Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Moulay Ismail
1. Introduction
1.1. History There has long as men have devised ways to harness the wind. It was
found among the Persians and the region of Mesopotamia, paddles, the wind was t
urning. Towards the twelfth century appeared in Europe , to Greece, the first wi
ndmills, rotating strange machines that were primarily used to replace animals f
or exacting work. However, this wind tur ine, one of the older machines can prov
ide mechanical power, was a out ecoming a museum piece if it were not for the t
wo oil shocks of the 70s and especially the many concerns as o jectively ased o
n the risks posed to the environment from the use of fossil fuels as the threat
depletion of their reserves exploita le in a future that will soon see the day.
1.2. Technology Principles of wind are so old that the design of it has changed
little over the centuries, ut the materials and technology have evolved. The te
chnical development of modern wind tur ines has orrowed a lot to the Aviation a
nd lades today are made of fi erglass and composite materials including car on
fi er (lightweight and dura le). Most modern wind tur ines are horizontal axis a
nd are fitted with three lades, ut there are two lades of wind tur ines or a
single There are also other variations of wind tur ines, mainly the rotor and th
e Darrieus Savonius rotor turning, unlike previous wind around a vertical axis.
1.3. Importance of wind resource assessment Due to weather and shape of landform
s, the wind is pro a ly one of the sources of energy that ranges from the most r
andom. Because of the irregularity of the wind the economic interest of wind ene
rgy can e significant in a given place and negligi le in yet another neigh or.
That's why wind power must e prospected as is the case for many other sources o
f energy. 1.4. The tur ines in the world electric power from wind capacity in th
e world was almost 9362MW in late 1998 and has grown 64% over 1996, with Germany
, in first position, alone holds 2875 MW. For over 15 years, there has een a gr
adual decrease costs and increase mechanical relia ility of the tur ines total i
nvestment cost is currently around U.S. $ 1,200 / kW and the technical relia ili
ty exceeds 95%. In same time the power unit is continuously increasing. The aver
age unit capacity of the tur ines used in wind farms in Germany with up to 50 kW
in the mid-'80s, declined in 1998 a700 kW.
1.5. Impacts of wind on the environment Reducing the emission of greenhouse gas
and other polluting and exhausti le resource su stitution y another non-exhaust
i le. We can summarize the impacts of wind up records dateessentially noise enge
ndered y the rotation of the rotor lades and the potential hazard in some case
s, wind tur ines in operation, the ird life. Regarding noise, considera le effo
rts have een made in order to reduce it to a lower level. The manufacturers hav
e reduced this potential nuisance y improving the aerodynamics of the lades, f
inding ways to reduce the noise of the gears in the car, and more recently, y c
ompletely removing the gear ox . As for the impact of wind tur ines on irds, se
veral scientific studies have shown that most irds identify and avoid the prope
ller turns. It is nevertheless essential to ensure that the location of a propos
ed settlement of wind tur ine is not located in a corridor for migrating irds,
or near a reeding site. 1.6. Future prospects of wind technology in Morocco Wit
h oth wind fields important (especially to the north and south) and a scientifi
c and technological potential to the am itions of our country, Morocco has the a
ssets necessary to develop and take advantage of this technology. It is a le to
create a dynamic that can lead traders to invest in this sector. This can cause
the emergence of an industrial ase with great potential for the creation of But
employment in the meantime, the small steps made so far can e classified as im
portant. Indeed, as part of the production policy of concessional electricity in
itiated y the ONE, it is planned to produce a wind farm 50 MW Koudia Al Baida i
n the province of Tetouan and a project to install 200 MW is eing prepared.
2. Description of a wind
A wind tur ine transforms the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. It
consists of: • A mast allows the rotor to place high enough to allow its movemen
t (necessary for horizontal axis wind tur ines) and / or place the rotor at a he
ight allowing it to e driven y a strong wind and regular at ground level. The
mast houses usually a part of electrical and electronic components (modulator, c
ontrol, gear ox, generator, etc..). • A rotor, consisting of several lades (usu
ally three) and the nose of the wind. The rotor is driven y energy from the win
d, it can e directly or indirectly coupled to a pump (the case of wind pumps) S
ource : Wikipedia and more generally to an electrical generator. The rotor is co
nnected to the car via the hu . • A oat, clim the mast, housing the mechanical
parts, tires, some electrical and electronic components required for the operat
ion of the machine . • Emergency rake, this mechanism is triggered automaticall
y when the speed reaches a certain threshold through a speed sensor. In case of
slow wind, the rake is released and the wind runs freely again.
