Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

Nguyn nh ng

Cht kt dnh l cht dng nghin cht mu, di dng cc ht bt mu (pigment) hay cc ht phm
nhum (lake) [1], lin kt chng vi nhau, to nn mu v, c kh nng bm cht vo vt liu nh
canvas, kim loi, g, giy, v.v. Dung mi l cht dng pha long mu v cng nh ty ra sn
mu dnh bt lng v pale e sau khi v. Tnh cht cc loi mu v v k thut s dng chng khc
nhau ch yu l do cht kt dnh.

Mu nc (watercolor hay aquarelle) v mu bt (gouache) dng cht kt dnh l gm arabic

(h p://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200502/gum.arabic.htm) (gum arabic) tc nha cy keo
(acacia). Mu bt khc mu nc ch mu bt l mu c (opaque) cn mu nc l mu trong
(transparent). Trong mu bt cht ph gia (nh tinh bt, phn, blanc xe tc barium sulphate) thng
c trn vo lm mu thnh c. K thut ny c gi l guazzo (ting ) t m thnh tn
gouache (ting Php). Mt k thut khc c gi l mu c (body color) hay mu keo (distemper,
tempera), trn bt mu vi cht kt dnh nh keo casein hoc keo ng vt (gelatin) m khng thm
ph gia. Ngy nay gouache ca mt s hng ho phm nh Winsor & Newton
(h p://www.winsornewton.com/main.aspx?PageID=107#formulation), Holbein (h p://www.holbein-
works.co.jp/english/0416.html), Schmincke (h p://www.schmincke.de/produkte/gouache-
vielfalt.html?L=1) v M. Graham (h p://mgraham.com/products/gouache/) c nh mt bt mu
rt cao do c nghin mn, m khng cn thm ph gia. Acryl gouache l mu bt dng nha acrylic
lm cht kt dnh thay v gm arabic.

Mu tempera hay tempera trng (egg tempera) dng lng () trng g lm cht kt dnh. Mu v bch
ho truyn thng (fresco) l bt mu ha vi nc, khng cn cht kt dnh, v c v ln lp va vi
t, sau khi kh cng li gi cc ht bt mu thm bn trong, trng tn hng th k. Cht kt dnh
ca mu acrylic l nha acrylic. Cc mu nc, gouache, tempera, mu v fresco, acrylic u dng nc lm
dung mi, v th c tn l cc mu gc nc (water-based colors (paints)). Mu encaustic dng cc loi sp
lm cht kt dnh v nhit lm long mu.

i vi mu sn du truyn thng (oil paint), cht kt dnh l cc loi du kh (drying oil) v nha (resin),
cn dung mi l du thng, tinh du oi hng v cc sn phm ca chng ct du m.

Thng tin v cht kt dnh, nha cy v dung mi c rt nhiu trn internet nhng cng khng t
thng tin mu thun, mang nh kin, sai lc, trong khi c nhng thng tin c chp t cc sch c
t 1949 v trc, nay lc hu [2]. Ho phm ngy nay c ch to bng cng ngh hin i nn
tnh cht c nhng im khc cc ho phm thi xa. Thm vo , c nhng cht liu mi, c
pht hin v sn xut t na cui t.k XX. Chuyn kho ny cung cp mt s kin thc c bn v thng
tin v cc loi du kh, nha v dung mi hin nay m cc ho s v sn du cn bit [3].

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Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

Du kh (hay du to mng) c kh nng to thnh mng (lm) trong, c th c ko thnh b mt

rng, khi kh tr nn dai v bn, gi cc ht bt mu l lng bn trong, gy hiu qu quang hc rt
p. Chnh nh du to mng, c bit l du lanh, m mu sn du tr thnh cht liu c k thut
s dng v hiu qu th hin phong ph hn hn cc cht liu khc.

Du lanh c chit xut n 1.475 (tc kh nng khc x nh sng, c o bng t s n = c/v gia vn
tc nh sng trong chn khng, c, v trong mi trng ca cht, v), cao hn tt c cc cht kt dnh tan
trong dung mi nc, gn vi chit xut ca cht mu hn. Dng du lanh lm cht kt dnh c th
to ra mu t rt c ti rt trong, ty theo lng du lanh cng nh kch thc cc ht bt mu. Du
to mng khng ho c trong nc, m ch long ra trong cc dung mi nh du thng, cc sn
phm ca chng ct du m (v d xng trng), v tinh du oi hng.

Du thc vt cha mt lng ln glycerides, tc cc cht c to ra khi glycerin lin kt vi cc acid

bo. Acid bo c phn loi thnh acid bo bo ha v khng bo ha. Acid bo bo ha gm stearic acid, c
nhiu trong m ng vt, v palmitic acid, c nhiu trong du cy c. Acid bo khng bo ha gm oleic,
linoleic, v linolenic acids. nhit trong phng acid bo bo ha vn thnh cht rn, cn acid bo
khng bo ha l cht lng. Du thc vt c phn loi thnh du kh (drying oil) hay du to mng,
bn kh (semi-drying oil), v khng kh (non-drying oil).

Du to mng kh c thng qua qu trnh oxy ha t ng (autoxidation) khi tip xc vi oxy trong
khng kh. Trong qu trnh ny cc chui acid bo hp th oxy v lin kt ngang (cross-link) vi nhau,
to thnh mt mng cao phn t (polymer) n hi, dai, v cng dn khi s lin cc ngang tng dn
theo thi gian. Tnh cht ca du to mng ph thuc vo hm lng acid bo khng bo ha v cc
acid loi ny cha cc lin kt i (double bond) trong cc chui nguyn t carbon. Cc lin kt i ny
ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to ra cc lin kt ngang ni trn. Oxy b hp th cng nhiu du
kh cng nhanh v mng lm cng dai. Oleic acid c 1, linoleic acid c 2, cn linolenic acid c 3 lin kt
i. V th du to mng no cha nhiu linolenic acid nht l du kh nhanh nht v c mng lm
dai nht. Qu trnh kh ca du to mng ko di nhiu nm, ngay c sau khi mng lm tng chng
nh kh sau vi ngy ti mt tun. Du to mng tng khi lng khi hp th oxy (c th ti 40%
i vi du lanh) v sau khi lng gim xung khi du kh cng li.

khng bo ha ca acid bo c o bng s iodine, tc lng iodine (tnh bng gram) m 100
gram du c th hp th. S iodine cng ln th s lin kt i trong acid bo cng nhiu, tc du kh
cng nhanh. Qu trnh kh ca mu sn du l qu trnh khng thun nghch, tc khi sn du kh,
tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca n thay i vnh vin. V th ch nn dng mu sn du mi c bp
t tube ra, cn ti mm t trong ra ngoi. Mu bt u kh (nh mu dnh trn pale e sau mt
ngy) l mu m du to mng ca n b cao phn t ha, kt dnh gim i nhiu, khng
nn dng v v s rt d bong nt theo thi gian [4].

Du to mng dng trong sn du gm

Du lanh (ting Anh: linseed oil, ting Php: huile de lin)

Du gai (hemp oil, huile de chanvre)

Du thuc phin (poppy oil, huile dille e)

Du ht c ch (walnut oil, huile de noix)

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Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

Du rum (saower oil, huile de carthame)

Du hng dng (sunower oil, huile de tournesol)

Trong s cc loi du to mng c dng trong sn du k trn, du lanh c hm lng linolenic

acid v s iodine cao nht (Xem bng), v th du lanh kh nhanh nht v c mng lm dai nht.
Du ht c ch kh cng kh nhanh v u, li t ng vng nn c dng nghin cc mu sng.
Du ht thuc phin rt trong sng, v hu nh khng ng vng, song kh chm v cha qu t
linolenic acid. Mng lm ca du ht thuc phin yu v gin nn khng nn dng du ny v lt.
Du rum c tnh cht tng t du ht thuc phin nhng kh nhanh hn.

T l cc acids bo trong mt s du to mng

(so vi lng acid bo tng cng)

Linolenic Linoleic Oleic Stearic (%) Palmitic(%) S

(%) (%) (%) iodine

Du lanh 50 ~ 70 12 ~ 24 10 ~ 22 2.5 4~6 170 ~204

Du gai 24 ~ 26 54 ~ 56 11 ~ 13 1~3 5~7 140 ~175

Du thuc 09 41 ~ 60 13 ~ 37 1.4 ~ 10 9 ~ 20 133.4

phin

Du ht c 1.5 ~ 5 60 23 1~4 3~6 152

ch

Du rum 0.1 68 ~ 83 8 ~ 21 2~3 4~6 140 ~150

Du hng < 0.7 44 ~ 75 14 ~ 35 1~3 3~6 125 ~

dng 140

Trong s cc du bn kh (s idodine khong 115 ~ 130) c du tng, du ht ci, du ht bng, du

vng, v.v. Cn du olive, du lc, du thu du, du da, v.v. l nhng th du khng kh. Du khng kh
khng dng c trong hi ho sn du v khng to ra mng lm.

nh sng gy ra phn ng oxy ho quang hc (photooxygenation), c th tng tc kh ca du lanh

gp 900 ln so vi qu trnh oxy ho t ng [5]. Qu trnh kh do oxy ho t ng cng gii phng
mt lng nh cc cht bay hi, gy nn mi c bit.

