Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Eurocode 4: Design of
composite steel and
concrete structures
Part 1.1: General rules and rules for
buildings
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
UDC 624.92.016:624.07
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Cooperating organizations
Contents
Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Text of National Application Document iii
Foreword 2
Text of ENV 1994-1-1 9
National annex NA (informative) Committees responsible Inside back cover
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 05-2000 i
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
National foreword
During the ENV period of validity, reference should be made to the supporting
documents listed in the National Application Document (NAD).
The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in
relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for buildings constructed in
the UK. The NAD takes precedence over corresponding provisions in the ENV.
The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992, (published
December 1991) draws designers attention to the potential use of ENV
Eurocodes as an alternative approach to Building Regulation compliance.
ENV 1994-1-1:1992 has been thoroughly examined over a period of several years
and is considered to offer such an alternative approach, when used in conjunction
with the NAD.
Compliance with ENV 1994-1-1:1992 and the NAD does not in itself confer
immunity from legal obligations.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of
use and any ambiguities or anomalies. These comments will be taken into account
when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of whether the
ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to BSI, 2 Park Street, London W1A 2BS,
quoting the document reference, the relevant clause and, where possible, a
proposed revision, within 2 years of the issue of this document.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to xxii,
the ENV title page, pages 2 to 134, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
ii BSI 05-2000
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
National Application
Document
Page
Introduction v
1 Scope v
2 References v
3 Partial safety factors, combination factors and other values v
4 Loading codes viii
5 Reference standards ix
6 Additional recommendations xiii
Annex A (normative) General requirements for structural integrity xvi
Annex B (normative) Application rules for composite
columns in simple framing xvii
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iv BSI 05-2000
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Introduction
This National Application Document (NAD) has been prepared under the direction of the Civil Engineering
and Technical Sector Board for Buildings and Civil Engineering. It has been developed from:
a) a textual examination of ENV 1994-1-1:1992;
b) calibration against UK practice, supporting standards and test data;
c) trial calculations.
1 Scope
This NAD provides information required to enable ENV 1994-1-1:1992 (EC4-1.1) to be used for the design
of buildings to be constructed in the UK.
2 References
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BSI 05-2000 v
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
vi BSI 05-2000
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Table 2 Combination factors ( factors) for persistent and transient design situations
Variable actiona 0 1 2
4 Loading codes
The loading codes to be used are:
BS 648:1964 Schedule of weights of building materials
BS 6399: Design loading for buildings
BS 6399-1:1984 Code of practice for dead and imposed loads
BS 6399-3:1988 Code of practice for imposed roof loads
CP3: Code of basic data for the design of buildings
CP3:Chapter V: Loading
CP3:Chapter V-2:1972 Wind loads
BS 5950: Structural use of steelwork in building
BS 5950-3: Design in composite construction
BS 5950-3.1:1990 Code of practice for design of simple and continuous composite beams
Clause 2.2 Loading
BS 5950-4:1993 Code of practice for design of composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting
Clause 2.2 Loading
BS 5975:1982 Code of practice for falsework
Section 4 Loads applied to falsework
In using the above documents with EC4-1.1 the following modifications should be noted:
a) The imposed floor loads of a building should be treated as one variable action to which the reduction
factors given in BS 6399-1:1984 are applicable.
b) The characteristic wind loading should be taken as 90 % of the value obtained from
CP3:Chapter V-2:1972.
5 Reference standards
The supporting standards to be used, including materials specifications and standards for construction are
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
listed in Table 5.
Table 5 References in EC4-1.1 to other codes and standards
Reference in Document
Document title or subject area Status UK document
EC4-1.1 referred to
1.1.1 3) Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures
Part 1. General rules and rules for ENV 1992-1-1 DD ENV 1992-1-1
buildings (See note 1)
Part 1A Plain or lightly-reinforced Draft BS 8110-1, and section 8 of
concrete structures BS 8110-2:1985
Part 1B Precast concrete structures Draft BS 8110-1
Part 1C The use of lightweight aggregate Draft Section 5 of BS 8110-2:1985
concrete
Part 1D The use of unbonded and No draft Section 8 of BS 8110-1:1985
external prestressing tendons
Part 10. Fire resistance of concrete Draft BS 8110-1 and section 4 of
structures BS 8110-2:1985
1.1.1 3) Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures
Part 1.1 General rules and rules for ENV 1993-1-1 DD ENV 1993-1-1
buildings (See note 1)
Part 1.2 Fire resistance Draft Section 7 of BS 5950-4:1993
BS 5950-8
Part 1.3 Cold formed thin gauge Draft BS 5950-4, BS 5950-6 (See note 6) and
members and sheeting BS 5950-7
1.1.1 4) Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake In preparation
resistance
1.1.1 5) Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures In preparation BS 6399-1 and BS 6399-3
CP3: Chapter V-2
2.2 of BS 5950-3.1:1990
2.2 of BS 5950-4:1993
Section 4 of BS 5975:1982
1.1.2 5) Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures
Part 1 General rules and rules for ENV 1992-1-1 DD ENV 1992-1-1
buildings
Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures
Part 1.1 General rules and rules for ENV 1993-1-1 DD ENV 1993-1-1
buildings
1.1.3 2) Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete Draft Section 7 of BS 5950-4:1993
structures BS 5950-8
Part 1.2 Fire resistance BS 8110-1
Section 4 of BS 8110-2:1985
1.4.1 1) ISO 8930 General principles on reliability of Published 1987
structures List of equivalent terms
1.4.1 2) ISO 6707-1 Building and civil engineering Published 1989
Vocabulary Part 1: General terms
1.5 1) ISO 1000 SI units and recommendations for the Published 1981
use of their multiples and of certain
other units
BSI 05-2000 ix
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
x BSI 05-2000
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
parts of Part 1 General rules and rules for 1992-1-1 (See note 3)
Eurocode 2 buildings
Part 1B Precast concrete structures Draft BS 8110-1
(See note 3)
4.8.2.5 1) Eurocode 4 Part 1.2 Fire resistance Draft BS 5950-8
BS 8110-1
Section 4 of BS 8110-2:1985
4.8.3.3 1) appropriate Design of concrete structures ENV DD ENV 1992-1-1
part of Part 1 General rules and rules for 1992-1-1 (See note 3)
Eurocode 2 buildings
Part 1B Precast concrete structures Draft BS 8110-1
(See note 3)
4.9.4.1 1) relevant Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures Various (See note 4)
Eurocode
Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures Various (See note 5)
Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures In preparation BS 5268
Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures In preparation BS 5628
6.1.1 9) European Methods of interconnection, other than None BS 5400-5
Standards or the shear connectors covered in BS 5950-3.1
European chapter 6
Technical
Approvals or
national
documents
6.3.2.1 Reference Minimum dimensions for normal weld Work not In the absence of a European and a UK
ENV note Standards collar started standard DIN 32500-3 and
DIN 8563-10 may be used
Specifications for welding for stud shear Appendix A of BS 5950-3.1:1990
connectors
7.1.1 1) another Eurocode 8 Design of structures for In preparation
Eurocode earthquake resistance
7.1.1 3) Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 Cold formed thin gauge Draft BS 5950-9
members and sheeting (See note 6)
7.2.3 1) Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 Cold formed thin gauge Draft BS 5950-4
7.4.1 2) members and sheeting
7.5.1
7.5.2 1)
7.3.2.1 1) Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures In preparation 2.2 of BS 5950-4:1993
BSI 05-2000 xi
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
6 Additional recommendations
6.1 Guidance on EC4-1.1
NOTE 6.1.1 to 6.1.7 should be followed when designing in accordance with EC4-1.1.
6.1.1 Chapter 2. Basis of Design
a) Clause 2.1 2)
Structural integrity. Design rules to provide structural integrity by limiting the effects of accidental
damage are given in Annex A.
b) Clause 2.2.1.2 2)
Strength and stability should be checked for the construction stage where the steel beam acts
non-compositely to support the permanent load of formwork and the imposed load of fresh concrete plus
construction loads or temporary storage loads.
c) Clause 2.3.2.2
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Accidental design situation. When designing for the accidental situation in Table 2.1 of EC4-1.1 the values
of 1, 2 and Ak should be determined from Annex A and Table 3 of this NAD.
The accidental load Ak (34 kN/m2 see A.4) should be multiplied by a A factor of 1.05.
The GA factor should be taken as 1.05, except where the dead load is considered as consisting of
unfavourable and favourable parts, in which case the favourable part should be multiplied by a GA factor
of 0.9 and the unfavourable part should be multiplied by a GA factor of 1.05.
6.1.2 Chapter 3. Materials
a) Clause 3.2
Pending the issue of prEN 10080 as an EN, reference should be made to BS 4449:1988 (bars) and
BS 4483:1985 (welded fabric) for the material properties of reinforcing steels.
The differences between the British Standards and the draft European Standard are summarized
in 6.3 a) of the NAD to DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992 (EC2-1).
b) Clause 3.3
For material properties of structural steels to be used in design calculations for composite steel and
concrete structures reference should be made to clauses 5 and 6 of the NAD to DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992
(EC3-1.1).
c) Clause 3.4
For additional guidance on the material properties of profiled steel sheeting for composite slabs reference
should be made to the NAD to EC3-1.31).
d) Clause 3.5.2 6)
The material properties of shear connectors should be in accordance with the recommendations in 3.4 of
BS 5950-3.1:1990.
6.1.3 Chapter 4. Ultimate limit state
a) Clause 4.6.3 4)
When calculating the elastic critical moment Mcr, from Annex F of EC3-1.1 the additional
recommendations give in 6.1.3 e) of the NAD to DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992 (EC3-1.1) apply.
b) Clause 4.7.1
Diagonal, tension and torsional stiffeners should be designed using the method given in 6.1.3 g) of the
NAD to DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992 (EC3-1.1).
c) Clause 4.8.2.5 2)
When determining the cover to reinforcement the additional recommendations given in 6.4 a) and b) of
the NAD to DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992 (EC2-1) apply.
d) Clause 4.8.3.6
Where no guidance on the buckling length is given in DD ENV 1993-1.1 (EC3-1.1) the nominal effective
lengths for a strut given in 4.7.2 of BS 5950-1:1990 should be used.
1) In preparation.
When calculating the elastic critical load, Ncr, a buckling length, l, of less than 0.7 times the system
length, L, may be used for a member only where it can be demonstrated that the stiffness of the
connecting members and of the connections to be used would justify such a value. In all other cases the
buckling length, l, should not be taken as less than 0.7 times the system length.
e) Clause 4.8.3.9
For members subject to combined compression and bending the ratio n should be determined as follows.
1) Encased steel sections (including web filled sections) and rectangular filled sections
Provided that the non-dimensional slenderness, , does not exceed 1.0, the ratio #n may be determined
from the recommendations given in 4.8.3.13 4) of EC4-1.1. For values of in the range 1.0 to 2.0, n
should be taken as zero.
2) Concrete filled circular and square sections
For concrete filled circular and square sections the ratio n may be determined from the
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c) Clause 7.4.1
As an alternative to elastic analysis, profiled steel sheeting may be analysed in accordance with the
recommendations given in EC3-1.32).
d) Clause 7.4.1 2)
Profiled steel sheeting spanning onto a steel beam may be assumed to provide restraint to the beam
flanges to which it is connected and should be fixed using either:
shot fired fixings;
self tapping screws;
welding (including stud shear connectors welded through the sheeting); or
bolting.
The spacing of fasteners should not be greater than 500 mm at the ends of sheets, nor greater
than 1 000 mm where the sheet is continuous.
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2) In preparation.
BSI 05-2000 xv
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Annex A (normative)
General recommendations for structural integrity
A.1 Introduction
All structures should follow the principles given in 2.1 of EC4-1.1. This annex gives application rules which
satisfy the principle of structural integrity given in 2.1 2) of EC4-1.1. These application rules apply to
buildings.
For the purposes of this provision, it may be assumed that substantial permanent deformation of members
and their connections is acceptable.
A.2 Tying forces
A.2.1 Recommendations for all buildings
Every building should be effectively tied together at each principal floor and roof level. All columns should
be effectively restrained in two directions approximately at right angles at each principal floor or roof which
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
they support.
This anchorage may be provided by either beams or tie members. Where possible these should be arranged
in continuous lines as close as practicable to the columns and to each edge. At re-entrant corners the
peripheral tie should be anchored into the framework.
Ties may be either steel members or steel reinforcement embedded in concrete or masonry provided that
they are properly anchored to the framework.
Steel members and reinforcement provided for other purposes may be utilized as ties. When checked as ties
other loading may be ignored. Beams designed to carry the floor or roof loading will generally be suitable
provided that their end connections are capable of resisting tension.
All ties and their end connections should be of a standard of robustness commensurate with the structure
of which they form a part and should have a design tension resistance of not less than 75 kN at floors
or 40 kN at roof level.
Ties are not required at a roof level where steelwork supports cladding weighing not more
than 0.7 kN/m2 and carries roof loads only.
Where a building is provided with expansion joints, each section between expansion joints should be
treated as a separate building for the purpose of this clause.
A.2.2 Additional recommendations for tall multi-storey buildings
Local or national regulations may stipulate that tall multi-storey buildings be designed to localize
accidental damage.
Composite steel-concrete framed buildings which satisfy the recommendations of A.2.1 may be assumed to
meet this requirement provided that the five additional conditions given below are met.
A tall multi-storey building which is required to be designed to localize accidental damage but which does
not satisfy these five additional conditions should be checked as recommended in A.3.
a) Bracing. The bracing or shear walls should be so distributed throughout the building that no
substantial portion of the structural framework is solely reliant on a single plane of bracing in each
direction.
b) Tying. The ties referred to in A.2.1 should be arranged in continuous lines wherever practicable
throughout each floor and roof level in two directions approximately at right angles. These and their
connections should be checked for the following design tensile forces, which need not be considered as
additive to other forces.
1) Generally: 0.5wf st La for any internal ties and 0.25wf st La for edge ties but not less than 75 kN for
floors or 40 kN at roof level,
where
wf is the total factored dead and imposed load per unit area of floor or roof;
st is the mean transverse spacing of the ties;
La is the greatest distance, in the direction of the tie under consideration, between the centres of
adjacent lines of supporting columns, frames or walls.
2) At the periphery: ties anchoring columns at the periphery of a floor or roof should be checked for
the greater of:
the force given in item b) 1) and
1 % of the design vertical load in the column at that level.
c) Columns. All column splices should be capable of resisting a design tensile force of not less than
two-thirds of the design vertical load applied to the column from the floor level next below the splice.
Where the framework is not of continuous construction in at least one direction, the columns should be
carried through at each beam-to-column connection.
d) Integrity. Any beam which carries a column should be checked, together with the members which
support it, for localization of damage as recommended in A.3.
e) Floor units. Where precast concrete or other heavy floor or roof units are used they should be
effectively anchored in the direction of their span either to each other over a support or directly to their
supports as recommended in BS 8110.
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Annex B (normative)
Application rules for composite columns in simple framing
B.1 General
The application rules in B.2 to B.5 apply to columns in structures of simple framing, and are intended to
be used in conjunction with the method given in 4.8.3 of EC4-1.1.
B.2 Pattern loading
Pattern loading need not normally be considered in simple framing. However, unbalanced loading due to
variations in span or specified loading should be taken into account.
B.3 Buckling length of column
The buckling length of a composite column should be taken as the system length. When the nominal
moments obtained as described in B.5 are the only applied moments, the moment ratio, r, should be taken
as 1.0 giving a moment factor of 1.1 in 4.8.3.10 4) of EC4-1.1 and a ratio n of 0 in 4.8.3.13 4) of EC4-1.1.
B.4 Eccentricities
Beam end reactions should be taken as acting at a distance from the face of the composite section equal
to 100 mm, or at the centre of the length of stiff bearing, whichever gives the great eccentricity.
B.5 Unbalanced loading
Where composite columns are subject to unbalanced loading, they should be designed for the resulting
moment. In multi-storey buildings where the columns are effectively continuous at each floor level, the net
moment at one level should be divided between the column lengths above and below that level in proportion
to the values of (EI/L), for each length. The value of EI for a composite column should be determined
according to 4.9.6.2 of EC4-1.1.
The moments due to the eccentricities given in B.4 should be assumed to have no effect at the levels above
and below the level at which they are applied.
B.6 Connections
Connections are to be designed as non-composite in accordance with the rules given in clause 6 of
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DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992 (EC3-1.1), ignoring any reinforcement which may be provided for the control of
cracking. The connections should satisfy the requirements of 6.4.2.1 and 6.4.3.1 of DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992
(EC3-1.1) for nominally pinned connections.
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Normative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS 5950-3.1:1990, Code of practice for design of simple and continuous composite beams.
BS 5950-4:1993, Code of practice for design of composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting.
BS 5950-6, Code of practice for design of light gauge sheeting, decking and cladding3).
BS 5950-8:1990, Code of practice for fire resistant design.
BS 5975:1982, Code of practice for falsework.
BS 6399, Design loading for buildings.
BS 6399-1:1984, Code of practice for dead and imposed loads.
BS 6399-3:1988, Code of practice for imposed roof loads.
BS 8110, Structural use of concrete.
BS 8110-1:1985, Code of practice for design and construction.
BS 8110-2:1985, Code of practice for special circumstances.
CP3, Code of basic data for the design of buildings.
CP3:Chapter V, Loading.
CP3:Chapter V-2:1972, Wind loads.
DD ENV 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.
DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992, General rules and rules for buildings (together with United Kingdom National
Application Document).
DD ENV 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992, General rules and rules for buildings (together with United Kingdom National
Application Document).
Informative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS 2989:1992, Specification for continuously hot-dip zinc coated and iron-zinc alloy coated steel flat
products: tolerances on dimensions and shape.
BS 4449:1988, Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4482:1985, Specification for cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4483:1985, Specification of steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 5268, Structural use of timber.
BS 5400, Steel, concrete and composite bridges.
3)
In preparation
xx BSI 05-2000
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
ISO publications
International Organization for Standardization, (ISO), Geneva (All publications are available
from BSI Sales)
ISO 1000:1981, SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units.
