Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4.1 Introduction The study on Masjid Raja Alang is to understand the pur-
pose of the construction as a respond to the culture, climate, peo-
Chapter 4 highlights the main focus of the study which is Masjid
ples need, era, and geographical factors.
Raja Alang, Beranang. This chapter will begin with the history of
masjid from its location, and its neighborhood context. Moreover, As shown in Figure 4-1, this Masjid is located at Jalan
focus will also be on the analysis on macro-climate and micro-cli- Kampung Tanjung, 43700, Beranang, Hulu Langat, Selangor, next
mate, combines with the natural and man-made features found in to Sekolah Rendah Agama Integrasi (SRAI) Pekan, Beranang. It is
the area. surrounded by housing area, with Jalan Semenyih for its main ve-
hicular transportation route connecting Kuala Lumpur and Se-
Furthermore, Chapter 4 also discusses in depth about the
menyih or Southern part in Malaysia. In addition, the masjid has
profile of Masjid Raja Alang which comprises the caretaker (or-
shop lots with Colonial influence built in 1930 on its Southern part
ganization) of the masjid, the procedure of land ownership, the
and commercial area on its Northern part shown in Figure 4-2 and
materials used during the early construction in response to the en-
Figure 4.3.
vironment and period of the construction held. Plus, the zoning of
the spaces is to further explain in this chapter as well as the spatial According to Haji Alias, the Chief of Kampung Sesapan
organization of and the components of Masjid Raja Alang. Kelubi/ Kampung Tanjung, being as one of the oldest buildings in
Beranang, Masjid Raja Alang is still in good condition though
4.2 Contextual Studies
some extensions and renovations were made in order to cater the
The site analysis basically covers all about the location of increase in population in Kampung Sesapan Kelubi/ Kampung
the masjid, the urban layout of the surrounding context, and envi- Tanjung.
ronment. The result will be really much helpful in order to obtain
deeper understanding about the masjid and its surroundings.
72
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
73
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
74
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Figure 4-5 Site Plan of Masjid Raja Alang Figure 4-7 Sunrise view can be seen from the right side of Masjid
75
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
4.3 Profile of Masjid Raja Alang In 1926, the land was subdivided from original Portion
This sub-topic will solely discuss on the histories, chronologies, 405 into two lots, Portion 1812 and Portion 1813 as shown in Di-
and behind stories of every event happened in Masjid Raja Alang. agram 4-2. Lot Portion 1812 is gazetted for masjid while lot Por-
This chapter also discussed on the architectural influences, space tion 1813 remained as agricultural land.
planning as well as analysis and synthesis of spaces.
76
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-4 and Diagram 4-5. According to Pejabat Dae- In 26/03/2015, the land was re-gazetted for masjid in the
rah/Tanah Hulu Langat, the lot Portion 1825 was officially re- Warta Kerajaan Negeri Selangor No. 1141. The current lot num-
served for masjid on 22/06/1928 with registered Gaz-no 3634. ber is 40792 with 3289m2 as stated in Diagram 4-6. According to
Pejabat Daerah/Tanah Hulu Langat (2015), Menteri Besar of Se-
langor has reserved the land and delineated upon Certified Plan
deposited in the office of Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan (JUPEM),
for public purpose, to wit, a site for masjid and has designated that
the director of Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor (JAIS) shall have
control of the reserved land and that the reserved land shall be
maintained by the Majlis Agama Islam Selangor (MAIS).
Diagram 4-3 Plan of Portion 1823 & Diagram 4-4 Plan of Portion
1824 1825 (source: Jabatan Ukur dan
(source: Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Pemetaan (JUPEM)
(JUPEM)
77
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
78
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Figure 4-9 Lime Concrete Col- stroyed. The manufactured tiles were made of lime. (Tiles and
umn in Masjid Raja Alang
Bricks, 1964) The fabrication shops were on the ground floor,
79
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
while the upper floors were reserved for drying. The structure was d) Coloured Stained Glass
constructed of plaster covered brick with asbestos cement covering Window
the floors. (Ceramics of the building, 1890)
In the earliest construction, col-
By 1650, there was a sizeable production of terracotta roof oured stained glass is used for doors
tiles in European, and they were exporting their produce to other and windows. But due to crack and
countries. In the 1870s. Automated machines for mass producing damage on the glass, it is now being
terracotta roof tiles were first patented, and although there re- replaced by tinted glass.
mained a good deal of demand for hand crafted terracotta roof
tiles, by the 1880s a lot more factories were starting to make use
Figure 4-11 Coloured glass on
of the new machines. The practice of mass producing terracotta doors and windows
80
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
g) Timber Wood
i) Lime Concrete/ Lime Plas-
Timber wood is mainly used as ter/ Lime Render
the non-structural parts in the masjid
Lime has been used to make
like doors and windows. The roof
things like mortar and plaster since
structures of masjid and ablution
long ago. Lime concrete is a mixture
area such as purlins and joists are
of lime, sand and gravel which has
also made up of timber. The strength
been used to construct Masjid Raja
and resiliency of the timber are
Alang. Lime Render and Lime Plas-
proven as the element is still ever-
Figure 4-14 Timber wood used ter are used for the facade and Mas-
lasting up until today. for doors and windows
jids interior respectively.
