The UU AL AL

Electricity: Electric motor drives

You can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy? Consider the situation
described below. Tic-tac, blamp-blump, zuuuummmm ... Are the machines in motion
. It is the automated movement of machines that replace human labor in practice.
Let's examine the mechanical working of the machines. When the blades rotate in
a blender to grind a fruit, or when a robot lifts a piece, we can say that thes
e machines are developing their capacity for mechanical work, ie, its mechanical
energy. But energy is something very serious to be produced by a machine. In ge
neral, the machines do not produce energy. They just convert the energy they rec
eive into another form of energy. The electrical machines convert electrical ene
rgy into mechanical energy in order to work. You can repair: the blender is ther
e a drive engine that spins when plugged in, the robot has motors that are drive
n to move the mechanisms that lift and rotate, grasp and release. And other mach
ines also have electric motors that are responsible for converting electrical en
ergy into mechanical energy. In this class, we study the working principle of el
ectric motors, so important for the automation equipment and manufacturing proce
sses as the combustion engines for cars. Without them, there would simply automa
tion. We will also present some of the existing models of electric motors, highl
ighting their differences and applications.
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The
As
One problem
Working principle
The operation of the engines is based on a physical principle on the magnetic fi
eld generated around a conductor when driven by an electric current.
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Magnetic fields of the same polarity and repel magnetic fields of different pola
rity attract.
The purpose of an electric motor to generate movement. Thus, its construction mu
st provide for moving parts that move according to the magnetic field generated
by electric current running through the motor leads. The basic elements of a mot
or are: stator - the name, we can deduce that this is a fixed part. In this part
of the engine are usually fixed magnetic fields, created by permanent magnets o
r electromagnet. Rotor - is a moving part of the engine, connected to the shaft
motion. In this part of the engine there are usually reels, criss-crossed by ele
ctrical currents that generate magnetic fields. Depending on the polarity, the m
agnetic fields undergo the rotor forces of attraction and repulsion, producing r
otary motion of the rotor.
Collector or switch - this part of the engine connecting the coils to the power
grid, so that the rotor moves without short-circuits the wires connected to the
grid.
Magnetic field: space located around a magnet or a wire crossed by electric curr
ent, and magnetic phenomena occur attraction and repulsion between bodies.
Coils - are winding conductors traversed by electric current. Due to the flow of
electrons, the windings are subjected to a magnetic field that interacts with t
he stator magnetic field, generating the desired motion. Brushes - are contacts
of the switch. In summary, the magnetism of magnets in motion generates electric
current in loops or coils of wire. There is also the opposite effect: an electr
ic current in a conductor generates magnetism around them, forming a magnetic fi
eld magnetic.
The engines are built so you can take advantage of the magnetic effects of elect
ric current.
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DC motors
As you can see in the picture below, the DC motor consists of a fixed and one mo
bile.
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The fixed part, called the stator, has fixed pieces (pole shoes) around which is
wound copper wires, forming coils. With the passage of current, it creates magn
etic poles around the pole pieces, which replace the magnets shown in the second
figure of the thread operation. Working Principle Two graphite brushes are also
attached to the stator poles and receive continuous electrical voltage that pow
ers the engine.
The moving part called the rotor can rotate around the stator because the stator
coils are traversed by an electrical current that reaches them by the switch. T
he wire is moving to be traversed by the current and the rotor. This happens due
to the permanent magnetic field of the stator, which exert a magnetic force on
moving electrons inside the driver, trying to modify their trajectories, the dir
ection of the force depends on the direction of current. In turn, the wire loses
contact with the brushes attached to the switch. However,€this move just puts a
new pair of terminals in contact with wire brushes, and the rotor keeps moving.
The switch operates as a combination of keys that automatically maintains the c
urrent in one direction in the conductor. To reverse the direction of rotation o
f the motor just reverse the polarity of the voltage applied to the brushes. DC
motors can move heavy loads, provided it has a sturdy construction. They are use
d in cranes, elevators, locomotives, printing presses, printing and machine tool
s.
Magnetic force: magnetic force of nature that acts on bodies that have electric
charges (electrons) moving within a magnetic field. Any wire under the action of
a magnetic field is moved by magnetic force to be driven by an electric current
.