Nhit v m nh hng ti qu trnh bay hi ny. Nhit tng khin bay hi nhanh. m
tng cn tr s bay hi.

Cc cht xc tc kim loi nh cobalt, st, manganese c kh nng to ra x phng kim loi lm tng
tc phn ng oxy ho v tc qu trnh cao phn t ha (to mng polymer), nn c dng lm
siccative (cht lm kh). c bit cobalt l cht xc tc rt hiu qu tng tc oxy ho, trong khi
zirconium tng tc qu trnh cao phn t ho. Nhng khi b dng qu nhiu (trn 0.5 ~ 1% khi
lng), siccative to ra mt mng nh mt lp da trn mt sn du, ngn phn cha kh bn di
tip xc vi khng kh, gy ra nt v ca mt sn [6]. Cht xc tc kim loi cn khin mu ti i theo
thi gian, v th ch nn dng siccative khi v cc lp lt. Tuy nhin, cch an ton nht sn du kh
nhanh l dng du lanh c (sun-thickend linseed oil) kt hp vi copal varnish (Xem trong bi).

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Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

Du lanh l du kh quan trng nht trong ton b lch s hi ha sn du. Sn du c dng

trong hi ho t t.k. V VII, song khi ngi ta dng du thuc phin v du ht c ch lm cht
kt dnh. n t.k. XV Jan Van Eyck (h p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck) (1390 1441) dng
du lanh nghin cc sc t, to nn mt cuc cch mng v cht liu trong k thut sn du. T sau
Van Eyck du lanh tr thnh th du kh khng th thiu khi v sn du.

i) Du lanh sng (raw linseed oil) c p thng t ht lanh ra, v th cn c gi l cold-pressed

linseed oil tc du lanh p lnh, khng qua x l bng nhit hay cc phng php vt l hoc ho
hc. Du ny c nhc im l cha c tp cht nh sp, nha cy (gum), c mu vng sm hi c,
lu kh v ng vng nhiu theo thi gian.

Du lanh sng l loi du tt nht nghin cht mu thnh mu sn du v cc acid bo t do s

gip bt mu thm du d dng hn v phn tn u hn. Nhng do gi thnh cao nn ngy nay ch
mt s hng sn xut ho phm c ting nh Old Holland (h p://www.oldholland.com/en/products
/classic-oil-colours/) l cn dng du lanh sng nghin sn. C th thm du ny vo sn trong khi
v lm sn do v trn hn.

loi b tp cht, gim ng vng v/hoc tng tc kh, du lanh c x l bng lc, ty v nhit
. Qu trnh x l cn nhm gim thiu nhc im ca linolenic acid khin du lanh kh khng
ng u, tc kh t trn xung. Di y l cc loi du lanh c x l dng cho v sn du.

ii) Du lanh tinh khit (puried linseed oil) l du lanh sng c lc bng phng php c in
truyn thng: ra nhiu ln bng nc sch (c nh phn) v mui, hoc mui kim loi; un vi
nc v ct; lc bng ethanol, v.v. loi cc tp cht, cc cht nhy, sp v gm t nha cy (gum).
Du ny c mu vng nht v trong.

iii) Du lanh tinh ch (rened linseed oil) l du lanh c x l bng phng php ha hc, dng
dung dch kim (alkaline) trung ha cc acid bo t do (tc cc acid bo khng tham gia vo qu trnh
to mng polymer, nh stearic acid) thnh x phng, ha c trong nc, v c loi ra bng my
tch (separator). Cc tp cht khng phi glyceride nh sp (gum), cc ion kim loi, cc cht b oxy
ho, v.v. cng c loi b.

Du lanh tinh ch c u im l mu sng, trong v bng hn du lanh sng, v c gi r. l l do

khin tt c cc hng sn xut ho phm ca M u dng du lanh tinh ch nghin bt mu sau
khi thm vo mt s cht n lm tng thm t. V cc acid bo t do b loi, du lanh tinh
ch khng d b i (kht) nh du lanh sng. Nhc im ca du lanh tinh ch l cng ng vng
theo thi gian nh du lanh sng. Thm ch ng vng trng cn r hn v du ny trong v sng
hn du lanh sng. y cn l loi du lanh lu kh nht, ch cn km du ng (Xem di).

iv) Du lanh sng (claried linseed oil) c p t ht lanh c rang. y l loi du kh nhanh
nht trong cc loi du lanh cha qua x l nhit. Du ny c mu sng hn du lanh tinh khit v
du lanh tinh ch, hu nh ch hi vng.

v) Du lanh c ty bng phi nng (sun-bleached linseed oil) c lc qua ct, sau c phi
nng khong 2 tun ty cho bt mu vng. Du ny trong sng, kh nhanh tng t nh du lanh
sng v qu trnh cao phn t ho bt u nh phi nng.

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Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/linseed.jpg)
Du lanh sng (tri) v du lanh c ty (phi) ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois

vi) Du lanh c (sun-thickened linseed oil) c ch bng cch phi nng du lanh tinh khit trong
a men, thic hoc ch, c che knh trnh bi, nhng c k c khe h du tip xc vi
lung khng kh. nh nng mt tri chiu thng vo a du. Du thnh thong c quy trnh
to mng trn b mt. Du c phi lu nhiu tun l cho ti khi c qunh li nh mt ong v c
mu nh h phch. Qu trnh ny oxy ho v cao phn t ho du lanh mt phn, ng thi lm
sch cc cht bay hi. Cc tp cht khc cng thi gian lng xung v sau c gn ra. V th
du lanh c kh rt nhanh (trong vng 1 2 ngy nu v mng) v to mt mng lm dai hn, ng
vng cng t hn du lanh sng. Du lanh c cn c nhiu u im nh tng do, trn ca
mu sn du, cho php tri rng din tch mt mu, ko di vt sn m khng b t on, lm mt
vt bt. y l th du tt nht cho v lt, ta chi tit, cng nh v lng, c dng t thi Phc
Hng ti nay.

(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/01732-1055-3ww-l.jpg)
Du lanh c ca hng Holbein

vii) Du ng (stand oil) bt u c ch t t.k. XIX bng cch un du lanh tinh khit vi ngy ti
nhit khong 300C (cha ti nhit si 349C) trong ni y kn trnh tip xc vi khng kh.
Qu trnh ny cao phn t ho du lanh. Du lanh ng c qunh, mu vng sm, c tnh cht tng

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t nh du lanh c, nn c th dng thay du lanh c, nhng hu nh khng ng vng theo thi

gian. Du lanh ng thng c dng lm nhn vt bt, ta chi tit, v lng. Song du ng l
loi du lanh kh lu nht, v th trnh dng khi v cc lp di.

(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07
/476.jpg)
Du ng ca hng Talens

viii) Du lanh un (boiled linseed oil) l du lanh c un tng t nh du ng, nhng c tip
xc vi khng kh khin du b cao phn t ho v xy ha mt phn. Ngy nay ngi ta thm cc
siccatives cha ch, manganese, hoc cobalt trong qu trnh un. Thm ch du lanh un ca mt s
hng sn xut ho phm thc cht ch l du lanh sng pha vi du m tinh ch v cht lm kh. V
ng vng v ti mu theo thi gian, du ny ch c th c dng trong sn lt nn.

ix) Du en (Black oil) l du lanh c pha vi litharge tc qung oxide ch (PbO), ri c un ti

220C. V cha oxide ch nn du ny c mu en v kh rt nhanh (qua m). Tuy du en lm mu
ti i, nhng mu rt bn, hu nh khng i theo thi gian. Ch : Khng nn t ch du en nu
khng phi l chuyn gia v rt nguy him (c th b bng v du nng) v c hi (c th b nhim
c ch).

x) Du lanh kh nhanh (Drying linseed oil) l du lanh c pha thm siccative, c mu nu nht, kh
nhanh nht trong tt c cc loi du lanh. Nu cn kh rt nhanh, th dng du ny an ton hn l t
mnh nh siccative vo du lanh. Ni chung, nn trnh dng siccative, c bit l loi c cha cobalt
hay manganese, v chng khin du lanh kh nhanh t trn xung di, t ngoi vo trong, dn n
b mt c th cng li thnh mng nhng bn di vn mm, gy nt v. Nu bt buc phi dng
siccative th cng khng nn dng qu 1 5%, v khi vt ngng ny, siccative c th lm mt sn
dnh, nt, nhn nheo, ng vng.

Tnh cht mt s loi du lanh

Lanh Lanh Lanh Lanh Lanh Du

kh c c sng tinh ng
nhanh ty khit

Tc kh (1: 1 2 3 5 6 7
nhanh nht)

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Trn hn + + + +

Do hn ++ + + ++ ++ +

Bng hn + + + + + +

Trong hn + + + + + +

Mng lm dai hn + +

Ng vng t + ++

Ch : Khng nn bo qun du lanh trong ti v du lanh s ng mu sm.

i) Nha dammar (damar) c chit t cy shorea hoc hopea thuc h cy du (Dipterocarpaceae) mc

ng Nam . Nha dammar c nh bo ch F. Lucanus dng ln u tin trong hi ho vo nm
1828 [7]. V th nu bn c c u l Cennino Cennini (1370 1440) hay Peter Paul Rubens
(1577 1640) tng dng nha dammar trong dung dch pha mu (medium) th ng tin vo mt mnh.

