a 0,03 mol
m KOH m m H2 O
b 0,02 mol
mui
n 4a 5b 0,11.2 mol
N
n KOH phn ng 0,22 mol BTNT K
n Na CO 0,11 mol 2 3
C 3 H6 O2 NK
O , t
K 2 CO3 CO 2 H 2 O N 2
o
(m 11,42) Y 2
n H 2n H O
O N K
Y 2
44n CO 18n H O 50,96 gam
n 2 n H C
K
m 19,88 gam
BTNT C
3n C H O NK 5n C H O NK 0,79 0,11 mol n C H O NK 0,1 mol
n CO 0,79 mol
3 6 2 5 10 2 3 6 2
n C H O NK 0,12 mol
2
n C H O NK
n C H O NK
0,22 mol
3 6 2 5 10 2 5 10 2
n
HO 2
0,9 mol
tetrapeptit X : 0,03 mol gm (Ala)n (Val)4n
Gi BT mc xch Ala
0,03n 0,02m 0,1 mol
pentapeptit Y : 0,02 mol gm (Ala)m (Val)5m
X : Val Val Val Val
n 0; m = 5 %m Y 37,52% khng c p n
Y : Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala
X : Val Val Ala Ala 0,02(117.3 89.2 4.18)
n 2; m = 2 %m Y .100 45,98%
Y : Val Val Val Ala Ala 19,88
Comment: Ngoi cch tnh khi lng hn hp mui c trnh by trn. Cc bn c th t CTTQ mui l
CnH2nO2NNa, vit PTP chy mi lin h gia s mol O2 v CO2
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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2a 2c n Ag 0,2 mol b 0,2 mol
2c n CO2 n CO2 0,1 mol
c 0,05 mol
C X,Y 2
Do MX < MY < MZ nn C T (1 2C X,Y ) C E 5 3 8 .
E
C 3
0,55
BTNT C
0,05 C X,Y .0,2 0,05.8 n CO2 1 mol C X,Y 2,75. Suy ra: Y l CH3COOH.
8
0,2
2 CZ C X,Y 2,5
C X,Y
Mt khc, theo gi thuyt s mol Y = s mol Z 2 Y : CH3COOH
2 C X,Y 2,75 Z : C H COOH
2 5
0,45
BTNT C
0,05 2,5.0,2 C T .0,05 1 mol C T 9 C E 3 E l C 3H 5 (OH)3
0,05
0,05 0,2 m rn ?
X, Y, Z: 0,125 mol
2 0,4 mol NaOH
Th nghim 2 : 13,3 gam n H2O n X,Y,Z 0,125 mol
T: 0,05 =0,025 mol
2 C 3 H 5 (OH)3 : 0,025 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng: m rn 13,3 0,4.40 0,125.18 0,025.92 24,75 gam
gn nht
24,75 gam
M KOH H2 O C 3H5 (OH)3
Cu 74: Hn hp X gm axit oxalic, axit axetic, axit acrylic v axit malonic (HOOCCH2COOH). Cho 0,25
mol X phn ng ht vi lng d dung dch NaHCO3, thu c 0,4 mol CO2. t chy hon ton 0,25 mol
X trn cn dng va 0,4 mol O2, thu c CO2 v 7,2 gam H2O. Phn trm khi lng ca axit oxalic
trong X l
A. 21,63%. B. 43,27%. C. 56,73%. D. 64,90%.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 4 THPT Chuyn i hc Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
HOOC COOH NaHCO3
CH COOH CO2 : 0,4 mol
3
0,25 mol H 2 O : 0,4 mol
CH 2 CH COOH
0,4 mol O2
HOOC CH 2 COOH CO2
2 2
2n HOOC COOH n CH2 CH COOH 2n HOOC CH2 COOH (0,4 0,05) mol n CH2 CH COOH 0, 05 mol
2n HOOC COOH 3n CH2 CH COOH 3n HOOC CH2 COOH (0,6 0,05.2) mol
n HOOC CH2 COOH 0,05 mol
0,1.90
Vy %m HOOC-COOH .100% 43,27%
20,8
a b 0,25 mol
a 0,1 mol
Theo gi thuyt v bo ton nguyn t C, ta c:
2a 3b n CO2 0,65 mol b 0,15 mol
0,1.45
Vy %m CH3CH 2NH 2 .100% 32,14%
14
Cch 2: Dng s m.
2,3 1
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c: n CO2 0,65 mol.
2
BTKL
mM 12nCO2 2n H2O 14n N 12.0,65 2.1 14.0,15.2 14 gam
Hn hp gm 5 cht, nhng ta ch c th khai thc cc thng tin sau lp phng trnh: s mol hn hp (0,25
mol), s mol H ca hn hp (1 mol H2O) hoc s mol N ca hn hp (0,15 mol N2), s mol C ca hn hp
(0,65 mol CO2). Nh vy c th lp c 3 phng trnh c th b ty (5 3) = 2 cht trong hn hp.
Vy theo y mnh chn b 2 cht cui (CH3CH2CH2NH2 v CH3CH2NHCH3)
C 2 H 5 NH 2 C 2 H 7 N : a mol CO2 : 0,65 mol
O2 , t o
Khi : 0,25 mol M CH 2 CHCH 2 NH 2 C 3 H 7 N : b mol H 2 O :1 mol
H NCH CH CH NH C H N : c mol N : 0,15 mol
2 2 2 2 2 3 10 2 2
Hng 1: Theo gii thuyt, bo ton nguyn t C v N, ta c:
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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M
0,1.45
2a 3b 3c n CO2 0,65 mol b 0,1 mol %mCH3CH2NH2 .100% 32,14%
c 0,05 mol 14
a b 2c n N 2n N2 0,3 mol
Cu 76: Cho 20,8 gam hn hp M gm hai cht hu c, tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, thu c
dung dch N gm hai mui R1COONa, R2COONa v m gam R'OH (R2 = R1 + 28; R1, R2, R' u l cc gc
hirocacbon). C cn N ri t chy ht ton b lng cht rn, thu c H2O; 15,9 gam Na2CO3 v 7,84 lt
CO2 (ktc). Bit t khi hi ca R'OH so vi H2 nh hn 30; cng thc ca hai cht hu c trong M l
A. HCOOCH3 v C2H5COOCH3. B. CH3COOC2H5 v C3H7COOC2H5.
C. HCOOH v C2H5COOCH3. D. HCOOCH3 v C2H5COOH.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 4 THPT Chuyn i hc Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
NaOH
R COONa
1
mmui 12nC 2n H2O 16nO 23nNa 12.0,5 2.0,35 16.0,3.2 23.0,3 23,2 gam
+ Trng hp 1: c hai cht u sinh ancol
p dng bo ton khi lng ta c: mR'OH 20,8 0,3.40 23,2 9,6 gam
9,6
n R'OH n NaOH M R'OH 32 (CH3OH)
0,3
HCOONa HCOOCH3
23,2 R2 R1 28
MMui 77,33 M
0,3 C 2 H5COONa C 2 H 5COOCH3
+ Trng hp 2: ch mt cht sinh ancol (c p n ri nn trng hp ny cc bn t ngm nh !)
Cu 77: Cho 0,1 mol axit axetic vo cc cha 30 ml dung dch MOH 20% (D=1,2 g/ml, M l kim loi kim).
C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn khan. t chy hon ton cht rn thu c 9,54 gam
M2CO3 v hn hp kh, dn hn hp kh ny qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d th khi lng dung
dch tng hay gim bao nhiu gam?
A. Tng 5,70 gam. B. Gim 2,74 gam. C. Tng 2,74 gam. D. Gim 5,70 gam.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia S Gio dc v o to TPHCM, nm 2015)
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Hng dn gii
30.1,2. 20 7,2
n MOH . mol
M 17 100 M 17
7,2 9,54 n NaOH 0,18 mol
BTNT M
2. M 23 (Na)
M 17 2M 60 n Na2 CO3 0,09 mol
O2 , t o
2CH 3COONa Na 2 CO3 3CO 2 3H 2O
mol : 0,1 0,05 0,15 0,15
Khi
2NaOH d + CO 2 Na 2 CO3 + H 2O
mol:
0,08 0,04 0,04 0,04
CO2 : 0,15 0,04 mol Ca(OH)2 d
kh thot ra gm
H 2 O : 0,19 mol
m dung dch thay i m CO2 m H2 O m CaCO3 2,74 gam gim 2,74 gam
44.0,11 18.0,19 0,11.100
Cu 78: Hn hp R cha cc cht hu c n chc gm axit (X),ancol (Y) v este (Z) (c to thnh t X v
Y). t chy 2,15 gam este (Z) ri hp th sn phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d c 19,7 gam kt ta v
khi lng dung dch gim 13,95 gam. Mt khc, 2,15 gam Z tc dng va vi NaOH c 1,7 gam mui.
Axit X v ancol Y tng ng l
A. CH3COOH v C3H5OH B. C2H3COOH v CH3OH
C. HCOOH v C3H7OH D. HCOOH v C3H5OH
( thi th THPT Quc Gia S Gio dc v o to TPHCM, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
T cc p n suy ra Z to bi ancol n v axit n Z l este n chc.
O2 , t o CO2 Ba(OH)2 d
BaCO3
RCOOR ' H2O
0,1 mol
NaOH
2,15 gam
RCOONa
1,7 gam
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Cu 79: Cho m gam hn hp E gm X, Y, T trong X, Y l hai axit cacboxylic n chc, mch h (MX <
MY). T l este to bi X, Y v 1 ancol no hai chc mch h. t chy hon ton m gam E bng oxi d thu c
a mol CO2 v (a 0,49) mol H2O (bit a < 1,65 mol). Mt khc m gam E tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3 d thu
c 54 gam Ag. Khi cho m gam E tc dng va vi 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M th khi lng mui
thu c l bao nhiu gam ?