Figure 4-16 Interior of dome
81
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
82
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
e) Tinted glass 4.5 Architectural Styles and Influences in Masjid Raja Alang
4.5.1 Moorish Architectural Influences
Tinted glass is used starting
from the year 2012 replacing the Moorish architectural style refers to the Islamic architecture,
damaged and cracked stained col- what was developed around North Africa and south-western Eu-
oured glass. rope. Around 8th to 15th century Moorish Architecture became
distinguish style. This style was influenced by the Greco-Roman,
Berber and Visigoth cultures. According to the Islamic laws, dec-
orations on screens and the walls were strictly followed by the
rules of the Quran that forbids the copying of natural forms.
Figure 4-21 Tinted Glass on
Doors and Windows As said by Azim (2009), the main principle for Islamic archi-
tecture are calligraphies and geometric shapes. The pattern of the
stars, crescents, hexagons and octagons are embedded within a ge-
ometric composition. The designs are usually in primary colours,
but most prominent in gold silver and white. This style started to
influence the Malaysia architecture at early 20th century (early co-
lonial times) and can also be seen through masjid Raja Alang dec-
orations, arches and the special materials being terracotta and tiles
to adapt to the climate.
83
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
ture prominent. The Mogul architecture started influencing Malay- in a floral manner. The roofs are also designed to suit the humid
sia along with the Moorish period in the 20th century, during the tropical climate is usually high pitched and overhanging.
colonial period of Great Britain. Masjid Raja Alang had been in-
Masjid Raja Alang also being influenced by Malay Architec-
fluenced by the mogul architecture in various ways, for example
ture. There are few windows at the top of the prayer hall what pro-
dome, minaret, which are located at the front of the building
vides cross ventilation over the prayer hall. The roofs are also de-
4.5.3 Colonial Architectural Influences signed to suit the humid tropical climate is usually high pitched
and overhanging with decoration at the edge of the roof. (Chun,
In Malaysian History, Colonial Architectural styles and meth-
Hasan, & Noordin, 2005).
ods have been influenced all over Malaysia. This style is the most
prominent style which has been continuously used from the begin-
ning until now. The most prominent colonial architecture style be-
ing mix of British architecture along with the other certain styles
like Moorish and Mogul. The colonial style has been part of Ma-
laysias design from around 17th century till the mid-20th century.
(Chun, Hasan, & Noordin, 2005). This architectural style also can
be seen through Masjid Raja Alang like the doors, window which
blended with the climate and culture.
Figure 4-24 Pari Bibi's Tomb (Source: Figure 4-25 Hexagonal Dome
http://hubpages.com/travel/Great-Archi- of Masjid Raja Alang
tectural-Splendours-of-Bangladesh
85
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Figure 4-28 Bell Shape Arch at Window Figure 4-29 Bell Shape Arch in Mas-
(Source: http://www.rometrastevere.com) jid Raja Alang
Horseshoe- Moorish Ar- The Moorish or Horseshoe
Shaped Arch chitecture Arch is a variation on the
Round Arch, in which the
sides arc toward the cen-
ter, creating a partial circle
in the opening.
Figure 4-30 Horse Shoe-Shaped Arch (Source: Figure 4-31 Horse Shoe-Shaped Arch at
http://hubpages.com/travel/Great-Architec- Masjid Raja Alangs Corridor
tural-Splendours-of-Bangladesh)
86
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Figure 4-32 E. F. Hall Office and Residence Figure 4-33 Wide Horseshoe Arch at
(Source: http://buffaloah.com/a/va/467/int Masjid Raja Alangs Entrance
/int.html)
Arcade Moorish Ar- Arcade of horse-shoe
chitecture arches are a common
Moorish staple.
Figure 4-36 Series of Arches (Source: Figure 4-37 Arches Inside Main Prayer
http://realfinishes.blogspot.my/p/a-traditional- Hall
architecture.html)
87
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Figure 4-38 The Morton House (Source: Figure 4-39 Masjid Raja Alang in 1984
http://1.bp.blogspot.com)
Figure 4-40 Victorian Stained Glass Fanlight Figure 4-41 Fan Shaped Glass on top of
(Source: http://www.manefeldt.com/) doors and windows
Figure 4-42 Victorian Style Door (source: Figure 4-43 Victorian Style Door
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/de- in Masjid Raja Alang
tails-of-shophouse-architecture-singapore-
high-res-stock-photography/509448961)
88
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Figure 4-44 Victorian Style Window (source: Figure 4-45 Victorian Style Win-
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/up- dow at Masjid Raja Alang
per-weld-road-little-india-high-res-stock-pho-
tography/510733185)
Victorian Neo-Classical A fanlight in placed over a
stained glass Architecture window to allow more nat-
fan-light over ural lighting into the main
stained glass praying hall.
window
Figure 4-48 Arched Steel Lattice Window Figure 4-49 Arched Steel Lattice
(Source:http://www.thesteelwindowcompany.com/) Window at Masjid Raja Alang
89
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
90
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Figure 4-56 Marble Floor Tiles (source: Figure 4-57 Marble Tiles in Main
http://jeffreymeyerphotog- Prayer Hall
raphy.ca/tag/parliament-hill/)
Figure 4-60 Sheikh Lotf Allah Masjid, Esfahan, Figure 4-61 Calligraphy at Mihrab
Iran (Source: https://starsinsymmetry.word-
press.com/2013/12/05/)
91
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
4.56 The Chronology of Masjid Raja Alang -Used double swing gate for the entrance
Table 4-2 Chronology of Masjid Raja Alang -Temporary steel structure roof at front of masjid.
