Thun Ha di thi k

oan qun cng Nguyn Hong

(1558-1613)
Thi Quang Trung*

1. Nguyn Hong vo i T (Qung Tr), m u cho

s nghip m mang b ci v pha Nam:
Trong bi cnh ht sc phc tp ca t nc, nh Hu L suy yu, Mc ng
Dung cp ngi, vua L chy vo Thanh Ha khi phc vng quyn, cuc chin
tranh L Mc xy ra, cc din Nam - Bc triu hnh thnh, nhn dn b li cun
vo cuc ni chin tng tn. Trong khi mt mm mng phn quyn mi xut
hin, l h Nguyn. Sau khi Nguyn Kim cht, binh quyn v tay Trnh Kim, hai
ngi con ca Nguyn Kim th mt l Lng qun cng Nguyn Ung b Trnh
Kim git hi, oan qun cng Nguyn Hong lo cho s phn ca mnh, nh ch l
cng cha Ngc Bo (v Trnh Kim) xin cho vo trn th Thun Ha, Trnh Kim
cng mun tr b mi lo bn cnh mnh, nn ng cho i.
Vic Nguyn Hong xin vo Thun Ha, khng phi l mt s kin ngu
nhin, m l mt suy tnh lu di, mt tnh ton mang tnh chin lc ca mt con
ngi c ti kinh bang t th. Li sm ca trng trnh Nguyn Bnh Khim
Honh Sn nht i vn i dung thn, khin cho oan qun cng i n
quyt nh cui cng. ng nhn thy Thun Ha c mt v tr ht sc quan trng
xy dng th lc cho dng h, sc chng vi h Trnh ng Ngoi.
i vi Trnh Kim ng cho Nguyn Hong vo Thun Ha l nm trong
thm c, nhm mn nhng th lc khc tiu tr mi lo ngi duy nht cn
li. Cho nn, Thi s Trnh Kim dng biu vi vua L rng Thun Ha l ni
c hnh th p. lm nn s nghip ln, bn triu khi mi khai quc, phi nh
vo qun lnh v tin ti ca Thun Ha. C iu l Thun Ha b gic Mc chim
c lu, lng ngi hy cn phn trc: phn nhiu hy cn vt bin m i theo
gic Mc, hoc nhn dp a gic n quy ph sau lng chng ta. l iu rt
ng lo ngi. Vy nu khng c tay lng tng vo y trn gi v v th khng
xong. oan qun cng l con nh tng, c ti nng v mu lc, nay nn ra lnh
cho hn vo trn t y, gy th dc vi trn qun cng Bi T Hn Qung
Nam, ng hu khng c ci lo phi oi n min Nam [11,132].
Thng 10 nm 1558 (Mu Ng), Nguyn Hong em th h ca mnh vo
Thun Ha. Cng i theo ng gm nhiu ngi qu hng huyn Tng Sn, Thanh
*
i hc S phm Hu.