A. 70,6 gam B. 76,5 gam C. 81,4 gam D. 77,2 gam
Hng dn gii
O2
to
CO2 H 2 O
X : RCOOH a mol (a 0,49)mol
AgNO3 /NH3 d
m gam E Y : R'C OOH Ag : 0,5 mol
T : (RCOO) R'' 0,3 mol Ba(OH)2
2 va
(RCOO)2 Ba
? gam
n Ag
+ Do E c phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 nn trong E c HCOO n HCOO 0,25 mol
2
n n Y 2n T 0,6 mol
+ E phn ng va vi 0,3 mol Ba(OH)2 nn n OH 0,6 mol X
n HCOO n X n T 0,25 mol
nY n T 0,6 0,25 0,35 mol
n CO2 n H2O
0,49
+ t cng thc tng qut ca Y v T l C n H2n 22k Ox : a mol (k Y, T 1) 1,4
0,35 0,35
Do X phi l HCOOH nn nu Y l axit no n T l este 2 chc to bi hai axit no n v ancol no hai
chc (kT = 2). Vy kY, T < 2, do kY, T = 2,4 th Y phi c k = 2.
n HCOO 0,25 mol BTNT C 1,4
O2 , t o
n CO2 sinh bi Y,T 1,65 0,25 1,4 mol C Y, T 4
n C trong Y, T n CO2 sinh bi HCOO-
0,35
k 2
Do Y c Y Y l CH 2 CH COOH
C Y 4
HCOO : 0,25 mol 0,3 mol Ba 2
Vy trong E c Mui
CH 2 CH COO : 0,35 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c : m Mui 0,25.45 0,35.71 0,3.137 77,2 gam
m HCOO m CH2 CHCOO m
Ba 2
Cu 80: Mt oligopeptit c to thnh t glyxin, alanin, valin. Thy phn X trong 500 ml dung dch H2SO4
1M th thu c dung dch Y, c cn dung dch Y th thu c hn hp Z c cha cc ipeptit, tripeptit,
tetrapeptit, pentapeptit v cc amino axit tng ng. t mt na hn hp Z bng mt lng khng kh va ,
hp th sn phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th thy khi lng bnh tng 74,225 gam, khi lng dung
dch gim 161,19 gam ng thi thot ra 139,608 lt kh tr. Cho dung dch Y tc dng ht vi V lt dung dch
KOH 2M un nng (dng d 20% so vi lng cn thit), c cn dung dch sau phn ng th khi lng cht
rn c gi tr gn ng l
A. 204 gam. B. 198 gam. C. 210 gam. D. 184 gam.
Hng dn gii
44n CO 18n H O 74,225 gam n CO 1,195 mol
2 2
2
+ 44n CO2 18n H2O 197n CO2 161,19 gam n H 2O 1,2025 mol
n N2 n N2 khng kh nN 2 t 6,2325 mol
n N 2 n N 2 khng kh nN 2 t 6,2325 mol
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Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Theo gi thuyt, khi lng dung dch gim: (mCO2 m H2O ) mBaCO3 21,45 gam nH2 O 0,675 mol
44.0,6 197.0,6
0,6.2 0,675
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c: n O2 0,9375 mol VO2 = 0,9375.22,4 = 21,00 lt
2
Cch 2: S dng phng php quy i
C 3 H 6
2n (4n 6) 2
Nhn xt: C 4 H10 u c dng
C n H 4n 6 vi k = 4n
C H 2
2 2
Khi :
CO2 BTNT C
n CO2 an mol
C n H 4n 6 : a mol (k = 4 n) Ni, to
V lt O 2
Hn hp X Y H 2 O
BTNT H
n H2O 2an 3a b mol
2
H : b mol
Br2 /CCl 4
Br2 phn ng: 0,15 mol
Br2 /CCl 4
0,5 mol X Br2 phn ng: 0,4 mol
p dng bo ton mol lin kt , ta c: n a.(4 n) n H2 phn ng n Br2 phn ng an 4a b 0,15 (1)
b 0,15 mol
Theo gi thuyt: 44an 18 2an 3a b 197an 21,45 gam 20an + 54a 18b = 21,45 gam (2)
mCO2 mBaCO
m H2 O 3
a.(4 n) 0,4 4
Mt khc theo th nghim 2, ta c: 5an 16a 4b 0 (3)
ab 0,5 5
an 4a b 0,15 an 0,6 mol
n CO 0,6 mol
Theo t (1), (2) v (3) 20an + 54a 18b = 21,45 a 0,225 mol 2
5an 16a 4b 0 b 0,15 mol n H2O 0,675 mol
0,6.2 0,675
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c: n O2 0,9375 mol VO2 = 0,9375.22,4 = 21,00 lt
2
Cch 3: Phng php s m
Bi ra hn hp X gm 4 cht nhng ch c 3 thng tin v s liu (khi lng dung dch gim, s mol Br2 phn
ng th nghim 1 v t l mol vi tng s mol X). Theo phng php s m ta c quyn b i 4 3 = 1
cht trong hn hp X vi iu kin khng lm thay i bn cht ca bi ton. Nh vy khng c b i H2 v
y l bi ton cng H2 ca cc hirocacbon khng no. Vy trong 3 cht C3H6, C4H10, C2H2 ta c th ty b i
1 cht. y, mnh b i C4H10
C H : a mol CO2 BTNT C
n CO2 3a 2b mol
3 6
V lt O 2
X C 2 H 2 : b mol Y n H2O 3a b c mol
Ni, t o
H 2 O
BTNT H
H 2 : c mol Br2 /CCl 4
Br2 phn ng: 0,15 mol
Br2 /CCl 4
0,5 mol X Br2 phn ng: 0,4 mol
Theo gi thuyt, bo ton mol lin kt v th nghim 2, ta c:
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Cu 83: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol peptit X (X c to thnh cc amino axit ch cha 1 nhm NH2 v 1
nhm COOH) cn 58,8 lt O2 (ktc) thu c 2,2 mol CO2 v 1,85 mol H2O. Nu cho 0,1 mol X thy phn
hon ton trong 500 ml dung dch NaOH 2M thu c dung dch Y, c cn Y thu c m gam cht rn. Cng
thc chung ca peptit v gi tr ca m ln lt l
A. CxHyO8N7 v 96,9 gam B. CxHyO10N9 v 96,9 gam
C. CxHyO10N9 v 92,9 gam D. CxHyO9N8 v 92,9 gam
( thi th THPT Quc Gia S Gio dc v o to TPHCM, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
2,625 mol O2
0,1 mol X CO2 H2 O
2,2 mol 1,85 mol
2,2 1,85
Cu 84: un nng 14,52 gam hn hp E cha 2 este n chc, mch h cn dng 200 ml dung dch NaOH
1M, thu c hn hp cha 2 ancol k tip thuc cng dy ng ng v hn hp gm x gam mui X v y gam
mui Y (MX < MY). Dn ton b hn hp 2 ancol qua bnh ng Na d thy khi lng bnh tng 6,83 gam. T
l ca x : y gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 2,00. B. 2,20. C. 2,15. D. 2,10.
Hng dn gii
R 'OH Na d
m tng 6,83 gam
+ 0,2 mol NaOH
14,52 gam E R1COONa
mui
R2 COONa
+ Do E cha 2 este n chc nE nNaOH n R'OH 0,2 mol
m R 'OH 6,83 0,2 7,03 gam
m tng
mH
2 7,03
+ X l d kin khi lng bnh Na tng M R 'OH 35,15
n n R 'OH 0,1 mol 0,2
H2 2
2 ancol ng ng k tip CH3 OH : a mol a b 0,2 mol a 0,155 mol
0,2 mol
C 2 H5 OH : b mol 32a 46b 7,03 gam b 0,045 mol
R1COOCH3 : 0,155 mol 14,52
E vi M E 72,6
R2 COOC 2 H5 : 0,045 mol 0,2
Do MR2COOC2H5 72,6 MR1COOCH3 72,6 . Mt khc, nu R1COOCH3 khng no th MR1COOCH3 86 .
R1COOCH3 phi no
Vy R1COOCH3 l HCOOCH3.
M R1COOCH3
14,52 0,155 60
+ Khi : MR2COOC2H5 116 (C 3 H7 COOC 2 H5 )
0,045
X : HCOONa : 0,155 mol 0,155 68 gn nht
x:y= 2,129 2,15
Y : C 3 H7 COONa : 0,045 mol 0,045 110
Cu 85: X l este no; Y l este khng no cha mt lin kt C=C (X, Y u n chc v mch h). t chy
14,16 gam hn hp E cha X, Y cn dng 0,62 mol O2. Mt khc 14,16 gam E tc dng va vi 200 ml
dung dch KOH 1M thu c 2 ancol k tip thuc cng dy ng ng v m gam hn hp cha 2 mui. Gi tr
ca m l
A. 19,6. B. 18,4. C. 18,8. D. 17,2.
Hng dn gii
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
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+ 0,62 mol O2
CO2 H2 O
X (k = 1)
14,16 gam E 2 ancol ng ng k tip
Y (k = 2) + 0,2 mol KOH
2 mui : m gam ?
+ Do E cha 2 este n chc nCOO n KOH 0,2 mol nO trong E 0,2 2 0,4 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c :
44n CO2 18n H2O (14,16 0,62 32) gam
n CO2 0,56 mol
2n CO2 n H2O 0, 4 0,62 2 mol
n H2O 0,52 mol
0,56 Y khng no C Y 3
C X,Y 2,8 trong E cha X l HCOOCH3.
0,2
Mt khc, p dng mi lin h ca bt bo ha k v thy phn E thu c 2 ancol ng ng k tip
Y : RCOOC 2 H 5
BTNT C
n Y 0,56 0,52 0,04 mol 0,16 2 0,04.C Y nCO2 0,56 mol C Y 6
n 0,2 0,04 0,16 mol
X
X : HCOOCH3 : 0,16 mol KOH HCOOK : 0,16 mol
E
Y : C 3 H5 COOC 2 H5 : 0,04 mol C 3 H5 COOK : 0,04 mol
m 0,16 84 0,04 124 18,4 gam
Cu 86: un nng 20,28 gam hn hp E cha 2 este u n chc, mch h cn dng 240 ml dung dch NaOH
1M, thu c hn hp 2 ancol k tip thuc cng dy ng ng. un nng hn hp 2 ancol ny vi H 2SO4 c
1400C (hiu sut t 100%) thu c 6,78 gam hn hp gm 3 ete. Cng thc cu to ca 2 este l
A. HCOOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5. B. CH3COOC2H5 v C2H5COOCH3.
C. CH3COOCH3 v C2H5COOC2H5. D. HCOOC2H5 v CH3COOCH3.
Hng dn gii
+ 0,24 mol NaOH
20,28 gam E (2 este n) R'OH
H2SO4 c
6,78 gam Ete
140o C
2 ancol kt
+ Do E cha 2 este u n chc 2 ancol u n chc v nancol n NaOH 0,24 mol .
mancol m Ete m H2O
BTKL
0
+ Trong phn ng tch nc ca ancol 140 C ta lun c
nancol 2n Ete 2 H2O
mancol 6,78 18.0,12 8,94 gam
8,94
p dng ta c: nancol Mancol 37,25
H2 O
n 0,12 mol 0,24
2
2 ancol ng ng k tip CH3 OH : a mol a b 0,24 mol a 0,15 mol
0,24 mol
C 2 H5 OH : b mol 32a 46b 8,94 gam b 0,09 mol
R1COOCH3 : 0,15 mol gi thuyt
E (R1 59) 0,15 (R2 73) 0,09 20,28 gam.
2
R COOC H
2 5 : 0,09 mol
Cu 87: Nung nng hn hp X gm ba hirocacbon c cc cng thc tng qut ln lt l CnH2n + 2, CmH2m,
Cn + m + 1H2m (u l hirocacbon mch h v iu kin thng u l cht kh; n, m nguyn dng) v
0,1 mol H2 trong bnh kn (xc tc Ni). Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y. Cho Y
tc dng vi lng d dung dch Br2 trong CCl4, thy c ti a 24 gam Br2 phn ng. Mt khc, t chy
hon ton Y, thu c a mol CO2 v 0,5 mol H2O. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,25. B. 0,30. C. 0,50. D. 0,45.