ISO 3898:1987, Bases for design of structures Notations General symbols.
ISO 4997:1991, Cold-reduced steel sheet of structural quality.
ISO 4998:1991, Continuous hot-drip zinc-coated carbon steel sheet of structural quality.
ISO 6707-1:1989, Building and civil engineering Vocabulary Part 1: General terms.
ISO 8930:1987, General principles on reliability for structures List of equivalent terms.
xxii
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EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1994-1-1:1992
PRNORME EUROPENNE
October 1992
EUROPISCHE VORNORM
UDC 624.92.016:624.07
Descriptors: Buildings, concrete structures, steel construction, building codes, design, dimensions
English version
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comit Europen de Normalisation
Europisches Komitee fr Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
2 BSI 05-2000
ENV 1994-1-1:1992
BSI 05-2000 3
ENV 1994-1-1:1992
Page Page
2.3.3 Partial safety factors for ultimate 4.2.1 Effective section 34
limit states 23 4.2.2 Effective width of concrete
2.3.4 Serviceability limit states 24 flange for beams in buildings 35
2.4 Durability 25 4.2.3 Flexural stiffness 35
3 Materials 26 4.3 Classification of cross-sections
3.1 Concrete 26 of beams 36
3.1.1 General 26 4.3.1 General 36
3.1.2 Concrete strength classes 26 4.3.2 Classification of steel flanges
in compression 36
3.1.3 Shrinkage of concrete 26
4.3.3 Classification of steel webs 37
3.1.4 Deformability of
concrete elastic theory 27 4.4 Resistances of cross-sections
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of beams 39
3.1.5 Deformability of
concrete other theories 27 4.4.1 Bending moment 39
3.1.6 Thermal expansion 27 4.4.2 Vertical shear 40
3.2 Reinforcing steel 27 4.4.3 Bending and vertical shear 41
3.2.1 General 27 4.4.4 Shear buckling resistance 42
3.2.2 Types of steels 28 4.4.5 Interaction between bending and
shear buckling 43
3.2.3 Steel grades 28
4.5 Internal force and moments in
3.2.4 Modulus of longitudinal deformation 28
continuous beams 43
3.2.5 Stress-strain diagram 28
4.5.1 General 43
3.2.6 Thermal expansion 28
4.5.2 Plastic analysis 44
3.3 Structural steel 29
4.5.3 Elastic analysis 44
3.3.1 General and scope 29
4.6 Lateral torsional buckling of
3.3.2 Yield strength 29 composite beams for buildings 45
3.3.3 Design values of other material 4.6.1 General 45
coefficients 29
4.6.2 Check without direct calculation 45
3.3.4 Stress-strain relationship 29
4.6.3 Buckling resistance moment 47
3.3.5 Dimensions, mass and tolerances 30
4.7 Web crippling 48
3.4 Profiled steel sheeting for
4.7.1 General 48
composite slabs 30
4.7.2 Effective web in Class 2 48
3.4.1 General and scope 30
4.8 Composite columns 48
3.4.2 Yield strength 30
4.8.1 Scope 48
3.4.3 Nominal values of other
material coefficients 31 4.8.2 General method of design 49
3.4.4 Stress-strain relationship 31 4.8.3 Simplified method of design 52
3.4.5 Coating 31 4.9 Internal forces and moments in
frames for buildings 61
3.5 Connecting devices 31
4.9.1 General 61
3.5.1 General 31
4.9.2 Design assumptions 61
3.5.2 Shear connectors 31
4.9.3 Allowance for imperfections 62
4 Ultimate limit states 32
4.9.4 Sway resistance 62
4.1 Basis 32
4.9.5 Methods of global analysis 63
4.1.1 General 32
4.9.6 Elastic global analysis 63
4.1.2 Beams 33
4.9.7 Rigid-plastic global analysis 64
4.1.3 Composite columns, frames
and connections 33 4.10 Composite connections in braced
frames for buildings 64
4.2 Properties of cross-sections of beams 34
4.10.1 General 64
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4.10.2 Classification of connections 65 6.4.3 Headed studs used with
4.10.3 Connections made with bolts, rivets profiled steel sheeting 82
or pins 65 6.4.4 Block connectors 83
4.10.4 Splices in composite members 65 6.4.5 Anchors and hoops 83
4.10.5 Beam-to-column connections 65 6.4.6 Angle connectors 83
5 Serviceability limit states 66 6.5 Friction grip bolts 83
5.1 General 66 6.5.1 General 83
5.2 Deformations 66 6.5.2 Ultimate limit state 84
5.2.1 General 66 6.5.3 Serviceability limit state 84
5.2.2 Calculation of maximum deflections 6.5.4 Detailing of friction grip bolts 85
of beams 66 6.6 Transverse reinforcement 85
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BSI 05-2000 5
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Page Page
8.2 Actions 100 A.3 Reference documents for execution 114
8.3 Partial safety factors for materials 100 A.4 General standards 114
8.4 Design, analysis, and detailing of Annex B (normative) Lateral-torsional
the floor system 100 buckling 114
8.4.1 Support arrangements 100 B.1 Methods based on a continuous
8.4.2 Joints between precast elements 100 inverted-U frame model 114
8.4.3 Interfaces 100 B.1.1 Simplified method for
calculation of slenderness ratio 114
8.5 Joint between steel beams
and concrete slab 101 B.1.2 Elastic critical moment 115
8.5.1 Bedding and tolerances 101 B.1.3 Double symmetrical steel sections 119
8.5.2 Corrosion 101 B.1.4 Mono-symmetrical steel sections 119
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Page Page
E.5 Verification of composite slabs Figure 4.13 Stress distributions
with additional reinforcement 131 corresponding to the interaction
Annex F (informative) Checklists of the curve (Figure 4.12) 58
information required in test reports 132 Figure 4.14 Deign procedure for
F.1 Push tests 132 compression and uniaxial bending 59
F.1.1 Scope 132 Figure 4.15 Typical values for n 59
F.1.2 Test specimens 132 Figure 4.16 Design for compression
and biaxial bending 60
F.1.3 Testing 133
Figure 5.1 Reduction factor for the
F.1.4 Results 133
bending moment at supports 67
F.2 Testing of composite slabs 133
Figure 6.1 Relation between Fc and MSd 74
F.2.1 Scope 133
Figure 6.2 Relations between Fc and MSd 75
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Page Page
Figure 7.12 Slip behaviour in Table 3.1 Concrete strength classes,
external spans 99 characteristic compressive
Figure 8.1 Joints between precast strength fck (cylinders) and
floor elements 100 characteristic tensile strength fct of
the concrete (in N/mm2) 26
Figure 10.1 Possible failure modes of
the push specimens 105 Table 3.2 Values of the secant
modulus of elasticity Ecm (in kN/mm2) 27
Figure 10.2 Test specimen for
standard push test 106 Table 3.3 Nominal values of yield
strength fy and ultimate tensile
Figure 10.3 Test specimen for
strength fu for structural steel to EN 10025 29
specific push test 107
Table 3.4 Yield strength of basic
Figure 10.4 Determination of
material fyb 31
slip capacity $u 108
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1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 4
1) Eurocode 4 applies to the design of composite structures and members for buildings and civil engineering
works. The composite structures and members are made of structural steel and reinforced or prestressed
concrete connected together to resist loads. Eurocode 4 is subdivided into various separate parts,
see 1.1.2 and 1.1.3.
2) This Eurocode is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of
structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
3) Execution4) is covered in Chapter 9, and by reference to Eurocodes 2 and 3, to the extent that it is
necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products which should be used and the
standard of workmanship on site needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. Generally,
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the rules related to execution and workmanship are to be considered as minimum requirements which may
have to be further developed for particular types of buildings or civil engineering works4) and methods of
construction4).
[ENV Note: See also the Foreword; in the present document, execution is not covered in Chapter 9 to the
extent stated above.]
4) Eurocode 4 does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. Provisions related to such
requirements are provided in Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance5) which
complements or adapts the rules of Eurocode 4 specifically for this purpose.
5) Numerical values of the actions on buildings and civil engineering works to be taken into account in the
design are not given in Eurocode 4. They are given in Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on
structures5) applicable to the various types of construction4).
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4
1) Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 gives a general basis for the design of composite structures and members for
buildings and civil engineering works.
2) In addition, Part 1.1 gives for composite slabs, beams, columns and frames detailed rules which are
mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical
reasons or due to simplifications; their use and any limits of applicability are explained in the text where
necessary.
3) The following subjects are dealt with in Part 1.1:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Basis of Deign
Chapter 3: Materials
Chapter 4: Ultimate limit states
Chapter 5: Serviceability limit states
Chapter 6: Shear connection in beams for buildings
Chapter 7: Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting for buildings
Chapter 8: Floors with precast concrete slabs for buildings
Chapter 9: Execution
Chapter 10: Deign assisted by testing
Annex A: Reference documents (Normative)
Annex B: Lateral-torsional buckling (Normative)
Annex C: Resistance of doubly symmetric composite cross sections (Normative)
in combined compression and bending
Annex D: Composite columns with mono-symmetrical cross section (Normative)
Annex E: Partial shear connection method for composite slabs (Normative)
Annex F: Checklists of the information required in test reports (Informative)
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4) Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 are common to all Eurocodes, with the exception of some additional clauses
which are required for composite construction.
5) Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 shall in all cases be used in conjunction with Parts 1.1 of Eurocodes 2 and 3.
6) This Part 1.1 does not cover:
resistance to fire nor, more generally, resistance at non-climatic temperatures
resistance to highly repeated actions liable to result in fatigue
resistance to dynamic actions that are not quasi-static
particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as bridges, crane girders, masts,
towers, offshore platforms, nuclear containment vessels); see 1.1.3 2)
particular aspects of special types of buildings (such as industrial buildings as far as fatigue would
need to be considered)
prestressed structures
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members the structural steel component of which has cross-sections with no axis of symmetry parallel
to the plane of its web
members the structural concrete component of which is made of no-fines concrete, or of aerated
concrete or of concrete including heavy aggregate, or has less reinforcement than the minimum values
given in clause 5.4 of EC2, or contains expanding or non-shrinkage admixtures
composite plates consisting of a flat steel plate connected with a concrete slab
sway frames
some types of shear connectors (see Chapter 6)
semi-continuous frames such that rigid-plastic global analysis cannot be used [see 1.4.2 1), and in
EC3 clause 5.2.2.4 and Table 5.2.1]
base plates beneath composite columns
particular aspects of composite piles for foundations
particular aspects of members with haunched or tapered steel components
particular aspects of box girders
particular aspects of totally or partially encased beams (see however 4.3.3.1 and Annex B)
and more generally particular aspects mentioned as not covered in the following chapters (relating
for example to the form of cross-sections).
7) The implicit inclusion of a type of building or a form of structure [as defined in 1.4.1 2)] does not imply
that all details of its design are coveted conclusively.
1.1.3 Further Parts of Eurocode 4
1) This Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 will be supplemented by further Parts which will complement or adapt it for
particular aspect of special types of buildings and civil engineering works, special methods of construction
and certain other aspects of design which are of general practical importance.
2) Further Parts of Eurocode 4 which, at present, are being prepared or are planned are the following:
Part 1.2 Fire resistance; Part 2 Bridges.
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5) It is permissible to use alternative design rules different from the Application Rules given in the
Eurocode, provided that it is shown that the alternative rules accord with the relevant Principles and are
at least equivalent with regard to the resistance, serviceability and durability achieved by the structure if
designed using the present Eurocode.
6) The Application Rules are printed in italics. This is an Application Rule.
[Note: Tables and figures have the same status as the paragraphs to which they relate.]
1.3 Assumptions
1) The assumptions given in clauses 1.3 1) of EC2 and EC3, which are identical, are applicable.
2) The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution workmanship given in
Chapter 9 are also complied with.
3) Numerical values identified by are given as indications. Other values may be specified by
Member States.
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1.4 Definitions
1.4.1 Terms common to all Structural Eurocodes
1) Unless otherwise stated in the following, the terminology used in International Standard ISO 8930
applies.
2) The following terms are used in common for all Structural Eurocodes with the following meanings.
Construction Works: Everything that is constructed or results from construction operations6). This
term covers both building and civil engineering works. It refers to the complete construction comprising
both structural and non-structural elements.
Execution: The activity of creating a building or civil engineering works. The term covers work on
site; it may also signify the fabrication of components off site and their subsequent erection on site7)
Structure: Organized combination of connected parts designed to provide some measure of rigidity8).
This term refers to load carrying parts.
Type of building or civil engineering works: Type of construction works designating its
intended purpose, e.g. dwelling house, industrial building, road bridge9).
Form of structure: Structural type designating the arrangement of structural elements, e.g. beam,
triangulated structure, arch, suspension bridge.
Construction material: A material used in construction work, e.g. concrete, steel, timber, masonry.
Type of construction: Indication of principal structural material, e.g. reinforced concrete
construction, steel construction, timber construction, masonry construction, composite construction.
Method of construction: Manner in which the construction will be carried out, e.g. cast in place,
prefabricated, cantilevered.
Structural system: The load bearing elements of a building or civil engineering works and the way
in which these elements are assumed to function, for the purpose of modelling.
3) The equivalent terms in various languages are given in Table 1.1.
1.4.2 Special terms used in this Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4
1) The following terms are used in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 with the following meanings:
Frame: A structure or portion of a structure, comprising an assembly of directly connected structural
members, designed to act together to resist load. This term covers both plane frames and
three-dimensional frames.
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Sub-frame: A frame which forms part of a larger frame, but is treated as an isolated frame in a
structural analysis.
Type of framing: Terms used to distinguish between frames which are either.
continuous, in which only both equilibrium and the structural properties of the members need be
considered in the global analysis;
semi-continuous, in which also the structural properties of the connections need explicit consideration
in the global analysis; or
simple, in which only equilibrium need be considered in the global analysis.
For sway frames and non-sway frames see 4.9.4.2 and EC3 clause 5.2.5.2.
For braced frames and non-braced frames see 4.9.4.3 and EC3 clause 5.2.5.3.
Composite frame: In Part 1.1 of EC4, a composite frame is a framed structure for a building or
similar construction works, in which some or all of the beams and columns are composite members and
most of the remaining members are structural steel members. The use of reinforced or prestressed
concrete or masonry members in bracing systems (as defined in EC3) is not excluded.
Composite member: A structural member with components of concrete and of structural or
cold-formed steel, interconnected by shear connection so as to limit the longitudinal slip between
concrete and steel and the separation of one component from the other.
Propped structure or member: A structure or member the steel elements of which are supported
until the concrete elements are able to resist stresses.
Unpropped structure or member: A structure or member in which the weight of concrete elements
is applied to steel elements.
Shear connection: An interconnection between the concrete and steel components of a composite
member that has sufficient strength and stiffness to enable the two components to be designed as parts
of a single structural member.
Except as provided in 4.8.2.7 and 7.1.2.2 shear connection means mechanical shear connection that
does not rely on bond or adhesion at interfaces between steel and concrete.
Full and partial shear connection are defined in 4.1.2 6).
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Composite connection: A connection between a composite member and any other member in which
reinforcement is intended to contribute to the resistance of the connection.
Rigid composite connection: A composite connection such that its deformation has no significant
influence on the distribution of internal forces and moments in the structure, nor on its overall
deformation (see 4.10.2.).
Composite column: A composite member subjected mainly to compression and bending. Only
columns with cross-sections of the types defined in 4.8.1 are treated in this Eurocode.
Composite beam: A composite member subjected mainly to bending. Only those in which the
structural steel section is symmetrical about its minor axis are treated in this Eurocode.
Continuous composite beam: A beam with three or more supports, in which the steel section is
either continuous over internal supports or is jointed by full-strength and rigid connections, with
connections between the beam and each support such that it can be assumed that the support does not
transfer significant bending moment to the beam. At the internal supports the beam may have either
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B Normal stress
E Shear stress
: Diameter of a reinforcing bar
Reduction factor (for buckling)
? Factors defining representative values of variable actions; Stress ratio
1.6.5 Subscripts
A Accidental
a Structural steel
b Buckling; Bolt; Beam; Bottom
c Compression; Concrete; Composite cross section
cr (or crit) Critical
cs Concrete shrinkage
d Deign
dst Destabilizin
eff Effective
e Effective (with further subscript)
e= Elastic
f Flange; Full; Front
G Permanent (referring to actions)
h Haunch
i Index (replacing a numeral)
inf Inferior; Lower
k Characteristic
l (or =) Longitudinal
LT Lateral torsional
M Material
m Allowing for bending moment; Mean
max Maximum
N Allowing for axial force
nom Nominal
p (possibly supplementing a) Profiled steel sheeting
p= Plastic
Q Variable (referring to actions)
R Resistance
r Reduced
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2 Basis of design
2.1 Fundamental requirements
1) A structure shall be designed and constructed in such a way that:
with acceptable probability, it will remain fit for the use for which it is required, having due regard
to its intended life and its cost, and
with appropriate degrees of reliability, it will sustain all actions and other influences likely to occur
during execution and use and have adequate durability in relation to maintenance costs.
2) A structure shall also be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like explosions,
impact or consequences of human errors, to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.
3) The potential damage should be limited or avoided by appropriate choice of one or more of the following:
avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards which the structure is to sustain
selecting a structural form which has low sensitivity to the hazards considered
selecting a structural form and design that can survive adequately the accidental removal of an
individual element
tying the structure together.
4) The above requirements shall be met by the choice of suitable materials, by appropriate design and
detailing and by specifying control procedures for production, construction and use as relevant for the
particular project.
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cross-sections in Class 3.
4) Ultimate limit states which may require consideration include:
loss of equilibrium of the structure or any part of it, considered as a rigid body
failure by excessive deformation, rupture, or loss of stability of the structure or any part of it, including
shear connection (i.e. the connection between the concrete and the steel parts), supports and foundations.
Limit states may also concern only concrete or steel parts of the structure (e.g. the steel part during an
erection phase), for which reference should be made to Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 3 respectively.
5) Serviceability limit states corresponds to states beyond which specified service criteria are no longer met.