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Ha v cc s t cng gia quyn vui v ln ng vo Nam lp nghip. a bn
u tin ni oan qun cng t chn n l i T thuc huyn V Xng, ph
Triu Phong (Thun Ha lc by gi gm hai ph Tn Bnh v Triu Phong, tri di
t chu Nam B Chnh pha Nam sng Gianh cho n in Bn, pha Bc Qung
Nam ngy nay). Vi mt a bn tri di nh vy buc Nguyn Hong phi chn i
T t dinh ph v bt u quy hoch ng li cai tr. L gii ti sao ng khng
chn mt v tr no Ha Chu (Tha Thin) ng bn doanh, tc gi Phan
Thun An cho rng: Phi chng v a bn i T lc by gi c dn cn tha tht,
t ai cn nhiu ni hoang vng, khng phi l ming mi ngon anh hng ho
kit thuc loi tho d ca h Mc v triu nh L Trnh ginh git? Trong khi
a bn Tha Thin th tr ph hn, nht l vng ph l Triu Phong bn b sng
Hng,... Vic ng dinh ph i T l mt quyt nh mang tnh sch lc chnh
tr, nhm trnh khi nhng va chm khng cn thit v nhng bt li c th xy n
cho cc th lc bt mn vi ch v cc thnh phn dn chng phc tp trn a
bn Thun Ha gy ra [1,14].
Sau khi t chn n Thun Ha, vi danh ngha trn gi t pha Nam i
Vit, nhng trong lu di ca oan qun cng khi chn vng t ny ngh
n vic xy dng th lc lu di cho dng h. Cho nn, Nguyn Hong tr
tnh nhiu cch xy dng nghip cha [12,77]. Tng truyn lc ng n i
T, nhn dn dng ln 7 v nc trong, ni tri ban cho oan qun cng
nc. ng cng Thi ph Nguyn D, Uy quc cng Mc Cnh Hung,
Lun qun cng Tng Phc Tr v cc quan tam ty ca nh L cn lu dng, tt
c hp sc quy hoch phng thc cai tr v phng th.
Do uy danh ca Nguyn Kim v chin cng chng nh Mc ca oan qun
cng, cho nn sau khi xy dng th lc mi Thun Ha, nhanh chng thu ht
lc lng c dn t pha Bc vo. Nguyn Khoa Chim trong Trnh - Nguyn din
ch m t l mt cuc di dn thc s. Sau ny, Li Tana trong lun n tin s ca
mnh nhn xt l mt ln sng di dn v i ca ngi Vit Nam, tc gi cn
cho rng trc y, s ngi Vit di c xung pha Nam khng nhiu , c v lc
c, nhng by gi ng c thc y h cng r rng hn. Nu Thun Ha trc
y xem ra l mt vng t y bt trc, bp bnh v mt s lnh vc, th vic h
Nguyn thit lp chnh quyn y c coi nh l mt vic ti khng nh
quyn ca ngi Vit Nam c nh c trn vng t ny v v th l khuyn khch
ln i vi vic di dn [13,38].
C th ni, trc khi Nguyn Hong vo khai ph Thun Ha, c c dn
ngi Vit di c vo y t cc triu i L, Trn v nht l thi L Thnh Tng sau
cuc chin tranh vi Chmpa nm 1471. Tuy nhin, cc t di dn trc y cn ri
rc, l t, v th vng t ny cha c khai thc trit . iu ny lt vo tm
ngm ca v tng trn tng qun Nguyn Hong, ng dng c ca mnh
v v qun dn, thu dng ho kit, su thu nh nhng, c dn mn phcby

223
gi mi vic bt u. Cha khuya sm chm lo, ngh vic cng c cn bn [10, 30-
31].

2. Thun Ha di thi oan qun cng Nguyn Hong

trn tr:
Xut pht t xy dng th lc ring, dn dn tch khi s l thuc
chnh quyn L Trnh ng Ngoi, oan qun cng Nguyn Hong tn
dng nhng u th sn c v thin thi, a li, nhn ha nhanh chng bin
vng t chu c a thnh vng t tr ph, th ph ca c ng Trong.
Nguyn Hong dng chnh sch cai tr khn kho, mm do nhm thu phc
nhn dn; ti lc, vt lc u phc v vic cng. Chnh v vy, Thun Ha tr
thnh vng t ha cho cc tng lp c dn ng Ngoi lin tc di c vo. Chng
hn, nm 1572, cc huyn Ngh An, ng rung b hoang khng thu c ht
thc no, dn i to, li b bnh dch, cht n qu na, nhiu ngi xiu dt. K
th vo Nam, ngi th git ra Bc, trong ht rt tiu iu [9,147]. Hoc nm
y, Thanh Ha i to nhiu ngi xiu dt [9,146]. Hoc nm Mu Thn, nin
hiu Hong nh th 9 (1608), cc ni ng Ngoi, thi tit kh hn, la m
chy kh, mt thng go gi mt ng tin, c nhiu ngi cht i, thm ch c
ni ngi ta n tht ln nhau, i kh nh th n hn mt nm. Duy ch c hai
x Thun Ho, Qung Nam, ma thun gi ha, mt u go ch c 3 tin, ngoi
ng khng ai nht ca ri, bn dn: s, nng, cng, thng u an c lc
nghip [4,80]. Chnh v vy, Thun Ha d nhin tr thnh ni tr n, l vng
t ha cho cc tng lp c dn ng Ngoi. l cha k n hng ngn t
binh bt c trong chin tranh cng c Cha Nguyn s dng trong cng
cuc khai ph x Thun Ha: chin thng qun Lp Bo nm 1572, oan qun
cng a gn 3000 t binh ln vng Cn Tin, tng Bi n lp 36
phng[13,36]. Ngoi ra cn mt lc lng vo Nam sau ny, h vn l quan
li gn b vi chnh quyn L Trnh ng Ngoi, do bt mn b vo theo
Ngyn Hong, hp sc chng li h Trnh.
Vi mt lc lng hng hu v khng ngng c b sung, l iu kin
thun li gip oan qun cng xy dng th lc. Nhng mt i hi t ra cho
v Tng trn tng qun l nhanh chng n nh lc lng ng o ny. oan
qun cng quy nh dn mi n nh c khng phi ng thu 3 nm u, t
do chnh h khn c s l ca ring hMc du hng nm phi ng thucho
chnh quyn L Trnh, nhng chnh sch qun l rung t cn rt lng lo, thu
kha cha vo nh ngch. Mi k quan triu nh vo thu thu, cha dng th
on mua chuc, tm cch hon thu, ko di thi gian thu thu v xin gim thu.
Chng hn, thng 3 nm 1586, Bnh Tut, vua L sai hin st s l Nguyn To
n khm nhng din tch hin cy thu thu. Khi To n, cha ly long thnh
tip i, To ly lm phc, ri khng dm khm c na, cho ph huyn t lm

