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AREA, SURFACE

AREA AND VOLUME 5


Do I measure the volume
or surface area?

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Contents
5:01 Area of composite figures 5:03 Surface area of a cylinder
GeoGebra activity 5:01A Area formulas Fun spot 5:03 How did the boy know he had
Fun spot 5:01 Why is it so noisy at tennis? an affinity with the sea?
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Investigation 5:01 Covering floors 5:04 Surface areas of composite solids


GeoGebra activity 5:01B Areas of composite Investigation 5:04 Truncated cubes
figures 5:05 Volumes of prisms, cylinders and composite
5:02 Surface area of a prism solids
GeoGebra activity 5:02 Surface area of a GeoGebra activity 5:05 Volume of a prism
rectangular prism Investigation 5:05 Perimeter, area and volume
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Maths Terms, Diagnostic Test, Assignments

Syllabus references (See pages xxv for details.)


Measurement and Geometry
Selections from Area and Surface Area [Stages 5.1, 5.2]
Calculate the areas of composite shapes (ACMMG216)
Calculate the surface areas of cylinders and solve related problems (ACMMG217)
Solve problems involving the surface areas of right prisms (ACMMG218)
Solve problems involving surface area for a range of prisms, cylinders and composite solids (ACMMG242)
Selections from Volume [Stage 5.2]
Solve problems involving the volumes of right prisms (ACMMG218)
Solve problems involving volume for a range of prisms, cylinders and composite solids (ACMMG242)

Working Mathematically
Communicating Problem Solving Reasoning Understanding Fluency

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5:01 Area of composite figures
Composite figures are figures that are made from simpler figures. To calculate their areas you
will need to be able to calculate the areas of the basic shapes listed in the following table.

Area formulas
Square Rectangle Triangle
bh
A=s2 A=lb A= 1
2 bh or A =
2

s b h

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l b

Trapezium Parallelogram Rhombus and Kite


A= 21 h(a + b ) A=bh A= 21 xy

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a
y
h y x
h x
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b
b x and y are the lengths of the
diagonals
Circle Sector Quadrilateral
A=r 2
A= r 2
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360
r


r
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There is no formula. Divide


into two triangles and add
theareas.

GEOGEBRA ACTIVITY 5:01 AREA FORMULAS


In this activity you can test your knowledge
of the basic area formulas. After calculating the
areas of given figures, the figures can be changed.
A checkbox is available to show the area calculations.

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The area of composite figures can be calculated by either of two methods.

Method 1 (by addition of parts)


We imagine that smaller regular figures have been
joined to form the figure, as in Figures 1 and 2.
1 Copy the figure.
2 Divide the figure up into simpler parts.
Each part is a shape whose area can be
calculated directly.
e.g. square or rectangle Figure 1 Figure 2

3 Calculate the area of the parts separately.


4 Add the area of the parts to give the area of the figure.

Method 2 (by subtraction)

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We imagine the figure is formed by cutting away simple
shapes from a larger complete figure, as shown.
1 Copy the figure and mark in the original larger figure

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from which it has been cut.
2 Calculate the area of the larger original figure.
3 Calculate the area of the parts that have been removed.
4 Area of figure = (area of original figure) (area of parts
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that have been removed).
This method is also used when the inside of a figure is removed.
The figure shown is an annulus. To find the area we subtract the
area of the small circle from the area of the large circle.
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Some questions can


be done either way.
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Think carefully before deciding which method to use.

Addition ORSubtraction

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WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the shaded area of each figure.
a 8m b c 105 m
I
5m 4 cm 35 m
I
11 m 5 cm 46 m 75 m
6m II II
8 cm 7m
4m

Area of rectangle I Area of semicircle I Area of rectangle


=85 = 21 r 2 = 105 75
=40m2 = 21 16 = 7875m2
Area of rectangle II =2512cm2 Area of trapezium
=64 Area of rectangle II = 21 46 (35 + 7)
=24m2 = 2415m2

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=85
Area of figure =40cm2 Shaded area
=40+24 Area of figure = 7875 - 2415

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=64m2 =40+2512 = 546m2
=6512cm2 (2 dec. pl.)

d Calculate the shaded area of the figure.


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60

I 5 cm II III
The calculations
10 cm
are all done in
one go.
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Area of figure= area of sector I + area of rectangle II + area of quadrant III


60
=( 360 52 ) + (510) +( 41 52 )
=827m2 (1 dec. pl.)
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Exercise 5:01 Foundation worksheet 5:01


Area
ProductLink resources

1 Calculate the area of the following composite figures. All angles are right angles and all
measurements are in metres.
a 106 b 63 52 c 36
33 44 24
54 114 51
84
25 52
28
36
57 46 21 69
107
53

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2 Calculate the shaded area of the following figures. All measurements are in metres.
a 106 b 156 c 12
74
18 1
82 42 105 2 2 10
74 4
71
18
2

3 Calculate the area of each figure. All measurements are in metres.


a 16
b c 12 5
14
13
36 76
34 14
13

74 5 12

4 Calculate the shaded area of each of the following figures. All measurements are in

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centimetres. Giveanswers correct to two decimal places.
a 85 b c 4
6