6) Serviceability limit states which may require consideration include:
deformations or deflections which adversely affect the appearance or effective use of the structure
(including the proper functioning of machines or services) or cause damage to finishes or non-structural
elements
vibration which causes discomfort to people, damage to the building or its contents, or which limits its
functional effectiveness
cracking of the concrete which is likely to affect appearance, durability or water-tightness adversely
damage to concrete because of excessive compression, which is likely to lead to loss of durability
slip at the steel-concrete interface when it becomes large enough to invalidate design checks for other
serviceability limit states in which the effects of slip are neglected.
2.2.1.2 Design situations
1) Design situations are classified as:
persistent situations corresponding to normal conditions of use of the structure
transient situations, for example during construction or repair
accidental situations.
2) For composite structures attention is drawn to the necessity of identifying and considering, when relevant,
several transient design situations corresponding to the successive phases of the building process. For
example, it may be necessary not only to consider the situation of the steel beam supporting the fresh concrete,
but even to distinguish several situations corresponding to successive phases of pouring the concrete.
2.2.2 Actions
[Note: fuller definitions of the classification of actions will be found in Eurocode 1.]
2.2.2.1 Definitions and principal classification
1) An action (F) is:
a force (load) applied to the structure (direct action), or
an imposed deformation (indirect action), e.g. temperature effects, settlement or shrinkage.
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shrinkage of concrete and non-uniform changes of temperature result in internal forces in cross
sections, and curvatures and longitudinal strains in members. The effects that occur in isostatic
structures, and also in hyperstatic structures when compatibility of the deformations is not considered,
are classified as primary (isostatic) effects. For these effects, the associated actions have to be considered
as direct or indirect [see 1) above], according to their nature
the primary effects of shrinkage and temperature are associated in hyperstatic structures with
additional action-effects, such that the total effects are compatible. These additional effects are classified
as secondary (hyperstatic) effects. For these effects the associated actions, which are usually forces at
external supports, are to be considered as imposed deformations (indirect actions).
This classification has consequences either in 2.3.3.1 4) hereafter if the global analysis is linear, or in the
global analysis itself in the other cases.
2.2.2.2 Characteristic value of actions
1) Characteristic values Fk are specified:
in Eurocode 1 or other relevant loading codes, or
by the client, or the designer in consultation with the client, provided that the minimum provisions
specified in the relevant loading codes or by the competent authority are observed.
2) For permanent actions where the coefficient of variation is large (e.g. for some earth pressures) or where
the actions are likely to vary during the life of the structure (e.g. for some superimposed permanent loads),
two characteristic values are distinguished, an upper (Gk, sup) and a lower (Gk, inf). Elsewhere a single
characteristic value [Gk) is sufficient.
3) The self-weight of the structure may, in most cases, be calculated on the basis of the nominal dimensions
and mean unit masses.
4) Because of the continuous and monotonic variation in time of shrinkage, in most cases two values should
be considered for this action, associated respectively with two extreme points of the design life, represented
by the symbolic expressions t = 0 and t = Z. In particular cases only the intermediate range should be
investigated.
5) For variable actions the characteristic value (Qk) corresponds to either:
the upper value with an intended probability of not being exceeded, or the lower value with an
intended probability of not being reached, during some reference period, having regard to the intended
life of the structure or the assumed duration of the design situation, or
the specified value, e.g. an intended limit for use.
6) For accidental actions the characteristic value Ak (when relevant) generally corresponds to a specified
value.
2.2.2.3 Representative values of variable actions
[Note: fuller definitions of representative values will be found in Eurocode 1.]
1) The main representative value is the characteristic value Qk.
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2) Other representative values are related to the characteristic value Qk by means of a factor ?i. These
values are defined as:
combination value: ?0Qk (see 2.3.2.2 and 2.3.4)
frequent value: ?1Qk (see 2.3.2.2 and 2.3.4)
quasi-permanent value: ?2Qk (see 2.3.2.2 and 2.3.4)
3) Supplementary representative values are used for fatigue verification and dynamic analysis.
4) The factors ?0, ?1 and ?2 are specified:
in Eurocode 1 or other relevant loading codes, or
by the client, or the designer in consultation with the client, provided that the minimum provisions
specified in the relevant loading codes or by the competent authority are observed.
2.2.2.4 Design values of actions
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2) For some material properties a nominal value is used as the characteristic value; this is the case for most
of the material properties relating to the steel parts of composite structures.
3) For other material properties the characteristic values are for some verifications substituted or
supplemented by mean or nominal values, which correspond to the most likely values throughout the
structure for which a minimum characteristic value has been specified; this is the case for concrete
properties and for physical coefficients.
4) A material property may have two characteristic values, the upper value and the lower value. In most
case only the lower values of strengths need to be considered. However the upper values shall be taken into
account where overstrength effect may produce a significant reduction in safety; this is for example the case
for the tensile strength of concrete in the calculation of the effects of indirect actions.
2.2.3.2 Design values
1) The design value Xd of a material property represented by its lower characteristic value is defined as:
Xd = Xk,inf/*M
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where *M is the partial safety factor for the material property [see 2.3.3.2 1)].
However, the design value PRd of the resistance of a shear connector is defined in a similar way, as
PRd = PRk/*v where *v is a unified value applicable for any mode of failure of the shear connection.
2) For composite structures, the design values of the material strengths and geometrical data, when
relevant, shall be used to determine the design resistances of members or cross-sections, according to the
individual chapters, as:
Rd = R(Xd, ad ...) (2.3)
in most cases. Where the resistance is influenced by the buckling of the structural steel, other formulations
are used, including a specific safety factor *Rd [see 4.1.1 5)].
3) The design value Rd may be determined form tests. In this case Rd is defined according to formula (2.3)
or as:
Rd = R(Xk, ak . . .)/*M (2.3bis)
where %a is the additive partial safety margin for the geometrical datum.
The values of %a are given in the appropriate clauses.
[ENV Note: %a covers mainly imperfections but also, in some cases, deviations due to neglected parasitic
tic phenomena, e.g. thermal differences.]
3) Imperfections to be adopted in the global analysis of the structure are treated in 4.8.2.3 and 4.9.3.
2.2.5 Load arrangements and load cases
[Note: detailed rules on load arrangements and load cases are given in Eurocode 1.
1) A load arrangement identifies the position, magnitude and direction of a free action.
2) A load case identifies compatible load arrangements, sets of deformations and imperfections considered
for a particular verification.
3) For the relevant combinations of actions, sufficient load cases shall be considered to enable the critical
design conditions to be established.
4) Simplified load cases may be used, if based on a reasonable interpretation of the structural response.
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5) For continuous beams and slabs in buildings without cantilevers subjected to dominantly uniformly
distributed loads, it will generally be sufficient to consider only the following load arrangements:
a) alternate spans carrying the design variable and permanent loads (*Q Qk + *G Gk), other spans
carrying only the design permanent load *G Gk,
b) any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and permanent loads (*Q Qk + *G Gk), all other
spans carrying only the design permanent load *G Gk.
[ENV Note: 4) and 5) possibly to be transferred to Eurocode 1.]
3) Possible deviations from the assumed directions or positions of actions shall be considered.
[ENV Note: it is assumed that guidance will be found in relevant chapters of the Eurocode 1.]
4) Calculations shall be performed using appropriate design models (supplemented, if necessary, by tests)
involving all relevant variables. The models shall be sufficiently precise to predict the structural behaviour,
commensurate with the standard of workmanship likely to be achieved, and with the reliability of the
information on which the design is based.
2.3.2 Ultimate limit states
2.3.2.1 Verification conditions
1) When considering a limit state of static equilibrium or of gross displacements or deformations of the
structure, it shall be verified that:
Ed,dst k Ed,stb (2.6)
where Ed,dst and Ed,stb are the design effects of destabilizing actions and stabilizing actions, respectively.
2) When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a section, member or connection
(fatigue excluded) it shall be verified that:
Sd k Rd (2.7)
where Sd is the design value of an internal force or moment (or of a respective vector of several internal
forces or moments) and Rd is the corresponding design resistance, as defined in 2.2.3.2 2) or 3).
3) When considering a limit state of transformation of the structure into a mechanism, it shall be verified
that a mechanism does not occur unless actions exceed their design values, taking account of the respective
design values of all structural properties.
4) When considering a limit state of stability induced by second-order effects, it shall be verified that
instability does not occur unless actions exceed their design values, taking account of the respective design
values of all structural properties. In addition, sections shall be verified according to 2) above.
[Note: Equation (2.8) of EC3 is not considered in this Part of EC4.]
2.3.2.2 Combinations of actions
1) For each load case, design values Ed for the effects of actions shall be determined from combination rules
involving design values of actions as identified by Table 2.1
Table 2.1 Design values of actions for use in the combination of actions
Permanent
Variable actions Qd
actions Accidental actions
Design situation
Leading Accompanying Ad
Gd
variable action variable actions
Persistent and Transient *GGk *QQk ?0*QQk
Accidental (if not specified differently *GAGk ?1Qk ?2Qk *AAk
elsewhere) (if Ad is not
specified directly)
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2) The design values of Table 2.1 shall be combined using the following rules (given in symbolic form):
Persistent and transient design situations for verifications other than those relating to fatigue
(fundamental combinations):
(2.9)
(2.10)
where:
Gk,j = characteristic values of the permanent actions
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Unfavourable effect
*F,sup 1.35a 1.5 1.5
a
See also paragraph 3)
b
See Eurocode 1; in normal cases for building structures *Q,inf = 0
2) For accidental design situations to which equation (2.10) applies, the partial safety factors for the
variable actions are taken as equal to 1.0. For permanent actions see 2.3.2.2 3).
3) Where, according to 2.3.2.3 2), a single permanent action needs to be considered as consisting of
unfavourable and favourable parts, the favourable part may, as an alternative, be multiplied by
*G,inf = 1.1
provided that by applying *G,inf = both to the favourable part and the unfavourable part does not give
a more unfavourable effect.
4) For imposed deformations [see 2.2.2.1 1) and 4)], where non-linear methods of analysis are used, the
factors for variable actions given above apply. For a linear calculation, the factor for unfavourable effects
shall be reduced by 20 %.
5) For vectorial (i.e. multi-component) effects in columns, if a component of the effect is favourable, reference
sum be made to 4.8.3.13 6).
6) For building structures, as a simplification, the expression (2.9) may be replaced by whichever the
following combinations gives the larger value:
considering only the most unfavourable variable action:
(2.11)
(2.12)
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Accidental
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2) The values in Table 2.3 are assumed to take account of, inter alia, differences between the strength of
test specimens of the structural materials and their strength in situ. They are applicable to some elastic
mechanical properties, but only in cases specified in the relevant clauses; in other cases they should be
substituted by *M = 1.0. For physical non-mechanical coefficients (e.g. density, thermal expansion), *M shall
be taken as equal to 1.0.
3) Higher or lower values of *c may be used if these are justified by adequate quality assurance procedures
[see 1.3 2)].
4) Values of *M for shear connection are given as *v in 6.3.2.1 for studs, 6.3.7 for angle connectors
and 6.5.2.1 for friction grip bolts. [ENV Note: *v is not yet defined for other types].
5) Values of *M for bolts, rivets, pins, welds, and slip resistance of bolted joints are as given in clause 6.1.1 2)
of EC3.
6) Values of *M for longitudinal shear in composite slabs are given in 7.6.1.
7) For steel members in composite structures, values of *M for fundamental combinations are as given in
the relevant clauses of Chapter 5 of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 3, or in Part 1.3 of Eurocode 3.
8) For reinforced concrete members in composite structures, values of *M are as given in clause 2.3.3.2 of
EC2 [i.e. as given in 1) to 3) above].
9) Where structural properties are determined by testing, reference shall be made to Chapter 10 and
Annex F.
2.3.4 Serviceability limit states
1) It shall be verified that:
Ed k Cd or Ed k Rd (2.13)
where:
Cd is a nominal value or a function of certain design properties of materials related to the deign effect
of actions considered, and
Ed is the design value of the effect of actions, determined on the basis of one of the combinations
defined below.
The required combination is identified in the particular clause of chapter 5 for each serviceability
verification.
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2) Three combinations of actions for serviceability limit states are defined by the following expressions:
Rare combination:
(2.14)
Frequent combination:
(2.15)
Quasi-permanent combination:
(2.16)
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(2.17)
(2.18)
These two expressions may also be used as a substitute for expression (2.15) for the frequent combination.
6) Values of *M shall be taken as 1.0, except where stated otherwise in particular clauses.
2.4 Durability
1) To ensure an adequately durable structure, the following inter-related factors shall be considered:
the use of the structure
the required performance criteria
the expected environmental conditions
the composition, properties and performance of the materials
the shape of members and the structural detailing
the quality of workmanship and level of control
the particular protective measures
the likely maintenance during the intended life.
2) The internal and external environmental conditions shall be estimated at the design stage to asses their
significance in relation to durability and to enable adequate provisions to be made for protection of the
materials.
3) Section 4.1 of EC2 is applicable to composite structures. [ENV Note: clause subject to development for
the steel parts.]
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3 Materials
3.1 Concrete
3.1.1 General
1) The properties most frequently required for design calculations are summarised hereafter. For
lightweight concretes they are given as functions of their oven-dry unit mass, @, which is in kg/m3 in the
formulae in this Chapter.
2) Concrete strength classes higher than C50/60 should not be used unless their use is appropriately
justified. No Application Rules are given for this case.
3.1.2 Concrete strength classes
This Eurocode is based on the characteristic cylinder strength, fck, measured at age 28 days in accordance
with clause 3.1.2.2 of EC2. The strength fck shall be at least equal to 20 N/mm2 (MPa).
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
2) The design should be based on a strength class of concrete which corresponds to a specified value of fck.
Table 3.1 gives for the different strength classes the characteristic strength fck and the corresponding values
of the associated cube strength (e.g. the classification of concrete C 20/25 refers to cylinder/cube strengths)
and, for normal-weight concrete, of the mean tensile strength fctm and characteristic tensile
strengths fctk 0.05 and fctk 0.95. The columns of this Table associated with fck equal to 12 and 16 are intended
only to provide information on the properties of concretes of higher class, being less than 28 days old.
Table 3.1 Concrete strength classes, characteristic compressive strength fck (cylinders)
and characteristic tensile strength fct of the concrete (in N/mm2)
Strength Class of Concrete C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
fck 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
fctm 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1
fctk 0.05 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.9
fctk 0.95 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.3
[ENV Note: Pending a rule applicable to both EC2 and EC4, on the variation in time of fc and fct, guidance
may be found in existing national codes or standards.]
3) For lightweight concretes, tensile strengths can be obtained by multiplying the values obtained from the
Table by the factor
) = 0.30 + 0.70 (@/2400).
3.1.3 Shrinkage of concrete
1) Where accurate control of the profile during execution is essential, or where shrinkage is expected to take
exceptional values because of the composition of concrete or because of its environment (e.g. very frequently
wet concrete), or when shrinkage has to be assessed at intermediate times, reference should be made to
clause 3.1.2.5.5 and Appendix I of EC2.
2) In the most common cases generally and unless differently specified or justified for the particular project,
the total long-term free shrinkage strain from setting of the concrete, &cs, may be given the following values
as an acceptable approximation:
in dry environments (whether outside or within buildings, concrete-filled members excluded)
3) All these values are nominal values, for use in calculating the effects of shrinkage [see 2.2.2.2 4)].
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2) For an age t less than 28 days, Ecm should be obtained from Table 3.2 taking into account the actual
compressive strength at age t.
3) For lightweight concretes, secant moduli can be obtained by multiplying the values obtained from the
Table by (@/2400)2.
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fy(N/mm )
2 fu(N/mm )
2 fy(N/mm2) fu(N/mm2)
2) The nominal values in Table 3.3 may be adopted as characteristic values in calculations.
3) As an alternative, the nominal values specified in EN 10025 for a larger range of thicknesses may be used.
3.3.3 Design values of other material coefficients
1) The material coefficients to be adopted in calculations for the steels covered by this Eurocode shall be
taken as follows:
modulus of elasticity Ea = 210 000 N/mm2
shear modulus Ga = E/2(1 + 5a)
Poissons ratio 5a = 0.3
unit mass @a = 7 850 kg/m3
2) For simplification in design calculations for composite structures, the value of the coefficient of linear
thermal expansion !T may be taken as 10 104 per C, which is the value given in EC2 for reinforcing steel
and normal weight concrete.
3.3.4 Stress-strain relationship
1) In accordance with clause 5.2.1.4 of EC3, for design calculations the relation between stress and strain of
structural steel may be idealised as elastic-perfectly plastic, as shown in Figure 3.2.
2) To avoid possible computational difficulties when using a computer the alternative bilinear stress-strain
relationship indicated in Figure 3.3 may be used.
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Fe E 420 TM 420
Fe E 460 TM 460
ISO 4997 CR 220 220
CR 250 250
CR 320 320
prEN 10147 Fe E 220 G 220
Fe E 250 G 250
Fe E 280 G 280
Fe E 320 G 320
Fe E 350 G 350
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2) The characteristic resistance PRk shall be the specified resistance below which not more than 5 % of
results of tests on samples of a homogeneous population may be expected to fall. When a guaranteed
minimum resistance is specified this may be considered as the characteristic resistance.
3) The design resistance PRd shall be the characteristic resistance divided by the appropriate partial
safety factor *v.
For the determination of the design resistance by testing, refer to Chapter 10.
4) The material of the connector shall be of a quality which takes into account its required, performance
and the methods of fixing to the structural steelwork. Where fixing is by means of welding, the quality of
material shall take account of the welding technique to be used. Where anchors or hoops act as shear
connectors, special care shall be taken that the material is of an appropriate weldable quality.
5) The specified mechanical properties of the connector material shall comply with the following
requirements:
the ratio of the specified ultimate tensile strength fu to the specified minimum yield strength fy is not
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9) For composite members in building structures, a fatigue check is not normally required, except for:
members supporting lifting applies or rolling loads
members supporting vibrating machinery
members subject to wind-induced oscillations
members subject to crowd-induced oscillations.
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4.1.2 Beams
1) Composite beams are defined in 1.4.2. Typical types of cross-section are shown in Figure 4.1 and
Figure 4.8.