Year Event/Descriptions/Changes -The wall at the main gate made up of brick red
1953 The existence of Islamic School besides of masjid -Reconstruction of main gate wall changed to mosic
(source: Rahim, 2016) finishes and swing gate changed into sliding gate
1957 - Demolition of mihrabs dome -Wire mesh fence changed to concrete fence
1975 (source: Discussion) (source: Bong Salleh, Masjids record)
1975 Calligraphy painting of surah Al-Imran, verses 2009 -Building colour changed to light cream and light
92
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
a) 1926 1928: The Construction of Masjid Raja Alang There is another proof from Arkib Negara saying that the erec-
tion of the masjid is made in pursuance of Raja Alangs will before
There is a major confusion on the date of Masjid Raja Alang
he was found to be of unsound mind. A strong statement on the
construction where different dates were given by several sources.
notice stated that Raja Alangs will was granted on the 26th March
As mentioned by Raja Firdaus, the great grandson of Raja Alang,
1928.
the building was built before 1928. A strong endorsement in Arkib
Negara stated by a British lawyer of Raja Alang bin Raja Brayuon
(died in 11th December 1927), Raja Alang left 25% of his residu-
ary estate to be distributed to the various Mohammedan Masjid
in Selangor and other charitable or benevolent purpose. (Arkib
Negara, 2016). The notice stated that there was a provision by de-
ceased of $31,500 for the erection of masjid at Beranang in 1926.
Below is the prove of payments for the construction of Beranang
Masjid which is believed to be Masjid Raja Alang.
Figure 4-63 Raja Alang's will on the erection of masjid. (source: Arkib Negara
2016)
93
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
94
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-6 Masjid Raja Alang 1979 (Source: Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR)
Hulu Langat)
b) 1957 1975: Demolition of Mihrabs Dome
95
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
96
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-11 Plan of Masjid Raja Alang 1979(Source: Jabatan Kerja Raya
(JKR) Hulu Langat)
97
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
The ablution pool of Masjid Raja Alang underwent three (3) stages
of renovation. From the earliest construction until 1984, ablution
pool is used. The roof was purposely made partially covered to
allow the rain water to fill up the pool. From the year 1984 2012,
the ablution pool was raised and enlarged as the roof also upgraded
to fully cover the central part. Series of steel pipes were added
along the side of pool. In the year 2012, the ablution pool was once
again renovated. The floor at the ablution area and store room were
raised up again and steel pipes were removed.
98
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
The demolition of the two domes at the right and left wing of
the masjid was constructed in the early 1992 as mentioned by
Sujali (2016), the draughtsman whom in charged in the renovation
project itself. According to him, the demolition of the domes con-
structed merely to extend the left and right area of masjid in order
to cater the increased number of resident population.
99
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
In 2004, the masjid still used double swing gate for the main There were major renovations made on masjid during 2006.
entrance. The wall at the main gate made up of red brick with One of the renovation was the extension of front corridor. A flat
stretcher bond type shown in Figure 4-69. The picture shows a concrete slab has been built along the extended verandah to cover
temporary steel structure in front of the masjid to provide extra the area.
space especially during congregational prayer. The colour of the
The double swing gate at the main entrance changed to sliding
building used light pink with dark green zinc roof and dark yel-
gate and the main gate wall was reconstructed which changed the
lowish colour of dome.
red brick wall into mosaic finishes. The wire mesh fences had been
modified into concrete fence.
100
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
i) 2009- Construction of Kitchen and Meeting Room i) 2011 - 2013 Refurbishment of Roof Due to Leakage
The expansion of masjids layout continued at the rear side of During 2011 to 2012, the roof of Masjid Raja Alang was re-
masjid where kitchen and meeting room were constructed. Other furbished and upgraded. Zinc roof was added onto the concrete
than that, building colour of Masjid Raja Alang changed to light slab at the front area of masjid to cover the leakage parts. Ablution
cream and light gold. pool was also renovated and enlarged to re-maintain the originality
of masjid. The office the masjid was also been upgraded by ex-
panding the height of the ceiling.
101
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
j) 2014 - 2015 Reconstruction of Concrete Fence k) 2016 The Extension of Muslimat Praying Hall
From 2014 to 2015, concrete fence of Masjid Raja Alang was A new muslimah prayer hall just constructed in the early 2016
re-erected into a new one as the fence was about to collapse. The due to the limitation of space in the muslimat praying area. Ac-
building colour changed into pink and gold colour. Womans ab- cording to Haji Alias, the purpose of the extension of muslimat
lution area also upgraded within this period. praying area was to separate two activities and programmes run at
one time as well as to create a better privacy zone for muslimat.
The building has changed into new colour which illustrates har-
mony combination between gold, green and white colour.
102
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
103
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Though this masjid went through so many changes as the time went by, the unity of the spaces remained the same. The composition
of the extended space embraced the originality of the form. Every space just feels right and belongs to one another. The expansions made on
the layout of masjid were merely to accommodate the increased number of population in that area.
Description The original layout. Islamic school, first males toilet and fe- Extension of right and left wing.
males toilet existed. The males toilet is now
used for storage room.