Nha dammar mm, trong, mu vng nht. Dammar varnish hay vec-ni Dammar (nha dammar ha
trong du thng) kh nhanh trong iu kin m v nhit bnh thng (40 60%, 15 23C).

Nhc im ln nht ca dammar l ht m mnh khin mu c i theo thi gian nu c pha

bng medium c cha qu nhiu dammar. Dammar varnish ng vng mnh theo thi gian, v th
khng nn dng qu 10% nha dammar hoc 25 30% dammar varnish trong dung dch pha mu. V
nha dammar ch c th ha tan bng dung mi du thng (turpentine), mt s nh phc ch khuyn
nn trnh dng dammar varnish lm varnish bo v tranh v khi lp bo v ng vng, ch c th g b
n bng turpentine, c nguy c nh hng ti cc lp sn di nu c v vi dung dch cha
dammar [8].

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(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/dammar.jpg)
Dammar varnish (bng) ca Lefranc & Bourgeois (tri) v Talens (phi)

ii) Nha mastic l nha cy nh hng hay nha nhai (pistaccio tree, pistacia lentiscus), cng thuc loi
nha mm v ch tan trong du thng nh dammar. Mastic c dng t trong sn du t t.k. XI.
c th c dng lm varnish, mastic phi c tui t nht 6 thng ti 1 nm. l khong thi gian ti
thiu cc oleanolic aldehydes khng bn vng b oxy ho v cc cht cao phn t sinh thm trong
varnish.

Mastic varnish thng hng c chit t cy pistacio mc ti o Chios (Hy Lp), thnh git nh
git nc mt nn cn c tn l vernice mastice Chios in lacrime (mastic varnish x Chios hnh nhng git
nc mt).

Mastic varnish mm v trong sng hn dammar, nhng mng lm gin v c xu hng c, ng

vng hay nu theo thi gian, v vn b ha tan k c sau khi kh nhiu nm. V th ngy nay nha
mastic t c dng lm dung dch pha mu sn du.

iii) Nha sandarac tng t nh nha mastic, ha tan trong ru cn, acetone, v mt phn trong
du thng hoc tinh du oi hng. Nha ny rt rn, gin v ng vng cn mnh hn nha mastic.

iv) Nha copal l mt loi nha cy kh cng vi trm ti vi chc ngn nm, c gi l bn ho
thch, tc cha lu thnh h phch ho thch [9].

Copal varnish rt rn, ch cn thua h phch. Sau khi kh, copal ch c th b ha tan bng nung nng,
bng ammonia, acetone, hoc tinh du oi hng. Ngoi ra copal cn ti i theo thi gian. V vy cc
nh phc ch ti London National Gallery khuyn co khng nn dng copal varnish lm varnish
bo v [7]. Tuy nhin tnh cht ny li tr thnh u im khi copal c dng trong medium v
bi sau nu ph lp varnish bo v cha dammar th khi cn ty lp varnish bng turpentine, lp
mu sn du cha copal s khng b turpentine lm h hi. Dung dch cha copal v du ng c
gi l du copal (copal oil). Thm du copal vo dung dch pha mu s khin mu sn du trn, bng
nh men, mt tranh nhn, kh nhanh, dai v khng nhn nheo sau khi kh.

Ch : trnh nt v ti mu, khng nn dng nhiu du copal.

(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/copal-painting.jpg)
Du copal ca hng Kusakabe c pha t copal t nhin v du ng.

Ngy nay nhiu hng sn xut ho phm ch to ra cc cht tng hp mi, c hiu qu tng t
copal, nh cc cht dng liquin ca hng Winsor & Newton.

v) Nha h phch (amber) xn tc nha thng ha thch hng chc triu nm rt t. V th, tuy

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c coi l th nha tt nht cho hi ha, varnish h phch lu hnh trn th trng hin nay phn
ln l copal varnish vi s nm bn ho thch kh xc nh.

vi) Nha shellac (cnh kin) c ch t nha do b cnh kin (laccifer lacca) Nam tit ra. Nha
ny ha tan trong ru cn, c mu t nu ti gn nh khng mu (loi thng hng), nhng ng
vng v nt theo thi gian.

vii) Nha thng Venice (Venice turpentine hay Venetian turpentine) c ch t nha thm (balsam)
chit t li cy larch u chu (tc thng rng l, t ch Hn Vit lc dip tng ), c tn khoa
hc l larix decidua, mc vng ni Alps v Carpathian. Balsam thuc loi nha mm (oleoresin) cha
cc acid thm benzoic acid (C7H6O2 hay C6H5COOH) hoc cinnamic acid (c trong du qu). Khng
nn nhm Venice turpentine (nha) vi du thng (turpentine) (dung mi). Balsam t thng larix decidua
mc ti Tyrol thuc nc o c coi l balsam tt nht ch Venice turpentine. Nha thm ny,
c pha vi du thng, thng c bn ti Venice vo t.k. XIV XV v th m thnh tn.

Venice turpentine nguyn cht c mu vng nht, ta nh du lanh tinh khit, nhng c snh hn.
Chit xut ca Venice turpentine cao, n = 1.53, tng ng chit xut thy tinh quang hc (crown
glass, n = 1.52 ), v th ch cn ha mt cht Venice turpentine vo medium l to c mng lm
bng u nh men s, tng bo ha ca sc t, v sau khi kh (2 3 ngy) khng b dnh tay nh
dammar.

(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/venetian.jpg)
Venetian turpentine ca hng Holbein (tri) v Royal Talens (phi).
Venetian turpentine ca hai hng ny u c ch t nha cy larch chu u mc o ha vi du
thng. Sn phm ca Holbein cha khong 25% du thng, c mu vng sng. Sn phm ca Talens
cha t du thng hn, c mu sm, gn vi nu.

Venice turpentine pha vi du lanh l dung dch pha mu m cc bc thy Phc Hng v Baroque
tng dng. Mt nghin cu mi y [10] pht hin ra Venice turpentine v du lanh trong bc
tranh c M cng Cha Hi ng v cc thin thn (1470 1475) ca Antonello da Messina (1429
1479) ngi c coi l c cng ln trong vic truyn b k thut sn du ca Van Eyck vo nc
. Thodore De Meyerne (1573 1655) bc s ca vua Henri IV (Php) v vua James I (Anh) cng
ghi li rng danh ho Van Dyck (1599 1641) hc tr xut sc nht ca Rubens tng tho lun v
Venice turpentine vi ng [11].

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(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07
/antonello_da_messina_madonna_uzi.jpg)
Antonello da Messina
c M cng Cha Hi ng v cc thin thn (1470 1475)
sn du trn vn g, 114.8 x 54.5 cm, bo tng Uzi (Florence).
Kt qu nghin cu nm 2012 tm thy du lanh v Venice turpentine trong bc tranh ny.

Mt s hng ho phm nh Kremers pha thm rosin (colophony hay colophane) [12] v/hoc vi th
khc vo Venice turpentine tng cng ca mng lm khi kh, tng tc kh v/hoc gim gi
thnh. Rosin l sn phm thu c sau khi chng ct nha (resin) chit t v cc cy h thng tch
turpentine. Nha sng ca thng cha khong 70% rosin, 15% turpentine, v 15% tp cht ln
nc [13]. Rosin cha ti 90% acid nha cy (resin acid), trong c khong 30 40% abietic acid
(C20H30O2), khi kh to mng cng, gin, d nt v, d nng chy (ti 70 80C), d lo ho v b
oxy ha. Trong khi Venetian turpentine t nha cy larch u chu cha rt t abietic acid. (Mt ca
ca g larch chu u ch cha 0.001 0.005% abietic acid [14].)

Khng nn nhm Venice turpentine dng trong hi ha vi sn phm c tn y ht nhng dng

sn mng nga (h p://www.horsehealthusa.com/details/Pure-Venetian-Turpentine/586-11.html), gi
khong 10 11 USD mt hp khong na lt, tc r hn khong 8 9 ln. Venice turpentine loi ny
ch n thun l rosin pha trong turpentine, khng dng c cho hi ha v cht lng km.