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7 85 66

4
12

5 Find the area of each of the following composite figures.


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a b c 4m 94 m 4m

32 mm 3m 5m 3m
78 m
61 m
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6 Calculate the shaded area of each of the following figures, correct to one decimal place where
necessary. All measurements are in metres.
a b 106 c 132
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5
217 104
173 192 52
8
11
156
44 44

7 Find the shaded area of these figures correct to the nearest square centimetre.
a b c

40 40 O
75 6 cm
7 cm 4 cm
4 cm

5 Area, surface area and volume 115


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8 Calculate the shaded area in each of the following. All measurements are in centimetres.
Giveanswers correct to one decimal place.
a A b A c
B
120
A
55
O

B C E D
O

B
O is the centre of the AB is a diameter of the O is the centre.
circle, radius OA. Give circle. AB = 26, and OA = 10 and
the answer correct to CD = 22. OB = 20.
two significant figures.
9 Calculate the area of the following figures. All measurements are in metres. In b and c, all arcs

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form semicircles. Give answers correct to one decimal place, where necessary.
a 20 b c 22
92

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198
162 O
A B
42
AO = OB = 3 62
135 AC = 3
C 40
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10 In the diagram shown, BCDEF is to be covered with tiles A 42 E 58 D
at a cost of $90 per square metre. (All measurements are in metres.)
38
a Calculate the areas of:
i trapezium ABCD F

ii triangle AEF. 45
b Use the answers from part a to find the area of BCDEF.
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B 6 C
c What is the cost of tiling the floor?
11 The diagram shows a balcony built on the corner of an 2m
2m
apartment block. Calculate the area of the balcony.
4m
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12 A metal sign is being made to attach to the


side of a large building. Calculate: 6m
a the area of the sign in square metres 12 m

b the cost of the metal and construction 2m


5m
of the sign at $100 per square metre.
5m 5m
13 A fountain is to be surrounded by a paved area consisting of bricks 12 m
of two different colours. One colour will form squares, whereas the 4m
other will form trapeziums. Calculate: 4m
56 m
a the area of concrete needed to form the base of the fountain
Fountain
b the area of bricks needed to make the squares
c the area of bricks needed to make the trapeziums
d the total cost of the job if the paving costs $60 per m2 and the
concreting costs $50 per m2.

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88
14 Find the cost of concreting the paths paths

in the diagram if concreting costs

paths
$50 per m2. All paths are 09m wide 56

and all measurements are in metres.

paths
96
paths
46

paths
paths

GEOGEBRA ACTIVITY 5:01 AREAs OF COMPOSITE FIGURES


In this activity you can work through a series
of diagrams of increasing complexity. Each of
the diagrams can be changed by clicking and
dragging points. Work out the area of each
figure you have made and then check the

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answer by ticking a checkbox.

FUN SPOT 5:01


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WHY IS IT SO NOISY AT TENNIS?
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Answer each equation and write the letter for that question in the box above the correct answer.
A (01)2 A 612 A 0401 A 120% of 10
1 1 2 1
A 2 + 4 A 3 9 B 7 2 C 3+72
C 165+4 C 24(62) E (103)2 E 21 05
E 6a+2a E 7a2a E 8aa E 34a
H a32 I 12a2
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K Evaluate 4x5 if x=3. L Evaluate a2ifa=-3.


P Simplify 5(2a4)+20. R Simplify 6a+3b5a+3b.
R Simplify a(a+8)3(a2) R Simplify a(a+8)a(a8).
8 a
S Simplify . S Simplify 32(a8).
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a 8 3a 2a
S Simplify a(a1)a2. T Simplify + .
5 5
Of 15 people, 9 wore sandshoes, 8 wore shorts and 3 wore neither sandshoes nor shorts.
U How many people wore both sandshoes and shorts?
Y How many people wore shorts but not sandshoes?
14
12a
17
12
5
1
5a
8a
001
15
9a
10a
9
48
3
7a
16a
a + 6b

6a
19 2a
0
a
6
a + 5a + 6
4
8
7
49
a
3
4

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INVESTIGATION 5:01 COVERING FLOORS
When covering a floor with tiles or carpet it is not just a matter of calculating the area of the
floor. Other practical considerations alter the problem.
The following examples illustrate some of the factors that need to be considered.

Laying tiles
When laying tiles, an exact number may not cover an area, or a whole number may not lie
along each edge. Look at this diagram.
If the tiles are 10cm by 10cm, we can see that 15 tiles are needed, 45 cm
presuming that the pieces of tile cut off are not good enough

28 cm
to be used elsewhere. (This is true even though the area is
28cm45cm, ie 1260cm2. Divide this by 100cm2 (the tile
area) and this would suggest that only 126 or 13 tiles might

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beneeded.)
1 How many tiles 10cm 10cm would be needed to
I think

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coveran area 325m by 217m?
Ive found an
2 How many tiles 300mm by 300mm would be needed easy way to
tocover an area 25m by 38m? do these!

