Key Stage 3 Science

Andy Cooke
Jean Martin
Series editors Andy Cooke
Jean Martin

Consultant Sam Ellis

Authors Andy Cooke

Sam Ellis
David Glover
Helen Norris
Janet McKechnie
Chris Ram
Nicky Thomas

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcn 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 2004

First published 2004

Typeface Delima MT System QuarkXPress

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 521 54926 4 CD-ROM

Material in this publication was previously published in Spectrum Year 7 Teacher File
(pp. 314494, 507513, 543556), Spectrum Year 8 Teacher File (pp. 288468,
484491, 517528) and Spectrum Year 9 Teacher File (pp. 322461, 475480,
506517).

Cover design by Blue Pig Design Co

Page make-up and illustration by Hardlines Ltd, Charlbury, Oxford

NOTICE TO TEACHERS
The photocopy masters in this publication may be photocopied or distributed
electronically free of charge for classroom use within the school or institution which
purchases the publication. Worksheets and copies of them remain in the copyright
of Cambridge University Press and such copies may not be distributed or used in
any way outside the purchasing institution.

Acknowledgements
Page 163, The Times, Patrick Moore, 12th August 1999.
Contents
Page
Introduction v

Unit 7I Energy resources 1

7I.1 Energy and fuels 1
7I.2 Fossil fuels 12
7I.3 Renewable energy resources 19
7I.4 Living things and energy 27

Unit 7J Electrical circuits 35

7J.1 How electrical circuits work 35
7J.2 Inside a circuit 45
7J.3 Energy for the circuit 53
7J.4 Parallel circuits 60
7J.5 Using electricity safely 70
7J.6 Discovering electricity 77

Unit 7K Forces and their effects 81

7K.1 Where we come across forces 81
7K.2 Weight 90
7K.3 Stretching materials 99
7K.4 Floating and sinking 107
7K.5 Friction 117
7K.6 Moving and stopping 128

Unit 7L The Solar System and beyond 136

7L.1 The Earth in space 136
7L.2 The four seasons 145
7L.3 Lights in space 153
7L.4 The Sun and the Moon 158
7L.5 The Solar System 166
7L.6 Beyond the Solar System 177

Unit 8I Heating and cooling 182

8I.1 Measuring how hot things are 182
8I.2 Changing the temperature 191
8I.3 Hot to cold 200
8I.4 Moving the heat energy in liquids and gases 208
8I.5 How energy travels through space 214
8I.6 Keeping warm 220
8I.7 Changing between solid, liquid and gas 226

Unit 8J Magnets and electromagnets 232

8J.1 Magnetic forces 232
8J.2 Magnetic fields 241
8J.3 Making and using magnets 250
8J.4 Making and using electromagnets 257

iii Spectrum Key Stage 3 Physics Cambridge University Press 2004

 Unit 8K Light 268
8K.1 Where light comes from and how it travels 268
8K.2 Light hitting objects 281
8K.3 Mirrors 286
8K.4 Bending light 298
8K.5 The spectrum 305
8K.6 Colours 311

Unit 8L Sound and hearing 316

8L.1 Making sound 316
8L.2 Travelling sound 334
8L.3 Hearing sound 345
8L.4 Dangerous sound 355

Unit 9I Energy and electricity 363

9I.1 How is energy involved in doing useful things? 363
9I.2 How does electricity transfer energy? 373
9I.3 Paying for and reducing the waste of electricity 384
9I.4 Where do we get electrical energy from? 392

Unit 9J Gravity and space 400

9J.1 What is gravity? 400
9J.2 How have our ideas about the Solar System changed? 408
9J.3 What keeps planets and satellites in orbit? 415

Unit 9K Speeding up 426

9K.1 Describing how fast something moves 426
9K.2 Working out the speed 431
9K.3 Force and speed 436
9K.4 Slowing things down 441
9K.5 Streamlining 449
9K.6 Skydiving and parachutes 454