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Mt s ho s thay Venice tupentine bng nha thm Canada (Canada balsam hay Canadian turpentine).
Nha ny c chit t cy linh sam (r hay abies balsamea) mt loi thng mc Canada v Bc M,
trong sng, kh nhanh v bng hn Venetian turpentine. Canada balsam ch yu c dng gn
cc thu knh v t ng vng khi c dng di dng mt lp cc mng. Song, khi mng lm dy
nh trong sn du th Canada balsam li ng vng v tr nn c theo thi gian. Ngoi ra, mt s ho
s cho rng Canada balsam qu lng v kh qu nhanh (sau 1 2 gi) so vi Venice turpentine (1 2
ngy). Gi thnh ca Canada balsam (29.8 USD/ 118.3 ml) cng cao hn Venice turpentine.

viii) Nha thng Strasbourg (Strasbourg turpentine) c chit t cy linh sam trng (abies alba hay
abies pectinata) mc chu u, c tnh cht tng t nh Venice turpentine nhng mu sng hn v
th c a chung hn Venice turpentine vo t.k. XVII.

ix) Nha alkyd (vit tt t alcohol tc ru cn v acid) c ch t nhng nm 1920, l nha

tng hp polyester c pha thm cc acid bo v mt s cht khc. Sn alkyd cha khong 10 30%
nha alkyd. Phn cn li l du to mng v cht mu (pigments). Sn alkyd kh nhanh hn sn du
(8 ting ti 1 ngy) nhng chm hn acrylic.

x) Nha acrylic l nha polymer chit t acrylic acid, mt dng n gin nht ca carboxylic acid
khng bo ha. Nha acrylic ha c trong nc. Khi kh cc si polymer khng lin kt ngang nh
trong qua trnh du lanh b oxy ho trong sn du, m ha vo nhau, to nn mt mng lm do,
khng b nc ha tan, t co gin v m v nhit , kh nng chu lc ko tt, v c bit khng b
vi khun lm mc v nhim kh quyn lm thoi ho. Nha acrylic c dng lm cht kt dnh
trong mu acrylic.

Acrylic varnish dng bo v tranh (nh vernis tableaux sur n, vernis satin, vernis tableaux
J.G. Vibert ca Lefranc & Bourgeois) c u im hn damar varnish l khng ng vng v khng nt
v theo thi gian. Nha acrylic cng c dng pha dung dch v sn du, v d medium peindre
J.G. Vibert ca Lefranc & Bourgeois. Dung dch ny cha nha ketone v nha acrylic ha trong du ht
thuc phin v du m tinh ch (petroleum), trong sut, hu nh khng ng vng v to mt b mt
bng nh satin.

(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/col3000301.jpg)
Medium peindre (satin) ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois

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Dung mi cho ho s phi tinh khit, tc trong vt nh nc, c kh nng bay hi hon ton, khng
li cht d no sau khi bay hi ht. Cch kim tra tinh khit ca dung mi l nh mt git ln t
giy trng. Sau khi dung mi bay hi ht, t giy phi trng tinh nh trc khi b dung mi nh ln,
tc khng c vt no trn t giy.

i) Du thng (turpentine hay spirit of turpentine, essence de trbenthine), ch yu gm cc

monoterpenes C10H16, c tch bng cch chng ct nha ca mt s cy nh therebinth (pistacia
therebinthus), cc cy h thng, nh thng bin (pinus pinaster hay maritime pine), thng Aleppo (pinus
halepensis) mc vng a Trung Hi, thng ui nga (pinus massoniana) mc Trung quc v min
bc Vit Nam, thng Sumatra (pinus merkusii) mc Thi Lan, Indonesia v Philippines, thng Ellio a
(pinus ellio ii) mc M, Brazil, Nam Phi, Zimbabwe, v Kenya, thng l di (pinus palustris, hay
longleaf pine), thng cnh nh (pinus taeda, hay loblolly pine) mc min ng nam Hoa K, thng vng
(ponderosa pine) mc min ty ca Bc M, thng rng l chu u (European larch tree, larix decidua), cy
linh sam Canada (r, abies balsamea), v.v.

Du thng tinh khit nht l distilled turpentine hay rectied turpentine (du thng tinh ct).

Du thng bt u c dng trong hi ha lm dung mi lm long sn du ch t khong u t.k.

XIX sau khi ngi Php tm ra cch chng ct du thng t nha thng vo cui t.k. XVIII [15]. Du
thng bay hi nhanh, kh nng ha tan mnh, v l dung mi c th ha tan c nha dammar. V
th ngy nay du thng tr thnh dung mi khng th thiu v sn du. Tuy vy, du thng l
cht kh c hi v hi du thng c th lm da v mt sng ty, c th thm thu qua da, lm hi h
thng h hp v thn kinh trung ng nu ht qu nhiu, v gy suy thn nu chng may nut phi.

ii) Du oi hng (lavender oil, essence daspic) ch yu c hai loi. Loi th nht c tinh ct t
lavandula angustifolia tc oi hng l hp, cn c tn oi hng Anh (English lavender) hay oi hng tht
(true lavender) mt loi hoa mu tm nht mc ti vng a Trung Hi, c bit vng ni Pyrnes
v vng ni bc Tu Ban Nha, c mi thm ngt du, c dng ch to hng phm, x phng,
v trong y hc.

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(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/800px-
lavandula_latifolia_enfoqueespiga_2010-6-25_dehesaboyaldepuertollano.jpg)
Hoa lavandula latifolia (spike lavender, oi hng l rng)

Loi th hai c tinh ct t lavandula latifolia tc spike lavender (oi hng l rng), cn c tn oi hng
B o Nha (Portuguese lavender), mc nhiu ti B o Nha, min nam nc Php v min bc nc
, c mi thm mnh, cha nhiu long no, v hi hng.

Du oi hng l rng (spike lavender oil) cha nhiu monoterpenes (khong 50%) hn du oi hng l
hp (khong 29%). V th, tuy l tinh du, du oi hng l rng c tc dng nh dung mi lm long
mu sn du. Thc t, trc t.k. XIX, du oi hng l rng (spike lavender oil) l cht ph bin
c cc ho s dng lm long sn.

Du oi hng khng c hi v c mi thm ngt d chu. Thm du oi hng vo dung dch pha
mu cn lm tng kt dnh ca cc lp sn. Kh nng lm long sn ca du oi hng kh mnh,
v th ch nn dng rt t trong medium, c bit khi v lng, bi nu khng n c th lm nhe lp
sn mi kh bn di. Du oi hng cn ha tan c tt c cc nha cy: dammar, mastic, rosin,
copal v c mt phn h phch (khong 30% trng lng, nu c un nng nhiu ln). Nhc
im ca du oi hng l bay hi chm hn du thng v c th b hng khi tip xc lu vi khng
kh. Ngoi ra, gi thnh ca du oi hng kh cao, gp 4 5 ln gi du thng. V th sau khi du
thng c chng ct v sn xut i ch, t t.k. XIX cc ho s chuyn sang dng du thng r
tin v kh nhanh hn (tuy l cht c hi).

(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/lavender.jpg)
T tri: Du oi hng ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois, 75ml, gi 19.6 USD;
du oi hng ca hng Holbein, 55 ml, gi 1140 yen;
du thng ca hng Holbein, 55 ml, gi 258 yen.

iii) Xng trng (white spirit), cn c gi l du thng v c (mineral turpentine), thuc loi dung mi
t du m, tc phn hp cht lng c th chy (hydrocarbons), thu c qua tinh ch du m. Nhng
cht lng loi ny c gi chung l naphtha. Xng trng l cht dng ty sn, ra bt lng v
pale e. Xng trng cn c gi l dung mi Stoddard tn nh ha hc ch to ra cht ny ln u
tin vo nm 1928 bng cch chng ct phn on du th thnh du ty (kerosene) v naphtha. Sau
ngi ta dng phn ng ha hc loi lu hunh ra khi du ty v naphtha, ri tip tc chng ct
phn on ti cc nhit si khc nha. Kt qu thu c vi loi white spirit c nhit bc chy,
nhit si, v t l hydrocarbons thm (aromatic hydrocarbons) khc nhau. V th cc loi white spirit
ny c mi v hiu qu tc dng khc nhau. Mi cng mnh th kh nng ty ra cng cao. Xng
trng bay hi chm hn v t c hi hn du thng.

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iv) Xng trng khng mi (odorless mineral spirit, vit tt OMS) l xng trng khng cha
hydrocarbons thm, bay hi chm, hu nh khng c mi, v th mt s website M khuyn co cc
ho s c th dng OMS lm dung mi. Tuy nhin xng trng v OMS khc du thng my im
c bn sau y. Lng hydrocarbon thm, nh xylene v toluene, trong dung mi cng nhiu th kh
nng ho tan ca dung mi cng mnh. Xng trng c rt t xylene v toluene, cn OMS hu nh hon
ton khng c, v th khng c mi. Kt qu l kh nng ho tan ca xng trng thp hn ca du
thng, cn ca OMS l yu nht. Xng trng khng ha tan c nha dammar cn OMS khng dng
ty varnish c. Dng OMS v khin sn tan nh nc, ch khng snh nh khi dng du
thng.

v) Du m tinh ch (petroleum hay petrolium spirit, ptrole) cng l mt sn phm thu c t chng
ct du m, nhng c nhit si thp hn du ty (tc di 150C), bay hi chm.