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Universal motors, AC
The AC motors can be connected directly to mains. Thanks to the way they are con
structed, take advantage of the effect of alternating current to operate. The fo
llowing figure shows the stator and rotor of an alternating current motor. He is
very similar to the DC motor, it can also work with this type of current. So gi
ven the name of universal motor, it works with AC or continuous. It is a low pow
er motor (up to 500 watts), widely used in machinery such as blenders, floor pol
ishers, vacuum cleaners, chain saws and sanders.
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When the engine receives universal AC power, there is a change in the direction
of current in the stator coils and wires, but this variation does not change the
 direction of rotation of the engine. You can only reverse the direction of rota
tion by exchanging links brushes by the stator coils. Thus, the fixed magnetic f
ield changes polarity.
Ring induction motors
There are also motors, AC brushless. They are called induction motors. In these
engines, the magnetism of the stator to vary the alternating current through it
induces currents in the rotor. These induced currents in the rotor formed around
a magnetism that opposes the magnetism of the stator. Thus, the engine tends to
be stopped! If the rotor is moving, inertia will keep spinning it, because, as
the fields vanish, the result of the forces is zero. Thus, the induction motor,
to work, you need a "boost" out of inertia, the state stopped. Since we're talki
ng about automation, it is clear that this "hand" will not be given by a man but
by a change in the construction of the engine that will enable automatic startu
p. The following figure shows the scheme of an induction motor with a copper rin
g on the stator. This ring affects the magnetic field, so the forces of attracti
on and repulsion are altered and the result ceases to be zero, causing the rotor
to move.
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Induction motors for auxiliary coil
Other engines use an auxiliary coil, which gives that little hand at the beginni
ng. There are two coils in the stator: a thicker wire and a large number of turn
s (this is the primary coil) and a thinner wire and few turns, used only at star
tup. This motor turns because there is a difference between the magnetic fields
generated in the coils. While the auxiliary coil is operating, the magnetism ari
sing from the difference between the two coils is changing position and making t
he rotor spin. After the game, an automatic switch inside the engine cuts the co
il current and the auxiliary engine still running normally, with only the magnet
ism of the main coil. Ring induction motors have maximum power in the range of 3
00 watts, and are used to drive light loads. The auxiliary coil much as 600 watt
s. And, in order, one can obtain even greater engine power.
Three-phase machines
The AC motors, of which we hitherto run on one voltage: 110 V, 220 V or more. Th
ese tensions are applied by means of two wires, one neutral and one called phase
motors that neutral. work that way are called monophasic. The turbines of the h
ydroelectric plants produce three strains, because they have three coils with th
eir centers spaced about 120 degrees from each other. Tensions are presented in
three phases and their variations are of step (backward in relation to each othe
r), although they vary in the same rhythm (60 times per second). This system is
called three-phase, and is widely used in industrial installations.
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The electric machines are divided into: · alternators, which generate electricit
y from mechanical movement rotor · engines, which use electricity to make a moti
on (mechanical energy).
Three-phase electric motor
The three-phase motor stator has three windings,€120 ° apart from each other. Th
ey are prepared to receive the tensions of the three phase system. When the volt
ages of three-phase, late one another, are applied to the three phases of the st
ator, forms a magnetism that changes position and rotates as time passes. This m
agnetism induces currents in the rotor spinning. From there, we know what happen
s: the magnetic force the rotor, supported by bearings that come with your move.
The wires of the rotor winding can connect external resistors that allow you to
control the rotor current. High currents mean higher speeds. The AC motors are
used in applications that require driving heavy loads such as hoists, cranes and
equipment carriers. Can be connected to voltages of 220 V, 380 V, 440 V and 760
V.