Year 2016 2009 2006
Sketches of
plan
Description Rumah Wak, garage for Van Jenazah and Kitchen and meeting room constructed. Extension of front verandah and gathering
Muslimat prayer hall existed. area.
Table 4-2 Expansion of Layout of Masjid Raja Alang
104
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
c) Spatial Hierarchy
105
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
d) Zoning
(i) Outdoor vs indoor
All areas inside the masjid are enclosed except for verandah/walk-
way, male ablution area and gathering/meeting area as shown in
Diagram 4-20.
Diagram 4-19 Ground Floor Plan 1928 (Original Plan) Showing Diagram 4-21 Ground Floor Plan 2016 (Current Plan) Showing Pub-
Public and Private Area lic and Private Area
106
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-22 Ground Floor Plan 2016 (Current Plan) Showing Circulation inside Masjid Raja Alang
107
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
4.58 Analysis and Synthesis of Spaces building entrances should have certain qualities that can evoke a
strong image, conveying silent, non-verbal messages reflecting the
a) Entrance to main prayer hall
inner activities, whilst giving emotional effect on the users, feeling
invited or repelled. Rosniza et al, (2011, p.45)
b) Corridor / Walkway
108
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-25 Ground Floor Plan 2016 (Current Plan) Showing Veran- Diagram 4-26 Ground Floor Plan (Current Plan) Showing Ablution
dah Area Pool Area
The exposed and open verandah area let the natural sunlight The pool is separated by a distance of 8.5 m walkway to
to come in and allow smooth ventilation to circulate. The material ensure cleanliness of the area to the prayer hall. As stated by Ros-
used for flooring at the verandah keep the surrounding to stay airy, niza et al (2011) ablution area is a space that should be taken into
breezy and cool without consuming the artificial ventilation/ cool- consideration where it should be placed in an area that could easily
ing. be seen and reached as performing ablution is the first act before
entering the prayer hall. Therefore, the walkway from the ablution
area to the prayer hall should be considerably short to minimize
the risk of getting foul.
109
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
4.9 Architectural Element hierarchy of its resident and the designer. The masjid is similar to
Architecture elements are the unique details and compo- Masjid Alaeddin in Jugra.
nent parts that, together, form the architecture style of houses,
buildings and structures. The period between late 18th and early The facade of Masjid Raja Alang is typically combination
20th centuries saw the assimilation of Neo-Classical style archi- of all architecture style that influenced the building, such as Moor-
tecture elements into local Chinese and Malay elements. ish, Mughal, Malay, Chinese and Neo-Classical architecture.
110
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-27 Current Ground floor plan of Masjid Raja Alang showing the different zones according to different functions
111
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Masjid Raja Alang was built with the high quality materi-
als. It is considered to be one of the most prominent architecture
in Selangor back in late 1800s and early 1900s. The great quality
of the structure during the 1900s century of Colonization era has
made it to stand for a long time. The material is of limestone,
formed of terracotta, coarse salt, honey, and egg yolk. Hence, this
perhaps will intentionally decrease the temperature in the interior
space for its natural physical property. It is believed that the early
Diagram 4-28 Pad footings are connected via strip
design is to have a humble physical appearance instead of luxuri- footing
ous feelings transferred to each worshipper. The structural systems Sketched by: Khairul Fikri bin Khairudin.
that will be covered are the foundation system, floor, column, wall,
beam, roof and special elements. ii. Floor System
Masjid Raja Alang has the whole flooring level on a raising
i. Foundation System dam and higher than the ground outside. It was laid out without
Foundation is the diverse type of stonework below the water proofing membrane. Bong Salleh has stated that the original
ground that acts as the supporter for the entire structure. The ma- floor material was made up of concrete and left bare in its early
terial for the foundation must be properly and carefully selected construction during 1928. After several years, functions, and
for its to provide a stable mediator between earth and the super weather impact, the surface of the concrete cracked. With some
structure. Masjid Raja Alang stands on a concrete strip footing. budget from several sources, the masjid laid the floor with white
The columns rest on the pad footings and each pad footings are marble tiles. It lasts for more than 50 years. However, due to the
connected to each other, forming a strip footing (Rosli Ali, 2016) requests from the local residents and monetary availability, the
(see Diagram 4-29). masjid used carpet to give the comfort to the users. This is also due
112
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
a. Construction
The original plan layout of masjid is square in shape and cov-
Diagram 4-29 Layers of floor finishes.
ered with lime concrete by a mixture of sand, cement and water. Sketched by: Khairul Fikri bin Khairudin
Figure 4-77 Square and white marble tiles give a cleaner image to the
lower vision of the masjid
Figure 4-76 Rectangular white marble tiles lay above the concrete.
113
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
iii. Column
Column is the vertical member in a building system that acts as the
load transfer from the upper floors to the subsoil. Masjid Raja
Alang is influenced by Neo-Classical Architecture.
114
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
the one in the main prayer hall that has four (4) sides of the column
in a square shape (see Diagram 4-33).
There are two (2) columns between two (2) of the central col-
umns (see Diagram 4-32). These columns supporting the beams
and transfer the loads to the sub-structure. The columns arranged
in square have two (2) arches of 3384 mm and one (1) of 3675 mm
height from the floor level. This is to support the roof structure
which is commonly of timber, forming a slanted roof connection.