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s, s lm xong em v[13,37]. Trong nhng ln sau, cha nu nhng l do
mt ma, l lt, hn hn xin x thu, nh vy nhn dn rt hng hi sn xut,
nn "nm 1608 Thun Ha c ma to, mi u go 3 ng tin. T Ngh An
go t, nn dn xiu dt chy v vi cha Nguyn [13,44]. T , oan qun
cng c dn mn phc v gi l cha Tin.
Sau khi Nguyn Hong c vua L cho php kim tr c trn Qung Nam,
ng thc hin mt thay i l chuyn th ph t i T sang Tr Bt (cng nm
trn t huyn V Xng). Nm 1600, mt ln na di chuyn bn doanh sang
Dinh Ct, cch dinh c khng xa. Vic thuyn chuyn dinh ph nhiu ln, th
hin mong mun ca Tin cha l i tm chn n nh chun b cho mt
lu di. Mong mun , oan qun cng y thc li cho Nguyn Phc
Nguyn- ngi ni nghip cha Thun Ha. V 13 nm sau ngy cha bng,
cha Si a dinh v t Tha Thin (dinh Phc Yn), tng bc thot li hn
quan h vi ng ngoi.
Nm 1601, Tin cha Nguyn Hong c mt cuc kinh l n vng t
pha Bc o Hi Vn. Khi i ngang qua vng H Kh, dng chn ngm nhn
phong cnh, a th, thy ni y gia chn ng bng t khi mt ngn i cao
dng ta mt u rng ang ngoi v pha ni m, trc cun nc trng giang,
sau m mnh ni bnh h, cnh tr tuyt p. Ngi s ti cho rng ni ny rt
thing, ban m c ngi trng thy mt b gi u tc bc ph, mc o , qun
xanh, ngi chi nh i m ni Ri y s c mt v chn cha n lp cha
th Pht, cu thnh linh kh tr v ni ny cu phc gip nc, gip dn , tt
khng c g phi lo. Nguyn Hong nghe ni c mng, t cho mnh l v chn
cha, bn sai ngi dng cha, vit bin ch Thin M t. Sau khi t chn
n A Vn quan, thy a th pha Nam rt p v bng phng, cha cho tch
in Bn ra khi Thun Ha, thnh lp ph in Bn thuc trn Qung Nam
(1604). c c mt quyt nh quan trng ny, cha Tin mt gn na th
k xy dng v cng c Thun Ha. Vic lp ph in Bn, mt mt gii
quyt sc p v rung t canh tc v t th c, nhng ci quan trng hn l to
vnh ai vng chc bo v dinh ph, ng thi lm bn p tin v pha
Nam sau ny. Trong bi vit ca mnh, tc gi Hunh Cng B dn li trong
Qung Nam qua cc thi i ca Phan Du, nh gi v s kin ny nh sau:
"Mun dng nghip ln, trong ci th ca Tin cha Nguyn Hong thi , cn
phi to mt c s va em li ci th dc cho thng v cho c Chnh dinh,
nhm c kh nng, lc lng chn ng mi cuc tn cng ca qun Trnh t
pha Bc trn xung v mt khcva to c mt bn p bnh trng th
lc, m rng b ci v pha Nam [3].
Song song vi cng cuc xy dng x Thun Ha, oan qun cng cng
tng cng bo v vng t ny. Nm 1572, nh bi qun Mc do Lp Bo ch
huy; nm 1585, Tng Ty dng hiu l Hin Qu i chin thuyn ln n u

