MC LC

LI GII THIU ......................................................................................................................... 6

Chng 1: NG HA HC ..................................................................................................... 7
1.1. ng hc hnh thc ............................................................................................................ 7
1.1.1. Cc khi nim c bn .................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1.1. Tc phn ng ..................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1.2. Phng trnh ng hc phn ng ........................................................................... 7
1.1.1.3. Hng s tc , bc phn ng, phn t s .............................................................. 8
1.1.2. ng hc cc phn ng n gin mt chiu ................................................................. 9
1.1.2.1. Phn ng bc 1. ...................................................................................................... 9
1.1.2.2. Phn ng bc 2 ..................................................................................................... 10
1.1.2.3. Phn ng bc 3 ..................................................................................................... 11
1.1.2.4. Phn ng bc 0 ..................................................................................................... 13
1.1.2.5. Phn ng bc n ..................................................................................................... 14
1.1.3. ng hc cc phn ng phc tp ................................................................................ 14
1.1.3.1. Phn ng thun nghch ......................................................................................... 14
1.1.3.2. Phn ng song song.............................................................................................. 16
1.1.3.3. Phn ng ni tip.................................................................................................. 18
1.1.4. Cc phng php xc nh bc phn ng ................................................................... 19
1.1.4.1. Phng php th ................................................................................................... 19
1.1.4.2. Phng php th .............................................................................................. 20
1.1.4.3. Phng php chu k bn hy ............................................................................... 20
1.1.4.4. Phng php c lp (phng php d) ................................................................ 22
1.1.5. Cc phng php xc nh tc phn ng ............................................................... 22
1.1.5.1. Xc nh tc phn ng theo ng cong ng hc (phng php tnh) ......... 22
1.1.5.2. Xc nh tc phn ng theo phng php dng.............................................. 23
1.1.5.3. Xc nh tc phn ng theo phng php phun.............................................. 23
1.1.5.4. Xc nh tc phn ng theo phng php phc hi cn bng ........................ 24
1.1.6. C ch phn ng v thit lp phng trnh ng hc phn ng theo phng php
nng n nh ..................................................................................................................... 24
1.2. L thuyt ng ha hc .................................................................................................... 26
1.2.1. nh hng ca nhit ti tc phn ng .............................................................. 26
1.2.1.1. Quy tc thc nghim Vant-Hoff ......................................................................... 26
1.2.1.2. nh lut Arrhenuis .............................................................................................. 27
1.2.2. Nng lng hot ho ca phn ng ............................................................................. 27
1.2.2.1. nh ngha nng lng hot ha phn ng. ngha ca nng lng hot ha ... 27
1.2.2.2. Cc phng php xc nh nng lng hot ha ................................................. 28
1.2.2.3. Nng lng hot ha thc v biu kin................................................................ 29
1.2.3.Thuyt va chm hot ng & thuy t phc ch t hoa t ng........................................... 30
1.2.3.1. Thuyt va chm hot ng ................................................................................... 30
1.2.3.2. Thuyt phc cht hot ng ................................................................................. 30
1.3. Phn ng quang ha v phn ng dy chuyn .............................................................. 31
1.3.1. Phn ng quang ha .................................................................................................... 31
1.3.1.1. nh ngha phn ng quang ha .......................................................................... 31
1.3.1.2. Cc giai on ca phn ng quang ha ................................................................ 31
1.3.1.3. Cc nh lut quang ha ....................................................................................... 32
1.3.1.4. ng dng ca cc phn ng quang ha ............................................................... 32
1.3.2. Phn ng dy chuyn .................................................................................................. 33
1.3.2.1. nh ngha v c im phn ng dy chuyn .................................................... 33
1.3.2.2. C ch phn ng dy chuyn ............................................................................... 33
1.3.2.3. Phn loi phn ng dy chuyn: khng phn nhnh v phn nhnh.................... 33

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 1.3.2.4. c trng n ca phn ng dy chuyn ............................................................... 34
1.4. ng hc cc qu trnh d th ......................................................................................... 35
1.4.1. M u v qu trnh d th .......................................................................................... 35
1.4.1.1. Tnh cht nhiu giai on trong qu trnh d th .................................................. 35
1.4.1.2. Khi nim v min ng hc, min khuch tn v min qu .......................... 35
1.4.2. Khuch tn trong qu trnh d th ................................................................................ 35
1.4.2.1. Cc nh lut v khuch tn ................................................................................. 35
1.4.2.2. Khi nim khuch tn ngoi, khuch tn trong .................................................... 36
1.4.2.3. Quan h gia tr lc khuch tn v tr lc phn ng .......................................... 37
1.4.3. c im ca min ng hc v min khuch tn ...................................................... 38
1.4.3.1. c im ca min ng hc ............................................................................... 38
1.4.3.2. c im ca min khuch tn ............................................................................ 38
1.4.4. nh hng ca nhit ti s chuyn min trong phn ng d th ........................... 39