2) No application rules are given for the contribution of concrete encasement of a steel web to resistance in
bending or vertical shear. However, web encasement in accordance with 4.3.1 may be assumed to contribute
to resistance to local buckling (4.3.2, 4.3.3) or lateral-torsional buckling (4.6.2).
3) Composite beams shall be checked for:
resistance of critical cross-sections (4.4)
resistance to lateral-torsional buckling (4.6)
resistance to shear buckling (4.4.4) and web crippling (4.7)
resistance to longitudinal shear (Chapter 6).
4) Critical cross-sections include:
sections of maximum bending moment
supports
sections subjected to heavy concentrated loads or reactions
places where a sudden change of cross-section occurs, (other than a change due to cracking of
concrete).
5) For checking resistance to longitudinal shear, a critical length consists of a length of the interface
between structural steel and concrete bounded by two critical cross sections. For this purpose critical cross
sections also include:
free ends of cantilevers and
in tapering members, sections so chosen that the ratio of the greater to the lesser second moment of
area for any pair of adjacent sections does not exceed two.
6) The concepts full shear connection and partial shear connection are applicable only to beams in which
plastic theory is used for calculating bending resistances of critical cross sections. A span of a beam, or a
cantilever, has full shear connection when increase in the number of shear connectors would not increase
the design bending resistance of the member. Otherwise, the shear connection is partial. Limits to the use
of partial shear connection are given in 6.1.2.
4.1.3 Composite columns, frames, and connections
These subjects are treated in sections 4.8 to 4.10, respectively. Sections 4.2 to 4.7 (Beams) and 4.8
(Columns) apply both to isolated members and to members in composite frames.
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Figure 4.4 Use of an effective web in Class 2 for a section in hogging bending
with a web in Class 3
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distribution
(compression
positive)
(compression
positive)
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1) Section 4.4 is applicable to composite sections where the structural steel component has an axis of
symmetry in the plane of the web, and to bending in this plane.
2) The design bending resistance may be determined by plastic theory only where the effective composite
section is in Class 1 or Class 2.
3) Elastic analysis may be applied to cross-sections of any class.
4) The following assumptions shall be made:
the tensile strength of concrete is neglected;
plane cross-sections of the structural steel and reinforced concrete parts of a composite member each
remain plane.
5) No account need be taken of the effects of longitudinal slip in composite members with full shear
connection. Plane cross-sections of these members should be assumed to remain plane.
6) Fastener holes in steel elements shall be considered, following clause 5.4.5.3 of EC3.
7) Small holes in steel through which reinforcing bars pass should be treated as holes for fasteners.
4.4.1.2 Plastic resistance moment of a section with full shear connection
1) Full shear connection is defined in 4.1.2 6).
2) The following assumptions shall be made in the calculation of Mp=.Rd:
a) there is full interaction between structural steel, reinforcement, and concrete;
b) effective area of the structural steel member is stressed to its design yield strength fy/*a in tension or
compression;
c) the effective areas of longitudinal reinforcement in tension and in compression are stressed to their
design yield strengths fsk/*s in tension or compression. Alternatively, reinforcement in compression in a
concrete slab may be neglected.
d) profiled steel sheeting in compression shall be neglected.
3) Any profiled steel sheeting in tension included within the effective area, following 4.2.1 4), should be
assumed to be stressed to its design yield strength fy/*ap.
4) It shall be assumed that the effective area of concrete in compression resists a stress
of 0.85 fck/*c, constant over the whole depth between the plastic neutral axis and the most compressed fibre
of the concrete.
5) Typical plastic stress distributions are shown in Figure 4.5.
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2) The plastic moment of resistance of the beam should be calculated in accordance with 4.4.1.2, except that
a reduced value of the compressive force in the concrete, Fc, determined from 6.2.1, should be used in place
of the force given by 4.4.1.2 4). The location of the plastic neutral axis in the slab is determined by the new
force Fc. There is a second plastic neutral axis within the steel section, which should be used for the
classification of the web.
4.4.1.4 Elastic resistance to bending
1) Stresses shall be calculated by elastic theory, using an effective cross section in accordance with 4.2.1
and 4.2.2.2.
2) Account shall be taken of creep of concrete in compression, in accordance with 3.1.4.2.
3) In the calculation of Me=.Rd, the limiting bending stresses shall be taken as:
0.85 fck/*c in concrete in compression;
fy/*a in structural steel in tension, or in compression in a cross-section in Class 1, 2, or 3;
fy/*Rd in structural steel in compression in an effective cross-section in Class 4, where *Rd = ;
fsk/*s in reinforcement in tension or compression. Alternatively, reinforcement in compression in a
concrete slab may be neglected.
4) Where unpropped construction is used, stresses due to actions on the structural steelwork alone shall be
added to stresses due to actions on the composite member.
5) Where unpropped construction is used, the elastic resistance to bending, Me=.Rd, for a particular
cross-section and a loading that causes bending moments Ma in the steel member and Mc in the composite
member, shall be calculated as follows. Let r be the highest of the ratios of total bending stress [4), above]
to limiting stress [3), above]. Then,
Me=.Rd = (Ma + Mc)/r.
4.4.2 Vertical shear
4.4.2.1 Scope
Clauses 4.4.2 to 4.4.5 apply to composite beams with a rolled or welded structural steel section with a solid
web, without longitudinal stiffeners. The web may have transverse stiffeners. In welded sections, the steel
flanges are assumed to be plates of rectangular cross-section.
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where Av is the shear area of the structural steel member, given in clause 5.4.6 of EC3.
3) In addition, the shear buckling resistance of a steel web shall be verified as specified in 4.4.4 where:
for an unstiffened and uncased web, d/tw > 69&;
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for a stiffened and encased web, d/tw exceeds both of the two preceding limits;
where d is the depth of the web as defined in Figure 1.1 of EC3 for rolled sections and
Figure 5.6.1 of EC3 for welded sections,
tw is the thickness of the web,
kE is the buckling factor for shear given in clause 5.6.3 of EC3,
& = (235/fy), with fy in N/mm2 units.
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Figure 4.6 Resistance in bending and vertical shear in absence of shear buckling
4.4.4 Shear buckling resistance
1) The Principles of paragraphs 5.6.1 2) and 3) of EC3 are applicable.
2) For composite beams, steel webs that shall be verified for shear buckling resistance are defined
in 4.4.2.2 3).
3) Webs shall be provided with transverse stiffeners at supports where:
for uncased webs, d/tw > 69&
for webs encased in accordance with 4.3.2, d/tw > 124&,
The symbols are as defined in 4.4.2.2 3).
4) No contribution from web encasement to the shear resistance of a web with d/tw > 124& shall be assumed,
unless verified by testing.
5) No account shall be taken of a contribution from the concrete slab to the anchorage of a web tension field
in a flange, unless the shear connection is designed for the relevant vertical force.
6) For unstiffened webs and for webs with transverse stiffeners only, the methods given in clauses 5.6.2
to 5.6.6 of EC3 are applicable, with *M1 for structural steel taken as the value given in clause 5.1.1 of EC3.
References to flanges in these clauses are to structural steel flanges only.
7) For simply-supported beams without intermediate stiffeners, with full shear connection, and subjected to
uniformly-distributed loading, the method of clause 5.6.3 of EC3 as modified by paragraphs a) to d) below
may alternatively be used.
a) The simple post-critical shear strength Eba should be determined as follows:
for
for
for
where fyw is the nominal yield strength of the steel web and
w is the web slenderness (not exceeding 4.0) defined in clause 5.6.3 of EC3.
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b) The number N of shear connectors in each half span should be sufficient to provide full shear connection
as defined in 4.1.2 6). Where VSd > Vcr, the N connectors should not be distributed in accordance
with 6.1.3, but as shown in Figure 4.7,
c) The steel end post should be designed for a uniform axial compressive force equal to the maximum
design shear force VSd for the cross-section, considering stability both in and out of the plane of the web.
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d) The welds connecting the web to the end post and to a length 1.5 beff of the steel top flange should be
designed for a shear force (fyw/ 3 ) tw per unit length of web.
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b) the rotation capacity shall be sufficient to enable the required hinge rotation to develop;
c) the proportions and restraints of steel components shall be such that lateral-torsional buckling does
not occur;
d) lateral restraint shall be provided.
2) For composite beams in buildings, requirements b) and d) may be assumed to be satisfied when:
a) all effective cross sections at plastic hinge locations are in Class 1; and all other effective cross sections
are in Class 1 or Class 2, excluding effective webs to 4.3.3.1 3);
b) adjacent spans do not differ in length by more than 50 % of the shorter span;
c) end spans do not exceed 115 % of the length of the adjacent span;
d) in any span in which more than half of the total design load is concentrated within a length of
one-fifth of the span, then at any hinge location where the concrete slab is in compression, not more
than 15 % of the overall depth of the member should be in compression;
e) the steel compression flange at a plastic hinge location is laterally restrained.
Condition d) does not apply where it can be shown that the hinge will be the last to form in that span.
4.5.3 Elastic analysis
4.5.3.1 General
1) Elastic global analysis shall be based on the assumption that the stress-strain relationships for the
materials are linear, whatever the stress level. The tensile strength of concrete may be neglected.
2) For beams in buildings, flexural stiffnesses may be taken as the uncracked values EaI1 throughout the
length of a beam. Alternatively, flexural stiffnesses may be taken as the cracked values EaI2 over 15 % of
the span on each side of each internal support, and as the values EaI1 elsewhere. These methods are defined
as uncracked and cracked elastic analysis, respectively. The stiffnesses EaI1 and EaI2 are defined
in 4.2.3 2).
4.5.3.2 Sequence of construction
Where unpropped construction is used for structures with composite beams that have cross-sections in
Class 3 or Class 4, appropriate global analyses shall be made for the separate effects of permanent actions
applied to the steel member and actions applied to the composite member.
4.5.3.3 Effects of shrinkage of concrete in beams for buildings
Account shall be taken at cross-sections in Class 4 of the bering moments due to restraint from supports of
the deformations caused by shrinkage of the concrete slab.
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c) For composite cross sections in Class 3 or 4, the figures in Table 4.3 relate to bending moments assume
in design to be applied to the composite meaner. Moments applied to the steel member should not be
redistributed.
Table 4.3 Limits to redistribution of hogging moments, per cent of the initial
value of the bending moment to be reduced
Class of cross section in hogging moment region 1 2 3 4
For uncracked elastic analysis 40 30 20 10
For cracked elastic analysis 25 15 10 0
For steel members partly encased in concrete in accordance with 4.3.2, the spacing should not
exceed 50 % of the maximum spacing for the uncased beam.
e) The longitudinal spacing of connectors other than studs is such that the resistance of the connection to
transverse bending is not less than that required when studs are used.
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f) The same slab is also attached to another supporting member approximately parallel to the composite
beam considered, to form an inverted-U frame of breadth a (Figure 4.8).
g) If the slab is composite, it spans between the two supporting members of the inverted-U frame
considered.
h) Where the slab is simply-supported at the composite beam considered, fully anchored top
reinforcement extends over the length AB shown in Figure 4.8. The area of this reinforcement should be
such that the resistance of the slab to hogging transverse bending, per unit length of beam, is not less
than fytw3/4*a, where the notation is as in d) above.
i) At each support of the steel member, its bottom flange is laterally restrained and its web is stiffened.
Elsewhere, the web is unstiffened.
j) The bending stiffness of the solid or composite slab is such that
Ecm Ic2 U 0.35 Eatw2 a/h.
where
EcmIc2 is the mean of the flexural stiffnesses per unit width of slab at midspan and above the steel
beam considered, neglecting concrete in tension, and including transformed areas of reinforcement and
any profiled sheeting that contributes to the resistance Mc.Rd in accordance with 7.6.1.2;
Ecm is as defined in 3.1.4.1;
Ea is as defined in 3.3.3; and
tw, a, and h are as shown in Figure 4.8.
k) The steel member is an IPE section to Euronorm 1957 or an HE section to Euronorm 5362 or
another hot-rolled section of similar shape with Aw/Aa k 0.45, the same depth h, and
where Aw = hstw,
l) If the steel member is not partly encased, its depth h is in accordance with Table 4.4.
m) If the steel member is partly encased in concrete in accordance with 4.3.1, its depth h does not exceed
the limit given in Table 4.4 by more than 200 mm.
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Table 4.4 Maximum depth h (mm) of uncased steel member for which
clause 4.6.2 is applicable
Nominal steel grade
Steel member
Fe 360 Fe 430 Fe 510
2) Values of #LT for the appropriate slenderness LT may be obtained from Table 5.5.2 in EC3,
with = LT and # = #LT, using:
column a for rolled sections
column c for welded beams.
or may be determined from
but LT k 1.
where
where
Mp= is the value of Mp=.Rd when the *M factors *a, *c, and *s are taken as 1.0.
Mp= is the value of Me=.Rd when the *M factors *a, *c, and *s are taken as 1.0.
Mcr is the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling.
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4) A simplified method for the calculation of LT and information for the calculation of Mcr are given in
Annex B, based on the continuous U-frame model. Where a beam does not comply with the conditions of
Annex B, the value of Mcr shall be determined from specialist literature, or by numerical analysis, or
(conservatively) by determining Mcr from Annex F of EC3, for the steel member alone.
5) When the slenderness LT k 0.4, no allowance for lateral-torsional buckling is necessary.
At an internal support of a beam designed using an effective web in Class 2 [in accordance with 4.3.3.1 3)],
transverse stiffening should be provided unless it can be shown that the unstiffened web has sufficient
resistance to web crippling.
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2) This clause 4.8 applies to isolated non-sway columns. These may be:
compression members which are integral parts of a non-sway frame but which are considered to be
isolated for design purposes, or
isolated compression members that satisfy the classification non-sway as given in clause 4.3.5.3.3
of EC2 or clause 5.2.5.2 of EC3, as appropriate.
Isolated columns are illustrated in Figure 4.26 of EC2.
3) Two methods of design are given:
a general method in 4.8.2 including columns with non-symmetrical or non-uniform cross section over
the column length,
a simplified method in 4.8.3 for columns of double symmetrical and uniform cross section over the
column length using the European Strut Curves of EC3. Application rules for columns of
mono-symmetrical section are given in Annex D.
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9) For simplification, creep effects may be ignored if the increase in the first order bending moments due to
creep deformations and longitudinal force resulting from permanent load does not exceed 10 %.
10) According to clause A.3.4 9) of EC2, creep deformations of slender compression members in non-sway
frames for buildings with monolithic connections to slabs or beams at their two ends may normally be
disregarded.
11) The contribution of the tensile strength of the concrete between cracks (tension stiffening) may be taken
into account.
12) Partial safety factors for materials within precast concrete elements shall be in accordance with the
appropriate Parts of Eurocode 2.
4.8.2.3 Imperfections
1) Imperfections within the column length shall be taken into account for the calculation of the internal
forces and moments.
2) The equivalent initial bow imperfections should be related to the following buckling curves given in
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7) Welded mesh reinforcement may be used as links in concrete-encased columns, but should not contribute
to or supply the longitudinal reinforcement.
8) In concrete-filled hollow sections normally no longitudinal reinforcement is necessary.
4.8.2.6 Shear between the steel and concrete components
1) Provision shall be made for internal forces and moments applied from members connected to the ends of
a column length to be distributed between the steel and concrete components of the column, considering
the shear resistance at the interface between steel and concrete according to 4.8.2.7.
2) A clearly defined load path shall be provided that does not involve an amount of slip at this interface,
that would invalidate the assumptions made in design.
3) The introduction length for the shear force should not be assumed to exceed twice the relevant traverse
dimension.
4) In an I-section with concrete only between the flanges the concrete should be gripped by stirrups and a
clearly defined load transmission path between concrete and steel web should be identified (i.e., stirrups
should pass through the web or be welded to the web, or should interlock with shear connectors.)
5) Where composite columns are subjected to significant transverse shear as for example by local horizontal
loads, provision shall be made for the transfer of the corresponding longitudinal shear stress at the
interface between steel and concrete.
6) In absence of a more accurate method, elastic analysis of the uncracked composite section, considering the
sequence of construction, should be used to estimate longitudinal shear stress due to transverse shear
between the steel and concrete.
7) Calculated resultant shear stresses at the interface between steel and concrete should nowhere be excessive
according to 4.8.2.7.
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similar section, the lateral expansion of the concrete against which they bear is prevented by the adjacent
steel flanges. The resulting frictional forces provide resistance in longitudinal shear additional to that given
by 6.3.2.
2) This additional resistance may be assumed to be 4PRd/2 on each flange, for each row of studs, as shown
in Figure 4.11, where PRd is the design resistance of one stud, defined in 6.3.2, and 4 is the relevant
coefficient of friction given in 6.5.2.
3) In absence of better information from tests these values should only be allowed when the clear distance
between the flanges as shown in Figure 4.11 does not exceed
300 mm using one stud per row
400 mm using two studs per row
600 mm using three or more studs.
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b) Otherwise,
*Ma = *Rd = ,
2) Exceptions to 1) above are given in particular clauses.
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3) For concrete-filled tubes of circular cross section, account may be taken of the increase in strength of
concrete caused by confinement provided that
the relative slenderness given by 4.8.3.7 does not exceed 0.5, and
the greatest design bending moment calculated by first-order theory, Mmax.Sd, does not exceed NSd d/10,
where d is the external diameter of the column.
4) The plastic resistance to compression may then be calculated from
Npl.Rd = Aa)2fy/*Ma + Ac(fck/*c) [1 + )1 (t/d)(fy/fck)] + Asfsk/*s
where t is the wall thickness of the steel tube, )1 and )2 are coefficients defined below, and the other symbols
are defined above.
5) The eccentricity of loading e is defined as Mmax.Sd/NSd. The values of )10 and )20 when e = 0 are given in
Table 4.5, or may be taken as follows:
(but U 0)
(but k 1.0).