( thi th THPT Quc Gia ln 4 THPT Chuyn i hc Vinh Ngh An, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
do m 2 n 1
Cc hirocacbon u l cht kh iu kin thng n m 1 4
m 2
CH 4 : x mol (k = 0) 0,15 mol Br2
C 2 H 4 : y mol (k = 1) Ni, t o
X Y O2 CO2 : a mol
C 4 H 4 : z mol ( k = 3) t o
H : 0,1 mol H 2 O : 0, 5 mol
2
Cch 1:
p dng bo ton mol lin kt , bo ton nguyn t H v mi lin h ca bt bo ha k, ta c:
n trong X y 3z 0,15 0,1 0,25 mol (1)
(1)(2)
0,5.2 0,1.2 x 2y 4z n CO2 a 0,25 0,2 0,45 mol
x y z 0,2 mol (2)
4
Cch 2: Nhn thy cc hirocacbon trong X u c 4C, khi quy i X thnh CxH4
2.0,5 2.0,1
p dng bo ton nguyn t H, ta c: n Cx H4 0,2 mol .
4
2x 4 2 BTKL
Mt khc k CxH4 x 1 (x 1).0,2 n Br2 n H2 0,25 mol x = 2,25 .
2
p dng bo ton nguyn t C a nCO2 2,25.0,2 0,45 mol
Cu 88: Hn hp X gm peptit A c cu to bi glyxin, alanin v cht bo B c cha 3 lin kt trong phn
t (s mol ca B nh hn s mol ca A). t chy a gam hn hp X cn va ng 49,28 lt O2 (ktc). Mt
khc, thy phn a gam hn hp X bng mt lng dung dch NaOH va ri c cn thu c m gam hn hp
Y gm 3 mui. t chy m gam hn hp mui Y cn va ng 47,712 lt O2 (ktc), thu c hn hp kh Z
gm CO2, H2O, N2 v 13,78 gam Na2CO3. Dn ton b hn hp Z qua bnh ng dung dch NaOH c d thy
khi lng bnh tng thm 90,46 gam so vi ban u. Xem nh N2 khng b nc hp th, cc phn ng xy ra
hon ton. Phn trm khi lng ca A trong hn hn hp X gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 43,6%. B. 42,7%. C. 44,5% D. 41,8%
Hng dn gii
2,2 mol O
2 CO H O N
2 2 2
C 3 H 5 (OH)3
C 2 H 4 O2 NNa Na CO
Peptit A : (Gly)n (Ala)m 2 3
X 0,13 mol
NaOH
x mol
B : (RCOO)3 C 3 H 5 (k = 3) Y C H O NNa
2,13 mol O2
N 2
3 6 2
a gam
90, 46 gam CO2
y mol
RCOONa
H 2 O
m gam
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
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Nhn xt: S mol O2 chnh lch gia t hn hp X v hn hp Y chnh l s mol O2 cn t chy hon
ton C3H5(OH)3 nO2 cn t C3H5 (OH)3 2,2 2,13 0,07 mol
to
C 3 H8 O3 3,5O2 3CO2 4H2 O BT gc C3H5 n(RCOO)3 C3H5 nC3H5 (OH)3 0,02 mol
BT gc RCOO n
44n CO2
18n H 2 O 90, 46 gam n
2 H O 1,53 mol
BTKL
mY 1,56 12 1,53 2 0,52 16 0,2 14 0,23 23 38,88 gam
Nhn xt : nC2H4O2NNa nC3H6O2NNa n N trong Y 0,2 mol 2(x y) n C trong mui Gly, Ala 3(x y)
x mol y mol 0,4 mol 0,6 mol
BTNT C 0,96 1,16
(1,56 0,6) n C trong RCOONa (1,56 0, 4) 16 S C RCOONa 19,33.
0,06 0,06
0,96 mol 1,16 mol
S C ca axit bo l s chn kB 3
S C RCOONa 18
B : (C17 H35COO)3 C 3 H5
Tht ra : cht bo B ch cha 3 lin kt trong phn t B l cht bo no. Trong chng trnh ph
thng, ta hc v 2 loi cht bo no l tripanmitin (C15H31COO)3C3H5 v tristearin (C17H35COO)3C3H5.
Nh vy th ch cn s C trong mui > 16 l c th suy ra c B l tristearin.
C 2 H 4 O2 NNa : x mol
x y 0,2 mol
+ Khi : 38,88 gam C 3 H6 O2 NNa : y mol
C H COONa : 0,06 mol 97x 111y 0,06 306 38,88 mol
17 35
x 0,12 mol n C2H4O2NNa 0,12 3
y 0,08 mol n C3H6O2NNa 0,08 2
BTNT C
+ (2n 3m) n A nC trong mui Gly, Ala 0,12 2 0,08 3 0,48 mol
n 3 ; m = 2 n A 0,04 mol > n B (Tha mn)
n 3
Do n 6 ; m = 4 n A 0,02 mol = n B (Loi)
m 2
.................... n A < nB
to C 2 H 4 O2 NNa : 0,12 mol
(Gly)3 (Ala)2 5NaOH H2 O
C 3 H6 O2 NNa : 0,08 mol
mol : 0,04 0,2 0,04
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c : m A (0,12 97 0,08 111) 0,04 18 0,2 40 13,24 gam
mmui Gly. Ala mH O mNaOH
2
13,24 gn nht
%m A .100 42,65% 42,7%
13,24 0,02.890
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Cu 89: Hn hp E cha 3 este u 2 chc v mch h, trong c mt este khng no cha mt lin kt C=C.
un nng hon ton hn hp E vi dung dch KOH (ly d gp 2,4 ln so vi phn ng), c cn dung dch sau
phn ng thu c hn hp cha 2 ancol n chc cng dy ng ng k tip v hn hp F cha 3 cht rn.
Ly hn hp 2 ancol un vi H2SO4 c 1400C thu c 6,39 gam hn hp 3 ete (bit rng hiu sut ete ha
mi ancol u bng 75%). t chy ton b F bng lng oxi va ch thu c 0,24 mol K2CO3 v 0,16 mol
H2O. Phn trm khi lng ca este c khi lng phn t ln khng th c l
Hng dn gii
R(COOK)2 O2 K 2 CO3 : 0,24 mol
Rn
KOH d H 2 O : 0,16 mol
R(C OOR')2 + KOH
o
t
n H trong E 2n H2O n H trong ancol n KOH 0,32 (0,12.6 0,08.8) 0,48 1,2 mol
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
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Trng hp 3:
C 2 H5 OOC CH CH COO C 2 H 5 : 0,02 mol
E C 3 H 7 OOC COO C 3 H 7 : 0,04 mol %mEste c phn t ln 42,86%
C H OOC COO C H : 0,04 mol
2 5 2 5
Trng hp 4:
C 3 H7 OOC CH CH COO C 2 H 5 : 0,02 mol
E C 3 H 7 OOC COO C 3 H 7 : 0,03 mol %mEste c phn t ln 22,91%
C H OOC COO C H : 0,05 mol
2 5 2 5
Trng hp 5:
C 3 H7 OOC CH CH COO C 2 H 5 : 0,02 mol
E C 3 H7 OOC COO C 2 H5 : 0,06 mol %mEste c phn t ln 22,91%
C H OOC COO C H : 0,02 mol
2 5 2 5
Cu 90: t chy 25,0 gam hn hp E cha 3 este u no, mch h v khng phn nhnh cn dng 0,85 mol
O2. Mt khc un nng 25,0 gam E vi dung dch NaOH va , thu c mt mui duy nht v hn hp F
cha 2 ancol u n chc cng dy ng ng k tip. un ton b F vi H2SO4 c 1400C thu c 6,28
gam hn hp gm 3 ete. Ha hi hn hp 3 ete th th tch ng bng th tch ca 2,8 gam N 2 (o cng iu
kin). Hiu sut ete ha mi ancol l
Hng dn gii
+ Do E cha 3 este u no, mch h khng phn nhnh s chc ca cc este u < 3.
+ Mt khc thy phn E trong NaOH ch thu c 1 mui duy nht 3 este c cng s nhm chc (cng n
chc hoc cng hai chc). Do ch thu c hn hp F ch cha 2 ancol n chc E gm 3 este hai chc (do
nu l cc este n chc to bi 1 axit n v 2 ancol n th ch to c 2 este: RCOOR, RCOOR).
0,85 mol O
2 CO H O
2 2
Khi : 25 gam R(COOR)2 (k = 2)
NaOH
x mol R(C OONa)2 R' OH
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Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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mol : 0,2
0,1 0,1
m Ancol 6,28 0,1.18 8,08 gam
8,08
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: Mancol 40,4
n ancol phn ng 0,2 mol 0,2
CH3OH (32) ng vi
5,6 0,16 mol
S ng cho, ta c: 0, 4 mol M = 40, 4
ng vi
C 2 H5OH (46) 8,4 0, 24 mol
Cu 91: X, Y l hai este u mch h, khng phn nhnh v c cng s nguyn t cacbon. t chy 15,9 gam
hn hp E cha X, Y cn dng 0,615 mol O2. Mt khc, un nng 15,9 gam E vi dung dch NaOH va thu
c hn hp F gm 2 ancol n chc ng ng k tip nhau v hn hp gm a gam mui A v b gam mui B
(MA > MB). Dn ton b F qua bnh ng Na d thy khi lng bnh tng 8,28 gam; ng thi thu c 2,688
lt kh H2 thot ra ktc. Gi tr ca a : b gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 2,4. B. 2,5. C. 2,6. D. 2,3.
Hng dn gii
m bnh tng m hh ancol m H2
2,688
+ X l d kin hn hp ancol, ta c: m hh ancol 8,28 .2 8,52 gam
n hh ancol 2n H2 0,24 mol
22,4
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Trng hp 1: X, Y u n chc.
n CO2 0,6
nX, Y nhn hp ancol 0,24 mol C X C Y 2,5 N* Loi.
n X, Y 0,24
ancol n chc
Trng hp 2: X, Y u hai chc X, Y l este 2 chc to bi axit 2 chc v ancol n.
n hn hp ancol n CO2 0,6
n X, Y 0,12 mol C X C Y 5.
2 n X, Y 0,12
R' no v R' 1
+ Do hn hp E l R(C OOR')2 E khng no th C E 5 .
X, Y hai chc
CX = CY = 5 th X, Y phi no n E n CO2 n H2O 0,09 mol 0,12 mol (mu thun)
0,6 mol 0,51 mol
Trng hp 3: Hn hp E cha 1 este n v 1 este hai chc to bi axit hai chc v ancol n.
CH3OH : 0,18 mol
hn hp F
R(COOR')2 : x mol NaOH C 2 H 5OH : 0,06 mol
15,9 gam E
R1COOR'' : y mol R(COONa)2
hn hp mui
R1COONa
2x y
+ Theo , ta c: nhn hp ancol 2x y 0,24 mol x y 2x y
2 nX, Y 0,24 mol
0,12 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, ta c:
0,6 0,6 S C X, Y > 3
CX CY 2,5 C X C Y 5
(c Este 2 chc ca axit 2 chc v ancol n)
CX CY 4
0,24 0,12
E gm 1 este n v este 2 chc u c s C bng 4 thy phn sinh c hn hp CH3OH v C2H5OH phi
BT gc CH3
(COOCH3 )2 0,09 mol NaOH A : (COONa)2 : 0,09 mol
l
BT gc C 2 H5
3
CH COOC H
2 5 0,06 mol B : CH3COONa : 0,06 mol
201 gn nht
Vy a : b 0,09.134 : 0,06.82 2,5
82
Cu 92: X l este no, n chc, Y l axit cacboxylic n chc, khng no cha mt lin kt i C=C; Z l este 2
chc to bi etylen glicol v axit Y (X, Y, Z, u mch h, s mol Y bng s mol Z). t chy a gam hn hp
E cha X, Y, Z cn dng 0,335 mol O2 thu c tng khi lng CO2 v H2O l 19,74 gam. Mt khc, a gam E
lm mt mu ti a dung dch cha 0,14 mol Br2. Khi lng ca X trong E l
A. 8,6 gam. B. 6,6 gam. C. 6,8 gam. D. 7,6 gam.
Hng dn gii
X : RCOOR' : x mol (k 1) 0,335 mol O2 CO2
o 19,74 gam
a gam E Y : R''C OOH : y mol (k = 2) t
H 2 O
Z : (R''COO) C H : y mol (k = 4) 0,14 mol Br2
2 2 4 mt mu ti a.