Unit 9L Pressure and moments 464

9L.1 What is pressure? 464
9L.2 Gases under pressure 474
9L.3 Liquids under pressure 481
9L.4 Turning forces 489
9L.5 Balance and levers 496
Answers to Class Book questions 503
Summary activities 522
Scientific investigations 561

iv Spectrum Key Stage 3 Physics Cambridge University Press 2004

About Spectrum
The Spectrum course is a toolbox designed to provide you with the flexibility
and guidance that you require to deliver the Key Stage 3 Programme of Study
in line with the recommendations of the National Science Strategy, QCA Scheme
of Work and National Science Framework.

Components for each subject of Spectrum are:

a Teacher File CD-ROM, which includes interpretation of the QCA Scheme

of Work, guidance for teachers, activities for pupils for each Topic, answers
to class book questions, and a summary activity section;

a Class Book, which covers core content including historical context and
summaries of key words and ideas for each Unit of the QCA Scheme
of Work.

Also available by year:

an assessment CD-ROM which includes multiple choice tests, SAT-style

tests and an analysis tool using Testmaker software.

And, free on the web, at www.cambridge.org/spectrum:

general guidance documents on implementing aspects of the Framework;

investigation checklists, writing frames, level descriptors and guidance

on assessing Sc1;

mapping grids for the Five key Ideas, Numeracy, Literacy, ICT,
Citizenship and Sc1;

flash cards for use as a revision aid or for card chases using the Years 7,
8 and 9 key words;

Five Key Ideas cards for use as a revision aid and to build giant
concept maps.

The following pages show annotated example pages from the Teacher File
CD-ROM and suggest a way to teach using Spectrum materials.

v Spectrum Key Stage 3 Physics Cambridge University Press 2004

 Example of first Topic Introductory page

Topic code
Page type. and title.

Titles of QCA
Scheme of Work
Topic(s) covered
by this Spectrum
Topic.

Interpretation of
the QCA Scheme
of Work Unit
learning
outcomes for
this Topic.

Map of
resources
defined by level:
support, main or
extension.

Topic code.

vi Spectrum Key Stage 3 Physics Cambridge University Press 2004

vii
Approximate times given to
help you plan and decide
which activities to use.
Example of second Topic Introductory page

Spectrum Key Stage 3 Physics Cambridge University Press 2004

Suitable for homework. Extra teaching
activities suggested.
 Example activity sheet

Activity level
and type.

Activity code
and title.

Topic code (sheet number

given for long activities).

viii Spectrum Key Stage 3 Physics Cambridge University Press 2004

 Example activity sheet

Suitable for
homework.

Icons act as
non-verbal cues
for questions, as
in the Class
Book.

ix Spectrum Key Stage 3 Physics Cambridge University Press 2004

x
A way to teach a Topic of Spectrum

Step 1 Before you teach the Unit:

Assess pupils' Part 1 of the Unit test Testmaker Assessment CD-ROM
current knowledge (arranged by year)
and misconceptions

Analyse results Analysis tool Testmaker Assessment CD-ROM

Step 2 Plan your teaching of the Topic:

Always start with Learning Outcomes First Teacher Introductory page

Then consult Resources Map First Teacher Introductory page

Activity Notes Second Teacher Introductory page

Read Class Book pages and activities Class Book and Teacher File

Ask yourself Do I want to use my own materials? (Spectrum tools 'stand alone' )
Do pupils know some of the Topic already?

Step 3 Teach the Topic

Spectrum Key Stage 3 Physics Cambridge University Press 2004

Use Your choice of Class Book pages and activities Class Book and/or Teacher File
(and own materials)

Deliver the Learning Outcomes First Teacher Introductory page

Programme of Study

Step 4 After you teach the Topic

Assess pupils either now or Part 2 or 3 of the Unit test Testmaker Assessment CD-ROM
at the end of the Unit (arranged by year)

Analyse results Analysis tool Testmaker Assessment CD-ROM

(arranged by year)