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2) More accurate account should be taken to the influence of long-term loading on the effective elastic flexural
stiffness where
the relative slenderness in the plane of bending being considered exceeds the limit given
in Table 4.6 and
e/d < 2,
where e is the eccentricity of loading as defined in 4.8.3.3 5),
d is the overall depth of the cross section in the plane of bending considered,
$ is as defined in 4.8.3.4, and
is as defined in 4.8.3.7. For comparison with the limits given in Table 4.6, may be calculated without
considering the influence of long-term loading on flexural stiffness.
Under these conditions, the effective elastic modulus of the concrete should be reduced to the value
Ec = Ecd (1 0.5NG.Sd/NSd)
where NSd is the design axial load for the column length, and NG.Sd is the part of this load that is permanent.
Table 4.6 Limiting values of for clause 4.8.3.5 2)
Sway frames and/or unbraced
Braced non-sway frames
frames
Concrete-encased sections 0.8 0.5
Concrete-filled tubes 0.8/(1 $) 0.5/(1 $)
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where Npl.R is the value of Npl.Rd according to 4.8.3.3 when the *M factors *Ma, *c, and *s are taken as 1.0.
4.8.3.8 Resistance of members in axial compression
1) The member has sufficient resistance if for both axes
NSd k Npl.Rd
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
where
Npl.Rd is the resistance in accordance with 4.8.3.3 and
is the reduction coefficient for the relevant buckling mode given in clause 5.5.1 of EC3 in terms of the
relevant slenderness and the relevant buckling curve.
2) Appropriate buckling curves are:
curve a for concrete-filled hollow sections,
curve b for fully or partly concrete-encased I-sections with bending about the strong axis of the steel
section,
curve c for fully or partly concrete encased I-sections with bending about the weak axis of the steel
section.
4.8.3.9 Combined compression and bending
1) For each of the axes of symmetry a separate check is necessary with the relevant slenderness, bending
moments and resistance in bending.
2) For compression and uniaxial bending this check should be done according to 4.8.3.10 to 4.8.3.13 for the
bending plane and according to 4.8.3.8 for the non-bending plane.
3) For compression and biaxial bending the check is given in 4.8.3.14.
4.8.3.10 Analysis for bending moments
1) Bending moments at the ends of the member should be determined assuming that the axial force acts
through the centroid as defined in the Note to 4.8.3.1 3) a).
2) Columns generally shall be checked for second order effects.
3) Isolated non-sway columns need not be checked for second order effects if:
NSd/Ncr k 0.1
where Ncr is defined in 4.8.3.7 1); or
for columns with end moments, the relative slenderness do not exceed
where r is the ratio of the end moments according to Table 4.7. If there is any transverse
loading, r should be taken as 1.0.
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Table 4.7 Factors " for the determination of moments according to second order theory
line moment distribution moment factors " comment
first order bending moments MSd is the maximum bending
from lateral loads in isolated moment within the column
non-sway column length due to lateral forces
ignoring second order effects
1 " = 1.0
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
3) When checking second order effects, flexural stiffness should be calculated in accordance with 4.8.3.5.
4) For simplification, second order effects in an isolated non-sway column may be allowed for by increasing
the greatest first-order design bending moment MSd by a correction factor k given by
k = "/[1 (NSd/Ncr)] U 1.0
where Ncr is the critical load for the relevant axis according to 4.8.3.7 1) with the effective length = taken
as the column length, and
" is an equivalent moment factor given in Table 4.7.
In absence of more accurate calculation the value of " should not be taken less than 1.0 for combined action
of end moments and moments from lateral load.
4.8.3.11 Resistance of cross sections in combined compression and uniaxial bending
1) Points on the interaction curve of Figure 4.12, showing resistance in combined compression and uniaxial
bending, may be calculated assuming rectangular stress blocks as shown in Figure 4.13, and taking account
of the design shear force VSd according to 4.8.3.12.
2) Figure 4.13 shows stress distributions corresponding to the points A to D of the interaction curve
(Figure 4.12), for a typical concrete-encased I-section with bending about the strong axis of the steel section.
3) For concrete filled hollow sections the plastic resistances may be calculated with 0.85fck being
replaced by fck.
4) As a simplification, the curve maybe replaced by a polygonal diagram (dashed line in Figure 4.12). More
information for the calculations for points A to D is given in Annex C.
5) An additional point E should be determined approximately midway between point A and point C of
Figure 4.12 if the resistance of the column to axial compression (Npl.Rd) is greater than Npm.Rd, where Npm.Rd
is the plastic resistance of the concrete section alone. This is not necessary for I-profiles with bending about
the strong axis of the steel section.
4.8.3.12 Influence of shear forces
The design transverse shear force VSd may be assumed to act on the structural steel section alone, or may be
shared between the steel and the concrete. The influence on the bending resistance of the shear force assumed
to be resisted by the steel should be considered according to 4.4.3 1) and 2).
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Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Figure 4.13 Stress distributions corresponding to the interaction curve (Figure 4.12)
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where MSd is the maximum design bending moment within the column length, calculated in
accordance with 4.8.3.10 including second order effects if necessary; and
Mpl.Rd is the bending moment calculated using the stress distribution shown in Figure 4.13 (B),
with *Ma in accordance with 4.8.3.11 3).
[e.g. y-axis in Figure 4.16(b)]. If it is not evident which plane is the more critical, checks should be made for
both planes.
3) The following design method should be used for a design axial force NSd combined with design bending
moment My.Sd and Mz.Sd.
4) The values of 4 for the two axes of bending, 4y and 4z, are found in accordance with 4.8.3.13.
5) The member is strong enough if
My.Sd k 0.9 4yMpl.y.Rd,
Mz.Sd k 0.9 4zMpl.z.Rd,
and My.Sd/4yMpl.y.Rd + Mz.Sd/4zMpl.z.Rd k 1.0.
with Mpl.y.Rd and Mpl.z.Rd according to 4.8.3.11, referring to the relevant axis. An example is given in
Figure 4.16(c).
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4) The general principles for plastic analysis given in 4.5.2.1 are applicable, but no application rules are
given for elastic-plastic methods of analysis.
5) No application rules are given for global analysis of unbraced non-sway frames, as defined in 4.9.4.
(Note. These may be given later in an Annex).
6) No application rules are given for global analysis of frames with semi-rigid connections. These
connections are defined in 4.10.5.2 and, for steel connections, in clause 6.4.2.3 of EC3.
7) [Note. It may be found convenient to verify the design of a composite braced frame in the following
sequence.
a) Define the imperfections of the frame (4.9.3) and represent them by equivalent horizontal forces at
nodes.
b) Ensure that no steel connection is semi-rigid, using 4.10.5 and clause 6.9.6 of EC3.
c) For members of reinforced or prestressed concrete, ensure the ductility requirements of clause 2.5.3 of
EC2 are met.
d) Check that the frame is braced (4.9.4.3).
e) Check that the bracing substructure is non-sway (4.9.4).
f) Decide whether the requirements for rigid-plastic global analysis (4.9.7) are satisfied.
g) Carry out global analyses (4.9.5 to 4.9.7) for relevant load combinations and arrangements and hence
find design internal forces and moments at each end of each member.
h) Verify the composite beams (4.2 to 4.4), columns (4.8), and connections (4.10).
i) Verify beams, columns, and connections of structural steel (to EC3) and of concrete (to EC2).
j) Reference is made to the effective length (buckling length) of reinforced concrete and steel columns
in 4.8.3.6 4).
k) For reinforced concrete columns, clauses 4.3.5.5.3 and 4.3.5.6 of EC2 (isolated columns) are
applicable.]
4.9.2 Design assumptions
4.9.2.1 Basis
1) The assumptions made in the global analysis shall be consistent with the anticipated behaviour of the
connections.
2) The assumptions made in the design of the members shall be consistent with the method used for global
analysis and with the anticipated behaviour of the connections.
3) Composite connections are classified in 4.10. For steel beam-to-column connections, Section 6.9 of EC3
is applicable.
4) Table 4.8 shows the types of connections for use with each type of framing, depending on the method of
global analysis used.
5) Nominally pinned connections may be used in continuous construction at points where continuity is not
required, provided that the connection is designed as non-composite in accordance with Chapter 6 of EC3,
ignoring any reinforcement which may be provided for the control of cracking.
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using either.
elastic global analysis in accordance with 4.9.6, or
plastic global analysis in accordance with 4.9.7.
3) Where the global analysis is carried out by applying the loads in a series of increments, it may be assumed
to be sufficient, in the case of building structures, to adopt simultaneous proportional increases of all loads.
4.9.6 Elastic global analysis
4.9.6.1 General
1) Elastic global analysis shall be based on the assumption that the stress-strain relationships for the
materials are linear, whatever the stress level. Concrete in tension may be included or neglected. When it
is included, reinforcement in tension may be neglected. Reinforcement in compression may normally be
neglected.
2) The effects of slip and uplift may be neglected at interfaces between steel and concrete at which shear
connection is provided in accordance with Chapter 6.
3) The principles of 4.5.3.2 (sequence of construction) and 4.5.3.3 (shrinkage of concrete) are applicable.
4) Elastic global analysis should be used only where all connections are either rigid or nominally pinned.
4.9.6.2 Flexural stiffness
1) Creep effects shall be considered if they are likely to reduce the structural stability significantly.
2) For composite beams in braced frames, 4.5.3.1 2) is applicable.
3) Creep effects in columns may be ignored if the increase in the first order bending moments resulting from
permanent loads and due to creep deformations and longitudinal force does not exceed 10 %.
4) For first order analysis, the elastic stiffness of a composite column should be taken as EaI1 where Ea is the
modus of elasticity of structural steel and I1 is the uncracked second moment of area, defined in 4.2.3.
4.9.6.3 Redistribution of moments
1) The bending moment distribution given by an elastic global analysis may be redistributed in a way that
satisfies equilibrium, and takes account of the effects of cracking of concrete, inelastic behaviour of
materials, and all types of buckling.
2) Bending moments from a first-order elastic analysis may be redistributed:
in steel members in accordance with clause 5.2.1.3 3) of EC3; but for unpropped construction, subject
to 4.5.3.4 2) c).
in concrete members subject mainly to flexure, in accordance with clause 2.5.3.4.2 of EC2;
in spans of composite beams in braced frames with rigid full-strength connections at their ends, or with
one rigid full-strength connection and one nominally pinned connection, in accordance with 4.5.3.4 2);
but elastic moments may not be reduced in concrete or composite columns. Where beam-to-column
connections are rigid and midspan moments are redistributed to supports, column end moments should
be increased, according to the relative stiffness of the members. For columns, stiffness should be based on
the length between centres of restraint.
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have a design moment resistance at least 1.2 times the design plastic moment resistance of the
connected beam [4.10.5.3 2)].
3) In rigid-plastic analysis, elastic deformations of the members, connections, and foundations are neglected
and plastic deformations are assumed to be concentrated at plastic hinge locations.
4) In frames for buildings, it is not normally necessary to consider the effects of alternating plasticity.
4.9.7.2 Plastic hinges
1) At each plastic hinge location:
a) the cross section of the structural steel member or component shall be symmetrical about a plane
parallel to the plane of the web or webs;
b) the proportions and restraints of steel components shall be such that lateral-torsional buckling does
not occur;
c) lateral restraint to the compression flange shall be provided at all hinge locations at which plastic
rotation may occur under any load case;
d) the rotation capacity shall be sufficient, when account is taken of any axial compression in the
member, to enable the required hinge rotation to develop.
2) Where rotation requirements are not calculated, all members containing plastic hinges shall have
effective cross-sections at plastic hinge locations that are in Class 1 in accordance with Section 4.3, or
Section 5.3 of EC3, as appropriate.
3) For composite beams, all other effective cross-sections should be in Class 1 or Class 2.
4) For individual spans of composite beams that contain a sagging moment hinge that is not the last to
form, 4.5.2.2 2) d) should be satisfied.
5) Design should ensure that plastic hinges do not occur in composite columns.
6) Where plastic hinges occur in steel columns, clauses 5.2.7 3) and 4) of EC3 should be satisfied.
7) Where the cross-section of a steel member varies along its length, clause 5.3.3 5) of EC3 is applicable.
8) Where restraint is required by 4.9.7.2 1) d), it should be located within a distance along the member from
the calculated hinge location, that does not exceed half the depth of the steel component or member.
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6) Connections may be designed by distributing the internal forces and moments in the best rational way,
provided that the distribution is in accordance with clause 6.1.4 of EC3. In addition, the deformations
implied by the distribution shall be within the deformation capacity of the reinforcement and any concrete
assumed to resist compression.
7) Ease of fabrication and assembly shall be considered in the design of all joints and splices. Clause 6.3.3.5
of EC2 and clause 6.1.5 of EC3 are applicable.
4.10.2 Classification of connections
Section 6.4 of EC3 is applicable, with the reference to Table 5.2.1 and clause 5.2.2 of EC3 replaced by
reference to Table 4.8 and clause 4.9.2 of EC4.
4.10.3 Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
4.10.3.1 General
Section 6.5 of EC3 is applicable, with the modifications given below.
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5.1 General
1) This chapter covers the common serviceability limit states. These are:
deflection control, and
crack control.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Other limit states (such as vibration) may be of importance in particular structures but these are not
covered in this Part of Eurocode 4.
2) Calculation of stresses and deformations at the serviceability limit state shall take into account the
effects of:
shear lag;
increased flexibility resulting from significant incomplete interaction, due to slip and/or uplift;
cracking and tension stiffening of concrete in hogging moment regions;
creep and shrinkage of concrete;
yielding of steel, if any, especially when unpropped construction is used;
yielding of reinforcement, if any, in hogging moment regions.
These effects shall be established by test or analysis, where practicable.
3) In the absence of a more rigorous analysis, the effects of creep may be taken into account by using modular
ratios, as given in 3.1.4.2, for the calculation of flexural stiffnesses.
5.2 Deformations
5.2.1 General
1) Deformations shall not adversely affect the use, efficiency, or appearance of the structure. Composite
members shall be so proportioned that deflections of beams and sidesway of unbraced frames are within
acceptable limits. Appropriate limits depend on the properties of any non-structural components, such as
partitions in buildings, and on the intended use and occupancy of the structure.
2) In buildings it will normally be satisfactory to consider the deflections under the rare combination of
loading.
3) For buildings the recommended limits for horizontal deflections at the tops of the columns are as given in
clause 4.2.2 4) of EC3.
4) For floor and roof construction in buildings, the deflection limits given in clause 4.2.2 of EC3 are
applicable. The sagging vertical deflection $max for unpropped beams should be determined for the underside
of the beam, only where the deflection can impair the appearance of the building. In all other cases the
reference level is the upperside of the composite beam.
5.2.2 Calculation of maximum deflections of beams
1) Deflections due to loading applied to the steel member alone shall be calculated in accordance with EC3.
2) Deflections due to loading applied to the composite member shall be calculated using elastic analysis
with corrections for the effects given in 5.1 2).
3) The influence of shear lag on deflections can usually be ignored. For members where breadth b of the
concrete flange exceeds one-eighth of the span, shear lag may be allowed for by using the effective area of
concrete flange given in 4.2.2.1 when calculating stiffness.
4) The effects of incomplete interaction may be ignored in spans or cantilevers where one or more of the
critical cross sections is in Class 3 or 4.
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5) The effects of incomplete interaction may be ignored in unpropped construction provided that:
a) the design of the shear connection is in accordance with Chapter 6;
b) either not less shear connectors are used than half the number for full shear connection, or the forces
on the shear connectors do not exceed 0.7 PRk, as defined in 3.5.2;
c) in case of a ribbed slab with ribs transverse to the beam, the height of the ribs does not exceed 80 mm.
6) If the conditions in 5) are not met, but N/Nf U 0.4, then in lieu of testing or accurate analysis, the
increased deflection arising from incomplete interaction may be determined from:
for propped construction:
7) The effect of cracking of concrete in hogging moment regions may be taken into account by adopting one
of the following methods of analysis:
a) The hogging bending moment at each internal support and the resulting top-fibre tensile stress in the
concrete, Bct, are first calculated using the flexural stiffnesses EaI1. For each support at which Bct
exceeds 0.15 fck, the stiffness should be reduced to the value EaI2 over 15 % of the length of the span on
each side of the support. A new distribution of bending moments is then determined by re-analysing the
beam. At every support where stiffnesses EaI2 are used for a particular loading, they should be used for
all other loadings.
Flexural stiffnesses EaI1 and EaI2 are defined in 4.2.3.
b) For beams with critical sections in Classes 1, 2 or 3 the following method may be used. At every
support where Bct exceeds 0.15 fck, the bending moment is multiplied by the reduction factor f1 given in
Figure 5.1, and corresponding increases are made to the bending moments in adjacent spans.
Curve A may be used when the loadings per unit length on all spans are equal and the lengths of all
spans do not differ by more than 25 %. Otherwise the approximate lower bound value f1 = 0.6 (line B)
should be used.
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8) In unpropped beams in buildings, account may be taken of the influence of local yielding of structural
steel over a support by multiplying the bending moment at the support, determined according to the methods
given in this clause, with an additional reduction factor as follows:
f2 = 0.5 if fy is reached before the concrete slab has hardened;
f2 = 0.7 if fy is caused by the loading after concrete has hardened.
9) In statically-determinate beams in buildings, the effect of curvature due to shrinkage of concrete should
be included when the ratio of span to overall depth of the beam exceeds 20 and the predicted free shrinkage
strain of the concrete exceeds 400 106.
2) Cracking is almost inevitable where reinforced concrete elements of composite beams are subject to
tension resulting from either direct loading or restraint of imposed deformations.
3) Where cracks are avoided by measures such as the provision of joints that can accommodate the
movement, the measures taken shall not impair the proper functioning of the structure or cause its
appearance to be unacceptable.
4) Where the exposure is class 1, according to clause 4.1.2.2 of EC2, crack width has no influence on
durability, and flexural cracks may be permitted to form without any attempt to control their width. In
accordance with 1) above:
their appearance shall be acceptable, if they are visible, and
any finish to the surface of the concrete shall not be brittle.
5) Where a composite beam is subjected to hogging bending, and no attempt is made to control the width of
cracks in the concrete of its top flange, the longitudinal reinforcement provided within the effective width of
that flange should be not less than:
0.4 % of the area of concrete, for propped construction, or
0.2 % of the area of concrete, for unpropped construction.