Nu mi du thng (hoc dung mi t sn phm du m) khin bn kh chu, bn c th nh mt

git du oi hng vo dung dch t mi du thng. Mi du oi hng d nhin l d chu hn
mi du thng nhiu. Cn nu v l do no m bn khng dng c c du thng, xng trng,
OMS, du m tinh ch v du oi hng, bn c th dng sn du nc (Water-mixable oil color). y l
loi sn du m cu trc phn t ca du to mng (lanh, rum, v.v.) b bin i c th ha c
vi nc. Tuy nhin loi sn du ny ch thch hp cho nhng ngh nhn hoc cc ho s sn du
nghip d bi thiu nhiu tnh cht ca sn du truyn thng. Khi v long (ha nhiu nc) th sn
du nc ging mu nc (watercolor), c dnh b mt km. Khi v c th sn ny c th qunh
nh c keo. Cn khi pha nc va phi th sn du nc khng bng c nh sn du truyn
thng, m c b mt m, gn vi mu bt (gouache) hn. K thut s dng sn du nc v th cng
khc nhiu so vi sn du truyn thng. Mt s hng ho phm c sn xut loi sn du nc ny
(Xem trong [16]).

Cc lp mu dy v c c rt t sc thi. Mu pha trn trn pale e bao gi cng mt tinh khit, v

b bn nu pha trn nhiu hoc pha cc mu b nhau vi t l nh nhau. Trong khi cc lp mu
trong c rt nhiu sc thi, ty thuc dy v cng nh sng chiu vo.

K thut v sn du nhiu lp bng cch chng cc lp mu ln nhau l k thut da trn ha sc

quang hc ca mu sc. K thut ny c cc bc thy hi ha k t thi Phc Hng v Baroque
xy dng v pht trin v c th thch qua hng th k. y l phng php v sn du hon
thin nht trong lch s hi ha. N cho php t c s phong ph cao nht ca cc sc thi trong
ha sc ca mu sn du, trnh c phn ng ph khi cc mu c pha trn trn pale e.

Vic chia cng on k thut thnh cc lp imprimatura, lp v lt n sc, lp v mu ri lp lng

khin vic th hin, m phng hin thc, v to o gic vi hiu qu ngh thut cao tr nn d dng
hn khi v mt bc tranh. K thut v nhiu lp cng gip tc phm trng tn nhiu th k. Bo
trn gy l nguyn tc c bn trnh nt khi v sn du theo k thut nhiu lp. Mi lp li c th
gm vi lt sn chng ln nhau.

Nguyn tc bo trn gy c ngha l lt mu bn trn phi nhiu du to mng hn lt bn di,

tc lt bn trn bo hn lt bn di (hay lt bn di gy hn lt bn trn). L do l v:

1 Nh ni trn sn du kh nh hp th oxy nn cng li. V mt bc tranh hp th oxy t trn

xung, nn lp trn cng ca bc tranh s kh trc (sau khong 1 2 tun ty theo nh sng, nhit
v m), cn tr oxy chui xung lp gia, khin lp gia ch kh sau khong 1 thng. Lp di

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cng kh cn lu hn, t 6 thng ti 1 nm. V th nhng bc tranh c v nhiu lp vi dy

khc nhau vn tip tc kh trong vng 1 th k. Nguyn tc bo trn gy gip o ngc qu trnh
trn, khin cc lp sn kh ng u t di ln trn, hay t trong ra ngoi.

2- Lt u tin cha rt t du to mng, v cha ch yu l dung mi. Lt ny kh thnh mng

lm h (hay r). Du to mng t cc lt trn s chui qua cc l ny, to ra cc lin kt c hc, tng
kt dnh.

(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/leantofat.jpg)
Qu trnh cc lp sn du trn mt tranh kt hp vi oxy
(Minh ha t Guide de la peinture lhuile ca Lefranc & Bourgeois)

3 S thay i nhit , m v dch chuyn c hc tc ng ln canvas khin canvas bin dng (co
gin). Nguyn tc bo trn gy gip gim thiu tc hi ca cc co gin ny. Cng cha nhiu du to
mng, mng lm cng n hi. Nu lt trn t du, n s km n hi hn lt di l lt gn hoc
tip xc vi nn. Khi nn bin dng, cc lt pha di co gin, ko cc lt trn nt v v cc lt
trn km n hi hn so vi lt di. Bo trn gy y c ngha l lt trn phi n hi hn lt
di.

4 Nu lt trn t du tp mng hn lt di, lt trn s cng nhanh hn lt di. V th khi

lt trn kh m lt di vn tip tc kh, n s ko lt trn nt. K c khi lt trn v lt
di cha cng mt loi du to mng c cng mt t l, lt di vn kh chm hn v b lt trn
cn tip xc vi khng kh. Bo trn gy trnh cho lt trn kh nhanh hn lt di. T nguyn tc
bo trn gy ta hiu ti sao ch c v lt trn ln lt di kh khng cn dnh tay. Mt khc
ch nn v cc lp mng, bi lp dy va kh chm hn va kh khng ng u nn d nt.

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(h ps://nguyendinhdang.les.wordpress.com/2013/07/grassurmaigre.jpg)
S nguyn tc bo trn gy
(Minh ha t Guide de la peinture lhuile ca Lefranc & Bourgeois)

Dung dch pha mu sn du thng gm du to mng, nha v dung mi. Du to mng lm

sn bo hn, dung mi lm sn gy hn, cn nha tng bn, kt dnh ca cc lt sn v
gip mng lm kh u. Cch n gin nht lm cc lt trn bo dn l gim dn t l dung mi
trong cc lt trn.

Cng thc ph thng cho dung dch pha mu, c ph bin trong nhiu sch dy k thut v sn
du, gm 3 thnh phn du lanh : keo dammar : du thng, vi t l khc nhau. V d Raph
Mayer [17] cung cp cng thc gm du ng : dammar varnish : turpentine theo t l 30 ml : 30 ml : 150 ml
v 15 git cobalt siccative. Ngi Nga gi cng thc 3 thnh phn ny l chc ba () [18].

S lt sn cng nh cng thc pha dung dch l ty theo k thut v phong cch ca tng ho s.
Khi c hiu bit v kinh nghim v tnh cht ca tng loi du to mng, nha v dung mi, mi
ho s c th t tm cho mnh cc cng thc ph hp hoc iu chnh cc cng thc c cho hp vi
mnh. Theo Xavier de Langlais [19], Jan Van Eyck tng dng dung dch pha mu gm du lanh c,
du lanh sng, nha copal hoc h phch, Venice turpentine v du oi hng. l th dung dch
thn diu to nn lp men lng ly v bo ha mu sc rt cao trong cc kit tc thi Phc
Hng v Baroque, ng thi gip cc kit tc ny trng tn hng th k. Nghin cu ca London
National Gallery cng cho thy dung dch cha du lanh c (bng phi nng hoc un) v nha
thng c dng kh ph bin trong tranh ca cc ho s H Lan v c t.k. XV nh Jan Van Eyck,
Hieronymus Bosch, Stephan Lochner [20], cng nh trong tranh ca danh ho thi Baroque Johannes
Vermeer.

Di y l 3 dung dch pha mu m ti tng dng.

4.1) Dung dch cha dammar varnish:

V lt

1 phn du lanh

1 phn dammar varnish

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5 phn du thng (spirit of turpentine)

sau gim dn turpentine xung 4, 3, 2, 1 phn khi v dn ln cc lt trn. Nhc im ln ca

dammar varnish l rt lu kh nu mi trng c m cao (trn 60 70%), nu b dnh nc, hoc
nu dammar varnish c (trn 1 2 nm, khng cn trong na). Khi dng dung dch cha dammar
c th mt ti na thng m s b mt tranh vn thy cn dnh ngn tay. Dung dch (1) cng khin
i khi v b rt nu nhiu turpentine hoc b ly nu t turpentine. Ngoi ra, v dammar ch ho c
trong du thng nn khi du thng bay hi ht, mt tranh c th c hin tng ht khng u, ch
m ch bng, phi gii quyt bng xoa retouching varnish ln (chiu ny c tn l oiling out) trc khi
ph du bo v. Retouching varnish (vec-ni sa tranh) l loi varnish dng xoa ln mt tranh ang
v d, nhng kh, mt sn bng li, kt dnh tt vi lp sn mi. Retouching varnish cng
c dng lm varnish bo v tm thi khi tranh cha kh 6 thng tr ln.

4.2) Dung dch cha Venice turpentine:

V lt

1 phn du lanh c

1 phn Venice turpentine

5 phn du thng (spirit of turpentine)

sau gim dn du thng xung 4, 3, 2, 1 phn khi v dn ln cc lt trn. Thay du lanh (c)
bng du ng khi v cc lt trn cng, v cc mu sng. Dung dch ny khng c cc nhc im
ca dung dch cha dammar. Du lanh c khin sn kh nhanh, cn Venice turpentine gip trn bt
khi v. Ton b mt tranh bng u v trng dy nh trng men ch khng mng nh giy bng
knh khi dng medium cha dammar.