Position and speed of electric motors
The electric motors used in automation systems generally require some control. T
hink of a robot that removes a workpiece from a CNC lathe and placed on the tray
of a transport vehicle. His movements were: · leaving a known position, and acc
elerate from · when approaching a favorable position to attack the piece, slowin
g to a stop · approaching the low speed part · stop and grab a piece; ° parte tu
rn and accelerate · decelerate to a stop in a position to drop a piece in the ve
hicle, · drop a piece. Electric motors involved in this movement must have speed
control (acceleration and deceleration) and positioning. Controls are critical
because if the robot approaching the piece in a wrong path, depending on the spe
ed of approach may conflict with some accessory or break the piece. The same cou
ld happen in time to drop a piece. In other situations, these controls are cruci
al to the quality and reliability of the work produced by machines. For one piec
e in a milling machine, CNC, it is customary to use three electric motors: one f
or horizontal movements, one for vertical movement and one for motion in depth.
Speed control and positioning of the three engines keeps parts within specificat
ions as to the position of holes, the depth of cavities etc.
Speed control and positioning is done in feedback loops (feedback) in which the
position and velocity of displacement is important information for motor control
. Electric motors used in feedback loops usually come with sensing coupled to it
s axis. In this case, the engine starts to receive the designation of "servo" be
cause it becomes a "slave" total feedback loop. There are DC servo motors and al
ternating current. Upon receiving the electrical signals from the sensors, the c
ontrol module operates to vary the electrical power from the engine. This is usu
ally done by changing the values of the voltages delivered to the engine, or eve
n controlling the time during which the engine will get those tensions. Today, t
he element of comparison is constructed by computer or at least with electronic
device with computer features. The computer must be ready with a program capable
of receiving signals (in the form of electrical voltages) and to compare them w
ith predetermined values and return signals to the control take the actions nece
ssary for the motor: starting, accelerating, slowing, stopping, as the case.
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Stepper motor
The feedback loops that include sensors to indicate the position and engine spee
d, make complicated what seemed simple. To rotate a motor to a certain position,
with controlled speed, sophisticated equipment is required. However, there is a
n engine that, as we shall see, does not require sensing, because it "behaves we
ll": the stepper motor steps. This engine, as the name says, it turns from combi
nations of stresses that are applied in their coils. Indeed, for them to work, i
nformation is required on how many steps the motor must move from the original p
osition. Therefore, there is a need for a sensor system to check the position in
which the engine is, because he will always be N steps from the home position (
N is the number of steps indicated by the controller). The accuracy of the displ
acement of these engines is indicated by the value of each step, given in degree
s. For example, if a stepper motor has an accuracy of 1.8 °, this means that for
each combination of voltage applied to the engine, it moves 1.8 °, ie 1 / 200 s
econd round of a full turn. To give the engine a full 360 °, it is necessary tha
t the controller generates 200 combinations of voltage, ie€200 steps. The power
of these "drive engine is small, so its main application is the drive light load
s. They use motors of steps in computer peripherals (printers, plotters, disk dr
ives). Also appear in robots transporting light loads, and even in some CNC mach
ine tool small.
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Tic-tac, blamp-blump, zuuuummmm ....... Now, every time you hear the noise of th
e movement of machines, we hope you remember the electric motors. Test your lear
ning. Do the exercises and check their response to the feedback.
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Exercises
Exercise 1 Mark V (true) or F (False) in front of the following statements on DC
electric motors: a) () must be fed with continuous voltage b) () its rotor must
be energized with alternating current; c) () changes the direction of turning w
hen reversing the poles of the voltage applied, d) () can be plugged directly in
to the grid.
Exercise 2 Associate, correctly, the first column to the second: a) Stator b) Ro
tor c) switch d) Brushes 1. (2. (3. (4. () Receives the voltage that feeds the s
witch.) Party fixed the engine.) Party mobile engine.) Operates as a kind of aut
omatic key to the wires of the rotor.
Exercise 3 Mark with X the alternative that highlights the main difference betwe
en the engine and universal AC induction motor: a) () the induction motor has no
stator, while the engine has universal b) () the induction motor have rotor win
ding, while the engine is not universal; c) () the induction motor does not requ
ire electrical current to operate, while the universal motor current needs, d) (
) in the induction motor, the rotor current is induced by varying magnetic field
of the stator, while the universal motor current comes from the power grid.
Exercise 4 Choose the word that best completes the following sentence: In the wi
res of the rotor winding of a three-phase motor can be connected ...............
... allowing external control ................. the rotor. a) resistance, curren
t, b) light bulbs, spark c) keys, dirt, d) load voltage.