3. Technical Study
Thus:
dS-C1 r1 r2
With
r-r2
We will do our study in two cases: - - Fixed Blades: Blades no rotation rotation
C2
3.1.Pales fixed
In the case of fixed pitch, we have:
We set
3.1.1. Torque engine nacelle effort per lade is:
The goal is to find the maximum value of F. For this we will maximize over θ the
n compared to Cx, Cz. Differentiating the function with respect to θ, we find: W
ith
It must maximize over Cx, Cz, why we selected a profile NACA23012.This profile i
s characterized by the polar euation: With the problem is to find the maximum o
f the function:
MATLAB program
% Declaration of constants rhoair = 1.25, C1 = 0.6 C2 = 1.7; r1 = 14.0, r2 = 1.0
, V = 25, Cz = -0.9:0.01:0.9; for i = 1: 181 = 0.25 * rhoair gama * ( C1 + C2) *
(r1-r2) * V ^ 2 a = Cz (i) / (0036 +0.0666 * Cz (i) ^ 2) F (i) = gama * (Cz (i)
* sin ( atan (a)) + (0036 +0.0666 * Cz (i) ^ 2) * cos (atan (a))) end plot (Cz,
abs (F)) title ('Variation of torue Pod function Cz ') xlabel (' Cz '), ylabel
(' C (Nm) ');
Result:
Thus the maximum stress on a blade is then the maximum torue on the crown of th
e pod is: With d: distance between the center of the platform and the blade, it
takes from 3 meters
MATLAB program
rhoair = 1.25, C1 = 0.6 C2 = 1.7; r1 = 14.0, r2 = 1.0, V = 25, Cz = -0.9:0.01:0.
9; for i = 1: 181 = 0.25 * rhoair gama * (C1 + C2) * (r1-r2) * V ^ 2; if Cz (i)
== 0 F (i) =-gama * 0036; else a = (0036 +0.0666 * Cz (i) ^ 2) / Cz (i); F (i) =
gama * (Cz (i) * cos (atan (a)) - (0036 +0.0666 * Cz (i) ^ 2) * sin (atan (a)))
end end plot (Cz, abs (F)) title ('Change the "normal force on the blade accord
ing Cz') xlabel ('Cz'), ylabel ('F (N)');
Result:
Thus:
To calculate the torue induced by this effort, we calculate the center of thrus
t of the blade.
the center of pressure P x, y is defined by: y C1
For ease of calculation, is the center of pressure of the surface S1 and the cen
tral thrust of the surface S2. We have:
S1
S2 C2
x
With: The calculation gives: And
To maximize torue, it is assumed that the axis of the blade is the axis OY. The
torue induced by the normal force on the blade chord is: Then
3.2.Pales rotating
In the CAS fixed pitch, we have:
With
As in the previous paragraph, we calculate the maximum torue in the crown of th
e car and the torue in the blade. We find:
Note
and
To calculate the power of the engine causing the crown of the car, we must choos
e the gear ratio between crown and pinion gears of the car. And that while keepi
ng yields mechanical transmission.
3.3.Loi (Np - Vv) and (β - x)
After displacement Δx, we have the following figure: A A 'α JB
λ
θ
B '
μ
λ
I
β
O OBA ': initi configur tion A'B'O': configur tion fter disp cement Δx We wi
ll compute x = f (β) with x the displacement of the cylinder.
°
-3
r d / s
(Ie d. Rot ted 40 ° in 30s).
We find the ver ge speed of piston cy inder:
3.4.Loi Fv - Cp
It iso tes the r AB,we find the fo owing eu tion (See di gr m next p ge)
With
Hence:
This force is induced y sing e de, three des were for:
So
Kinem tic system you
Rotor B de Rotor
C1 A P te
Bie B
O1
Cy inder rod C O1 A Body of Fv B γ β Rotor
α
Fp
C C1
O1
O
Schem tic of the l de pitch module