1.4.4.1. nh hng ca nhit ti s chuyn min........................................................ 39
1.4.4.2. Quan h gia nng lng hot ha thc v nng lng hot ha biu kin trong
qu trnh d th................................................................................................................... 39
1.5. Xc tc ............................................................................................................................... 40
1.5.1. i cng v xc tc ................................................................................................... 40
1.5.1.1. nh ngha xc tc, phn loi ............................................................................... 40
1.5.1.2. Cc c im c bn ca xc tc ......................................................................... 40
1.5.1.3. M t s qu trnh xc tc cng nghip quan trng ................................................ 40
1.5.2. Xc tc ng th.......................................................................................................... 40
1.5.2.1.C ch phn ng v hp cht trung gian hoa t ng trong xc tc ng th ......... 40
1.5.2.2. ng hc ca phn ng xc tc ng th ............................................................ 41
1.5.2.3. Xc tc axit-baz.................................................................................................. 42
1.5.2.4. Xc tc phc ca cc kim loi chuyn tip .......................................................... 43
1.5.3. Xc tc d th............................................................................................................... 43
1.5.3.1. Khi nim v xc tc d th .................................................................................. 43
1.5.3.2. Cc giai on ca phn ng xc tc d th ........................................................... 44
1.5.3.3. Vai tr ca hp ph i vi xc tc d th............................................................ 44
1.5.3.4. ng hc ca phn ng xc tc d th ................................................................. 44
1.5.3.5. Cc thuyt v xc tc d th ................................................................................. 45
1.5.4. Xc tc men ................................................................................................................. 47
1.5.4.1. i cng v xc tc men .................................................................................... 47
1.5.4.2. ng hc ca phn ng xc tc men ................................................................... 48
1.5.4.3. Cc yu t nh hng ti tc phn ng xc tc men. ..................................... 49
Chng 2: IN HA HC ..................................................................................................... 50
2.1. Dung dch v s in li ..................................................................................................... 50
2.1.1. S in li ..................................................................................................................... 50
2.1.1.1. Cht in li v nguyn nhn ca s in li .......................................................... 50
2.1.1.2. Cc i lng c trng cho s in li................................................................. 50
2.1.1.3. Phn loi dung dch cht in li ........................................................................... 51
2.1.1.4. Tnh cht nng ca dung dch cc cht in li ................................................ 51
2.1.1.5. Hot v h s hot trung bnh ca cht in li mnh ................................. 52
2.1.2. L thuyt v tng tc ion. Cn bng ion ................................................................... 53
2.1.2.1. L thuyt v tng tc ion ................................................................................... 53
2.1.2.2. Cn bng ion......................................................................................................... 53
2.1.3. S dn in ca dung dch cc cht in li ................................................................. 54
2.1.3.1. Dy dn in loi 1 v loi 2 ................................................................................ 54
2.1.3.2. dn in ca dung dch cc cht in li .......................................................... 54
2.1.3.3. S vn chuyn ca ion trong in trng ............................................................ 55
2.1.3.4. Cc yu t nh hng n dn in ................................................................ 56

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 2.1.3.5. ng dng ca phng php o dn in ........................................................ 57
2.1.3.6. S vn chuyn ...................................................................................................... 58
2.2. in cc v pin ................................................................................................................. 59
2.2.1. i cng v cn bng in ha ................................................................................. 59
2.2.1.1. Khi nim v in cc .......................................................................................... 59
2.2.1.2. S hnh thnh lp in tch kp. Th in ha v th Galvani. ........................... 60
2.2.2. Th in cc ................................................................................................................ 61
2.2.2.1. Khi nim th in cc......................................................................................... 61
2.2.2.2. S ph thuc th in cc vo hot . Phng trnh Nernst .............................. 61
2.2.2.3. Th in cc chun .............................................................................................. 62
2.2.3. Cc loi in cc ......................................................................................................... 62
2.2.3.1. in cc loi 1 ..................................................................................................... 62
2.2.3.2. in cc loi 2 ..................................................................................................... 63
2.2.3.3. in cc oxy ha - kh ........................................................................................ 63
2.2.4. Pin in ha ................................................................................................................. 63
2.2.4.1. Cc khi nim v pin in ha ............................................................................. 63
2.2.4.2. iu kin hnh thnh pin in ha ................................................................... 64
2.2.4.3. Sc in ng E ca pin ....................................................................................... 65
2.2.5. Phng trnh nhit ng c bn cho pin in ha....................................................... 65
2.2.5.1. Phng trnh nhit ng c bn m rng cho pin in ha. Th in ha
Guggenheim ...................................................................................................................... 65
2.2.5.2. Tiu chun t din bin v cn bng ca pin in ha......................................... 66