The roof had timber structure with mortise and tenon joints.
Diagram 4-30 Left: The three pillars of column flanking the central column.
Right: Joint system, tanggam.
Not long ago after the masjids construction, during the Colo-
nization period when the British overrule Malaya, the British per-
ceptions, thoughts and forces has had influenced towards the mas-
jid, interfere the Malay Architecture and spoil the Meru style. Af-
ter some consideration between Sultan Sir Alaeddin Suleiman
Shah or known as Pak Khatib Ujang and the British Residents, the
most South columns were replaced as the hexagonal shape was
introduced. As to have the combination between Colonial style and
Diagram 4-31 Four central columns and eight pillars of supporting columns.
Malay style, the columns at the extended South area of the masjid (Sketched by: Khairul Fikri bin Khairudin)
possess six (6) sides to jive with the hexagonal shape similarly to
115
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-32 Left: The three pillars of column flanking the central column.
Right: Joint system, tanggam. (Sketched by: Khairul Fikri bin Khairudin)
Figure 4-80 The column shows va- Figure 4-81 Corinthian column.
riety of design for the column in
the masjid. Square in shape but in
The current layout of the masjid, the first arrangement or the different dimensions for its base
and shaft.
central columns at the central of the main prayer hall consist of 12
columns (460 mm x 455 mm) arranged in a square. These central
Other than that, the column at the aisle of the prayer hall con-
columns support the arches, the high windows, the beam, the semi-
sists of 22 columns linked to the wall. As a whole, there are 42
spherical dome, and the roof structure. Each column has a plain
columns in the prayer hall. The four (4) columns at the hexagon
shaft connecting to the beam and arches whereas the bases of each
semi-spherical dome corridor are connected to the left and right of
pillars are embedded with the local dark blue tiles, cut into differ-
the south prayer hall. The columns (original columns) support the
ent sizes.
hexagonal segmented semi-spherical dome (original semi-spheri-
cal dome).
116
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Every column in the prayer hall is made up of brick and Moreover, the columns at the ablution area are part of the
concrete with most of it painted in light yellow. The four (4) col- intact structures in Masjid Raja Alang. It was meant to support the
umns at the entrance to the main hall are also part of the original roof structure which was previously has a void at its centre as to
columns. Moreover, every column at sideway corridor is con- allow rain pouring down to the ablution pool (kolah). The ablution
nected through concrete railing and arches. Thus, the whole corri- area was then fully under shaded region when renovation was
dor seemed like to be connected continuously from one end to an- made on the roof structure.
other end. In 2006, Masjid Raja Alang extended its space (front
verandah) to cater the increase in number of jemaah. The new type
of column of Greek style (Corinthian- floral and plant pattern) is
inserted to the masjid with the height of 3400 mm along the veran-
dah. The 36 columns are rounded in shape with three (3) rings at
its base. The extensions include the ablution area. Four (4) con-
crete square columns are added to support the new gable roof
structure at the ablution area. The columns are all in the same di-
mension of 3897 mm x 415 mm x 415 mm.
Figure 4-83 The columns at the ablution area are parts of the
original structures exist till now.
a. Construction
Based on the statements from Rosli Ali, the 12 pillars of column
at the central of the main prayer hall are the reinforced columns,
made up of I-column cast iron and embedded with lime concrete.
The cast iron and the lime concrete are good in compression.
Hence, the concrete will eventually hold the iron during fire event.
In addition, the terracotta bricks are arranged accordingly bracing
117
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
the concrete infill. The outer layer is then covered with lime plas- The higher walls are decorated with thuluth calligraphy.
ter to have a smooth finish. Different verses from different surah in the Holy Quran are se-
lected for the calligraphies. According to Bong Salleh and Azmir
Moreover, the columns at the aisle of the main prayer hall (2016), the paintings are all drawn by an Indonesian painter who
are made up of lime concrete in filled with coarse aggregates and has a great skill in drawing the thuluth back in 1997. (See Diagram
stones. Terracotta bricks are arranged in square acts as the form- 4-34)
work for the infill.
iv. Wall
Wall is the vertical element in the building system. Somehow it
does not carry any loads from the whole structure except the load-
bearing wall but acts as a definition for a space and it gives pro-
tection to the interior spaces or users. The wall of the masjid is
filled with doors, windows and masonry arches. The original wall
system of Masjid Raja Alang stands of load bearing wall, with 250
mm thickness with lime plaster inside and lime render (stucco) at
Figure 4-84 Interior outlook facing the mihrab (a place for the imams)
the outside (Rosli Ali, 2016). The bricks used were red bricks/ ter-
racotta bricks with dimension of 120 mm x 220 mm x 60 mm.