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
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H 2O
75
Comment: cn cc bn lm tip s tm ra c x mol thng qua BTNT O mu thun.
Trng hp 2: X phn ng vi dung dch Br2 X c dng HCOOR.
p dng bo ton mol C C , ta c: x y 2y nBr2 phn ng 0,14 mol 2x 2y 4y 2nBr2 0,28 mol .
Khi ,theo gi thuyt v p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
44n CO2 18n H2O 19,74 gam
n CO2 0,33 mol
2n CO n H O 0,335.2 (2x 2y 4y)
n H2O 0,29 mol
2 2
0,28 mol
y 3y n CO2 n H2O 0,04 mol
y = 0,01 mol
p dng mi lin h ca bt bo ha, ta c:
x y 2y 0,14 mol
x = 0,11 mol
n CO2 0,33 X c dng HCOOR
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, ta c: C X 3 X : HCOOCH3
nX 0,11
Vy : mX 0,11.60 6,6 gam
Comment: bi gi cm t ti a kh r nn ch cn mn cm cc bn s thy c bi ton xut hin
BTNT
trng hp 2. Bi ra ch hi v khi lng ca X,cn cc cht Y; Z Y l CH2=CH-COOH (0,01mol);
Z l (CH2=CH-COO)2C2H4 (0,01 mol).
Cu 93: X, Y l hai axit cacboxylic u n chc, mch h (trong phn t X, Y cha khng qu 2 lin kt v
50 < MX < MY); Z l este c to bi X, Y v etylen glicol. t chy 13,12 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z cn
dng 0,50 mol O2. Mt khc 0,36 mol E lm mt mu va dung dch cha 0,1 mol Br2. Nu un nng 13,12
gam E vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 1M (va ), c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c hn hp F gm a gam
mui A v b gam mui B (MA < MB). T l ca a : b gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 2,9. B. 2,7. C. 2,6. D. 2,8.
Hng dn gii
0,5 mol O2
X : RCOOH CO2 H 2 O
13,12 gam E Y : R'C OOH 0,2 mol KOH mui A : RCOOK : a gam
Z : RCOOC H OCOR' F
2 4 mui B : R'C OOK : b gam
0,1 mol Br2
0,36 mol E mt mu va
Do cc cht trong E u cha nhm COO nn theo quy lut phn ng, ta c:
nCOO nKOH 0,2 mol nO trong E 2n COO 0,4 mol
Khi , p dng bo ton khi lng vo bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
12n CO2 2n H2O (13,12 0,4.16) gam
n CO 0,49 mol
2
2n CO2 n H2O 0,5.2 0,4 mol
n H2O 0,42 mol
+ Mt khc th nghim phn ng vi dung dch Br2 theo bo ton mol lin kt C C ta c :
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0,1
0,36.S C C nBr2 0,1 mol S C C 0,278 trong E c cha cht c C C = 0 (axit no n).
0,36
+ Do X, Y u cha khng qu 2 lin kt axit cn li khng no chc 1 C C . (Gi a l h s t lng)
axit no n : ax mol (C C 0)
ax ay az 0,36 mol
0,36 mol axit khng no 1C C : ay mol (C C 1) ax 0,26 mol
este to bi 2 axit v etilen glicol : az mol ( ay az 0,1 mol
C C 1)
0,15.98 gn nht
a :b= = 2,6727 2,7
0,05.110
Cu 94: Hn hp E cha 3 este u mch h v khng phn nhnh (khng cha nhm chc khc). un nng
20,62 gam E cn dng 280 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c hn hp F cha 3 ancol u no v hn hp mui.
Ly ton b hn hp mui ny un nng vi vi ti xt thu c duy nht mt hirocacbon n gin nht c
th tch l 5,6 lt (ktc). Mt khc t chy 20,62 gam E cn dng 0,955 mol O2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng
ca ancol c khi lng phn t nh trong hn hp F l
Hng dn gii
+ Trong hn hp ch cha chc este v mch khng phn nhnh s chc ca cc este trong E u < 3.
2NaOH
+ Theo quy lut phn ng nung mui vi vi ti xt ta c: R(COONa)n CaO, t o
RHn Na 2 CO3
Vy hirocacbon n gin nht l CH4 (0,25 mol) n R(COONa)n 0,25 mol
Do cc este ch cha nhm chc este nn ta c n COO nNaOH 0,28 mol nO trong E 2.0,28 0,56 mol.
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
44n CO2 18n H2O (20,62 0,955.32) gam
n CO2 0,84 mol
2n CO2 n H2O (0,56 0,955.2) mol
n H2O 0,79 mol
+ Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s mol ca 3 este ln lt l x mol, y mol v z mol.
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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n NaOH 0,28
Theo S COO 1,12 E gm este n chc v este 2 chc.
n R(COONa)n 0,25
n CO2 0,84
Trng hp 1: trong E cha 2 este n chc x + y + z = 0,25 mol S C = 3,36
x y z 0,25
trong E c cha X: CH3COOCH3 (x mol; k = 1) v Y: R OOC CH2 COO R' (y mol; k = 2).
Este cn li n chc, suy ra Z l CH3COOR (z mol; k = 1).
Mt khc, 3 ancol u no nn khi theo gi thuyt, s mol NaOH v mi lin h bt bo ha k, ta c:
x y z 0,25 mol
y 0,03 mol
x 2y z n NaOH 0,28 mol MU THUN.
y n n
CO2 H2 O 0,84 0,79 0,05 mol
Trng hp 2: trong E cha 2 este hai chc v ng thi phi thu c 3 ancol no nn
R OOC CH 2 COO R'
trong E c cha X: CH3COOR (x mol; k = 1) v Y : (y mol; k = 2)
R' OOC CH 2 COO R'
Este cn li hai chc, suy ra Z l CH3COOROCOCH3 (z mol; k = 2).
Theo gi thuyt, s mol NaOH v mi lin h bt bo ha k, ta c:
x y 2z n CH4 0,25 mol x 0,18 mol
n CO2 0,84
x 2y 2z n NaOH 0,28 mol y 0,03 mol S C = 3,652
y z n n z 0,02 mol x y z 0,23
CO2 H2 O 0,84 0,79 0,05 mol
X l CH3COOCH3 (0,18 mol).
Do C R '' 2 BTNT C
0,18.3 0,02.( 6) C Y .0,03 nCO2 0,84 mol C Y 6 . Nu trong Y cha 2 gc
ancol ging nhau th 2C R' 3 C R' 1,5 khi R = CH3 ch thu c 2 ancol.
thu c 3 ancol th trong Y phi cha 1 gc R = CH3 gc ancol v R CH3.
Khi , ta c:
CH COOCH CH3 COONa : (0,18 + 0,02.2) mol
3 3
mui
0,18 mol CH 2 (C OONa)2 : 0,03 mol
0,28 mol NaOH
20,62 gam CH 3 OOC CH 2 COO R' CH3 OH : (0,18+0,03) mol
ancol R'OH : 0,03 mol
0,03 mol
CH3 COO R'' OCOCH 3 R''(OH) : 0,02 mol
2
0,02 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng ta c: 20,62 0,28.40 mancol (0,22.82 0,03.148) mancol 9,34 gam
(0,18 0,03).32
Vy: %mCH3OH .100 71,95%
9,34
Comment: Ngoi ra nu khng dng bo ton khi lng, cc bn c th t C Y 6 suy ra R = C2H5; sau
p dng bo ton nguyn t C tm ra c R = C2H4.
Cu 95: X l este n chc, Y l este hai chc (khng cha nhm chc khc; X, Y u mch h v c cng s
cacbon). t chy 14,94 gam hn hp E cha X, Y (s mol Y ln hn s mol X) cn dng 0,81 mol O2. Mt
khc un nng 14,94 gam E vi 165 ml dung dch NaOH 1M (va ), thu c hn hp cha 2 mui v hn
hp cha 2 ancol thuc cng dy ng ng k tip. Dn hn hp 2 ancol ny qua bnh ng Na d thy khi
lng bnh tng 6,165 gam. Ly ton b hn hp mui nung vi vi ti xt thu c hn hp cht hu c T.
Nu ly 0,36 mol T tc dng ti a vi bao nhiu ml dung dch Br2 1M
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Hng dn gii
+ X l d kin v hn hp ancol:
0,165
Ta c: nCOO nNaOH phn ng 0,165 mol nancol 0,165 mol
+ Na
n H2 mol
2
mancol m H2 m bnh tng
6,165 0,165
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: 0,615 gam 6,165 gam Mancol 38,36
n 0,165
ancol 0,165 mol
ancol ng ng k tip CH3OH : a mol a b 0,165 mol a 0,09 mol
0,165 mol
C 2 H5OH : b mol 32a 46b 6,33 gam b 0,075 mol
Khi : do n Y n X v nC2H5OH nCH3OH 2nC2H5OH Y ch cha 1 gc C2H5 v 1 gc CH3
Vy:
X : R1COOCH3 0,81 mol O2
CO2 H 2 O
0,015 mol
R1COONa R1H
COO CH3 V lt
2 mui
NaOH
1M
14,94 gam o Br
0,165 mol 2 2 2
R (COONa) 2
CaO, t R H 2
Y : R2 NaOH
COO C 2 H 5 2 ancol CH3OH : 0,09 mol
0,075 mol C 2 H 5OH : 0,075 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
44n CO2 18n H2O (14,94 0,81.32) gam
n CO 0,72 mol
2
2n CO2 n H2O (0,165.2 0,81.2) mol
n H2O 0,51 mol
BTNT C
Do X, Y c cng s nguyn t C C X,Y .(0,015 + 0,075) = nCO2 = 0,72 mol C X,Y 8.