2.2.5.3. Mi quan h gia sc in ng E v cc i lng nhit ng ......................... 66
2.2.6. Cc ng dng ca phng php o sc in ng ..................................................... 68
2.2.6.1. Pin mu Weston ................................................................................................... 68
2.2.6.2. o pH ................................................................................................................... 68
2.2.6.3. Xc nh G, H, S ca phn ng trong pin ..................................................... 68
2.2.6.4. Chun in th ................................................................................................. 69
2.2.6.5. Xc nh h s hot trung bnh ca ion ........................................................... 69
2.2.6.6. Xc nh tch tan ca mui t tan.......................................................................... 69
2.2.7. Th khuch tn ............................................................................................................ 69
2.2.7.1. Pin nng ........................................................................................................... 69
2.2.7.2. S hnh thnh th khuch tn ............................................................................... 70
2.2.7.3. Phng trnh th khuch tn Henderson .............................................................. 71
2.2.7.4. Cch khc phc th khuch tn ............................................................................ 71
2.3. ng hc cc qu trnh in cc ..................................................................................... 71
2.3.1. Cc khi nim c bn v qu trnh in cc ............................................................... 71
2.3.1.1. Cc c im c bn ............................................................................................ 71
2.3.1.2. Quan h gia mt dng in v tc phn ng in cc ............................. 73
2.3.1.3. Mt dng anot, mt dng catot v mt dng trao i. ........................... 73
2.3.1.4. Mt dng khuch tn v mt dng ti hn ................................................. 74
2.3.2. S in phn ................................................................................................................ 74
2.3.2.1. nh ngha in phn ........................................................................................... 74
2.3.2.2. Hin tng in phn ........................................................................................... 75
2.3.2.3. in th phn hy ................................................................................................ 77
2.3.3. S phn cc ................................................................................................................. 77
2.3.3.1. nh ngha phn cc ............................................................................................ 77
2.3.3.2. Phn loi phn cc ............................................................................................... 78
2.3.4. Qu th ........................................................................................................................ 78
2.3.4.1. nh ngha qu th ............................................................................................... 78
2.3.4.2. ng cong phn cc .......................................................................................... 79
2.3.4.3. Cc loi qu th .................................................................................................... 80

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 2.3.4.4. Cc yu t nh hng n qu th. Cng thc Tafel ........................................... 81
2.3.4.5. Li v hi ca qu th .......................................................................................... 81
2.3.5. Cc ng dng ca qu trnh in cc .......................................................................... 82
2.3.5.1. Ngun in ha hc.............................................................................................. 82
2.3.5.2. in phn v tng hp in ha ........................................................................... 82
2.3.5.3. in kt ta v in luyn kim............................................................................. 82
2.3.5.4. Xy dng phng php phn tch cc ph .......................................................... 82
2.3.5.5. Nghin cu s n mn v bo v kim loi bng phng php in ha.............. 83
Chng 3: HP PH V HA KEO ....................................................................................... 84
3.1. Cc hin tng b mt ..................................................................................................... 84
3.1.1. Sc cng b mt .......................................................................................................... 84
3.1.1.1. Nng lng t do b mt ...................................................................................... 84
3.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt va cac y u t anh hng ........................................................... 84
3.1.1.3. Cc phng php o sc cng b mt ca dung dch .......................................... 86
3.1.2. Cht hot ng b mt ................................................................................................. 87
3.1.2.1. Cu to v phn loi cht hot ng b mt ......................................................... 87
3.1.2.2. Quan h gia sc cng b mt dung dch vi nng v cu to cht hot ng
b mt ................................................................................................................................ 88
3.1.2.4. Vai tr ca cht hot ng b mt i vi cc qu trnh cng ngh .................... 89
3.1.3. Hin tng thm t ................................................................................................... 90
3.1.3.1. a i cng v thm t, gc thm t .................................................................. 90
3.1.3.2. Quan h gia gc thm t v sc cng b mt ca dung dch ........................... 90
3.1.3.3. ng dng ca cc hin tng thm t ............................................................... 91
3.2. Hp ph ............................................................................................................................. 91
3.2.1. a i cng v h p phu ................................................................................................. 91
3.2.1.1. inh ngha s hp ph va ch t h p phu ............................................................... 91
3.2.1.2. Hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc ...................................................................... 91
3.2.1.3. Cu to, tnh cht, phn loi v m t s phng php iu ch cht hp ph ...... 93
3.2.1.4. Vai tr ca cht hp ph trong cng nghip......................................................... 94
3.2.2. Hp ph trn b mt rn - kh...................................................................................... 94
3.2.2.1. Phng trnh hp ph Langmuir .......................................................................... 94