118
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
119
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
According to Rosli Ali (2016), the beams are reinforced Figure 4-86 Four domes which stands of two (2) domes and two (2) hexagonal
segmented domes explains clearly the British influence to the local style (Meru).
with cast iron and concrete envelops it. Cast iron has an excellent
reaction for compression and contains low quantity of carbon that In a glance, Masjid Raja Alang is an easily spotted struc-
makes it a higher durability material as to compare to steel. The ture due to its unique design of the dome and the roof. There are
cast irons are installed before the concrete poured to encase the two (2) domes believed to have the influence of Dutch style
iron. Through cross-sectional view, the beam has the iron cast em- whereas the two (2) hexagonal segmented domes are influenced
bedded at the lower portion of the whole concrete composition. from Neo-Classical and Anglo-European Mughal style (Rosli
The iron which is good in compression requires higher quantity of Noor, 2016). It was originally left bare (grey) to blend with the sky
lime concrete as to avoid the iron from any internal damages. and nature surrounds. However, it has been painted for several
times due to changes in weather, defects the domes surfaces. Re-
120
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
ferring to a statement from Rosli Ali (2016), the chemical proper- (4) pinnacles picturesque the whole look of the dome. The crenel-
ties of the lime render could only in contact with particular paint- lation was once one of the strategies in army, a place to put the
ings. The lime render has pores in its mixture and easily exposed weapon (gun) in between the gap to attack the enemies. However,
to humidity which could bring deterioration to its surface. The currently the crenellations is only part of the decorations for the
dome is now gold in colour, painted about two (2) years ago. Thus minaret.
this gives a new character to the masjid.
There are thoughts about the height of the domes. The central
dome symbolizes the highest ruler of the universe, Allah the Al-
mighty. The dome is decorated with eight (8) pinnacles depicts the
limitless beautification of Him. Other than that, the dome is filled
with eight (8) semi-circular expended metal windows. The win-
dows were once left unprotected as to allow cold air immerse
through the windows and being equally distributed to the main
prayer hall. Stack effect happens when the hot air, less dense air
escapes through the high openings at the drum leaving the cold air
Figure 4-87 The highest dome Figure 4-88 The second highest
in the space. This process repeats naturally in every moment. At symbolizes Oneness of Allah the dome symbolizes the second beauti-
Almighty. ful creation, Prophet Muhammad
the same time, the higher pressure (smaller volume) being com- P.B.U.H.
pressed and expressed to a lower pressure area (larger volume).
121
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Agama ialah buah atau hasil kepercayaan dalam hati, iaitu iba- joists and battens. Moreover, there are 12 catris, a smaller version
dat yang terbit lantaran telah ada iktikad lebih dahulu, menurut of dome at every column positions breaks the rigidness of the
dan patuh kerana iman. Tidaklah timbul ibadat kalau tidak ada Meru style roof. Based on Azmir (2016), there were once Hindu
tashdiq dan tidak terbit patuh (khudhu) kalau tidak dari taat yang Triton-like steel elements assembled on top of the domes pinna-
terbit lantaran telah ada tashdiq (membenarkan) atau iman. cles. The function of the element was to connect the gasoline
lamps to the electrical supply. Other than that, the element has
The above quotation derives to the importance of Iman to three (3) pointed shapes. Once upon a time, the element has at-
be part of every Muslim. Iman is the root and target for each Mus- tracted the Hindus to walk around the masjid because it reminds
lim to strive to the fullest, and avoid from misleading or mis- them of their Gods. Thus, the Triton-like steel was taken off from
guided. Hence, this could be the reason of having more than one its position.
hexagonal segmented dome. It is to give a stronger impression not
only through visual, but through deeper thoughts and understand-
ing towards the hierarchy of the domes as well.
122
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
123
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
i. Door
Door is one of the opening members. A door gives an access into and out of a space. It indicates the security of a space by having locks and
latches. Most of the doors in Masjid Raja Alang have timber door with single leaved and double-leaved door.
Doors Indication
Red: Double-Leaved Door
Yellow: Single-Leaved Door
Light Green: Sliding Door
124
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
2
Mihrab to the meet- The door is installed together with the
ing room. extension of mihrab in year between
1957 and 1975. It is made up of timber
with three (3) panels and one active
door. The door has a width of 1320 mm
and 1985 mm height.
125
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
3 Side entrance to the The door has six (6) panels overall includ-
main prayer hall. ing the transparent tampered glasses. The
tempered glass was not the original feature
of this door. Somehow, due to the fragility
of the original element, it has been replaced
to a more durable and low maintenance ma-
terial. The door is ornamented with six (6)
shaped ransom of green, red and white. The
door has a width of 1155 mm and height of
Figure 4-96 Side entrance to the main prayer hall
2118 mm.
4
Store Room and The timber door is the original feature of the
Athan Room masjid which is still intact and good condi-
tion. The six (6) panels with 4 glass panels
in different colors decorate the whole look.
The door knob is made of pure copper. The
jalousie top hang helps to ventilate the room
anytime. Moreover, this window portrays
Malay influence through the top hang lou-
vered window. The door has a width of 850
mm and height of 2396 mm.
Figure 4-97 Timber door at store room and athan
room
126
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
2
Toilet for Female, This door is made up Polyvinyl chloride
nearby Muslimah (PVC)
Prayer Hall.
127
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
128
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
2
Second Entrance, Double-leaved steel gate.
nearby the Jenazah
van parking.
129
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
ii. Windows
Normally, a space is filled with glass in the wall of a building, to allow light and air in called as window. It acts as the visual visibilities
from the interior to exterior as well. Masjid Raja Alang is a beautiful building with many openings from different styles and sizes. The
openings are as follows:
Windows Indication
Diagram 4-35 Windows indication on the Ground Floor Plan (Year 2016)
130
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
131
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
132
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
133
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
134
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
iii. Baluster
No. Type of Baluster Location Description
135
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
iv. Stair
Stair is a set of steps that lead from one level to another level. In Masjid Raja Alang, the stair leads the corridor at Zone B to the mezzanine
level, a place for the imam or muazzin to call for prayer (athan). The stair is also one of the original non-structural elements in Masjid Raja
Alang. Only it has been painted several times following the color of the wall.