Cch 1:
BTNT H H X 8 H Y 12
HX .0,015 HY .0,075 2n H2O 1,02 mol HX 5HY 68
H2 13 H Y 11 (L)
Do hp cht hu c cha C, H, O th s H phi l s chn
R C 6 H5 : 0,015 mol C 6 H6 : 0,015 mol
1
R2 CH CH CH2 : 0,075 mol CH2 CH CH3 : 0,075 mol
0,36 0,3
Do 4 khi dng 0,36 mol T th nBr2 dng 0,075.4 0,3 mol V 0,3 lt
0,075 0,015 1
Cch 2: S dng mi lin h ca bt bo ha k.
k 5
k R 51 4
R1 C 6 H5
X
1
(k X 1).0,015 (k Y 1).0,075 nCO2 nH2O 0,21 mol
k R 32 1
k X 3
2 R2 CH CH CH2
Cu 96: X, Y l 2 axit cacboxylic u hai chc (trong X no, Y khng no cha mt lin kt C=C); Z l este
thun chc to bi X, Y v ancol no T. t chy 21,58 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z (s mol ca Y gp 2 ln s
mol ca Z) cn dng 0,275 mol O2. Mt khc un nng 21,58 gam E vi 440 ml dung dch NaOH 1M (va )
thu c mt ancol T duy nht v hn hp F gm a gam mui A v b gam mui B (M A < MB). Dn ton b T
qua bnh ng Na d thy khi lng bnh tng 1,76 gam; ng thi thu c 0,672 lt kh H2 (ktc). T l a : b
gn nht l.
A. 3,9 B. 3,7 C. 3,6 D. 3,8
Hng dn gii
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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0,275 mol
O2 CO2 H 2 O
X : R '(COOH) 2 (k = 2)
x mol R '(COONa)2
Mui F
21,58 gam E Y : R(COOH)2 (k = 3) R(COONa)2
0,44 mol
+ Na m bnh tng 1,76 gam
2y mol NaOH
Z : Este to bi X, Y v ancol T Ancol T
H 2 : 0,03 mol
y mol
+ X l d kin v ancol no T l R(OH)n
mancol T 1,76 0,03.2 1,82 gam
1,82.n 91n
Theo gi thuyt, ta c: Mancol T
n OH 2n H2 0,06 mol
0,06 3
Vi Mancol T , n phi nguyn v do T no (CTPT dng C x H2x2 On ) Mancol T phi chn v n chia ht cho 3.
n 3 Mancol T 91 (Loi)
Khi : T l C6 H8 (OH)6 : 0,01 mol (Sorbitol)
n 6 Mancol T 182
Vy khi Z l este 6 chc to bi X, Y v C6 H8 (OH)6 y = 0,01 mol.
Khi theo gi thuyt 2x 2.0,02 6.0,01 n NaOH phn ng 0, 44 mol x = 0,17 mol.
2y y
Theo quy lut phn ng ta c: nCOO nNaOH phn ng 0,44 mol nO trong E 2.0,44 0,88 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
44n CO2 18n H2O (21,58 0,275.32) gam
n CO 0,58 mol
2
2n CO2 n H2O (0,88 2.0,275) mol
n H2O 0,27 mol
n CO2 0,58
S C = 2,9 X l HOOCCOOH (0,17 mol).
n X n Y n Z 0,17 0,02 0,01
p dng mi lin h ca bt bo ha k, ta c:
(2 1).0,17 (3 1).0,02 (k Z 1).0,01 n CO2 n H2O 0,31 mol k Z 11
Do s C C trong gc R = 11 6COO 3Vng 2 Z cha 2 gc R ca axit khng no hai chc, 1 C C
BTNT C
Z l 0,17.2 (C R 2).0,02 (2 C R 12).0,01 n CO2 0,58 mol
R chc 1
C C R l CH CH
C R 2
BT gc OOC COO
NaOOC COONa 0,17 0,01 0,18 mol
F gm
BT gc CH=CH
NaOOC CH CH COONa 0,02 2.0,01 0,04 mol
a 0,18.134 gn nht
Vy 3,76875 3,8
b 0,04.160
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Nhn xt:
+ bi ton ny nt tht cn ci vic xc nh CTCT ca ancol no T. Bi ton hay ch cc bn khng
ng c ancol l sorbitol.
+ Nhiu bn khi gii s d on ancol T c gng p d kin v cho rng s liu ca c vn .
- Este to vi 2 axit 2 chc X, Y cho rng ancol T 4 chc, c p iu th suy ra khi lng bnh
mancol T 1,77 0,06 1,83 gam
1,83
tng phi l 1,77 gam v 0,06 MT 122 C 4 H6 (OH)4
n 0,015 mol 0,015
ancol T
4
- Vi n = 3 MT 91 gn vi 92 C3 H5 (OH)3
+ Nu cc bn thot ra c 2 sai lm trn th nghin ngm s thy c hng i t con s huyn o 1,82.
Cu 97: Hn hp E cha 3 este u c s nhm chc khng qu 2 v khng cha nhm chc khc (trong c
2 este l ng phn ca nhau v u c s nguyn t C khng qu 7). t chy m gam E bng lng oxi va
, thu c 1,59 mol CO2 v 1,2 mol H2O. Mt khc un nng m gam E cn dng 260 ml dung dch NaOH
1,5M thu c hn hp mui Y v hn hp Z cha 2 ancol u no c cng s nguyn t cacbon. Dn Z qua
bnh ng Na d thy khi lng bnh tng l 16,41 gam. Nung ton b Y vi NaOH/CaO n khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp T cha 3 kh c t khi hi so vi He bng 4,875. Bit Z khng tc dng vi
Cu(OH)2 iu kin thng. Phn trm khi lng ca mui c khi lng phn t nh trong Y l
A. 18,7% B. 24,9% C. 12,4% D. 20,7%
Hng dn gii
Theo quy lut phn ng, ta c : nCOO nOH trong ancol n NaOH phn ng 0,39 mol
Gi thuyt v khi lng bnh tng cho ta :
mZ 16,41 0,39 16,8 gam mC, H trong anccol 16, 8 0, 39.16 10, 56 gam
Mt khc do E cha cc este c s nhm chc khng qu 2 nn ancol to este ti a 2 chc. Vy hn hp 2
Ancol no n : C n H2n 2 O (a mol) BTNT O
ancol no c cng s C gm a + 2b = 0,39 mol
Ancol no, hai chc : C n H2n 2 O2 (b mol)
0, 5a b a b < a 2b
0,195 mol nZ 0,39 mol
10, 56 n 3
mC, H trong ancol (14n + 2).(a + b) = 10,56 gam 14n 2 n 3, 725
ancol
2 chc
n 2
nZ
0,195
Mt khc v Z khng phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 iu kin thng n = 3.
C 3 H7 OH : a mol a 2b 0,39 mol a 0,09 mol
Vy 16,8 gam Z
C 3 H6 (OH)2 : b mol 60a 76b 16,8 gam b 0,15 mol
Do c 3 este u c s C 7 nn este 2 chc khng th to bi axit 2 chc v C3H7OH.
RCOOC 3 H7 : 0,09 mol BTNT C n CO2 1,59
E gm S C = 6,625 c este 7C.
(R'COO)2 C 3 H6 : 0,15 mol nE 0,09 0,15
2 este ng phn ca nhau C nguyn 0,09.7 0,15.C Este 2 chc 1,59 mol C Este 2 chc 6, 4 N (Loi)
0,09.C Este n chc 0,15.7 1,59 mol C Este n chc 6
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi k1, k2 ln lt l bt bo ha ca este n v este 2 chc. Khi , ta c :
k1 2
0,09.(k1 1) 0,15.(k 2 1) nCO2 n H2O 0,39 mol k1, k 2 nguyn
k 2 3
Vy Este n chc c k = 2, s C = 6 CH2 CH COO C3 H7 : 0,09 mol (1)
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
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Mt khc, do thu c 2 ancol nn khi 2 este ng phn ca nhau phi l 2 este hai chc. Vi este 2 chc c
k = 3 v s C = 7 th c th c cc trng hp sau :
CH2=CH-COOCH2 COOCH2 COOCH2
| | | | |
CH2 (CH2)2 CH2 CH3CH CH2
| | | | |
HCOOCH2 COOCH2 COOCH2
a mol (2) b mol (3) b mol (4)
Vy khi 3 este c th c gm (1), (2), (3) hoc (1), (2), (4).
Lu : khng c trng hp (1), (3), (4) v khi s ch sinh 2 kh v khng c kh no c M < 19,5.
Vi 2 trng hp trn
BTKL
mE 1,59.12 1,2.2 0,78.16 33,96 gam m Y 33,96 0,39.40 16,8 32,76 gam
mZ
0,39 32,76 0,39
Vi hn hp Y c cng thc tng qut l : R(C OONa)n : mol R = 17n.
n R 67n n
32,76 gam
13
M RHn R n 17n n 18n n
NaOH, CaO, t o 12
R(C OONa)n RH n
MT 19,5 n R(C OONa) 0,39 0,36 mol
n 13 / 12
n Este hai chc a b 0,15 mol a 0,12 mol
Khi , ta c :
n Y 0,09 2a b 0,36 mol b 0,03 mol
0,12.68
Vi mui c phn t khi nh trong Y l HCOONa (0,12 mol) %m HCOONa .100 24,9%
32,76
Cu 98: Ha hi hon ton 17,52 gam este X hai chc, mch h th th tch ng bng th tch ca 3,36 gam N2
(o cng iu kin). Y, Z (MY < MZ) l hai este u hai chc, trong phn t mi cht c bt bo ha khng
qu 4. un nng 23,16 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z (s mol X gp i s mol ca Z) cn dng 360 ml dung
dch NaOH 1M thu c hn hp cha 2 mui u c s nguyn t cacbon khng qu 4 v hn hp cha 2
ancol c cng s nguyn t cacbon. Mt khc t chy 23,16 gam E cn dng 0,79 mol O 2. Bit rng X, Y, Z
khng cha nhm chc khc. Phn trm khi lng ca Z c trong hn hp E l
Hng dn gii
0,36 mol NaOH 2 mui c s C 4
X : 2x mol
23,16 gam E Y : y mol 2 ancol cng s C
Z : x mol 0,79 mol O2
CO H O
2 2
+ Do X, Y, Z u 2 chc do theo quy lut phn ng, ta c: nCOO nNaOH phn ng 0,36 mol.
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
44n CO2 18n H2O (23,16 0,79.32) gam
n CO2 0,88 mol
2n CO2 n H2O (2.0,36 2.0,79) mol
n H2O 0,54 mol
0,36
+ Mt khc, nNaOH phn ng 2.(2x y x) 6x 2y 0,36 mol 3x y n X, Y, Z 0,18 mol (*)
2
n CO2 0,88 S C Este 2 chc 4
p dng bo ton nguyn t C: S C X, Y, Z 4,89 E c cha este c 4C.
n X, Y, Z 0,18
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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(COOC 2 H 5 )2
m X 17,52 gam
17, 52 CH OOC COOC 3 H 7
+ X l, d kin tm X 3,36 MX 146 3
CH3OOC (CH 2 )2 COOCH3
n X 28 0,12 mol 0,12
CH3OOC CH 2 COOC 2 H 5
+ Do sau phn ng thy phn ch thu c 2 ancol c cng s C 1 ancol n chc, 1 ancol 2 chc c cng C.
Ancol 2 chc s C 2
X phi l (COOC2H5)2.
Trng hp 1: Vi kZ = 2.
3x y 0,18 mol
Khi theo (*) v mi lin h ca bt bo ha k, ta c:
2x 2y x 3x 2y n CO2 n H2O 0,34 mol
1
x mol BTNT C 1 1
150 6.2. 4.0,16 C Z . n CO2 0,88 mol C Z 24 .
150 150
y 0,16 mol
+ Thy phn Z sinh c ancol c 2C do Z phi cha 2 gc C2H5 hoc 1 gc CH2CH2 .
