S lai ha cc obitan nguyn t.

Thuyt lai ha cho rng mt s AO c mc nng lng gn bng nhau khi tham gia lin kt c xu hng
t hp vi nhau to ra cc AO lai ha c nng lng thp hn, lin kt hnh thnh bi s xen ph cc AO lai
ha s bn vng hn.
S obitan lai ha to thnh bng s obitan nguyn t tham gia lai ha v cc obitan lai ha to ra c nng
lng tng ng. (bng 2)

Bng 3: Mt s c im phn t

K S lai ha Phn b khng gian ca cc obitan lai ha

hiu
p 1800 ng thng
sp sp
s
p 1200 Tam gic
2 2
sp sp
s

p 109028 T din
3 3
sp sp
s

d Lng thp y tam gic

sp d 3 3
p sp d
s
d Bt din
sp3d2 sp3
p
s

Ngi ta cng d on kiu lai ha ca nguyn t trn l thuyt: s obitan lai ho bng tng s lin kt
m nguyn t to ra v s cp electron t do ca nguyn t (H). Gi tr ca n tnh c bng 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
tng ng vi cc trng thi lai ha sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, sp3d2.
V d: H-O-H , HO = 2+2 = 4 O lai ha sp3
O=S O , HS = 2+1 = 3 S lai ha sp2 ; O=C=O , HC = 2+0 = 2 C lai ha sp
Di y l mt s v d v s hnh thnh phn t trn c s kt hp thuyt VB v thuyt lai ha cc obitan
nguyn t :
CH4 (C lai ha sp3) CH2 = CH2 (C lai ha sp2) CH CH (C lai ha sp)
H ........................ ........................
H ........................
H
H H
H H ........................
H H
H ........................ ........................