4.3) Dung dch kt hp:

V lt:

1 phn du lanh c

1 phn Venice turpentine

5 phn du thng (spirit of turpentine)

___

V lp gia:

1 phn du lanh c

1 phn Venice turpentine

4 phn du thng

(Thm ti 1 phn medium peindre J.G. Vibert nu c)

___

V lp trn:

1 phn du lanh

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1 phn du ng

1 phn Venice turpentine

4 phn du thng

1 phn du oi hng

(Thm ti 1 phn medium peindre J.G. Vibert nu c)

___

V lng:

9 phn Dammar varnish

9 phn du thng

4 phn du ng

2 phn Venice turpentine

Cc hng ho phm nh Royal Talens, Lefranc & Bourgeois, Winsor & Newton, v.v. cng bn dung
dch v lng (glazing medium) dng nha tng hp, kh nhanh v khng ng vng theo thi gian
nh dung dch c truyn.

Ch :

1 V du lanh c, du ng v Venice turpentine thng c qunh nhit trong phng, nn

trc khi pha dung dch, nn ngm l du khong 1 2 pht vo bt nc si du lng ra. Dng
ng m git ong du v Venice turpentine vo cc ng du (pale e cup, godet pale e), sau
dng dao v quy k cho chng ha u vi nhau, ri mi thm du thng vo, v li quy k mt
ln na cho n khi c mt dung dch ng nht.

2 Cc cng thc dung dch cn c p dng linh hot ty thuc vo iu kin mi trng xung
quanh nh nhit , m, s lp sn, k thut ca vt bt, v.v.

Sinh thi Salvador Dal tng tuyn b sn sng cho ct c hai tai ca mnh, min l c bit cng
thc chnh xc ca hp cht to nn dung dch qu gi m Johannes Vermeer dng v [21].
Khng bit ti khi no ngi ta mi tm ra medium ca Vermeer, nhng c mt iu n nay r.
l cc bc thy ca hi ho Flamand, Gothic v Phc Hng khng v bng sn du (oil paint) m
bng sn nha du (oil-resin paint). H khng dng th mu m nhiu ho s ngy nay ch n thun
bp t tube ra, ri c lm do bng mt cht du lanh v lm long bng u thng. H t nghin
sc t vi du to mng v v bng dung dch gm du lanh c pha nha cy nh mastic, h phch,
copal, Venetian turpentine. H cng khng dng du thng m dng du oi hng lm long sn
v h v bng k thut nhiu lp. Cha ni n ti nng, ch ring nhng yu t ny cng khin
cht lng cc tc phm ca h khc xa cht lng tranh sn du ca i a s cc ho s ngy nay.

22/7/2013

[1 (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-dung-moi-cua-son-dau
/?preview=true&preview_id=4811&preview_nonce=aed92b67#_ftnref1)] Phm nhum (dye) khc bt
mu (pigment) ch phm nhum ha tan trong dung mi v c kh nng thm thu cao. Lake l
phm nhum c hm bng cht v c khng mu, nh mui kim loi, thnh cc ht bt mu khng

18 of 27 23-Feb-17 1:43 PM
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

b ho tan.

[2] Nn c bit thn trng khi c cc thng tin v k thut hi ha sn du v ha phm trn
Wikipedia v nhiu thng tin sai. Ngoi ra, tuy cun Cm nang v cht liu v k thut cho ho s
(h p://www.amazon.co.uk/Artists-Handbook-Materials-Techniques/dp/0571143318) ca Ralph
Mayer, xut bn nm 1940, c ti bn ti 5 ln: 1951, 1964, 1973, 1982, 1991, nhng nhng ti bn
sau khi Meyer qua i (1979) khng c php sa mt ch. Sau 40 nm, nhiu thng tin trong ngnh
sn xut ho phm thay i so vi nhng g c vit trong cm nang ca Meyer.

[3] Ti c im s lc v ti ny ti trang 24 26 trong S lc v k thut v sn du

(h p://ribf.riken.go.jp/~dang/kythuat/kythuatvesondau.pdf) (2009).

[4] Mt trong cc cch gi mu sn du cn tha trn pale e 1 2 hm sau v tip l dng dao v
gt mu, pht ln mt ming giy thic ri gp p cht li cho tht kn. Ming giy thic ng vai tr
gn nh tube mu, cch li mu tip xc vi khng kh. Nu mun lu hn th cn bo qun gi
giy thic ni c nhit thp, v d nh trong t lnh.

[5] Juita et al. Fire Science Reviews, 1 (2012) 1:3

[6] Mt s tranh ca Van Gogh b nt v Van Gogh lm dng cht lm kh c cha ch v dng blanc
xe (PW22, mu trng r tin) (Xem A. Daish, The fading, changing paintings of Vincent Van Gogh
(h p://academia.edu/3474598/The_Fading_Changing_Paintings_of_Vincent_Van_Gogh); Claus
Habfast , X-rays unravel mysterious degradation of a Van Gogh painting: Supposedly protective
varnish caused discolouration possible implications for other paintings? (h p://www.eurekalert.org
/pub_releases/2012-09/esrf-xum091312.php) European Synchotron Radiation Facility, 4.09.2012.)

[7] R. White and J. Kirby, A survey of XIX and early XX century varnish compositions found on a
selection of paintings in the National Gallery collection, National Gallery Technical Bulletin, Vol. 22,
2001.

[8] Tinh du oi hng cng lm tan dammar song gi thnh qu cao c th c dng nh dung
mi ty sn v ty varnish.

[9] Copal lu i nht th gii (h p://www.ickr.com/photos/borneoresinite/5070850223/lightbox/)

c tm thy thnh ph Mizunami, tnh Gifu, Nht Bn c tui 33 ngn nm.

[10] M.V. Russo and P. Avino, Characterization and Identication of Natural Terpenic Resins
employed in Madonna con Bambino e Angeli by Antonello da Messina using Gas
ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (h p://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/6/1/59), Chemistry
Central Journal, 2012, 6:59.

[11] J. Kirby, The Painters Trade in the Seventeenth Century: Theory and Practice
(h p://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCsQFjAA&
url=h p%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fthe-painters-trade-in-the-seventeenth-century-
theory-and-practice%2F40649&ei=t5rPUZGYDIqckAXaiYAQ&usg=AFQjCNGgBPdICcPjB8mnAvb),
National Gallery Technical Bulletin Volume 20, 1999: Painting in Antwerp and London: Rubens and
Van Dyck.

[12] Ta thng gi l c-l-phan (colophane) nha thng m nhng ngi chi n dy nh violin
hay cello thng dng xoa archet tng ma st khi chi.

[13] Gum naval stores: Turpentine and rosin from pine resin (h p://www.fao.org/docrep/v6460e
/v6460e00.htm#Contents), Non-wood forest products 2, J.J.W. Coppen and G.A. Hone, Natural
resources institute, FAO, 1995.

19 of 27 23-Feb-17 1:43 PM
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

[14] R. Bauer et al. Use larch wood material for treating inammation, (h p://www.google.com
/patents/EP2231174A1?cl=en) Patent WO2009079680 A1, 2009.

[15] Cc nh gi kim thut t.k. XIV bit ch ra du thng (m trong cc bn tho c bng ting Latin
c vit l terebintina) bng thng hoa c th du trong nh nc ngun v bc chy nh
la. Song, cho ti gi ngi ta cha tm c ti liu hay bng chng no cho thy du thng c
dng trong hi ho vo t.k. XIV XV.

[16] Nguyn nh ng, Dng sn du nhn hiu no? (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com

/2013/05/30/dung-son-dau-nhan-hieu-nao/)

[17] Ralph Mayer, The Painters Craft. An Introduction to Artists Methods and Materials, revised and
updated by Steven Sheehan, Director of the Ralph Mayer Center, Yale University School of Art (New
York: Penguin Group, 1948, 1991).

[18] .. , , 1949.

[19] Xavier Langlais, La Technique de la peinture lhuile (Flammarion, 1959).

[20] National Gallery Technical Bulletin, Vol. 18, 1997 (h p://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload

/pdf/methods_and_materials1997.pdf) (National Gallery Publications, London), series editor: A. Roy.

[21] Salvador Dal: n lc gi bnh m l bnh m v ru vang l ru vang

(h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2012/07/25/salvador-dali-da-den-luc-goi-banh-mi-la-
banh-mi-va-ruou-vang-la-ruou-vang/). Nguyn nh ng trch dch t chng I cun 50 b mt
ca tay ngh ma thut ca Salvador Dal.

______________

Nguyn nh ng, 2013 Tc gi gi bn quyn. Bi chuyn kho ny c vit vi mc ch ph bin

kin thc v kinh nghim. Bn c c th lu gi s dng cho c nhn mnh. Mi hnh thc s dng khc
nh in n, sao chp li bi vit ny, d l mt phn hay ton b, pht hnh trong cc n phm nh sch, bo
ch, lun vn, hay nhm mc ch thng mi (k c ti cc trang th vin in t trn internet m c c
hay ti xung ngi c phi tr tin m ti khon) v.v. u vi phm bn quyn nu khng nhn c s
ng bng vn bn ca tc gi.