C gc axit 24 2. 2 20 4 . (LOI do cc mui u c s C khng qu 4).
C2H5
Trng hp 2: Vi kZ = 3.
3x y 0,18 mol
Khi theo (*) v mi lin h ca bt bo ha k, ta c:
2x 2y 2x 4x 2y n CO2 n H2O 0,34 mol
x 0,01 mol BTNT C
6.0,02 4.0,15 C Z .0,01 nCO2 0,88 mol C Z 16 .
y 0,15 mol
+ Thy phn Z sinh c ancol c 2C do Z phi cha 2 gc C2H5 hoc 1 gc CH2CH2 .
C gc axit 16 2. 2 12 4 . (LOI do cc mui u c s C khng qu 4).
C2H5
Trng hp 3: Vi kZ = 4.
3x y 0,18 mol
Khi theo (*) v mi lin h ca bt bo ha k, ta c:
2x 2y 3x 5x 2y n CO2 n H2O 0,34 mol
x 0,02 mol BTNT C
6.0,04 4.0,12 C Z .0,02 nCO2 0,88 mol C Z 8 .
y 0,12 mol
+ Thy phn Z sinh c ancol c 2C do Z phi cha 2 gc C2H5 hoc 1 gc CH2CH2 .
C gc axit 8 2. 2 4 . Khi Z l C 2 H5OOC C C COOC 2 H5 (0,02 mol).
C2H5
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0,02.(29 44 13).2
Vy %m Z .100 14,68%
23,16
Cu 99: t chy hon ton a mol cht hu c X (C, H, O) thu c x mol CO2 v y mol H2O vi x = y + 5a.
Hiro ha hon ton 0,15 mol X thu c 32,4 gam cht hu c Y. un nng Y vi dung dch NaOH va ,
c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c hn hp E cha 2 mui natri ca 2 axit cacboxylic c cng s nguyn
t cacbon v phn hi cha ancol Z. t chy ton b E thu c CO2; 9,45 gam H2O v 23,85 gam Na2CO3.
Tng s nguyn t c trong X l
A. 23. B. 25. C. 27. D. 21.
Hng dn gii
+ Ta c x = y + 5a 5n X n CO2 n H2 O k X 6 .
23,85
+ Mt khc theo bo ton nguyn t Na, ta c: n NaOH phn ng 2n Na2CO3 2. 0,45 mol
106
k X 6
NaOH
+ Y hn hp mui ca axit; ancol Z v n NaOH phn ng 0,45
3
n X 0,15
X l este thun chc 3 chc to bi ancol 3 chc v cc axit c cng s C.
Do 2 mui ca axit c cng s C
X l este 3 chc
1 mui ca axit n chc v 1 mui ca axit hai chc.
Y phi no NaOH C n H 2n1O2 Na : 0,15 mol
Mt khc, hiro ha hon ton X thnh Y. Vy mui
n X n Y 0,15 mol C n H 2n4 O4 Na 2 : 0,15 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t H, ta c: 0,15.(2n 1 2n 4) 2nH2O 1,05 mol n = 3 .
C 2 H5COONa : 0,15 mol
mmui 0,15.96 0,15.148 36,6 gam.
NaOOC CH 2 COONa : 0,15 mol
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Vi A. 3n 4 23 n = 9
Vi B. 3n 4 25 n = 9,67 (L Loi)
Th 4 p n, ta c:
Vi C. 3n 4 27 n = 10,33 (L Loi)
Vi D. 3n 4 21 n = 8,33 (L Loi)
Kinh nghim rt ra l Cc bi hay v kh thng c cch gii v cng c bit !.
n CO2 1,5
2a 2c n Ag 0,4 mol b 0,1 mol C trong M 5
c 0,1 mol nM 0,3
2c n CO2 n H2O 0,2 mol
C Y, Z 2
Do MX < MY < MZ nn v s mol X, (Y + Z) v E bng nhau nn suy ra C trong M bng trung bnh
E
C 3
CE
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0,54 m rn ?
0,54 X, Y, Z: .0,2 0,36 mol 0,99 mol NaOH
Th nghim 2 : .36,6 gam 0,3 n H2O n X,Y,Z 0,36 mol
0,3 T : (0,54 0,36) mol
C 4 H 7 (OH)3 : 0,18 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c:
0,54
m rn .36,6 0,99.40 0,36.18 0,18.106 79,92 gam
gn nht
79,90 gam
0,3 KOH H O C H (OH)
2 4 7 3
M
Cu 101: X l peptit mch h c cu to t axit glutamic v mt - amino axit Y no, mch h cha 1 nhm
NH2 v 1 nhm COOH. tc dng va vi 0,1 mol X cn 0,7 mol NaOH to thnh hn hp mui trung
ha. Mt khc, t chy 6,876 gam X cn 8,2656 lt O2 (ktc). t chy m gam tetrapeptit mch h c cu
to t Y cn 20,16 lt O2 (ktc). Bit rng s lin kt peptit trong X l 4. Gi tr ca m l
A. 24,60. B. 18,12. C. 15,34. D. 13,80.
Hng dn gii
+ Do peptit X c to bi axit glutamic (1 nhm NH2 v 2 nhm COOH) v v mt - amino axit Y no,
mch h cha 1 nhm NH2 v 1 nhm COOH nn cn rng ch c 1 nhm COOH trong axit glutamic
to lin kt peptit, nhm cn li t do.
S N = a + b
+ Gi s X c to bi a gc Glu v b gc Y X c dng (Glu)a Yb : x mol vi S O = a + b + 1 + 2a
k
peptit 2a b
+ Do , theo quy lut phn ng thy phn peptit trong dung dch kim, ta c:
C n H 2n O2 NNa
(Glu)a Yb (2a b)NaOH Mui (a 1)H 2 O
n 2n 2
C H O NNa
mol : 1 7
(Gii thch: v c a nhm axit glutamic s c a nhm COOH t do phn ng vi NaOH sinh thm aH2O)
S N = 5
2a b 7 a 2
Khi theo gi thuyt, ta c: X l (Glu)2 Y3 : x mol vi S O = 10
a b 1 4 b 3 k
peptit 7
p dng bo ton khi lng, nguyn t O v mi lin h ca bt bo ha k, ta c:
12n CO 2n H O 16.10x 14.5x 6,876 gam 12n CO 2n H O 230x 6,876 gam n CO2 0,3 mol
2 2
2 2
2n CO2 n H2O 10x 0,738 2n CO2 n H2O 10x 0,738 mol n H2O 0,258 mol
n CO2 n H2O (7 1 0,5.5)x
n CO2 n H2O 3,5x 0
x 0,012 mol
Bo ton nguyn t C cho phn ng t chy: 0,012.5 C Y .0,012 0,3 mol C Y 5 (C 5H11O2 N Valin)
Vy tatrapeptit to bi Valin c cng thc phn t l 4 C 5H11O2 N 3H2 O C 20 H38O5N4 .
O2
Th nghim 2, ta c t chy pentapeptit c to bi Valin, ta c: C 20 H38O5N4
to
20CO2 19H2 O 2N2
1
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c: 5n pentapeptit Y 2.0,9 40.n pentapeptit Y 19.n pentapeptit Y n pentapeptit Y mol
30
1
m pentapeptit Y .(12.20 38 16.5 14.4) 13,80 gam
30
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Cu 102: X l este n chc; Y l este hai chc (X, Y u mch h). t chy 21,2 gam hn hp E cha X, Y
thu c x mol CO2 v y mol H2O vi x = y + 0,52. Mt khc un nng 21,2 gam E cn dng 240 ml dung dch
KOH 1M thu c mt mui duy nht v hn hp F cha 2 ancol u no. Dn ton b F qua bnh ng Na d
sau phn ng thy khi lng bnh tng 8,48 gam. S nguyn t H (hiro) c trong este Y l
A. 14. B. 12. C. 10. D. 8.
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln ln 3 THPT u Lc TP. H Ch Mnh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
CO2 : x y 0,52 mol
O2
o
RCOOR' H 2 O : y mol
t
21,2 gam E
(RCOO)2 R'' 0,24 mol KOH R'OH
RCOOK Na
m bnh tng 8,48 gam
R''(OH)2
Lu : Do bi khng ni lng kh bay ra khng ng k nn mbnh tng mancol mH2 8,48 gam .
0,24
Bo ton mol H linh ng, ta c: n OH trong ancol n KOH 2n H2 0,24 mol m H2 .2 0,24 gam
2
p dng bo ton khi lng cho phn ng thy phn v bo ton nguyn t K, ta c:
m RCOOK 21, 2 0, 24.56 (8, 48 0, 24) 25, 92 gam 26,16
M RCOOK 108 R l CH C
n RCOOK n KOH 0, 24 mol 0, 24
X : CH C COOR' : a mol k X 3
Khi : E v n O trong E 2a 4b 2.(a 2b) 0,48 mol
Y : (CH C COO) 2 R'' : b mol k Y 6 n KOH
2a 4b 0,48 mol
a 0,16 mol
BTNT O
2a 5b n CO2 n H2O 0,52 mol b 0,04 mol
(k 1) n E nCO n H O
2 2
Cu 103: Hn hp E cha tripeptit X v pentapeptit Y (X, Y u mch h) trong phn trm khi lng oxi
trong X l 33,862% v phn trm khi lng nit trong Y l 21,148%. un nng m gam E cn dng 330 ml
dung dch NaOH 1M thu c hn hp gm mui ca glyxin v 6,66 gam mui ca alanin. Gi tr ca m l
A. 21,27 gam B. 22,18 gam C. 21,12 gam D. 22,64 gam
( thi th THPT Quc gia ln ln 3 THPT u Lc TP. H Ch Mnh, nm 2015)
Hng dn gii
16.4
Tripeptit : C x H y O4 N 3 %O 189 3.75 2.18 Gly Gly Gly
0,33862
E
Pentapeptit : C H O N %N 14.5 331 2.89 3.75 4.18 Ala Ala Gly Gly Gly
n m 6 5
0,21148
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Cu 105: X, Y l hai axit cacboxylic u hai chc, mch h thuc cng dy ng ng k tip; Z v T l hai
este thun chc hn km nhau 14 vC, ng thi Y v Z l ng phn ca nhau (MX < MY < MT). t chy
17,28 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z, T cn dng 10,752 lt O2 (ktc). Mt khc un nng 17,28 gam E cn dng
300 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c 4,2 gam hn hp gm 3 ancol c cng s mol. S mol ca X trong E l
A. 0,05 mol B. 0,04 mol C. 0,06 mol D. 0,03 mol
Hng dn gii
X : R'(COOH)2
0,48 mol O2 CO2
Y : R''(COOH)2
17,28 gam E H 2 O
Z, T l este thun chc 0,3 mol NaOH
4,2 gam 3 ancol c cng s mol
X
C C Y C Z C T
+ nNaOH phn ng n COO trong E 0,3 mol nO trong E 2n COO 0,6 mol
+ Do Y v Z l ng phn ca nhau nn Y cng phi mang 2 nhm COO v T hn Z 1 nhm CH2 nn T
cng mang 2 nhm COO hn hp E gm cc cht u c 4 oxi.
n 0,6
+ Vy n E O trong E 0,15 mol
4 4
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
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Y v Z ng phn
NaOH
4,2 gam CH3OH : a mol
T : H3 C OOC COO C 2 H 5
Z, T to c 3 ancol
C H OH : a mol
2 5
4,2 n 0,03 mol
a 0,03 mol
BT cc gc ru
Z
62 32 46 n T 0,03 mol
n X n T (0,15 0,06) mol n 0,06 mol
Theo gi thuyt v bo ton nguyn t C, ta c: nY nT X
n 0,03 mol
3n X 4y 0, 57 0,03. 4 5 Y
Cu 106: X l este no, n chc; Y l este n chc, khng no cha mt ni i C=C (X, Y u mch h). t
chy 10,56 gam hn hp E cha X, Y cn dng 10,08 lt O2 (ktc) thu c 6,48 gam nc. Mt khc un nng
10,56 gam E vi dung dch NaOH va thu c mt ancol duy nht v hn hp mui cha a gam mui A v
b gam mui B (MA< MB). T l ca a : b gn nht vi gi tr no sau y ?