The reinforcement should extend over a length span/4 each side of an internal support, or length/2 for a
cantilever. The effective width should be as given in 4.2.2.2. No account should be taken of any profiled steel
sheeting. The maximum spacing of the bars should be in accordance with 7.2.1 3), for a composite slab, or
with clause 5.4.3.2.1 of EC2, for a non-composite slab.
6) Appropriate limits to design crack widths, taking account of the proposed function and nature of the
structure and the costs of limiting cracking, shall be determined.
7) Design crack-width limits should be agreed with the client.
8) Limitation of cracks to acceptable widths, and the avoidance of uncontrolled cracking between
widely-spaced bars, are achieved by ensuring
a) that, at all sections likely to be subjected to significant tension due to restraint of imposed
deformations, whether or not the restraint is combined with direct loading, a minimum amount of
bonded reinforcement is present, sufficient to ensure that the reinforcement will remain elastic when
cracking first occurs, and
b) that bar spacings and diameters are limited.
9) In the absence of specific requirements (e.g., watertightness), it may be assumed that for exposure classes 2
to 4, according to clause 4.1.2.2 of EC2, limitation of the design crack width to about 0.3 mm will generally
be satisfactory for reinforced concrete elements of composite beams in buildings, in respect of appearance and
durability.
10) Special measures to limit crack widths may be necessary for members subjected to exposure class 5
according to clause 4.1.2.2 of EC2. The choice of measures will depend on the nature of the aggressive
chemical involved.
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11) Application rules are given in clauses 5.3.2 and 5.3.4 for design crack widths wk of 0.3 mm, for general
use except where the exposure is class 5; and of 0.5 mm, which may be appropriate where the exposure is
Class 1. It is assumed that the reinforcing bars have high-bond action, in accordance with 3.2.2 1).
12) [Note. It may be found convenient to consider cracking of concrete in a composite beam in a building
as follows.
a) Determine those regions where concrete may be subjected to longitudinal tension due to loading and/or
to restraint of imposed deformation, and determine the area of reinforcement required for the ultimate
limit states.
b) Decide the exposure class, and the crack-width limit (if any). Use 5.3.1 5) if applicable.
c) In regions where only minimum reinforcement is required, and crack widths are influenced more by
imposed deformations than by loading, use 5.3.2. This gives the minimum area of tensile reinforcement
and the maximum diameter for the reinforcing bars.
d) In other regions, use 5.3.3 to determine internal forces and moments. Then use 5.3.4 if the
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
crack-width limit is 0.3 mm or 0.5 mm. Otherwise, use 5.3.5. Clause 5.3.4 gives the maximum spacing
for reinforcing bars. The required areas are known [paragraph a) above], so bar diameters can be
calculated.]
5.3.2 Minimum reinforcement
1) In determining the minimum area of reinforcement required to ensure that the reinforcement remains
elastic when cracking first occurs, account shall be taken of the different types of restraint distinguished
in clause 4.4.2.2 of EC2, and of the stress distribution in the concrete just before it cracks.
2) Where crack widths are to be controlled in a concrete flange of a composite beam, (and unless more
rigorous calculation shows a lesser area to be adequate), the cross-sectional area As of reinforcement within
the effective area of the concrete flange within the tensile zone, Act, should satisfy
As U kkcfcte Act/Bst (5.1)
where:
fcte is the effective tensile strength of the concrete at the time when cracks may first be expected to
occur. Values of fcte may be obtained by taking as the class the strength at the time cracking is
expected to occur, and using the value fctm given in Table 3.1. When the age of the concrete at
cracking cannot be established with confidence as being less than 28 days, it is suggested that a
minimum tensile strength of N/mm2 be adopted;
Bst is the maximum stress permitted in the reinforcement immediately after cracking. It depends
on the chosen bar size, as given in Table 5.1, and should not exceed the characteristic yield
strength of the reinforcement;
k is defined in clause 4.4.2.2 3) of EC2, and should be taken as 0.8;
kc is a coefficient that may conservatively be taken as 0.9. It takes account of self-equilibrating
stresses and the stress distribution in the slab prior to cracking, and is more accurately given by
where hc is the thickness of the concrete flange, excluding any haunch or ribs, and
zo is the vertical distance between the centroids of the uncracked unreinforced concrete flange
and the uncracked unreinforced composite section, calculated using the modular ratio for
short term effects, Ea/Ecm.
At least half of the required minimum reinforcement should be placed between mid-depth of the slab and the
face subjected to the greater tensile strain.
3) Minimum longitudinal reinforcement for the concrete encasement of the web of a steel I-section should be
determined from eq.(5.1) with k = 0.8, kc = 0.4, and Bst = fsk.
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Table 5.1 Maximum steel stress for minimum reinforcement, high bond bars
Maximum bar size, mm 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32
Design crack width Maximum steel stress Bs or Bst, N/mm 2
4) For restraint cracking, but not for load-induced cracking, the maximum bar diameter may be modified to
a value :s, where
:s = :s* (fcte/2.5)
where :s* is the bar diameter that relates to stress Bst, in accordance with Table 5.1;
fcte is as defined in 5.3.2 2).
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
where:
Bse is the stress in the reinforcement closest to the relevant concrete surface, calculated neglecting
concrete in tension and in accordance with 5.3.3 and 4.4.1.4 1), 2), and 4);
Act is the effective area of the concrete flange within the tensile zone;
As is the total area of all layers of longitudinal reinforcement within the effective area Act;
fctm is the mean tensile strength of the concrete, from Table 3.1;
! is given by ! = AI/(Aa Ia)
where A and I are area and second moment of area, respectively, of the composite section neglecting
concrete in tension and profiled sheeting, if any; and Aa and Ia are the corresponding properties
of the structural steel section.
3) In beams for buildings, Bse may be calculated neglecting the effects of shrinkage of concrete, except as
required by 4.5.3.3.
4) If the stress Bs is found to exceed the design yield strength for the reinforcement, fsk, the section should be
re-designed. This is not necessary if the maximum calculated stress in the structural steel exceeds its yield
strength fy, but Bs does not exceed fsk.
5) Where the steel stress Bs is within the range available in Table 5.2, the maximum spacing of the reinforcing
bars should be determined from that table.
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6) Where Table 5.2 is not applicable, the maximum diameter of the reinforcing bars should be determined
from Table 5.1, for the relevant values of Bs and wk.
7) Control of cracking in the concrete encasement of the web of a steel I-section should be in accordance with
this cause 5.3.4, with Bs taken as 0.5 fsk.
5.3.5 Control of cracking by calculation of crack widths
1) The crack width to be compared with the design value wk shall be calculated in accordance with the
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Lk5 (6.1)
5 k L k 25 (6.2)
L U 25 (6.3)
For steel sections having a bottom flange with an area not exceeding 3 times the area of the upper flange:
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
L k 20
(6.4)
L U 20
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4) If the plastic resistance moment exceeds 2.5 times the plastic resistance moment of the steel member alone,
additional checks on the adequacy of the shear connection should be made at intermediate points
approximately mid-way between adjacent critical cross-sections.
5) The required number of shear connectors may be distributed between a point of maximum sagging
bending moment and an adjacent support or point of maximum hogging moment, in accordance with the
longitudinal shear calculated by elastic theory for the loading considered. Where this is done, no additional
checks on the adequacy of the shear connection are required, unless the method of 4.4.4 7) for shear buckling
resistance of a web is used.
where
or
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2) For full shear connection, the total design longitudinal shear V= to be resisted by shear connectors spaced
in accordance with 6.1.3 between the point of maximum sagging bending moment and an intermediate
support or a restrained end support shall be
(6.7)
and these areas relate to the cross section at the support, and Fcf is as defined in 1) above, and is taken as
zero for a cantilever.
6.2.1.2 Partial shear connection with ductile connectors
1) If the connectors are ductile as defined in 6.1.2, it may be assumed that sufficient slip can occur at the
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
ultimate limit state for moments of resistance at critical sections to be calculated from plastic theory in
accordance with 4.4.1.3.
2) In the absence of a more rigorous calculation the longitudinal shear V= may be taken as:
V= = Fc (6.8)
between the considered cross-section with a sagging bending moment and a simple end support; and
(6.9)
between the considered cross-section with a sagging bending moment and an intermediate support or a
restrained end support;
where Fc is the compressive force in the concrete flange necessary to resist the design sagging bending
moment MSd, calculated from plastic theory in accordance with 4.4.1.3, and the other symbols
are as in 6.2.1.1.
The relation between Fc and MSd is qualitatively given by the curve ABC in Figure 6.1.
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3) For the method given in 2) a conservative value for Fc may alternatively be determined by the straight
line AC in Figure 6.1
(6.10)
where Mapl.Rd and Mpl.Rd are the design plastic resistances to sagging bending of the structural steel section
alone, and of the composite section with full shear connection, respectively.
6.2.1.3 Partial shear connection with non-ductile connectors
1) If the shear connectors are not ductile as defined in 6.1.2 the longitudinal shear shall be determined from
stress distributions at the critical cross-sections based on full continuity at the interface between steel and
concrete.
2) The total design longitudinal shear V= may be determined with the simplified method given in 6.2.1.2
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
where Me=.Rd is the moment that causes a tensile stress fy/*a in the extreme bottom fibre of the steel
section; where unpropped construction is used 4.4.1.4 4) is applicable,
Ma.Sd is the sagging moment acting in the steel section due to actions on the structural
steelwork alone before the composite action becomes effective,
Fe= is the compressive force in the concrete slab at moment Me=:Rd.
a) Structures which are not fully supported during construction b) Structures which are fully supported during construction
6.2.2 Beams in which elastic theory is used for resistances of one or more cross sections
If elastic theory is applied to cross sections in accordance with 4.4.1.4, the longitudinal shear per unit
length shall be calculated by elastic theory from the vertical shear force added after the shear connection
has become effective. The elastic properties of the cross section shall be those used in the calculation of the
longitudinal stresses.
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The design shear resistance of an automatically welded headed stud with a normal weld collar, should be
determined from
PRd = 0.8 fu(;d2/4)/* (6.13)
or
(6.14)
whichever is smaller,
where d is the diameter of the shank of the stud;
fu is the specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud but not greater
than 500 N/mm2;
fck is the characteristic cylinder strength of the concrete at the age considered;
Ecm is the mean value of the secant modulus of the concrete in accordance with 3.1.4.1;
! = 0.2 [(h/d) + 1] for 3 k h/d k 4;
!= 1 for h/d > 4, and
h is the overall height of the stud.
The partial safety factor *5 should be taken as for the ultimate limit state.
These formulae may not be used for studs of diameter greater than 22 mm.
[ENV Note: Minimum dimensions for a normal weld collar and specifications for welding should be given
in Reference Standards for stud shear connectors to be prepared by CEN.
DIN 32500-3 and DIN 8563-10 can be used as a basis.
In the absence of a European Standard a normal weld collar should comply with the following
requirements:
the weld should have a regular form and be fused to the shank of the stud.
the diameter should be not less than 1.25d,
the mean height should be not less than 0.20d and the minimum height not less than 0.15d.]
6.3.2.2 Influence of tension on shear resistance
Where headed stud connectors are subjected to direct tensile force in addition to shear, the design tensile
force per stud Ften should be calculated.
If Ften k 0.1 PRd, where PRd is the design shear resistance defined in 6.3.2.1, the tensile force may be
neglected.
If Ften > 0.1 PRd, the connection is not within the scope of this Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4.
6.3.2.3 Studs without head shear resistance
Equations (6.13) and (6.14) may be used for studs without heads, provided uplift of the slab is prevented.
The ties which resist uplift should be designed for the ultimate limit state in accordance with 6.1.1 5).
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Figure 6.3 Beam with profiled steel sheeting parallel to the beam
The design shear resistance should be taken as their resistance in a solid slab (see 6.3.2.1) multiplied by the
reduction factor k= given by the following expression:
k= = 0.6 (bo/hp) [(h/hp) 1] k 1.0 (6.15)
where h is the overall height of the stud, but not greater than hp + 75 mm.
6.3.3.2 Sheeting with ribs transverse to the supporting beams
1) Where studs of diameter not exceeding 20 mm are placed in ribs with a height hp not exceeding 85 mm
and a width bo not less than hp, the design shear resistance should be taken as their resistance in a solid slab
(calculated as given by 6.3.2.1, except that fu should not be taken as greater than 450 N/mm2) multiplied by
the reduction factor kt given by the following expression:
(6.16)
where Nr is the number of stud connectors in one rib at a beam intersection, not to exceed 2 in computations,
and other symbols are as defined in 6.3.3.1.
For studs welded through the steel sheeting, kt should not be taken greater than 1.0 when Nr = 1 and not
greater than 0.8 when Nr U 2.
2) For the other cases not within the scope of 1), the design resistance should be determined from tests in
accordance with 10.2.
6.3.3.3 Biaxial loading of shear connectors
Where the shear connectors are provided to produce composite action both for the beam and for the
composite slab, the combination of forces acting on the stud should satisfy the following:
(6.17)
where F= is the design longitudinal force caused by composite action in the beam, and
Ft is the design transverse force caused by composite action in the slab (Chapter 7).
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2) Bar, T, [ and horseshoe connectors may be designed as block connectors if the detailing provisions
in 6.4.4 are satisfied.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
where Af1 is the area of the front surface, as shown in Figure 6.4;
) is equal to but not greater than 2.5 for normal density concrete or 2.0 for
lightweight aggregate concrete;
Af2 is the area of the front surface of the connector enlarged at a slope of 1 : 5 to the rear surface
of the adjacent connector (Figure 6.5). Only the parts of Af2 falling within the concrete
section may be taken into account;
*c is the partial safety factor for concrete in accordance with 2.3.3.2.
4) In the design of the welds fastening the block connector to the steel beam the eccentricity of the force
shall be taken into account.
5) The welds should be designed in accordance with Section 6.6 of EC3 for 1.2 PRd.
6) Ties to prevent uplift shall be designed in accordance with 6.1.1.
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1) The design resistance to longitudinal shear for each leg of anchors and hoops should be determined from
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
(6.19)
Figure 6.7 Example of combination of block connector with anchor and hoop
1) Block connectors may be assumed to share load with anchors or hoops, provided due account is taken of
the differences of stiffness of the block connector and the anchors or the hoop.
2) In the absence of more accurate calculations or tests, the design resistance of the combination should be
determined from one of the following expressions, whichever is applicable
PRd comb = PRd block + 0.5 PRd anchors (6.20)
PRd comb = PRd block + 0.7 PRd hoop (6.21)
3) The welds fastening the block connector with anchors or hoop to the steel beam should be designed
for 1.2 PRd for the block plus PRd for each anchor or the hoop.
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1) The design resistance of an angle connector welded to the steel beam as shown in Figure 6.8 should be
determined from
PRd = 10 bh3/4 fck2/3/*5 (6.22)
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2) At the end of a composite cantilever, sufficient local reinforcement shall be provided to transfer forces
from the shear connectors to the longitudinal reinforcement.
6.4.1.4 Haunches other than formed by profiled steel sheeting
1) Where a concrete haunch is used between the steel girder and the soffit of the concrete slab, the sides of the
haunch should lie outside a line drawn at 45 from the outside edge of the connector (Figure 6.9).
2) The concrete cover from the side of the haunch to the connector should be not less than 50 mm.
3) Transverse reinforcing bars sufficient to satisfy the requirements of 6.6 should be provided in the haunch
at least 40 mm clear below the surface of the connector that resists uplift.
where the slab is not in contact over the full length (e.g. slab with ribs transverse to the beam)
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The clear distance from the edge of a compression flange to the nearest line of shear connectors should not
exceed
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3) The anchors and hoops designed for longitudinal shear should point in the direction of thrust. Where
thrust can occur in both directions, connectors pointing in both directions should be provided.
6.4.6 Angle connectors
1) The height h of the upstanding leg of an angle connector should not exceed 10 times the thickness
nor 150 mm.
2) The length b of an angle connector should not exceed 300 mm unless the resistance is determined by
testing in accordance with Chapter 10.
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where
Fpr.Cd is the preloading force in the bolt, based on Fp.Cd given by clause 6.5.8.2 of EC3, reduced to
take account of the effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete;
4 is the coefficient of friction, which may be taken as 0.50 for steel flanges not less than 10 mm
thick and 0.55 for steel flanges not less than 15 mm thick, blasted with shot or grit, with loose
rust removed and no pitting;
* is the partial safety factor, to be taken as .
2) The reduction in the preloading force in the bolt due to creep and shrinkage of the concrete should either
be determined by long-term tests, or should be assumed to be not less than 40 % of Fp.Cd. The loss of the
preloading force can be reduced by re-tightening after an interval of time.
3) For other friction surfaces, the value of 4 should be determined by suitable testing in accordance with the
appropriate standard in force.
6.5.2.2 Deign resistance of a bolt in shear and bearing
Where the shear resistance is assumed to be developed by the resistance of the bolts alone in shear and
bearing, the maximum design longitudinal shear per bolt should not exceed the design shear resistance of a
bolt, determined in accordance with clause 6.5.5 of EC3, nor the bearing resistance, which may be taken
equal to PRd determined with equation (6.14) in this code.
6.5.2.3 Combined resistance
Where the shear resistance is assumed to be developed by a combination of friction and shear, the combined
shear resistance should be established by suitable testing.
6.5.2.4 Effects of slip
The effects of slip may be neglected for verifications at the ultimate limit state in beams with cross-sections
in Class 1 and 2 and holes with a clearance not exceeding 3 mm.
6.5.3 Serviceability limit state
1) Slip shall be limited to a level such that the Principles of Chapter 5 are fulfilled.
2) The slip may be ignored, if the longitudinal design shear per bolt does not exceed the longitudinal shear
resistance per bolt PRd developed by friction alone, as given by equation (6.24) but with * = 1.0.
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1) Transverse reinforcement in the slab shall be designed for the ultimate limit state so that premature
longitudinal shear failure or longitudinal splitting is prevented.