______________

Cc bi trong series ny:

Nn mng ca tranh sn du (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/03/21/nen-mong-cua-

tranh-son-dau/)

Mu trng ca sn du (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/mau-trang-cua-son-dau/)

Trao i v pha mu v (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/05/04/phamauve/)

B mt ca mu sc (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/bi-mat-cua-mau-sac/)

Dng sn du nhn hiu no? (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/05/30/dung-son-dau-

nhan-hieu-nao/)

Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-

ket-dinh-va-dung-moi-cua-son-dau/)

Mt gio trnh dy nhiu ci sai (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/08/06/motgiaotrinhsai/)

20 of 27 23-Feb-17 1:43 PM
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

Hi ha sn du: thnh v suy (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/08/16/hoi-hoa-son-

dau-thinh-va-suy/)

Th: k thut sn du (h ps://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/tag/ky-thuat-son-dau/)

This entry was posted on 23/07/2013 at 10:29 chiu and is led under hi ha. You can follow any
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Ha Phm Hong Qun Says:

05/01/2017 lc 7:35 chiu | Tr li
Cho ch, chu lm Ha phm Hong Qun.
Chu thy bi vit ca ch rt hay (m khng bit din t bng li nh th no). V n rt c gi tr
i vi M thut ni chung v c bit l i vi cc Ha s k c chuyn v khng chuyn, nn
chu c nh xin php c chia s bi vit ny ca ch trn trang FB ca Ha phm Hong
Qun cho tt c mi ngi. Rt mong nhn c s gip cho php ca ch.
Chu Dng
Ha phm Hong Qun
38 Quang Trung, Hon Kim, H Ni, Vit Nam

Nguyn nh ng Says:
07/01/2017 lc 5:02 chiu | Tr li
Chu c th dng nt Share ca FaceBook share.

Ha Phm Hong Qun Says:

09/01/2017 lc 10:13 sng | Tr li
D, cm n ch nhiu.

Gi n anh! Says:
08/10/2016 lc 2:50 chiu | Tr li
Cm n HS- Tc gi ca nhng bi vit v kinh nghim v Hi ha sn du tuyt vi mt ln
na gi li cm n n anh!

Th Hong Says:
09/03/2016 lc 4:27 chiu | Tr li
chu cho bc ng.

21 of 27 23-Feb-17 1:43 PM
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

gn y chu c mua mt l dung dch ny h p://www.heasteed.com/product/14.html

ngi bn ha phm ni l c th pha vi sn du gip to mng v tng bng cho sn du,
nhng chu khng bit thnh phn ca n gm nhng g v ngoi v khng c ghi. chu thc mc
l khng bit nn dng pha vi du thng v du lanh thay th cho damar varnish trong v
lng hay l dng nguyn n pha mu, v c th dng trong v lng c hay khng? nu c
th, mong bc hay cho chu bit thm. chu cm n bc.

Nguyn nh ng Says:
09/03/2016 lc 4:57 chiu | Tr li
Trn nhn vit l megilp. Megilp l tn gi ca dung dch gm nha cy (nh dammar, mastic,
Venetian turpentine), du kh (nh du lanh, du ht c ch, hay du ht thuc phin), v du
thng un vi oxide ch (litharge). Dung dch ny khin sn du bng, trn, mng, v kh
nhanh. Tuy nhin c rt nhiu cng thc pha ch megilp v ti khng bit dung dch chu mua
c pha ch nh th no.

Chu c th dng n pha vi sn du. Chu c th thm du lanh hay du thng ty theo
chu mun dung dch bo hn hay gy bt.

D nhin chu c th dng n lng nu n trn. Tuy nhin n c ng vng hay khng sau
ny th ti khng bit v ti khng r thnh phn ca n. Chu c th th nghim bng cch
qut mt lp mng dung dch ny ln mt ming canvas bi trng ri em phi sng mt
thi gian. Nu n khng ng vng qu nhiu th c th dng lng. Cn nu n ng vng
nhiu th khng nn dng, k c trn vo sn du v.

Th Hong Says:
09/03/2016 lc 6:18 chiu | Tr li
vng, cm n bc. nhn y bc cho chu hi thm mt cht l dammar varnish dng
pha vi du lanh v du thng trong cng thc m bc a ra c phi chnh l damar
varnish dng qut lp bo v bn trn cng tc phm khng ? y l mt l dammar
varnish ca trung quc m chu mua t mt hng ha phm H Ni, ngi bn hng ni
l dng n qut ln bc tranh khi sn du kh, nhng khng c ni l c th dng
pha h p://theoilpaintstore.com/img/p/6489-6680-thickbox.jpg

Nguyn nh ng Says:
09/03/2016 lc 10:43 chiu | Tr li
Chnh l loi ny y. Dammar varnish l keo dammar ha vi turpentine. Chu c th
dng pha vo painting medium nh ti vit trong chuyn kho. Trc kia ngi
ta hay dng dammar varnish lm varnish bo v tranh. Nhng dammar varnish
chng vng v ti i theo thi gian. Ngy nay c nhiu loi varnish bo v lm t nha
acrylic v ketone, trong sut, khng ng vng, nh satin picture varnish ca Lefranc &
Bourgeois. Nn dng nhng loi varnish khng ng vng bo v tranh th hn.

Th Hong Says:
09/03/2016 lc 10:46 chiu | Tr li
chu cm n bc nhiu

Nguyn Says:
15/08/2015 lc 3:57 chiu | Tr li
Xin hi ho s Nguyn nh ng :
Nh anh t vn gip
Artist painting Medium ( h p://www.dickblick.com/products/winsor-and-newton-artists-painting-
medium/) nn pha trn thm vi nha, dung mi no t hiu qu tt nht khi v theo k
thut v nhiu lp ( dnh cho cc lp lt v lng ) ? V ti ngi hp cht pha sn ny c nhng hn
ch .

22 of 27 23-Feb-17 1:43 PM
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

Trn trng cm n anh !

Nguyn nh ng Says:
15/08/2015 lc 4:03 chiu | Tr li
Ti khng r thnh phn ca Winsor & Newton Artists Medium c bao nhiu phn trm du
v bao nhiu alkyd. Nhng thng thng l cc medium tnh trung bnh v trc tip, tc
l t l du kh nha dung mi l khong 1:1:1. V th khi v lt anh phi thm turpentine
vo cn khi v lp trn cng anh c th tng du kh ln.

ledienha Says:
18/06/2015 lc 5:10 chiu | Tr li
Ch ng i, chu mun hi lm th no bit c nm sn xut ca cc tube mu v dung dch
pha mu ca winsor and newton. Chu tm trn sn phm nhng khng thy. Nu khng c thng
tin ny, c th hiu mu v dung dch bao lu cng c khng ?

Nguyn nh ng Says:
18/06/2015 lc 5:56 chiu | Tr li
bao nhiu lu cng c, min l bo qun tt. Khng nn nh nng mt tri chiu vo
l du. Cc tube mu phi c vn nt cht, v sn kh li th khng v c. Cc l du cng
vy, v nu h s d b kht, c mi kh chu (nh du ht c ch), tuy l vn dng c.

ledienha Says:
18/06/2015 lc 6:17 chiu | Tr li
Cm n ch gii p. Ch c khi no nh t chc trin lm c nhn Vit Nam khng
?

V Th Hp Says:
16/06/2015 lc 5:41 chiu | Tr li
Cho mnh hi : Mnh mun mua du ht lanh dng trong vic sx sn th mua u ti vit
nam. Cm n Bn nhiu

Nguyn nh ng Says:
16/06/2015 lc 8:56 chiu | Tr li
Linseed hay ax u l cy lanh c tn Latin l Linum usitatissimum. Linseed oil hay axseed
oil u l du lanh (hay u ht lanh). Du lanh c bn ti Vit Nam, v d ti vi siu th ln
H Ni hay Si Gn. Vo Google tm du ht lanh mua u th s thy ngay vi a ch.

thuhuong_jaeill@yahoo.com Says:
22/05/2015 lc 5:47 chiu | Tr li
Cm n bi vit ca Anh, rt hay rt hu ch. Em lm cng ty sn PU ca Nht (Washin), ti Bin
Ho, ng Nai. Em tm mua cht Linseed oil v Flaxseed oil dng trong ngnh sn g th mua
u ?

Nguyn nh ng Says:
22/05/2015 lc 6:09 chiu | Tr li
Linseed hay ax u l cy lanh c tn Latin l Linum usitatissimum. Linseed oil hay axseed
oil u l du lanh (hay u ht lanh). Du lanh c bn ti Vit Nam, v d ti vi siu th ln
H Ni hay Si Gn. Vo Google tm du ht lanh mua u th s thy ngay vi a ch.

Dng H Says:
12/09/2014 lc 5:35 sng | Tr li
Cho bc nh ng. Vy e c th dng Venetian turpentine nguyn cht k pha chn hoc dng
du en v cho ho phm nhn hiu Royal Talens k . Nh vy trng c b ng vng k, hay
vi mu sng ta phi dng du khc. V dng nguyn cht Venetian turpentine hoc du en c

23 of 27 23-Feb-17 1:43 PM
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

u im nhc im g . Cm n bc trc nh.