A. 0,9 B. 1,2 C. 1,0 D. 1,5
Hng dn gii
0,45 mol O2
CO2 H 2 O
X : R1 COOR' : a mol (k = 1) 0,36 mol
10,56 gam
Y : R 2 COOR' : b mol (k 2) NaOH R1COONa
R'OH +
R2 COONa
18,48
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: mCO2 10,56 0,45.32 6,48 18,48 gam n CO2 0,42 mol
44
p dng bo ton nguyn t O v mi lin h bt bo ha k, ta c:
2a 2b 2.0,45 2.0,42 0,36 a 0,09
n CO2 0,42 X : HCOOCH3
C 2,8
b n CO2 n H2O 0,06 mol b 0,06 mol n X n Y 0,15
X,Y
Y : R2 COOCH3
BTNT C
0,09.2 0,06.C Y 0,42 mol C Y 4 (CH2 CHCOO CH3 )
HCOONa : 0,09 mol 0,09.68
a:b 1,085
gn nht
1,0
2
CH CHCOONa : 0,06 mol 0,06.94
Cu 107: Hn hp E cha 2 axit u mch h v khng phn nhnh. Ha hi hon ton 12,32 gam E th
th tch ng bng th tch ca 3,36 gam N2 (o cng iu kin). t chy 12,32 gam E cn dng 0,26 mol
O2 thu c 18,48 gam CO2. Mt khc 0,18 mol E lm mt mu va dung dch cha a mol Br2. Gi tr
ca a l
A. 0,33 mol . B. 0,18 mol . C. 0,36 mol . D. 0,24 mol.
Hng dn gii
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3,36
+ n12,32 gam E n N2 0,12 mol
28
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: mH2O 12,32 0,26.32 18,48 2,16 gam n H2O 0,12 mol
18,48
p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c: n O trong E 2. 0,12 0,26.2 0,44 mol
44
2n H2O 0,24
S H = 2
nE 0,12
BTNT C
0,02.1 0,1.C Y 0,42 mol C Y 4 (HOOC C C COOH)
0,18
HCOOH : 0,02. 0,03 mol
0,12
Vy: 0,18 mol E n Br2 phn ng 0,03 0,15.2 0,33 mol
HOOC C C COOH : 0,1. 0,18
0,15 mol
0,12
0,75
Vy n NaOH phn ng namino axit nRCOOR' 0,25 0,5 0,75 mol V =
0,75
1 lt
gn nht
1,02 lt
Cu 109: Hn hp E gm hai este X v Y c cng cng thc phn t l C4H8O2. Thy phn hon ton m
gam E trong dung dch KOH va thu c 3,92 gam hai ancol k tip nhau trong dy ng ng v khi
lng mui trong dung dch va ng m gam. Khi lng ca mui c phn t khi nh hn l
A. 4,200 gam. B. 4,704 gam. C. 3,400 gam. D. 3,808 gam.
Hng dn gii
RCOOR KOH RCOOK ROH
m gam m gam
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: mKOH mR'OH 3,92 gam n KOH n ROH 0,07 mol
HCOOK
43 (C H ) Este HCOOC H
3 7 3 7 C 3 H 7 OH
m RCOOK m RCOOR R ' 39 x mol
R 'OH hn hp 2 ancol k tip CH3 COOK
29 (C 2 H 5 ) CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 C 2 H 5 OH
Este
y mol
Trong X, Y phi cht c gc ancol >39, c 2 u c cng CTPT l C4H8O2 Mgc ancol max 43 (C3H7 ) . Do 2
ancol ng ng k tip nn gc ancol cn li l 29 (C2H5) .
x y 0,07 mol
x 0,05 mol m 0,05.84 4,2 gam
Khi ta c:
60x 46y 3,92 gam y 0,02 mol
Cu 110: un nng 24,8 gam hn hp E cha 3 peptit X, Y, Z u mch h cn dng 300 ml dung dch NaOH
1M thu c hn hp mui cha a mol mui glyxin v b mol mui lysin. Mt khc t chy 24,8 gam E trn
bng lng oxi va thu c N2, CO2 v H2O trong t l khi lng CO2 v H2O l 2,444. Gi tr ca a : b
gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 2,90. B. 2,70. C. 2,85. D. 2,60.
Hng dn gii
44n CO2
Theo gi thuyt, ta c : 2,444 n CO2 n H2O
18n H2O
Phn ng t chy cho ta : (k E 1 0,5.S N).n E n CO2 n H2O 0 k E 1 0,5.S N
Suy ra s N trong peptit lun l s chn s H cng lun chn
k 2 k E 10,5.S N
S N = 2 Peptit c dng A-A (vi A c 1-NH 2 , 1-COOH)
k E 10,5.S N
k 3 S N = 4 Peptit c dng A-A-B (vi B c 2-NH 2 , 1-COOH)
Mt khc, k E 2
k E 10,5.S N
k 4 S N = 6 Peptit c dng A-A-B-B (vi B c 2-NH 2 , 1-COOH)
Tng t cho k = 5, 6, 7.....
k E n 2
O2 . t o
V th khi t peptit E n CO2 n H2O Peptit E c dng (A)2 (B)n vi S N = 2n+2
S O = n + 3
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C 2 H 4 O2 NNa : a mol
E : (Gly)2 (Lys)n NaOH H2 O
Vy 6 13 2 2
C H O N Na : b mol
mol : x 0,3 x
p dng bo ton nguyn t Na, ta c : n Na trong mui n NaOH a b 0,3 mol
n Gly 2x a mol
BT mt xch amino axit
2x nx 0,3 mol (1)
n Lys nx b mol
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: 97.2x 168.nx 18x 24,8 0,3.40 gam (2)
17 34 34
x 2x
2x nx 0,3 mol 155 155 a 155 2,72
gn nht
T (1) v (2) 2,70
212x 168nx 36,8 gam nx 5 b 5
62 62
Cu 111: Peptit X v peptit Y u mch h c cu to t cc -amino axit no; Z l este thun chc ca
glyxerol v 2 axit thuc cng dy ng ng axit acrylic. t chy 0,16 mol hn hp E cha X, Y, Z c t l
mol tng ng 1 : 2 : 5, sn phm chy gm CO2, H2O v N2 c dn qua bnh ng nc vi trong d thu
c 196,0 gam kt ta; ng thi khi lng bnh tng 112,52 gam. Kh thot ra khi bnh c th tch l 2,688
lt (ktc). Mt khc un nng 64,86 gam E bng dung dch NaOH va thu c lng mui l
A. 67,74 gam. B. 83,25 gam. C. 78,24 gam. D. 93,75 gam.
Hng dn gii
196
n CO2 m CaCO3 1,96 mol
0,16
100
n X, Y 8 .3 0,06 mol 112,52 1,96.44
Theo gi thuyt, ta c: v n H2O 1,46 mol
n 0,16 .5 0,1 mol 18
Z 8 2,688
n N2 22,4 0,12 mol
k Z 3 COO 3C C 6
Z l trieste ca glixerol v 2 axit khng no c 1C C
Z c dng C x H y O6 (0,1 mol)
Mt khc, ta li c nCO2 n H2O 1,96 1,46 5.0,1 k Z 1 n Z
k peptit n 2
V th khi t peptit X,Y
o
O2 . t
n CO2 n H2O Peptit X,Y c dng (A)2 (B)n vi S N = 2n+2
S O = n + 3
(Vi A, B l amino axit no, mch h; A c 1 NH2, 1 COOH v B c 2 NH2, 1 COOH)
p dng bo ton nguyn t N, ta c: n N trong E 0,06.(2n 2) 2n N2 0,24 mol n = 1
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c: m E 12.1,96 2.1,46 16.[0,1.6 0,06.(1 3)] 14.0,24 43,24 gam
mC mH mO mN
X, Y 3NaOH
Mui H 2 O
mol : 0,06 0,18 0,06
+ Nu ly 0,16 mol E thy phn trong NaOH th ta c: E
Z 3NaOH Mui C 3 H 5 (OH)3
mol : 0,1 0,3
0,1
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64,86
Vy nu ly 64,86 gam E thy phn trong NaOH th m mui 52,16. 78, 24 gam
43, 24
Cu 112: X, Y, Z l 3 este u n chc, mch h (trong X, Y cng dy ng ng; Z khng no cha mt
lin kt C=C). t chy 13,08 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z (s mol Y ln hn s mol ca Z) cn dng 0,51 mol
O2. Mt khc un nng 13,08 gam E vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M (va ) thu c hn hp cha 2 ancol
k tip v hn hp cha 2 mui gm a mol mui A v b gam mui B (M A < MB). T l ca a : b gn nht vi
gi tr no sau y?
A. 6,4. B. 6,5. C. 6,6. D. 6,3.
Hng dn gii
Theo quy lut phn ng thy phn este ta c: nCOO nNaOH phn ng 0,2 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
44n CO2 18n H2O (13,08 0,51.32) gam
n CO 0, 48 mol
2
2n CO2 n H2O (2.0,2 2.0,51) mol
n H2O 0, 46 mol
n CO2 0, 48
Do X, Y, Z u n S C X, Y, Z 2, 4 trong E cha X l HCOOCH3.
n X, Y, Z 0,2
Theo gi thuyt X, Y thuc cng dy ng ng nn ta c X, Y u no, n chc. Mt khc, sau phn ng thy
phn thu c 2 ancol k tip v 2 mui ancol cn li l C2H5OH.
thu c 2 mui
+ Nu Y cha c dng RCOO- vi R H Z phi c dng HCOOR vi R lc cha 1
lin kt ni i C=C khng thu c ancol thuc dy ng ng ca CH3OH.
Vy Y phi l HCOOC2H5 v Z c dng RCOOR.
0,51 mol O
2 CO H O
2 2
X : HCOOCH3 (k = 1, x mol) CH3 OH
ancol
13,08 gam E Y : HCOOC 2 H 5 (k = 1, y mol)
0,2 mol NaOH C 2 H 5 OH
Z : RCOOR' (k = 2, z mol)
HCOONa : a gam
mui
RCOONa : b gam
Theo mi lin h ca bt bo ha k, ta c:
n X x mol
nZ z nCO2 n H2O 0,02 mol
n Y (0,2 0,02) x (0,18 x) mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, ta c: 2x 3.(0,18 x) C Z .0,02 nCO2 0,48 mol
C Z .0,02 x 0,06
0,16 0,06
Mt khc do n Y n Z 0,18 x > 0,02 x < 0,16 mol C Z 5.