225
 Ca Vit cp bc ven bin, cha sai hong t th 6 lnh hn 10 chin
thuyn, tin thng n ca bin nh tan 2 chin thuyn gic, Hin Qu s chy,
cha c mng ni rng: Con ta tht anh kitt nay gic bin im hi [10, 37].
Trong hot ng bun bn vi nc ngoi, Tin cha t quan h vi
cc thng nhn nc ngoi. C th ni rng: ngoi thng pht trin gip cho
vic cng c Thun Ha. nh gi hot ng ny, Li Tana trong tc phm X
ng Trong, Lch s kinh t- x hi th k XVII-XVIII vit: Ngoi thng tr
thnh yu t quyt nh trong tc pht trin ca ng Trong. Ngoi thng
nghip khng c g khc c th gip h Nguyn xy dng mt cch nhanh chng
vng t t nhn lc ny c th ng u ni vi mt vng t c s tim lc
nhiu gp i, gp ba ng Trong v mi mt [12,85]. C th ni nhng nh
gi trn l qu cao ngoi thng, nhng khng th ph nhn mt iu l, ngay
nhng nm u Nguyn Hong n Thun Ha, c nhiu li bun t Ma Cao,
Trung Hoa, Nht Bn n bun bn, lc Ca Vit l hi cng mu dch
vi ngai quc. Cc thuyn bun Trung Hoa bun bn lc by gi u vo Ca
Vit ri ln kinh Dinh Ct [1]. c bit trong quan h vi nc ngoi , tin
cha ch ti Nht Bn: trong thi gian 6 nm (1601-1606), hng nm Nguyn
Hong v v tng qun Takugawa (Nht Bn) u c th t trao i vi nhau.
Theo Li Tana, Nguyn Hong gi cho Takugawa 8 bc th v 2 ln gi tng
phm, cn Takugawa gi cho Tin cha 6 bc th [12].
Trong khi chnh quyn L Trnh t ra d dt trong vic bun bn vi nc
ngoi, vi mt s chnh sch phin h lm nn lng cc tu bun, th Thun
Ha vic bun bn kh si ni. Cc thng nhn ngoi quc v tn cc a
phng thu mua sn phm th cng v nng sn, mt s mt hng nc ngoi
c mang n Thun Ha. oan qun cng cn cho php cc thng nhn n
t thng im mt s khu vc do mnh kim sot, nht l Hi An ( Qung
Nam).
Nh vy, cho n khi mt (thng 6 nm Qu Su, 1613), hng th 88
tui, Tin cha ngi 55 nm. Trong 55 nm y, Nguyn Hong gn lin s
nghip vi vng t Thun Ha. T Thun Ha, cha m t v Qung Nam
(1604), Ph Yn (1611). Trc khi mt, mc d tui cao, nhng oan qun cng
c v cha yn lng khi s nghip cha trn vn. Cho nn, trc khi nhm mt,
ng kp dn li ngi k v l th t Nguyn Phc Nguyn rng t Thun
Qung pha Bc c ni Honh Sn v sng Linh Giang him tr, pha Nam c
ni Hi Vn v ni Thch Bi vng bn. Ni sn vng st, bin c c mui, tht l
t dng v ca ngi anh hng. Nu bit dy dn, luyn binh chng chi vi
h Trnh th xy dng c nghip mun i. V bng th lc khng ch c,
th c gi t ai ch c hi, ch ng b qua li dn ca ta [10,40]. Nhng
cha k v Tin cha pht huy th chin lc ca t Thun Ha, nhanh chng
bin vng t ny thnh th ph ca mt vng triu vng mnh. Nm 1626, di