Nguyn nh ng Says:
12/09/2014 lc 1:49 chiu | Tr li
C th dng nh vy, nhng phi pha vi turpentine theo t l tng t nh trong bi. Nu
dng qu nhiu du en, mu s ti i v khi kh tranh s khng bng. Nu dng qu nhiu
Venetian turpentine, mu s chy thnh vt, tranh s lu kh v d b nt. Dng Venetian
turpentine cn mt cht kinh nghim, nn phi th mt thi gian mi quen. Ngoi ra Venetian
turpentine xn phi l loi c lm t nha cy larch o hoc chu u. Venetian
turpentine ca Royal Talens v Holbein thuc loi ny. Nu Venetian turpentine ch l
colophony th nn trnh tranh khi b nt.

Dng H Says:
15/09/2014 lc 8:56 chiu | Tr li
Cm n bc gii p rt nhit tnh v chi tit. E t va chm vi cc dung dch pha
dung mi khi v, li k thng tho ngoi ng nn hi kh tun th k thut ny. Vy e mun
v nguyn sn du khng sau khi hon thin ta quang du ln c k . Hoc Vit Nam
c dung dch no mua d m ch cn 1 n 2 loi dung dch pha vi nhau l c th v c
c bng v cht lng tm n k bc. E rt thch v tuy nhin i vo n tht kh m nht
l v theo li c in. Mong bc gii p gip e c th theo ui tip con ng ny .
Cm n ho s nh ng.

Nguyn nh ng Says:
16/09/2014 lc 6:08 sng | Tr li
C th pha du lanh, du thng vi nha dammar (dammar varnish) nh trong bi
vit. C ba th ny u c bn ti Vit Nam. Nu khng c dammar, th pha du lanh v
du thng vi nhau v cng c, nh cc ho s hin i vn lm, nhng s khng
bng.

nhau thai cuu Says:

05/09/2014 lc 2:28 sng | Tr li
Howdy just wanted to give you a quick heads up and let you
know a few of the images arent loading properly.
Im not sure why but I think its a linking issue.
Ive tried it in two dierent internet browsers and both
show the same results.

Nguyn nh ng Says:
05/09/2014 lc 9:27 sng | Tr li
From my side the page opens properly and quickly with all images.

Medicial Billing College in California Says:

21/08/2014 lc 8:17 chiu | Tr li
If some one wants to be updated with newest technologies
afterward he must be visit this web site and be up to date all the time.

ledienha Says:
10/07/2014 lc 5:18 chiu | Tr li
Cho ch,

Distilled Turpentine

c th thay th cho spirit of turpentine trong bi vit c khng ?

24 of 27 23-Feb-17 1:43 PM
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

Nguyn nh ng Says:
11/07/2014 lc 1:01 chiu | Tr li
Spirit of turpentine, distilled turpentine v rectied turpentine l tn gi khc nhau ca
turpentine tinh khit thu c sau khi chng ct t nha thng v lc.

ledienha Says:
11/07/2014 lc 5:46 chiu | Tr li
Cm n ch gii thch!

Nguyn nh ng Says:
10/11/2013 lc 3:58 chiu | Tr li
@ V:

1) Nh ti vit, cc cng thc pha dung dch ch c tnh nh hng. Nguyn tc l lp di

phi gy (t du) hn lp trn. Gy hn bao nhiu, cng nh pha thm du g vo trong qu
trnh v l ty theo k thut v v kinh nghim ca mi ho s(*).

Trong qu trnh kh, du lanh tng th tch trong 1 tun u tin ti 12% sau du lanh sng
gim th tch ti 15% cn du lanh tinh ch ch gim vi phn trm. C th da vo m tnh ra
sai s trong t l du lanh:dammar:du thng nu du lanh hay dammar varnish qu c (Dammar
varnish c li do du thng bay hi).

Salvador Dal ni rng ng qut imprimatura vi dung dch copal varnish : amber varnish : du
thng = 1:2:5, v v lt bng dung dch du thuc phin : du ht c ch: du thng : amber
varnish = 5:5:5:1, thm vi con ong b v cn nguyn vi c th vo dung dch!

2) Cc cng thc ny gi thit du v dung mi c cht lng tt. D nhin cht lng du, dung
mi, sn du, bt lng, canvas c nh hng r rt ti cht lng tranh. rm th khng dng
c vi bt c t l no. V vy ch nn dng cc ho phm cht lng cao do nhng hng c uy
tn sn xut v mua t nhng i l mnh tin tng c.

Ti dng satin picture varnish ca Lefranc & Bourgeois gn 20 nm nay, m vn trong sut
khng h i mu. Trong khi mt ho s H Ni mi cho bit mua phi mt l Lefranc &
Bourgeois satin picture varnish trong nc, khi qut ln tranh ch sau vi pht l ng vng. Sau
khi tm hiu mi t ra l varnish cu y mua qua bin tp trong nc, tc b ct xn v
pha ch. V th, ci tn th vn vy nhng ci rut th khng phi vy.

___________________
(*) T l lanh:dammar:du thng = 1:1:5 cho dung dch v lt l t l ti dng t nhiu nm nay. Vi
du lanh c v Venice turpentine ti cng dng t l nh vy.

v Says:
10/11/2013 lc 9:28 sng | Tr li
Anh ng i, loi Thickened Linseed Oil ny khng c ch sun ny th c phi l du lanh c
cha ? So vi c qunh ca du ng (stand oil) th long hn. Nu cha th phi lm sao na
s dng c ?

Nguyn nh ng Says:
10/11/2013 lc 12:25 chiu | Tr li
l du lanh c lm c theo phng php hin i (thickened l c lm cho c).
Winsor & Newton dng nhit v oxy lm c du ny, thay v lm c qua phi nng truyn
thng (sun-thickened). V th, du ny thua sun-thickened linseed oil trc ht l v khng chu
c tia cc tm (UV).

Winsor & Newton ni rng du ny l mt thay th hin i cho du lanh c qua phi nng

25 of 27 23-Feb-17 1:43 PM
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

(sun-thickned linseed oil) (Xem video clip t pht 2:22). Ti cha bao gi dng du ny. C
kin cho rng nu y l du thi (blown oil mt tn khc ca thickened oil), tc c lm c
bng nhit cao v thi khng kh qua, th cht lng khng bng du c do phi nng.

v Says:
10/11/2013 lc 2:16 chiu | Tr li
Cc thng tin th phm t video clip rt hay, v c thm knh tham kho qua youtube na,
rt tin ch .

Ti c thc mc khc l:
Theo nh cc t l du lanh m anh hng dn trong cc cng thc ha trn tr cc loi
du lanh ng v du lanh c th cc loi du lanh khc nhau nh: sng, sng, tinh ch,
tinh khit; khi pha trn vi dung dch khc (du thng, dammar varnish..), i vi mi loi
du lanh c thm bt g khng do cc tnh cht khc nhau gia chng? V ngoi ra, nh
ph bin c du lanh v du thng ngi ta pha thm cho r tin, th cht lng ca
chng cng nh hng n t l trong cng thc ch anh ?

Lotus Says:
19/08/2013 lc 4:48 chiu | Tr li
bc i, bc c bit ch no bn SHIVA VENICE TURPENTINE, sn Winsor Newton Vit Nam
khng? Bc bit th ch gip chu nh, Thank!

Nguyn nh ng Says:
19/08/2013 lc 5:32 chiu | Tr li
1) Bc khng bit ch no VN bn Venice turpentine.

Nhng theo bc bit th Shiva Venice Turpentine l sn phm ca hng Jack Richeson, khng
phi l Venice turpentine tht m l imitation tc l nhi Venice turpentine tht (Xem hnh ti
y. Trn dng ch Venice turpentine c dng ch nh Imitation)

Venice turpentine tht phi c lm t nha cy larch chu u, nh Venice turpentine ca

hng Royal Talens v hng Holbein m trong bi nhc n.

2) Cn v mu Winsor & Newton (W&N) bn ti VN th tra trn internet bc tm thy a ch ti

Si Gn ng link ny.

Tuy nhin cn ch phn bit gia mu W&N sn xut ti Anh v W&N sn xut ti Trung
Quc lc a (c ch Tu in trn nhn). Mu W&N sn xut ti Trung Quc dng bt mu ca
Trung Quc, cng thc ch to cng nh cht lng khng ging nh mu W&N sn xut ti
Anh.

LD (SG) Says:
14/08/2013 lc 9:41 sng | Tr li
Cm n anh nhng bi vit v k thut sn du gn y. Chng gip em trng thnh nhanh hn
5 nm c sch ting Vit v iu ny.

LD

T (HN) Says:
09/08/2013 lc 8:41 sng | Tr li
Knh cho anh ng

Lot bi ny ca anh qu qu, ng l ngoi anh ra VN hin nay khng ai c th lm c vic

ny ngon lnh v khc trit nh vy. Ch tic l ci tp ch ca cc my thut nhip nh n in s
lng rt t, li ch biu cng gi cc c v hu, quan chc (thm ch cn lc i tng nhiu hn

26 of 27 23-Feb-17 1:43 PM
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du | Nguyen Dinh Dang's Blog https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/chat-ket-dinh-va-...

Ni san ca vin MT) nn sinh vin v bn ha s tr rt t c c hi tip cn cc bi vit ny ca

anh. C l c xong lot bi th phi tm cch in li ch no cho b con xem li ton b cho no
n anh .

Chc mng anh vn can trng v vit u u.

Knh

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