Figure 4-118 Stair leading to the mezzanine level Left: Front view. Middle: Side view.
Right: View towards the opening leading to the mezzanine level.
136
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
v. Ablution Area alternative to avoid the water runs out and dirty (see Diagram 4-
36). The person taking wudhu will have to squat on a concrete
Ablution or wudhu is required for performing Salah. A Salah block approximately about 1 feet high x 1.5 feet width and take
can be performed if and only if one has wudhu. It purifies bodies, the water in the pool using their hands. The concrete was designed
minds and souls through washing four (4) main parts of body in L-shaped around the ablution pool. After taking wudhu, the
which are face, both hands from wrist up to elbow, head and leg person has to walk on stone pavements arranged with gaps towards
from toe to knee. A good way in taking wudhu is facing the Qibla the main prayer hall.
similar to the one in Masjid Raja Alang. The ablution pool (kolah)
in Masjid Raja Alang is rectangular in shape having the longer Moreover, the ablution pool got its water naturally from
parts perpendicular with Qibla. Thus, everytime the user taking the rain. The original roof structure was left open at the center. The
ablution, they will unintentionally facing the Qibla and every good opening was believed square in shape. There was a gap (drainage)
deeds for Allah the Almighty solely will definitely be rewarded. between the concrete block and the ablution pool to channel the
This relates back to the person designing the masjid was totally a excess water pouring out from the pool during rainy season.
brilliant and wise human being regarding Islamic Understanding.
The ablution pool was only about 1.5 feet above the
ground. According to Hj. Rahim (2016), the depth of the kolah is
about 2.5 to 3 feet. The pools shape is concave-like shape,
shallower at the perimeter and deeper at its center. Thus the water
in the pool will constantly circulate due to gravity factor, as an
Figure 4-119 Current ablution pool has high concrete with tiles finishes after
three (3) times renovation.
137
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
vi. Mihrab than that, there are two windows flanking the left and right side of
the mihrab.
Mihrab existed since the period of Muawiyah bin Abu
Sufyan. A study has discovered that mihrab exist since the period Somehow, it has been demolished at early 1980s. The
of Prophet Daud A.S. Most mihrab in this world has a curve in current mihrab in Masjid Raja Alang is constructed 7 years after
shape or known as mimbar Mujawwaf believed coming from the mihrab demolished. Nowadays, the mihrab has not being fully
Masalan bin Mukhallaf (667-682 AD) or Abdul Aziz bin Marwan utilised. According to Azmir (2016), this is due to the saf prayer is
(685-704 AD). Mihrab is originally a place for the ruler to protect not continuously connected because of two (2) columns in
himself from enemies and a place for him to do self-reflection. It between the saf. Thus, imam has to start the saf right between the
is mentioned for five (5) times in the Holy Quran, having in four columns so that the first saf could start right before the columns.
(4) times in pronounce in singular and one in plural form.
However, during the Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H period, mihrab
is prohibited in every masjid because it is similar to altar in
churches.
138
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
vii. Decoration
Masjid Raja Alang follows simplicity and humbleness in terms of decoration for its interior. Based on the findings and observations, the
principles are to allow the worshippers to feel closer to a Deity, diminish every worldly life and luxuries behind and focus to the submissive-
ness. It is also believed that such principle symbolizes the true character or persona of the architect or the client of the masjid, who was a
humble, down to earth and fond towards Islamic Syariahs teachings person.
Calligraphy paintings are usually a quote from Islamic verses (Holy Quran) and highly respected. Thus, the position of the calligraphy
is crucially being considerate. It cannot be too low and must be above certain angle (Rosli & Tn. Najib, 2016). Below are the 13 decorations
found in the masjid, most of it is thuluth calligraphy. Thuluth means a third because of the proportion of straight lines to curves, or because
the script was a third the size of another popular contemporary script, which was Tumar. (Abd Rahman Hamzah,2012).
Diagram 4-36 The believers are only those who, when Allah is mentioned, their hearts become fearful, and when His verses
are recited to them, it increases them in faith; and upon their Lord they rely. Al-Anfal, Verse 2 (8:2).
139
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-37 The picture depicts a calligraphy painting at the entrance arch. The painting consists of two (2) verses
from the Holy Quran arranged accordingly. It is from Surah Ali-Imran, Verse 133-134 which means,
And hasten to forgiveness from your Lord and a garden as wide as the heavens and earth, prepared for the righteous
(133). Who spend (in the cause of Allah) during ease and hardship and who restrain anger and who pardon the people
and Allah loves the doers of good (134).
140
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-38 This dua shall be said verbally or silently indicating the sign of staying in the masjid even just for a moment,
The mukmin believe that every good deed will be rewarded and blessed by the Almighty. This dua brings a meaning of, I
stay in this masjid for Allah Taala.
Diagram 4-39 This niat or intention is meant for every Muslim who wants to pray two (2) rakaat right upon entering the
masjid. The meaning of this niat is I pray Tahiyyatul Masjid, two (2) rakaat for Allah Taala.