2) The design longitudinal shear per unit length for any potential surface of longitudinal shear failure
within the slab vSd shall not exceed the design resistance to longitudinal shear vRd of the shear surface
considered.
The length of the shear surface b-b shown in Figure 6.12 should be taken as equal to 2h plus the head
diameter for a single row of stud shear connectors or staggered stud connectors, or as equal to 2h + st plus
the head diameter for stud shear connectors arranged in pairs, where h is the height of the studs and st is
the transverse spacing centre-to-centre of the studs.
3) Where profiled steel sheeting is used transverse to the beam it is not necessary to consider shear surfaces
of type b-b, provided that the design resistances of the studs are determined using the appropriate
reduction factor kt as given in 6.3.3.2.
4) The design longitudinal shear per unit length of beam in a shear surface vSd shall be determined in
accordance with 6.2 and be consistent with the design of the shear connectors for the ultimate limit state.
5) In determining Sd account may be taken of the variation of longitudinal shear across the width of the
concrete flange.
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(6.26)
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
whichever is smaller,
where
ERd is the basic shear strength to be taken as 0.25 fctk 0.05/*c,
fck is the characteristic cylinder strength of the concrete in N/mm2 units,
fsk is the characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement,
) = 1 for normal-weight concrete,
) = 0.3 + 0.7(@/24) for lightweight-aggregate concrete of unit weight @ in kN/m3,
Ac is the mean cross-sectional area per unit length of beam of the concrete shear surface under
consideration,
Ae is the sum of the cross-sectional areas of transverse reinforcement (assumed to be perpendicular to
the beam) per unit length of beam crossing the shear surface under consideration
(Figure 6.12) including any reinforcement provided for bending of the slab,
pd is the contribution of the steel sheeting, if applicable, as given in 6.6.3.
3) For a ribbed slab the area of concrete shear surface Ac should be determined taking into account of the
effect of the ribs. Where the ribs run transverse to the span of the beam, the concrete within the depth of the
ribs may be included in the value of Ac in equation (6.25); but for potential shear surfaces of type e-e in
Figure 6.12, it should not be included in Ac in equation (6.26).
4) Transverse reinforcement taken into account for resistance to longitudinal shear shall be anchored so as
to develop its yield strength in accordance with EC2.
5) Anchorage may be provided by means of U-bars looped around the shear connectors.
6.6.3 Contribution of profiled steel sheeting
1) Where the profiled steel sheets are continuous across the top flange of the steel beam, the contribution of
profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the beam should be taken as
(6.27)
where pd is per unit length of the beam for each intersection of the shear surface by the sheeting,
Ap is the cross-sectional area of the profiled steel sheeting per unit length of the beam, and
fyp is its yield strength, given in 3.4.2.
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2) Where the profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the beam is discontinuous across the top flange
of the steel beam, and stud shear connectors are welded to the steel beam directly through the profiled steel
sheets, the contribution of the profiled steel sheeting should be taken as
where Ppb.Rd is the design bearing resistance of a headed stud welded through the sheet according
to 7.6.1.4, and
s is the longitudinal spacing centre-to-centre of the studs.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Figure 6.13 Potential shear surfaces in a slab with profiled steel sheeting
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4) For overlapping and continuous sheets bearing on steel or concrete, the minimum bearing should
be 75 mm and for other materials 100 mm [see Figure 7.3(e) and Figure 7.3(f)].
5) The minimum bearings given above may be reduced, if speckled in the project specifications and provided
the design takes into account relevant factors such as tolerances, loading, span, height of support and
provision of continuity reinforcement. When reduced bearings are used, precautions should be taken that
fastening of the sheet can still be achieved without damage to the bearings, and that collapse cannot occur
as a result of accidental displacement during erection.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
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2) The construction loads represent the weight of operatives and concreting plant and take into account any
impact or vibration which may occur during construction. In any area of 3 m by 3 m (or the span length, if
less), in addition to the weight of the concrete, the characteristic construction load and weight of surplus
concrete should together be taken as 1.5 kN/m2. Over the remaining area a characteristic loading
of 0.75 kN/m2 should be added to the weight of concrete. These loads should be placed to cause the maximum
bending moment and/or shear.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
3) These minimum values are not necessarily sufficient for excessive impact or heaping of concrete, or
pipeline or pumping loads. If appropriate, provision should be made in design for the additional loading.
Without the concrete the sheet should be shown by test or calculation to be able to resist a characteristic load
of 1 kN on a square area of side 300 mm, in the most unfavourable place, at any location except a rib
adjacent to a free edge.
4) If the central deflection $ of the sheeting under its own weight plus that of the wet concrete, calculated for
serviceability, is less than =/250 and less than 20 mm, the ponding effect may be ignored in the design of the
steel sheeting. If either of these limits is exceeded, this effect should be allowed for; for example by assuming
in design that the nominal thickness of the concrete is increased over the whole span by 0.7$.
7.3.2.2 Composite slab
In design checks for the ultimate limit state it may be assumed that the whole of the loading acts on the
composite slab, provided this assumption is also made in design for longitudinal shear.
7.3.3 Load combinations load cases
1) The loads shall be applied in whatever realistic combination is most unfavourable for the effect under
consideration
2) The load arrangements given in 2.2.5 5) should be considered.
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3) If the effects of cracking of concrete are neglected in the analysis, the bending moments at internal
supports may optionally be reduced by up to 30 %, and corresponding increases made to the sagging bending
moments in the adjacent spans.
4) A continuous slab may be designed as a series of simply supported spans. Nominal reinforcement in
accordance with 7.6.2.1 should be provided over intermediate supports.
5) Plastic analysis without any direct check on rotation capacity may be used for the ultimate limit state if
reinforcing steel of class H in accordance with clause 3.2.2 of EC2 is used and the span is less than 3.0 m.
7.4.2.2 Effective width for concentrated point and line loads
1) Where concentrated point or line loads parallel to the span of the slab are to be supported by the slab, they
may be considered to be distributed over a width bm, measured immediately above the ribs of the sheeting,
as shown in Figure 7.5 and given by:
bm = bp + 2(hc + hf) (7.1)
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
where: bp is the width of the concentrated load, perpendicular to the span of the slab;
hc is the thickness of the slab above the ribs of the profiled sheeting and
hf is the thickness of the finishes, if any.
2) For concentrated line loads perpendicular to the span of the slab, the preceding formula for bm may be
used, with bp taken as the length of the concentrated line load.
3) The width of the slab considered to be effective for global analysis and for resistance should not exceed the
following:
a) for bending and longitudinal shear:
for simple spans and exterior spans of continuous slabs
bem = bm + 2Lp[1 (Lp/L)] k slab width (7.2)
where: Lp is the distance from the centre of the load to the nearest support;
L is the span length.
4) To ensure the distribution of line or point loads over the width considered to be effective, transverse
reinforcement shall be placed on or above the sheeting. This transverse reinforcement shall be designed in
accordance with Eurocode 2 for the transverse bending moments.
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5) If the characteristic imposed loads do not exceed the following values, a nominal transverse reinforcement
may be used without calculation:
concentrated load: 7.5 kN
distributed load: 5.0 kN/m2.
This nominal transverse reinforcement should have a cross-sectional area of not less than 0.2 % of the area
of structural concrete above the ribs, and should extend over a width of not less than bem as calculated in this
clause. Minimum anchorage lengths should be provided beyond this width in accordance with clause 5.2.3.4
of EC2. Reinforcement provided for other purposes may fulfil all or part of this rule.
6) In the absence of such reinforcement, effective widths for both shear and moment calculations are limited
to bm.
Verification of the profiled steel sheeting for the ultimate limit state shall be in accordance with Part 1.3
of Eurocode 3. Due consideration shall be given to the effect of embossments or indentations on the design
resistances.
7.5.2 Serviceability limit state
1) Section properties shall be determined in accordance with Part 1.3 of Eurocode 3.
2) The deflection of the sheeting under its own weight plus the weight of wet concrete, but excluding the
construction load, should not exceed
L/180 or 20 mm
where L is the effective span between supports (props being supports in this context).
3) These limits may be varied where:
greater detection will not impair the strength or efficiency of the floor; and
the additional weight of concrete due to ponding is taken into account in the design of the floor and
supporting structure.
4) Where soffit deflection is considered important (e.g. for service requirements or aesthetics) it may be
necessary to reduce these limits.
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1) The bending resistance Mp.Rd of any cross section shall be determined by plastic theory in accordance
with 4.4.1.2 but with the design yield strength of the steel member (sheeting) taken as fyp/*ap.
In hogging bending the contribution of the steel sheeting shall only be taken into account when the sheet
is continuous.
2) For the effective area of the steel sheeting the width of embossments and indentations in the sheet should
be neglected, unless it is shown by tests that a larger area is effective.
3) The effect of local buckling of compressed parts of the sheeting should be taken into account by using
effective widths not exceeding twice the values given in Table 4.2 for Class I steel webs.
4) The sagging bending resistance of a composite slab with the neutral axis above the sheeting may be
calculated as follows:
Mp.Rd = Ncf (dp 0.5 x) (7.5a)
where Ncf is Ap fyp/*ap;
Ap is the effective area of the steel sheet in tension according to paragraph 2);
dp is the distance from the top of the slab to the centroid of the effective area of the steel sheet;
x is the depth of the stress block for the concrete, given by
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5) The sagging bending resistance of a composite slab with the neutral axis in the sheeting may be calculated
from Figure 7.8 or for simplification as follows (concrete in the ribs neglected):
Mp.Rd = Ncf z + Mpr (7.5b)
where:
Mpr is the reduced plastic resistance moment of the sheeting, given by:
and: Mpa is the design plastic resistance moment of the effective cross-section of the sheeting;
ht is the total depth of the slab:
e is the distance from the centroid of the effective area of the steel sheet to its underside;
ep is the distance of the plastic neutral axis of the effective area of the sheeting to its underside
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2) The maximum design vertical shear V for a width of slab b should not exceed the design shear resistance
V=.Rd determined from the following semi-empirical relation:
V=.Rd = bdp[(m Ap/bLs) + k)]/*s (7.6)
4) Where the composite slab is designed as continuous, it is permitted to use an equivalent simple span
between points of contraflexure for the determination of shear resistance. For end spans, however, the full
exterior span length should be used in design.
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6) For external spans, end slip can have a significant effect on deflection. For non-ductile behaviour, initial
end slip and failure may be coincident [Figure 7.12 a)], while for semi-ductile behaviour, end slip may also
affect the deflection [see Figure 7.12 b)]. Results of tests carried out on composite slabs and approved by the
relevant authority should be consulted to establish the serviceability behaviour for external spans.
7) Where test behaviour indicates initial slip at the desired service load level for the non-anchored slab, end
anchorage should be used in external spans.
8) If the influence of the shear connection between the sheeting and the concrete is not known from
experimental verification for a composite floor with end anchorage, the design should be simplified to an
arch with a tensile bar. From that scheme the lengthening and shortening gives the deflection that should
be taken into account.
9) Generally no account need be taken of end slip if the initial slip load in the tests (defined as the load
causing an end slip of 0.5 mm) exceeds 12 times the desired service load.
10) Where end slip exceeding 0.5 mm occurs at a load below 1.2 times the design service load, then end
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
anchors should be provided. Alternatively, deflections should be calculated including the effect of end slip
(which should be carried out by consulting approved test information), or the design service load should be
reduced so that initial end slip occurs at not less than 1.2 times the new service load.
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8.2 Actions
1) Attention shall be given to the local effects of heavy concentrated loads applied above or adjacent to joints
between precast elements.
2) The following loads shall be taken into account in calculations for precast elements as permanent
formwork:
weight of insitu concrete and precast elements;
construction loads, including local heaping of concrete during construction, and storage load, if any;
ponding effect (increased depth of insitu concrete due to deflection of the precast elements).
[ENV Note: Until sufficient information is given in Eurocode 1, the rules given in the following paragraph
are provided.]
3) Clauses 7.3.2.1 2) and 7.3.2.1 4) are applicable to precast elements acting as permanent formwork. The
minimum loads given in 7.3.2.1 2) are not necessarily sufficient for excessive impact or heaping of concrete,
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
or pipeline or pumping loads. If appropriate, provision should be made in design for the additional loading.
4) In the design of the composite member, reduced values for shrinkage and creep of the precast concrete may
be used, by considering its age when composite action is first established.
8.4.3 Interfaces
Interfaces between insitu concrete and precast elements used as permanent formwork should be detailed and
constructed in accordance with clause [2.5.3.8] of EC2 Part 1B, to enable the completed floor to be
considered as monolithic in design.
1) The shear connection and the transverse reinforcement shall be designed in accordance with 8.4.3 and
the relevant clauses in Chapter 6.
2) If shear connectors welded to the steel beam project into recesses within slabs or joints between slabs,
which are filled with concrete or mortar after erection, the detailing shall be such that the infill can be fully
compacted.
3) In the absence of relevant experience, the minimum thickness of infill around each shear connector should
be at least 25 mm.
4) If shear connectors are arranged in groups, sufficient reinforcement should be provided near each group
to prevent premature local failure in either the precast or the insitu concrete. In the absence of relevant
experience, the resistance of a proposed shear connection should be checked by tests in accordance with
Chapter 10.
5) Where a joint between precast elements is parallel to and above the steel beam, continuous transverse
reinforcement need not be provided for horizontal shear if the recommendations of 6.4.1.3 and 6.6 are
followed for each of the two slabs independently.
9 Execution
9.1 General
1) This chapter specifies the minimum standards of workmanship required during execution to ensure that
the design assumptions of this Eurocode are satisfied and hence that the intended level of safety can be
attained.
2) This chapter gives specific recommendations related to the design of composite structures. In addition,
the relevant clauses of appropriate Parts of Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 3 are applicable to composite
structures.
3) This chapter is neither intended, nor extensive enough, for a contract document.
4) This chapter defines what is to be provided, irrespective of the persons, according to the national
practice, who will have the responsibility for providing it.
[ENV Note: It is assumed that all matters not related to design but to responsibility or other
requirements to the contractor will be found in Reference Standards or other Documents].
2) These shall include instructions for control measurements in the different phases construction, if
appropriate.
3) The speed and sequence of concreting should be required to be such that partly matured concrete is not
damaged as a result of limited composite action occurring from deformation of the steel beams under
subsequent concreting operations.
9.3 Stability
1) The stability of the steelwork shall be ensured during construction, particularly before the development
of composite action.
2) It shall not be assumed that permanent or temporary formwork provides restraint to steel members
susceptible to buckling unless it has been demonstrated that the formwork and its fixings are capable of
transferring sufficient restraining forces from the supports to the steel member.
during laying to keep them in position and to provide a safe working platform;
to ensure connection between adjacent sheets and between the sheets and supporting beams;
to transmit horizontal forces and shear, where necessary.
2) The spacing of the fasteners should be not greater than 500 mm at the ends of the sheets. At side laps, the
sheets should be fastened to each other, as necessary, to control differential deflection. The design of the
fixing should be in accordance with the relevant clauses of Part 1.3 of EC3.
9.4.4.2 Cleaning of shear prior to concreting
All oil, dirt and deleterious matter shall be removed from the upper surface of the sheeting, but any
greasiness remaining on the sheets from the forming process need not be removed.
9.4.4.3 Loads
The values of the construction and storage loads assumed in design of the sheeting shall be clearly shown
on the relevant site plans. Those responsible for controlling work on site shall not allow these loads to be
exceeded.
9.4.4.4 Stud connectors welded through profiled sheeting
Stud connectors may be welded through the sheet to the supporting beams under the following conditions:
a) Clause 9.4.3.1 should be followed.
b) Any paint on the steel beam near the weld should be removed.
c) When the sheet is ungalvanised, the gross thickness should not exceed 1.5 mm and any corrosion
should be minimal.
d) The overall thickness of a galvanised sheet should not exceed 1.25 mm and galvanising should not
exceed 30 microns on each face of the sheet.
e) Wet conditions at the time of welding should be avoided.
f) Before welding, the sheet should be in close contact with the steel.
g) Stud connectors should not be welded through more than one thickness of sheet.
[ENV Note: The above conditions are provisional until the relevant Reference Standard is available.]
9.4.4.5 End anchorages
The fabrication of end anchorages by deformation of profiled sheeting on site shall comply with the
conditions laid down in 7.1.2.2.
dimensions.
4) If structural properties, to be determined by testing, are influenced by cracking of concrete, the
evaluation shall account for the considerable variation in the tensile strength of concrete. In this case, the
influence of shrinkage and temperature differences on cracking shall be considered.
5) If the actual structure is subjected to long term loading, the effects of creep of concrete and progressive
slip at the interface shall be evaluated.
cracking off of the concrete rib or tension shear failure, occurring after
very large deformations of the shear connector, due to plastic hinges.
3) Specific push tests should be carried out on test specimens generally as shown in Figure 10.3.
The slabs and the reinforcement should be suitably dimensioned in comparison with the beams for which
the test is designed. In particular:
a) the length = of each slab should be related to the longitudinal spacing of the connectors in the
composite structure;
b) the width b of each slab should not exceed the effective width of the slab of the beam;
c) the thickness h of each slab should not exceed the minimum thickness of the slab in the beam;
d) where a haunch in the beam does not comply with 6.4.1.4, the slabs of the push specimen should have
the same haunch and reinforcement as the beam;
e) the recess in the concrete slabs, shown in Figure 10.3, is optional.
2) If the deviation from the mean exceeds 10 %, at least three more tests of the same kind should be made.
The test evaluation should then be carried out in accordance with Annex Z of EC3.
3) Where the connector is composed of two separate elements, one to resist longitudinal shear and the other
to resist forces tending to separate the slab from the steel beam, the ties which resist separation shall be
sufficiently stiff and strong so that separation in push tests, measured when the connectors are subjected
to 80 per cent of their ultimate load, is less than half of the longitudinal movement of the slab relative to the
beam.
4) The slip capacity of a specimen should be taken as the maximum slip measured at the characteristic load
level, as shown in Figure 10.4.
