1.

1 Chapter 14
Chemical
Equilibrium

14.CO
Title Dynamic Equilibrium
N2O4 and NO2 molecules are shown involved in bond breaking and bond
Caption
forming
Keywords equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium, reaction

14.1
Title Model of a saturated solution
Caption Dynamic equilibrium in saturated solution formation is shown.
Keywords dynamic equilibrium, saturation, equilibrium, precipitate

14.2 Concentration vs time graph for the reversible reaction 2Hl(g)--H2(g)

Title
+I2(g)
After the time, te, the reaction is at equilibrium, and the concentrations of
Caption reactant and products undergo no further change. The data shown here,
together with those for two other experiments, are listed in Table 14.1.
Keywords equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium, equilibration time

Title Relating Q & K & predicting the direction of net reaction

14.3
When reactants predominate in the reaction mixture (top), Q is less than
K and the reaction mixture proceeds to form products. When products
Caption
predominate (bottom), Q is greater than K and the reaction proceeds to
form reactatns. At equilibrium (center), Q equals K.
Keywords equilbrium, reaction quotient, equilibrium constant, reaction

Title Heterogeneous equilibrium

14.4
When heated in a closed vessel, decomposition of CaCO3(s) yields some
CaO(s) and CO2 (g). the CO2 soon exerts its equillibrium partial pressure
Caption (top). Additional CaO has no effect on the partial pressure of the CO2
(center). Likewise, added CaCO3 has no effect on the equillibrium partial
pressure of CO2 .
Keywords heterogeneous equilibria, equilibrium
14.5 Title Illustrating Le Chatelier's principle in the reaction N2O4(g)--2NO2(g)
Caption (a) Equilibrium is established at a total pressure of 1 atm. For every 17
 molecules, five are NO2 and twelve are N2O4. (b) The total pressure is
increased to 2 atm. Momentarily, the same 17 molecules are present. (c)
The system accommodates to the reduced volume. Two NO2 molecules
combine to form one N2O4 molecule. The new equilibrium has 16
molecules in place of the original 17. Of these, three are NO2 and thirteen
are N2O4. Notice that in every case the same total number of atoms is
present: 29 N atoms and 58 O atoms.
Keywords le chatlier's principle, equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium, pressure

Title The synthesis of ammonia: the Haber process

14.6
The N2 and H2 mixture is brought into a reactor at a high temperature
and pressure. The equilibrium mixture is removed from the reactor and
Caption cooled in a condenser. Liquid NH3 is removed, and the N2 and H2
mixture is returned to the reactor and mixed with additional reactant
gases.
Keywords equilibrium, Le Chatlier's principle
14.7
Title Example 14.11 illustrated
The key in Example 14.11 is to determine the amounts of SO2 and O2
Caption
consumed to reach equilibrium.
Keywords equillibrium, calculations

Title Example 14.15 illustrated

14.8
Because two moles of gaseous products are produced for every mole of
reactant in the reaction COCl2(g)-->CO(g)+Cl2(g), we expect a
Caption higher total pressure at equilibrium than initially. Also, because COCl2
must be consumed to produce CO and Cl2, we expect PCOCl2 at
equilibrium to be less than the initial PCOCl2.
Keywords problem solving, equillibrium

2. Table of
Contents

01 Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

02 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
03 Stoichiometry: Chemical Calculations
04 Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
05 Gases
06 Thermochemistry
07 Atomic Structure
08 Electron Configurations, Atomic Properties, and the Periodic Table
09 Chemical Bonds
10 Bonding Theory and Molecular Structure
11 Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
12 Physical Properties of Solutions
13 Chemical Kinetics
14 Chemical Equilibrium
15 Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibria
16 More Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions: Slightly Soluble Salts and Complex Ions
17 Thermodynamics: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy
18 Electrochemistry
19 Nuclear Chemistry
20 The s-Block Elements
21 The p-Block Elements
22 The d-Block Elements
23 Chemistry and Life: More about Organic, Biological, and Medicinal Chemistry
24 Chemistry of Materials: Bronze Age to Space Age
25 Environmental Chemistry

2.1 Chapter 16
More Equilibria in
Aqueous
Solutions: Slightly
Soluble Salts and
Complex Ions

16.0.2
Title Common Ion Effect
Caption When a salt supplies Ag+ or SO42-, equilibrium shifts to the left.
Keywords common ion effect, Le Chatlier's principle, solubility, equilibrium

Title Common ion effect in solubility solution

16.1
(a) Saturated silver sulfate solution, Ag2SO4(aq), is colorless. A
schematic of the solution is shown above, omitting the water for simplicity.
Caption (b) Following the addition of Na2SO4(aq), most of the Ag+ ions originally
prsent (about 7 of 8 shown) have precipitated. The schematic shows the
only remaining silver ion as a silver + ball.
Keywords common ion effect, solubility, saturated, precipitate, solution
16.4.1T.2 Title Solubility of silver chloride in NaCl(aq)
Caption This table gives the predicted and actual solubility of AgCl in mol/L.
 Although it is predicted that, due to the common ion effect, AgCl should
have diminished solubility as the concentration of NaCl increases, this is
not the case. In fact, the greatest solubility of AgCl shown is in a 2.9M
solution of Cl-.
Keywords complex ion, solubility, precipitation

Title Structure of the complex ion [AgCl2]-

16.5
This illustration suggests that lone pair electrons on the Cl- ions are used
to form coordinate covalent bonds with the central Ag+ ion. The complex
Caption
ion has a linear structure. Bonding and structures of complex ions are
discussed in Chapter 22.
complex ion, coordinate covalent compound, common ion, solubillity,
Keywords
transition metal chemistry

Title Complex ion formation

16.6
The dilute CuSO4(aq) solution on the left owes its pale blue color to Cu2+
(aq) When we add NH4(aq) (here labeled "conc ammonium hydroxide"),
Caption the solution color changes to a deep violet (right) as Cu2+(aq) is
converted to [Cu(NH3)4]2+. The molecular view shows the ions
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ and SO42-.
Keywords complex ion, solubility, solutions, transition metal chemistry

Title Complex ion formation & solute solubility

16.7
A precipitate of AgCl(s) (left) readily dissolves in an aqueous solution of
NH3 because of the formation of the complex ion [Ag(NH3)2]+ (right). The
Caption
moleuclar view of the final solution shows [Ag(NH3)2]++ and Cl- ions and
NH3 molecules.
Keywords complex ion, solubility, transition metal chemistry, solution

16.9 Title Ionization of [Fe(H20)6]3+(aq) as an acid

The transfer of protons from ligand water molecules in [Fe(H20)6]3+(aq)
Caption to solvent water molecules produces an increase in [H3O+] in the
solution.
Keywords complex ion, acid, acidic metal ions, periodic properties

Title Outline of the qualitative analysis scheme for some common cations
16.11
The text describes how we can use differences in solubilities of
compounds to separate the cations into five groups, do additional
Caption
separations in each group to obtain each cation that is present in a
separate solution, and then test for that cation in the solution.
Keywords qualitative analysis, solubility, cation, separation