141
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-40 This is a verse from Surah Al-Mukminun, means Certainly will the believers have succeeded. They who are
during their prayer humbly submissive. Al-Mukminun, Verse 1-2 (23:1-2).
Diagram 4-41 The picture depicts a hadith narrated by Musnad Ahmad which brings the meaning of The key of heaven is
prayer and the key for a prayer is Wudhuk (ablution).
142
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-42 This picture depicts a verse from Surah At-Tawbah, with the meaning of, The masjids of Allah are only to be
maintained by those who believe in Allah and the Last Dayila aayah. At-Tawbah, Verse 18 (9:18).
Diagram 4-43 The meaning of the calligraphy above is Verily, Allah loves the prayer being performed in congregational
(Jemaah) compared to performing alone (Mufrad), narrated by Musnad Ahmad.
143
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-44 The picture above is a verse from Surah Al-Ankabut, The meaning of this verse is And whoever strives only
strives for (the benefit of) himself, Indeed, Allah is free from need of the worlds, AlAnkabut, Verse 6 (29:6).
Diagram 4-45 The calligraphy above is a verse from Surah Ibrahim, means My Lord, make me an establisher of prayer,
and (many) from my descendants. Our Lord, and accept my supplication, Surah Ibrahim, Verse 40 (14:40).
144
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-46 The picture above depicts a hadith narrated by Ibnu Khuzaimah , which means: Whoever look after their
prayer, will not be among those who in wrongdoings.
Diagram 4-47 The calligraphy above is a verse from Surah Al-Ankabut, which means Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality
and wrongdoing, Surah Al-Ankabut, Verse 45 (29:45).
145
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Diagram 4-48 The picture above is a hadith from Prophet P.B.U.H, which means, A single prayer in congregation is better
than forty years of prayer at home.
viii. Ornamentations
Masjid Raja Alang does not possess much ornamentation but are facing the Jemaah until now. Other than that, the height of the
replaced with an exotic mimbar (pulpit) for 88 years. Mimbar is a mimbar is 3980 mm. The pulpit post has been altered to lower the
place for imam to speak the summons during Jumaat prayer. It is height of the mimbar. Thus, the mimbar can be inserted to the mih-
supposed to be on a higher level than the Jemaah to have the mes- rab.
sages conveyed to everyone on the floor. Najib (2016) stated in his studies regarding Malay Archi-
The mimbar in this masjid has three (3) steps before its tecture that mimbar in each masjid in Nusantara has the influence
landing, where the microphone and the rehal (a book or script from the local abide by the local philosophies. Similarly, to the one
placement) are ready for the imam. The three steps are influence in Masjid Raja Alang, the motif on the panel of the mimbar has the
from Parsi (Rosli Noor, 2016). Originally, the steps going up are influence of Minangkabau style. The platform railing has the re-
facing qibla. Due to several reasons and unwanted occasion hap- flection of the shape of the dome, arranged closely next to one an-
pened, the mimbar has turned 180 degrees, for its steps going up other.
146
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
147
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Figure 4-125 Floral motifs found at the surface of the mimbar. 4.11.1 Materials vs Human Comfort
In the previous sub-topic 4.3.2, the findings stated that the original
layout of Masjid Raja Alang is of limestone. In 19th century during
the colonization period in Malaya, the limestone used was a mix-
ture of terracotta, coarse salt, egg yolk and honey.
4.11.2 Ventilation
Since the early construction, Masjid Raja Alang depends solely to
natural ventilation. The openings are uncovered such as expanded
metal lattice frames at the windows as to allow wind flow through
the spaces in and out naturally. Later, due to rainwater penetrates
to the main prayer hall, some of the openings especially at the
highest dome been covered with polycarbonate glasses. Thus,
Figure 4-126 The three steps leading to the platform
149
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
Thus, ceiling fans and wall-mounted fans are installed to cool 4.12 Services
down the prayer hall. 4.12.1 Water supply
In early 1900s until mid-1950, the masjid received water supply
from the rain and from the nearby river. The ablution pond was
left open to let the rain pouring in it. There was a well with 2500
mm in diameter behind the masjid. The water in the well was col-
lected from the rain. We use pale, take the water from the well
and use it whenever we need to use the toilet (Rahim, 2016).
However, there is no record on site regarding the wells location
but records in Raja Alangs will regarding some monetary has
been allocated for its construction.
Figure 4-129 Current ablution pool is now fully covered. The water is
supplied from SYABAS.
Figure 4-128 Ceiling fan and wall-mounted fan
Nowadays, the water supply has been standardized and a
more systematic water supply system is applied at the ablution
area, toilets and kitchen.
150
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
4.12.2 Sewerage/Sanitary
In early 1900s until mid-1950, the sewerage line was not a
properly channelled to a collector. The waste was distributed to a
local drainage, which that caused the place surround it smells unp-
leasantly. Current, the sewerage and sanitary line changed to a
more systematic and efficient when SYABAS took over the sani-
tary management.
151
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
152
Masjid Raja Alang, Beranang Chapter 4: Masjid Raja Alang
4.13 Summary
In summary, Masjid Raja Alang is a masjid meant for people in
Beranang. The overall planning and design are all derived from
the teachings of Islam. Though the masjid has been extended for
several times, every extensions done by the organization of the
masjid is for the people themselves. However, every alteration
made does not tarnish the living environment surrounds.
153