The characteristic slip capacity $uk should be taken as the minimum test value of $u reduced by or
determined by statistical evaluation from all the test results. In the latter case, the characteristic slip
capacity should be taken as the 5 % fractile with a confidence level of 75 %.
for concrete with specified strength fck not less than 0.8fcm, where fcm is the mean value of the concrete
strength in the tests,
for steel sheeting having a yield strength fyp not less than 0.8fym, where fym is the mean value of the yield
strength in the tests.
4) From these tests the failure load, the mode of failure and the load/deflection and load/slip performances
are obtained.
5) The mode of failure will be one of the three described in 7.6.1.1. However, as the object is to determine
the resistance to longitudinal shear, test results shall lie in the region III of Figure 10.5. Failure in
longitudinal shear is indicated by relative movement (end slip) between the sheeting and the concrete at
the ends of the test specimen, at a load lower than the flexural bending strength.
The absence of end slip indicates complete shear connection and the failure is to be considered as flexural
in this case.
The length Ls is as defined in this Section 10.3; the other symbols are as in 7.6.1.2 and 7.6.1.3.
3) Two equal concentrated line loads, placed symmetrically at L/4 and 3L/4 on the span, should be applied
to the specimen.
4) The distance between the centre line of the supports and the end of the slab shall not exceed 100 mm.
5) The width of the bearing plates and the line loads shall not exceed 100 mm.
6) When the tests are used to determine m and k factors, for each variable to be investigated two groups of
three tests (indicated in Figure 10.7 by regions A and B) or three groups of two tests should be performed.
For specimens in region A, the shear span should be as long as possible while still providing failure in
longitudinal shear.
For specimens in region B, the shear span should be as short as possible while still providing failure in
longitudinal shear, but not less than 3ht in length.
7) When the tests are used to determine Eu.Rd for the partial connection method (Annex E), for each type of
steel sheet or coating not less than six tests should be carried out on specimens without additional
reinforcement or end anchorage. The test specimens should be chosen so that the test information may be
considered as representative for the whole range of degree of shear connection () k 1.0). The span and the
slab thickness should be varied such that at least three tests have a value of ) between 0.7 and 1.0.
When sufficient preknowledge from former tests is available to prove that the behaviour is ductile, the test
series may be reduced to the three tests having a value of ) between 0.7 and 1.0.
The influence of the sheet thickness may be determined by testing three additional specimens, for each
thickness to be investigated, such that one test has a shear span length Ls equal to 3ht to check ductility, and
the other two tests have a value of ) between 0.7 and 1.0.
8) When the partial connection method is used to determine the contribution of end anchorage, three
additional tests should be carried out, one with Ls = 3ht and the other two such that ) has values between 0.7
and 1.0.
9) When the partial connection method is used to account for the contribution of reinforcement the validity
of the method should be proved by three additional tests, one with Ls = 3ht and the other two such that ) has
values between 0.7 and 1.0.
4) The design relationship shall be taken as the characteristic line determined with an appropriate
statistical model.
5) If two groups of three tests are used and the deviation of any individual test result in a group from the
mean of the group does not exceed 10 %, the design relationship may determined in accordance with Annex Z
of EC3 or as follows:
From each group the characteristic value is deemed to be the one obtained by taking the minimum value of
the group reduced by . The design relationship is formed by the straight line through these
characteristic values for groups A and B.
10.3.2 Specific tests
10.3.2.1 General
1) Specific tests are a series of full-scale tests on a representative element of a particular proposed floor
assembly, as constructed on site, using actual loading or a close approximation to it. The purpose of such a
test is to provide design information.
2) From these tests the failure load, the mode of failure and the load/deflection and load/slip performances
are obtained. The mode of failure will be one of the three described in 7.6.1.1.
3) The results obtained shall be applied only to structures where the span, profiled steel sheeting and
concrete thickness are as tested.
4) The information included in the report for each slab tested shall be in accordance with Annex F.
Annex A (normative)
Reference documents
A.1 Scope
1) This Annex gives a list of existing or anticipated documents which are recognized as usefully
supplementing Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4.
2) This list should not be considered to be exhaustive, because many such documents in turn refer to further
documents.
[Note: For use of this annex, reference should also be made to the Foreword and to 1.1.2 3).]
A.2 Standards on materials and products associated with Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4
The following standards, mentioned in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 2, Eurocode 3 or Eurocode 4 should be
considered, at least partially, as defining Application Rules complementary to this Eurocode.
A.2.1 Standards mentioned in EC2
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DP 9690 (in preparation) classifying physical and chemical environments in relation with the
durability of concrete structures
ENV 206 (1989/02), Concrete Performance, Production, Placing and Compliance Criteria
EN 10080 (in preparation) on reinforcing steels.
A.2.2 Standards mentioned in EC3
Refer to Annex B of EC3: clauses B.2.1 to B.2.6.
A.2.3 Other standards mentioned in EC4
No other standard is mentioned in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4.
[ENV Note: It is considered that non-standardized types of shear connectors should be defined by technical
approvals issued by national or local relevant authorities or bodies, as far as they are not yet defined by
European technical approvals.]
A.3 Reference documents for execution
Partial guidance may be found in the documents mentioned in Annex B of EC3, clauses B.2.7 and B.2.8.
[ENV Note: It is considered that there should be European or International Standards for the aspects of
execution particular for composite structures, for example for welding of shear connectors.]
A.4 General standards
1) Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 generally is in accordance with the two following standards:
ISO 3898 (2nd edition 1987/12/15). Bases for design of structures Notations General symbols.
ISO 8930 (1st edition 1987/0/0). General principles on reliability of structures List of equivalent
terms.
2) When symbols or terms supplementing those used in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 are necessary in designs, it is
recommended for the sake of easy understanding that they should be chosen to avoid any discrepancy with
these two standards. ISO 8930 should also be strictly followed for translating this Eurocode.
Annex B (normative)
Lateral-torsional buckling
This Annex is for use with clause 4.6.3.
B.1 Methods based on a continuous inverted-U frame model
B.1.1 Simplified method for calculation of slenderness ratio
1) For uncased beams that satisfy the conditions of B.1.2 1) and have a double symmetrical steel section, the
slenderness ratio LT for a Class 1 or Class 2 cross-section may conservatively be taken as
where fy is the yield strength of the structural steel, and the other symbols are defined in B.1.2 or
Figure B.1.
2) For a cross-section in Class 3 or Class 4, the value given in 1) should be multiplied by (Mel/Mp=), in
accordance with 4.6.3 3).
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where
L is the length of the beam between points at which the bottom flange of the steel member is laterally
restrained,
C4 is a property of the distribution of bending moment within length L given in Table B.1 to
Table B.3. Where the bending moments at the supports are unequal, C4 relates to the support with
the larger hogging moment. The bending moment Mo in Table B.1 and Table B.3 is the mid-length
moment on a simply supported span of length L.
5) The properties of the effective cross-section in the hogging moment region are as follows:
kc is a factor given in clause B.1.3 or B.1.4;
Ea and G are respectively the modulus of elasticity and the shear modulus for steel, given in 3.3.3;
A is the area of the equivalent composite section, as defined in 4.2.3 1), neglecting concrete in
tension;
Iy is the second moment of area for major-axis bending of the composite section of area A;
Aa is the area of the structural steel section;
Iay and Iaz are second moments of area of the structural steel section about its centre of area, C;
ix2 = (Iay + Iaz)/Aa;
Iafz is the second moment of area of the bottom flange about the minor axis of the steel member;
Iat is the St. Venant torsion constant of the steel section;
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k1 is the flexural stiffness of the cracked concrete or composite slab in the direction transverse to the
steel beam, which may be taken as
k1 = 4EaI2/a
for a slab continuous across the steel beam and
k1 = 2EaI2/a
for a simply supported or cantilever slab;
C4
Loading and support conditions Bending moment diagram
? = 0.50 ? = 0.75 ? = 1.00 ? = 1.25 ? = 1.50 ? = 1.75 ? = 2.00 ? = 2.25 ? = 2.50
ENV 1994-1-1:1992
117
ENV 1994-1-1:1992
Table B.3 Values of factor C4 at end supports, for spans with a cantilever extension
Loading and support C4
Bending moment diagram Lc/L
conditions ? = 0.00 ? = 0.50 ? = 0.75 ? = 1.00
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EaI2 is the cracked flexural stiffness per unit width of the concrete or composite slab, as defined
in 4.2.3 2);
and I2 should be taken as the lower of:
the value at midspan, for sagging bending, and
the value at an internal support, for hogging bending;
k2 is the flexural stiffness of the steel web, to be taken as
6) Except where specific account is taken of the influence of inverted-U frame action on the resistance of the
shear connection, the longitudinal spacing of studs or rows of studs, s, should be such that
7) The longitudinal spacing of connectors other than studs should be such that the resistance of the
connection to transverse bending is not less than that required when studs are used.
B.1.3 Double symmetrical steel sections
Where the cross section of the steel member is symmetrical about both axes, the factor kc in B.1.2 is given by:
where
zc is the distance between the centre of area of the steel member and mid-depth of the slab,
where
zf = hsIafz/Iaz
Annex C (normative)
Simplified calculation method for resistance of doubly symmetric composite
cross sections in combined compression and bending
C.1 Scope and assumptions
1) This method is applicable to design in accordance with 4.8 of columns with cross sections that are
symmetrical about both principal axes and consist of any arrangement of structural steel, concrete, and
reinforcing bars. Examples are shown in Figure 4.9.
2) The resistance of cross sections to any combination of axial force N and bending moment M about a
principal axis is represented by a curve. This Annex gives methods for the calculation of the compressive
resistances which define the five points A, B, C, D and E on the curve shown in Figure C.1. The interaction
curve may be replaced by the polygonal diagram AECDB through these points.
3) Plastic analysis is used, with rectangular stress blocks for structural steel, reinforcement, and concrete in
accordance with 4.8.3.3 and 4.8.3.11.
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where Rc is the compressive resistance of the whole area of concrete, which is easily calculated.
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where
Wpa, Wps and Wpc are the plastic section moduli for the structural steel, the reinforcement, and the concrete
part of the section (for the calculation of Wpc the concrete is assumed to be uncracked), and
fyd, fsd and fcd are the design strengths for the structural steel, the reinforcement and the concrete:
fyd = fy/*Ma
fsd = fsk/*s
fcd = fck/*c for concrete filled sections and
fcd = 0.85 fck/*c for other sections.
3) The bending resistance at point B is
Mpl.Rd = Mmax.Rd Mn.Rd (C.6)
with
Mn.Rd = Wpanfyd + Wpsnfsd + Wpcnfcd/2 (C.7)
where Wpan, Wpsn and Wpcn are the plastic section moduli for the structural steel, the reinforcement and the
concrete parts of the section within region (2) of Figure C.2.
4) Equations for the plastic section moduli of some cross sections are given in C.6.
2) The value of the plastic section modulus of the total reinforcement is given by
(C.9)
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where ei are the distances of the reinforcement bars of area Asi to the relevant middle line (y-axis or z-axis).
3) The equations for the position of the neutral axis hn are given for selected positions in the cross sections.
The resulting value hn should lie within the limits of the assumed region.
4) An additional point E may be found by placing the neutral axis at a significant line between line CC and
the border of the section [region (3) in Figure C.2] and determining the resulting normal force and bending
moment.
C.6.2 Major axis bending of encased I-sections
1) The plastic section modulus of the structural steel may be taken from tables or be calculated from:
(C.10)
and
(C.11)
2) For the different positions of the neutral axes, hn and Wpan are given by:
a) neutral axis in the web: hn k h/2 tf
(C.12)
where Asn is the sum of the area of reinforcing bars within the region of depth 2hn;
b) neutral axis in the flange: h/2 tf < hn < h/2
(C.14)
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(C.15)
3) The plastic modulus of the concrete in the region of depth 2hn then results from
Wpcn = bchn2 Wpan Wpsn (C.18)
with (C.19)
where Asni are the areas of reinforcing bars within the region of depth 2hn and ezi are the distances from the
middle line.
C.6.3 Minor axis bending of encased I-sections
1) The notation is given in Figure C.3.
2) The plastic section modulus of the structural steel may be taken from tables or be calculated from:
(C.20)
and
(C.21)
3) For the different positions of the neutral axes, hn and Wpan are given by:
a) neutral axis in the web: hn k tw/2
(C.22)
(C.24)
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(C.25)
(C.26)
Figure C.5 Concrete filled circular and rectangular hollow sections with notation
1) The following equations are derived for rectangular hollow sections with bending about the y-axis of the
section (see Figure C.5). For bending about the z-axis the dimensions h and b are to be exchanged as well as
the subscripts z and y. The equations C.30 to C.35 may be used for circular hollow sections with good
approximation by substituting h = b = d and r = d/2 t.
(C.30)
(C.31)
(C.32)
where AsE is the sum of the areas of reinforcement lying in the additionally compressed region between hE
and hn.
5) The plastic section moduli are calculated by using equations C.33 and C.34, substituting hn by hE.
Equation C.6 then leads to the moment ME.Rd.
Annex D (normative)
Design of composite columns with mono-symmetrical cross sections
simplified method
D.1 General
For the design of composite columns with mono-symmetrical cross sections all rules of 4.8.3 should be
observed, except those referring only to doubly symmetrical sections and/or biaxial bending. The following
application rules should be observed additionally for the non-symmetrical plane of bending.
D.2 Scope
1) The elastic centre of area of the uncracked composite cross section should be determined using the elastic
stiffnesses with the secant modulus of elasticity for concrete according to 3.1.4.1.
2) The amount of non-symmetry, determined by the distance between the axis through the centre of area and
the middle line of the cross section (Figure D.1), should not exceed h/10, where h is the overall depth of the
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Figure D.2 Example for the two interaction curves for a mono-symmetrical cross
section related to the same bending resistance Mp=.y+.Rd
Annex E (normative)
Partial shear connection method for composite slabs
E.1 Scope
1) In this annex the partial shear connection method is given which is allowed in 7.6.1.3 1) as an alternative
to the m-k method.
2) The partial shear connection method should be used only for composite slabs with a ductile behaviour as
defined in 10.3.1.5 1).
3) The partial shear connection method may be used to account for contributions from end anchorage and
additional reinforcement, provided that it is proved by the additional tests specified in 10.3.1.2 8) and 9)
that the method is valid.
E.2 Determination of Eu.Rd
1) The horizontal shear strength at the steel-concrete interface shall be determined by means of tests in
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Mp.Rm and Ncf should be determined according to 7.6.1.2 4) or 5) as appropriate, but using measured values
of dimensions and strengths instead of design values. The relation between M and Nc may be calculated as
follows:
M = Ncz + Mpr
where
and other symbols are as defined in 7.6.1.2, except that in the equation for Mpr, Ncf is replaced by Nc.
3) From the maximum applied loads, the bending moment M at the cross-section under the point load due
to the applied load, dead weight of the slab and spreader beams should be determined. The
path A F B F C in Figure E.1 then gives a value ) for each test, and a value Eu from:
should be determined (Figure E.2). In this diagram the bending resistance MRd of a cross-section at a
distance Lx from the nearer support is plotted against Lx. The length Lsf is given by:
For Lx U Lsf the shear connection is full, so the bending resistance (flexural failure) is critical.
For Lx < Lsf the shear connection is partial, so the longitudinal shear resistance is critical.
3) At any cross-section the design bending moment MSd should not exceed the design resistance MRd.
The verification procedure is illustrated in Figure E.3 for two slabs with different types of loading and span.
Figure E.4 Design partial interaction diagram for a slab with end anchorage
where Np = b Lx Eu.Rd
Nas = As fsk/*s
z2 = ds 0.5 x
As is the area of fully-anchored bottom reinforcement within width b, and other symbols are as in 7.6.1.2 5).
2) The validity of the partial connection method for composite slabs with additional reinforcement should
be proved by three additional tests as specified in 10.3.1.2 9).
3) For each test the theoretical maximum moment should be calculated as given in 1) above, with the
following modifications:
use of measured dimensions and strengths;
Np = b (Ls + Lo) Eum
where Eum is the mean value of Eu determined by the tests with the same sheeting but without additional
reinforcement.
4) The partial connection method is deemed to be valid if no bending resistance obtained from the tests is
more than lower than the theoretical value calculated according to 3) above.
Annex F (informative)
Checklists of the information required in test reports
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For specimens with ribbed slabs and profiled steel sheeting the following additional information is required:
geometrical properties of the steel sheet;
mechanical properties of the steel sheet.
F.1.3 Testing
1) Testing arrangement:
description of the testing assembly and position of load;
description of the concrete base conditions.
2) Test loading procedure:
frequency, number of cycles and value of the dynamic loading;
loading increment.
3) Description of instrumentation:
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applied load;
slip measurement;
measurement of transverse separation between the steel member and the slabs.
F.1.4 Results
1) Load-slip curve with the characterization of:
ultimate load
ultimate deformation
load at first observable crack.
2) Transverse separation between the steel member and the slabs.
3) Additional information on test:
identification of the failure mode;
any significant event.
F.2 Testing of composite slabs
F.2.1 Scope
In this section the information is listed which normally should be included in reports of tests on composite
slabs in accordance with Section 10.3.
F.2.2 Test specimens
1) Specimen description (nominal):
shape and cross-section geometry of the steel sheet;
dimensional tolerances agreed by the manufacturer;
guaranteed yield point (or specified yield point of the steel sheet).
2) Specimen preparation:
surface condition of the steel deck (steel surface coating and condition),
propping during casting and curing;
curing time concrete curing procedure.
3) Specimen properties (measured):
cross-section geometry of the profiled steel sheet, including the spacing and dimensions of the shear
transfer devices (embossment or indentation);
position and dimensions of the mesh reinforcement;
geometrical dimensions of the composite slabs (height, width and length);
mechanical properties of the profiled steel sheet (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation);
details of the composition of the concrete mix (grading and type of aggregate, type of cement,
water/cement ratio);
mechanical properties of the concrete at the date of testing: cylinder or cube strength and tensile
strength.
F.2.3 Testing
1) Testing arrangement:
description of the testing assembly;
position of loads;
width of the load application;
shear span;
span length;
crack inducers;
overhang.
2) Test loading procedure:
spreader beams weight;
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BSI 05-2000
DD ENV
1994-1-1:1994
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