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Vikas R. Gupta
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics Engineering
Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur-13.
guptavr1@rknec.edu
February 2, 2017
Chapter 1
Amplifiers
1
Chapter 2
2.1 Introduction:
In case of class A amplifier, we have observed that the transistor conducts for
the full cycle of the input signal i.e. the conduction angle is 180 . Although
the transistor conducts for full cycle of the input signal, the power conversion
efficiency is poor in class A amplifier. In addition to that, a great deal of
distortion is introduced by the nonlinearity in dynamic transfer characteristic
of the transistor. The power conversion efficiency can be improved by biasing
the transistor at cut off point on VCE axis and a great deal of the distortion
due to nonlinearity in dynamic transfer characteristic may be eliminated by
the push-pull configuration of the transistor as discussed in next section.
2
Large Signal Amplifier Unit-2
applied to transistor Q1 . We know that the output current (i.e. total instan-
taneous collector current) of the transistor is given by
hence,
which reduces is
The above equation 2.5 shows that a push-pull circuit will eliminate all even
harmonics in the output and will leave the third harmonic term as the prin-
cipal source of distortion. In order to achieve this both the transistor must
be identical.
Since the output current contains no even harmonic terms the push-pull
system is said to have half-wave, or mirror, symmetry in addition to the
zero axis symmetry. The condition for mirror symmetry is mathematically
given by the following relation
Advantages
.
Disadvantages
1. The power supply hum will not be eliminated by the push-pull circuit.
i = k(i1 i2 )
.
The Input Power Pdc :
Pdc = VCC Idc (2.7)
Since the transistor is biased at cut-off point, the dc collector current due
to the power supply VCC will be zero. But due to the rectification of the
input signal in each transistor there will be the flow of some dc current and
it will be equal to the average value of the half sine loop shown in figure 2.4.
Therefore total dc current will be given by
Idc = Iavg1 + Iavg2
where, Iavg1 and Iavg2 is the average value of the output collector current in
transistor Q1 and Q2 respectively.
Im
Iavg1 = Iavg2 =
Therefore,
Im
Idc = 2
Thus, the input power is
Im VCC
Pdc = 2 (2.8)
V. R. Gupta, Asst. Prof., Electronics Engg., RCOEM, Nagpur-13. 6
Large Signal Amplifier Unit-2
.
The Output PowerPac :
Im Vm Im
Pac = = (VCC Vmin ) (2.9)
2 2
.
The Collector Circuit Efficiency :
Pac
= (2.10)
Pdc
Vm Im 2Im VCC
= / (2.11)
2
Vm
= (2.12)
4 VCC
VCC Vmin
= Vm = VCC Vmin (2.13)
4 VCC
Vmin
% = 1 100% (2.14)
4 VCC
.
Maximum Collector Circuit Efficiency max :
The equation 2.14 shows that the maximum efficiency can be obtained when
Vmin << VCC , and therefore the maximum efficiency will be
% max = 100% = 25 = 78.5% (2.15)
4
This large value of results from the fact that there is no current in class B
amplifier circuit if there is no input signal (i.e. excitation), whereas in class
A amplifier circuit the dc current ICQ drawn from the power supply flows
through the collector circuit even if the input signal is zero.
.
The Power Dissipation PC (in both transistors) :
It is the difference between the input power to the collector circuit and
the power delivered to the load.
PC = Pdc Pac (2.16)
2Im VCC Vm Im
= (2.17)
2
2Vm VCC Vm2 Vm
= Im = (2.18)
RL0 2RL0 RL0
The equation 2.18 shows that the power dissipation in both the transistor
is zero at no signal (Vm = 0), The power dissipation increases as Vm increases.
Vm2
PC 2Vm VCC
=0 = (2.19)
Vm Vm RL0 2RL0
2VCC 2Vm
0 = 0
(2.20)
RL 2RL0
2VCC
Vm = (2.21)
If we substitute the value of Vm obtained in equation 2.21 into equation 2.18,
we will get the maximum power dissipation in class B amplifier,
2
2VCC
PC (max) = (2.22)
2 RL0
Maximum Power Delivered to the Load Pac (max):
The maximum power which can be delivered to the load is obtained when
Vm = VCC (if Vmin = 0)
V2
Pac (max) = CC0 (2.23)
2RL
Hence,
4
PC (max) = Pac (max) 0.4Pac (max) (2.24)
2
.
Distortion in Class B push-pull amplifier
From the derivation of total harmonic distortion, we have
1
B0 = Imax + 2I 1 + 2I 1 + Imin IC (2.25)
6 2 2
1
B1 = Imax + I 1 I 1 Imin (2.26)
3 2 2
1
B2 = (Imax 2IC + Imin ) (2.27)
4
1
B3 = Imax 2I 1 + 2I 1 Imin (2.28)
6 2 2
1
B4 = Imax 4I 1 + 6IC 4I 1 + Imin (2.29)
12 2 2
B0 = B2 = B4 = 0 (2.30)
2
B1 = Imax + I 1 (2.31)
3 2
1
B3 = Imax 2I 1 (2.32)
3 2
B12 RL0
P1 =
2
and the power output, taking distortion into account is given by
B12 RL0
P = 1 + D32
2
Note: In order to find the values of Imax and I 1 follow the procedure
2
as given below:
2. If the peak base current is IB then the intersection of the load line
with the IB curve will give Imax and with the IB /2 characteristics
is I 1 , as shown in figure 2.4.
2
.
Advantages:
The advantages of class B push-pull amplifier as compared with class A
amplifier are:
1. It provides larger output power.
.
Disadvantages The disadvantages of class B push-pull amplifier are:
Figure 2.3: A class B push-pull circuit which does not use an output trans-
former.