226
dinh ph v Phc Yn (Hng Tr, Tha Thin ngy nay), cng chnh l thi
im din ra cuc chin tranh Trnh Nguyn ko di hng thp k v hnh thnh
cc din ng Trong- ng Ngoi. Thun Ha tr thnh a bn i u vi
qun Trnh, ng thi thc y nhanh hn vic m rng t ai v pha Nam.
Ca ngi cng lao ca oan qun cng, Quc s qun triu Nguyn ghi:
By gi Thi t Gia D cai tr hn 10 nm, chnh s khoan ha, qun lnh
th nghim tc. Dn vng Thun Ha, Qung Nam u c thm nhun n c
v tm gi gio ha. Dn bun th lc nghip, ch ba khng bn 2 gi, trong x
khng c trm cp. Nhiu ngi cc nc n sum vy lm n. Trong trn ngy
mt ng c thnh vng [11,158]. Chnh s thn nh L cng nh gi trong
i Vit s k ton th nh sau: t Thun Qung li c yn. Hong tr
nhm my chc nm, chnh lnh khoan ha, thng ban n hu, dng php cng
bng, khuyn rn bn b, cm trp k hung c, dn hai trn li cm lng mn
c, thay i phong tc, ch khng ni thch, dn khng trm cp, cng ngoi
khng phi ng, thuyn bun nc ngoi u n bun bn, trao i phi gi,
qun lnh nghim cm, mi ngi ra sc. T y ngi Mc khng dm dm
nom, trong ci c yn n lm n [9,182]. Thun Ha di thi oan qun
cng Nguyn Hong thc s tr thnh a bn quan trng cho i nghip ca h
Nguyn. T , Thun Ha l trung tm chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha ca t ng
Trong. T Thun Ha, bn nc ta dn dn hnh thnh nh ngy hm nay. C
th ni, n gia th k XVIII, cng cuc m t pha Nam ca dn tc hon
thnh. Trong s nghip to ln khng th khng k n vai tr ca Thun Ha.
Cng chnh Thun Ha gip Ty Sn nh tan qun Trnh, xa b ranh gii
sng Gianh, t Thun Ha, ngi anh hng o vi ln ngi hong , ko i
qun ra Bc lm nn mt ng a lch s, nh bi 29 vn qun Thanh xm
lc. Thun Ha- Ph Xun tr thnh kinh ca c nc di triu Ty Sn v
nh Nguyn sau ny.
T chiu su ca qu kh, v tr Thun Ha - Ph Xun s cn ng gp
nhiu hn na cho dn tc trong hin ti v tng lai.

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Phan Thun An - Nhng ln di dng ph cha ng Trong - T/C Thng tin KH&CN, S
KHMT Tha Thin Hu, S 2-1995.
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3. Hunh Cng B, in Bn ph di thi Tin cha Nguyn Hong, T/C NCLS, s 6 (274),
1994.
4. Nguyn Khoa Chim, Trnh - Nguyn din ch, T1, S VHTT-BTT, Hu 1986.
5. Phan Du, Qung Nam qua cc thi i, quyn thng, C hc tng th xut bn, Nng,
1974.
6. L Qu n, Ph bin tp lc, NXB KHXH, H Ni, 1977.
7. L Qu n, i Vit thng s, NXB ng Thp, 1994.
8. Vit Hng, 1306-1996 nhng chng ng lch s, T/C Hu Xa v Nay, S 17, nm 1996.
9. Ng S Lin, i Vit s k ton th, T3, NXB KHXH, HN, 1993.
10. Quc s qun triu Nguyn, i Nam thc lc, T1 (tin bin), NXB S hc, HN, 1962.

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11. Quc S qun triu Nguyn, Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng mc, T2,NXB Gio dc,
HN, 1998.
12. Quc s qun triu Nguyn, i Nam lit truyn, T1, Bn dch Vin S hc, NXB Thun
Ha Hu, 1993.
13. Li Tana, X ng Trong Lch s kinh t - x hi vit Nam th k XVII-XVIII, NXB Tr Thnh
ph H Ch Minh, 1999.
14. UBKHXHNV, Vin S hc, Nguyn Tri ton tp, H Ni, 1986.
15. Phan Khoang, Vit S x ng trong (1558-1777), Si gn, 1972.

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