3.2.2.2. Phng trnh hp ph BET .................................................................................. 94
3.2.2.3. Ngng t mao qun .............................................................................................. 95
3.2.3. Hp ph trn b mt lng kh. Phng trnh h p phu Gibbs.................................... 95
3.2.4. Hp ph trn b m t r n long ................................................................................... 95
3.2.4.1. Hp ph phn t trong dung dch ......................................................................... 95
3.2.4.2. Hp ph c bit ion trong dung dch .................................................................. 95
3.2.4.3. Hp ph trao i ion ............................................................................................. 95
3.3. Nhng khi nim c bn v h phn tn ........................................................................ 95
3.3.1. H phn tn, phn tan va b m t ring ................................................................... 95
3.3.2. Phn loi h phn tn .................................................................................................. 95
3.3.2.1. Phn loi theo kch thc ht phn tn ................................................................ 95
3.3.2.2. Phn loi theo trng thi tp hp ca cht phn tn v mi trng phn tn....... 95
3.3.2.3. Phn loi theo tng tc gia cht phn tn v mi trng phn tn .................. 95
3.4. Cc tnh cht ca dung dch keo ..................................................................................... 95
3.4.1. Tnh cht ng hc phn t v bn ng hc ca dung dch keo .......................... 95
3.4.1.1. p sut thm thu ................................................................................................. 95
3.4.1.2. S khuch tn ca h keo ..................................................................................... 95
3.4.1.3. Chuyn ng Brown............................................................................................. 96
3.4.1.4. S sa lng trong h keo ........................................................................................ 96
3.4.1.5. Phng trnh Laplace - Perrin. bn ng hc ca h keo............................... 96
3.4.2. Tnh cht quang hc ca dung dch keo ...................................................................... 96

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 3.4.2.1. S khuch tn nh sng ca dung dch keo .......................................................... 96
3.4.2.2. S hp th nh sng v mu ca h keo ............................................................... 96
3.4.3. Tnh cht in hc ca h keo ..................................................................................... 96
3.4.3.1. Cc hin tng in ng .................................................................................... 96
3.4.3.2. Cu trc lp in tch kp v s xut hin th in ng .................................... 96
3.4.3.3. Cu to mixen ca ht keo ................................................................................... 96
3.4.3.4. Cc yu t nh hng n th in ng () v bn tp hp ca h keo ........ 96
3.4.3.5. Gii thi u phng php xc nh th in ng ()............................................. 96
3.4.4. Tnh cht c hc cu to ca h keo ........................................................................... 96
3.4.4.1. S hnh thnh cu trc bn trong ca h keo ....................................................... 96
3.4.4.2. nht ca dung dch keo................................................................................... 96
3.5. iu ch, lm sch v keo t h keo................................................................................ 96
3.5.1. iu ch h keo ........................................................................................................... 96
3.5.1.1. Phng php ngng t ......................................................................................... 96
3.5.1.2. Phng php phn tn .......................................................................................... 96
3.5.2. Phng php lm sch h keo ..................................................................................... 96
3.5.2.1. Phng php thm tch thng ............................................................................ 96
3.5.2.2. Phng php in thm tch ................................................................................. 97
3.5.3. bn v s keo t h keo ......................................................................................... 97
3.5.3.1. bn tng cng ca h keo ............................................................................... 97
3.5.3.2. Keo t h keo, cac y u t anh hng n s keo tu .............................................
97
3.6. Cc h bn keo v phn tn th ...................................................................................... 97
3.6.1. Khai nim h bn keo, dung dch x phng va ng du ng ........................................... 97
3.6.2. H nh tng ............................................................................................................... 97
3.6.2.1. nh ngha v phn loi ....................................................................................... 97
3.6.2.2. Cht nh ha......................................................................................................... 97
3.6.2.3. Cc phng php iu ch v ph hy nh tng ............................................... 97
3.6.2.4. Vai tr nh tng trong cng ngh ...................................................................... 97
3.6.3. Bt ............................................................................................................................... 97
3.6.3.1. Khi nim v bt .................................................................................................. 97
3.6.3.2. Cht to bt .......................................................................................................... 97
3.6.3.3. Cch lm bn v cch dp bt .............................................................................. 97
3.6.3.4. ng dng .............................................................................................................. 97
3.6.4. Keo kh ........................................................................................................................ 97
3.6.4.1. nh ngha v phn loi ....................................................................................... 97
3.6.4.2. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca keo kh ..................................................................... 97
3.6.4.3. iu ch v ph hy keo kh ................................................................................ 97
PH LC ..................................................................................................................................... 99
PL1. Bng gi tr th in cc tiu chun ............................................................................. 99
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 105