0,02
Cz 4
Do Z l este khng no, n chc c 1 ni i C=C CZ = 4 (Z l CH2=CH-COOCH3).
BT nhm HCOO v CH2 CHCOO HCOONa : (x y) 0,18 mol
CH2 CH COONa : 0,02 mol
a 0,18.68 gn nht
6,51 6,5
b 0,02.94
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Cu 113: X, Y l hai cht hu c thuc dy ng ng ca axit acrylic; Z l axit no, hai chc (X, Y, Z u
mch h). t chy 15,96 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z bng lng oxi va thu c 5,4 gam nc. Mt
khc 0,45 mol E lm mt mu va dung dch cha 0,15 mol Br2. Nu ly 15,96 gam E tc dng vi 600 ml
dung dch KOH 1M, c cn dung dch thu c m gam rn khan. Gi tr ca m gn nht vi gi tr no y?
A. 44,0. B. 45,0. C. 46,0. D. 47,0.
Hng dn gii
O2
CO2 H 2 O
0,3 mol
15,96 gam E X, Y : R COOH : x mol (k = 2) R COOK
Z : R '(C OOH) : y mol (k = 2) 0,6 mol KOH
2
rn R '(C OOK)2 H 2 O
KOH d
Cu 114: X l axit n chc, khng no cha mt lin kt i C=C; Y l axit no, hai chc, Z l este no, hai chc
(X, Y, Z u mch h). un nng 17,84 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z vi 120 gam dung dch MOH 12% (M l
kim loi kim), c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c phn rn F ch cha 2 mui. t chy hon ton rn F
thu c H2O; 0,18 mol M2CO3 v 0,26 mol CO2. Mt khc t chy 17,84 gam E thu c 0,48 mol CO2.
Phn trm khi lng ca mui c phn t khi ln trong hn hp F l
A. 85,08%. B. 76,89%. C. 70,63%. D. 86,30%.
Hng dn gii
M 2 CO3 : 0,18 mol
X : RCOOH : x mol (k = 2) 120 gam dd O2
MOH 12% rn F CO2 : 0,26 mol
to
17,84 gam E Y : R'(COOH)2 : y mol (k = 2) H O
Z: R'(C OOR'') : z mol (k = 2) 2
2
O2 , t o
CO2 : 0, 48 mol
120.0,12
p dng bo ton nguyn t M, ta c: nM 2n M2CO3 0,36 mol = M 23 (Na)
M 17
Do phn rn F ch cha 2 mui nn NaOH phn ng ht nNaOH nCOO 0,36 mol
p dng bo ton khi lng cho phn ng t chy E v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
17,84 32n O2 44.0, 48 18n H2O
n O 0,26 mol
2
2.0,36 2n O2 2.0, 48 n H2O
n H2O 0,28 mol
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x y z n X, Y, Z 0,2 mol
x 0,04 mol
Khi theo gi thuyt, ta c:
x 2y 2z n NaOH 0,36 mol
y z 0,16 mol
t mui F O2
Mt khc
nC n CO2 n Na2CO3 0, 44 mol
O2
t E CO2 : 0, 48 mol
nC trong gc R'' 0,48 0,44 0,04 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, ta c: C X .0,04 2y 2z 0,04 n C trong E 0, 48 mol
0,32 mol nC trong R''
CH2 CH COONa : 0,04 mol
C X 3 (CH2 CH COOH) F gm
(COONa)2 : 0,16 mol
0,16.134
%m NaOOC COONa .100 85,08%
0,16.134 0,04.94
Cu 115: Hn hp hi E cha 2 ancol u mch h v 1 anken. t chy 0,2 mol E cn dng 0,48 mol O2,
thu c CO2 v H2O c tng khi lng 23,04 gam. Mt khc dn 0,2 mol E qua bnh ng Na d thy khi
lng bnh tng 6,4 gam; ng thi thy thot ra 1,792 lt kh H2 (ktc). Nu ly 19,2 gam E lm mt mu
ti a V ml dung dch Br2 1M. Gi tr ca V l.
A. 300 ml B. 450 ml C. 400 ml D. 350 ml
Hng dn gii
0, 48 mol O2
CO2 H 2 O
C a H 2a
23,04 gam
0,2 mol E R(OH)n
R'(OH) bnh Na d m bnh tng 6,4 gam
m
H 2 : 0,08 mol
V ml dung dch Br2 1M
19,2 gam E mt mu ti a
Na 1
Theo quy lut phn ng : OH H2 nOH trong E 2n H2 0,16 mol
2
phn th nghim hn hp E vo bnh Na d s gip ta nh c lng ancol.
Lu :
+ Cc anken c s C 4 th kh iu kin thng s thot ra khi bnh.
+ m bo tnh cht ch ca bi ton BTKL
mE 23,04 0,48.32 7,68 gam
Nu ch c kh H2 thot ra mE mbnh tng m 6,4 0,16 6,56 gam < 7,68 gam (Mu thun)
H
2
m Ancol m bnh tng m 6,4 0,16 6,56 gam
H2
Vy anken khng b gi li trong bnh
m Ca H2a 7,68 6,56 1,12 gam
Theo gi thuyt v bo ton nguyn t O, ta c :
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n CO2 0,36
S C = = 1,8
44n CO2 18n H2O 23,04 gam
n CO2 0,36 mol
nE 0,2
2n CO2
n H 2 O (0,16 2.0,48) mol n
2 H O 0,4 mol S H = 2n H2O = 2.0,4 = 4
nE 0,2
Cch 1: Tm cng tc cu to ca cc cht trong hn hp E
1,12
C 2 H 4 28 0,04 mol n C 2 H 4 : 0,04 mol
ancol nOH trong E 0,16 mol
0,2 mol E
cc ancol u n
CH 4 O : x mol
CH 4 O 0,16 mol
0,16 mol
C n H 4 Om C n H 4 O : y mol
k 1
Mt khc, ta c n H O n CO n hn hp ancol C nH4O CH C CH2 OH
S H = 4
2 2
0,04 mol 0,16 mol
x y 0,16 mol x 0,1 mol
Khi theo gi thuyt, ta c:
32x 56y mancol 6,56 gam y 0,06 mol
m th nghim 2 19,2
+ Do 2,5
m th nghim 1 (ng vi 0,2 mol) 7,68
CH2 CH2 : 0,04.2,5 0,1 mol
BTLK CC 0,1 0,15.2
CH3OH : 0,1.2,5 0,25 mol VBr2 0,4 lt = 400 ml
CH C CH OH : 0,06.2,5 0,15 mol 1
2
Cch 2: Da vo s lin kt C C trung bnh.
Do hn hp E ch gm cc ancol v anken, khng cha cc hp cht cha lin kt C=O nn ta c k C C .
Khi gi k l s lin kt C C trung bnh trong E.
p dng mi lin h ca bt bo ha k, ta c : (k 1).0,2 nCO n H O 0,04 mol k = 0,8.
2 2
m th nghim 2 19,2
+ Do 2,5
m th nghim 1 (ng vi 0,2 mol) 7,68
BTLK
CC n .n 0,8.0,2.2,5 0,4 mol V 0,4
Br2 C C E Br2 0,4 lt hay 400 ml
1
Cu 116: Hn hp E cha 3 peptit X, Y, Z (MX < MY < MZ) u mch h c tng s nguyn t oxi l 14 v s
mol ca X chim 50% s mol ca hn hp E. t chy x gam hn hp E cn dng 1,1475 mol O 2, sn phm
chy dn qua dung dch KOH c d thy khi lng bnh tng 60,93 gam; ng thi c mt kh duy nht thot
ra. Mt khc un nng x gam E vi dung dch NaOH va , thu c dung dch ch cha 0,36 mol mui ca A
v 0,09 mol mui ca B (A, B l hai -aminoaxit no, trong phn t cha 1 nhm NH2 v 1 nhm COOH).
Phn trm khi lng ca Z c trong hn hp E l.
A. 20,5% B. 13,7% C. 16,4% D. 24,6%
Hng dn gii
Nhng iu cn thit gii ton peptit dng ny.
Ta c mt peptit X c to bi cc -aminoaxit no cha 1 nhm NH2 v 1 nhm COOH.
Lc ta c
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C
H
CO 2
O2 nCO2 nH 2O
n-peptit (X) O (n 1) H 2O nX =
N n N
1
2 2
n
Nhn xt: nu = 2 ngha l X l i-peptit nCO2 = nH2O
Phn ng thy phn:
0
(X)n + (n 1)H2O
t
n (cc -aminoaxit)
0
2(X)n + (n 2)H2O t
n(Y)2
x mol
Do ta t chy hn hp i-peptit ng ngha ta t chy hn hp peptit ban u v x mol H2O.
bi: t chy m gam hn hp E cha 3 peptit c to bi cc -aminoaxit no cha 1 nhm NH2 v 1
nhm COOH cn dng a mol O2, thu c z mol H2O.
S
a mol O2 CO2 y
i peptit
m peptit 18x H 2 O y
x mol H 2 O
3y 2a
Bo ton nguyn t O n i peptit (v i-peptit cha 3 nguyn t O)
3
M ta lun c: y x = z
p dng vo bi ton.
Nhn xt: 0,36 mol mui A (NH2-RCOONa) v 0,09 mol mui B (NH2-R-COOna)
nNaOH = 0,45 mol
0
2(X)n + (n 2)H2O
t
n(Y)2
Mol: x mol
0
i-peptit + 2 NaOH t
mui
s mol i-peptit = 0,225 mol
1,1475 mol O2 CO2 y
i peptit
0,225mol H 2 O y
x mol H 2 O
0,225 3 + 1,1475 2 = 3y y = 0,99 mol
60,93 0,99 44
nH2O sinh ra khi t chy E = 0,965mol
18
0,99 x = 0,965 x = 0,025 mol
n 0, 225 2 0, 225
M: n 2, 25 n E 0, 2mol v
n 2 0, 025 2, 25
0,99
CE 4,95 X l Gly-Gly (0,1 mol)
0, 2
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mR(COONa)2 46,9
Z l hp cht hu c to bi X v Y R 134 134 R 0
n R(COONa) 2
0,35
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Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng
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Hng dn gii
X (1 ) x mol
t : Y (2 ) y mol
C H O z mol
4 6 4
Xt trong A c cha cc hp cht anhydrit.
x 2y 2z 0, 6
loi. V th trong A cha cc chc axit v este.
y z 0,3
x y 2z 0, 6 x z 0,3
Do ta c: xy
y z 0,3 y z 0,3
Nu X hoc Y u c khi lng phn t ln x = 0,5(x + y + z) z = 0 (loi)
Vy C4H6O4 l cht c khi lng phn t ln
x y 0,1
z = 0,5(x + y + z) 2x = 2y = z
z 0, 2
1, 2 0, 2 4
CX,Y 0, 2
2
X : HCOOH
H z 2(0,9 0, 2 3) 3 Y : C3H 4O 2
X.Y 0, 2
0,1 46 100
%(m) HCOOH = 12,99%
1, 2 12 0,9 2 1, 2 16
Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii bit gii thch,
Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch truyn cm hng