Laying carpet
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Carpet comes in rolls, approximately 36m wide. So when we buy a metre of carpet we are
getting a rectangular piece 36m wide by 1m long. The diagram represents a room 29m wide
and 425m long.
When laying carpet, a carpetlayer can run it along the room or across the room. 425 m
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The aim is to avoid joins in the carpet and reduce waste. The way the carpet
29 m

is run will determine how many metres of carpet must be bought.


1 How many metres of carpet must be bought if it is run lengthways?
How much waste would there be? Would there be any joins?
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2 Repeat Question 1 for the carpet if it is run across the room

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5:02 Surface area of a prism
PREP QUIZ 5:02
1 2 3
6 cm 5 cm 5 cm
4 cm 3 cm
3 cm
8 cm

7 cm
Area = Area = Area =
For a cube:
4 How many faces are there? 5 What shape are the faces?

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For a rectangular prism:
6 How many faces are there? 7 What shape are the faces?
8 Which faces are congruent?

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9 How many faces has a triangular prism? x
5

10 Use Pythagoras theorem to find x in this triangle. 12

If we look at solid shapes such as those pictured below, we can see that the faces of these solids are
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plane shapes.

The surface area of a


solid is the sum of the
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areas of its faces.



To calculate the surface area of a solid, you must know the number of faces, the shapes of the
faces and whether the solid is open or closed. A closed solid has a top. An open prism does not
have a top.
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The net of a solid shows how the faces of the solid appear when the solid is flattened out. As the
net consists of all the faces of the solid, the area of the net is equal to the surface area of the solid.
A rectangular prism has three pairs of faces with equal areas. Hence, the surface area can be given
by the formula:
Surface area = 2LB + 2LH + 2BH
= 2(LB + LH + BH)

LB

LH
H
BH LB BH
B
L LH

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WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Using a net makes
Use the nets to find the surface area of the following prisms.
finding the area easy!
(All measurements are in centimetres).
a 15 b
866

10

10 20

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Surface area Surface area
= area of net = area of net
= 2 (10 5) + 2 (15 5) + 2 (15 10) = 3 (10 20) + 2 21 (10 866)
= 550cm2 = 6866cm2

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The formula can also be used as follows. The formula can also be used as follows.
Surface area = 2(LB + LH + BH) Surface area = 2(LB + LH + BH)
= 2(15 10 + 15 5 + 10 5) = 2(10 5 + 10 4 + 5 4)
= 550cm2 = 220cm2
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Note: A formula is generally not used to
calculate the surface area of triangular prisms.

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
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Find the surface area of the following prisms.


a 10 cm b
8 cm
4 cm 6 cm
7 cm
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5 cm x cm
Surface area Calculate the width of the bottom using
=2(LB+LH+BH) Pythagoras theorem.
=2(105)+104+54) Now x2=62+82
=220cm2 x2=100
x=10
Tips on finding surface area
Surface area
1Make a sketch of the solid or its net. Find all
necessary dimensions. =area of triangular faces + area of
2Check if the solid is open or closed, especially rectangular faces
in practical problems. =2 21 68+(6+8+10)7
3Calculate the areas of the faces (or the net). =216cm2
4Different methods can be used. Select a
method that suits you.

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WORKED EXAMPLE 3 8 cm
5 cm
Find the surface area of this prism.
7 cm
4 cm
9 cm
168 cm

Area of trapezoidal of faces Area of a rectangular faces


=2 21 h(a + b ) = (7 + 8 + 5 + 16.8) 9
= 3312cm2
=2 21 4 (168 + 8)
= 992cm 2 Surface area = 3312 + 992cm2
= 4304cm2

Exercise 5:02 Foundation worksheet 5:02


Surface area of prisms

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ProductLinks resources
1 For each of the following nets find:
i its area
ii the name of the solid that it produces when folded along the dotted lines

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iii whether the prism is open or closed.
a b
15 cm
5 cm 5 cm 5 cm

5 cm 2 cm
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5 cm 15 cm
5 cm 3 cm
c 173 cm d
2 cm 2 cm
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2 cm 2 cm
43 m
2 cm
4 cm
21 m
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35 m
2 cm 2 cm

e f
9 cm
3 cm 4 cm 5 cm

2 cm 9 cm

1272 cm 18 cm 1272 cm

2 Copy and complete the following for the rectangular prism on the right.
Area of top and bottom=
28 m
Area of sides=
Area of front and back= 45 m
Total surface area= 156 m

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3 Find the surface area of each of these triangular prisms.
a b c 102 cm
5 cm 85 cm 36 cm

4 cm 6 cm 15 cm
7 cm 10 cm
6 cm 6 cm

45 cm 83 cm

4 Find the surface areas of the following prisms.


a an open cube with an edge length of 10cm
Closed prisms have a top.
b a closed rectangular prism 25cm long, 20cm wide and
Open prisms have no top.
15cm high
c an open square prism with dimensions 2m, 2m and 075m

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that is missing a rectangular face
5 In each of the following, use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the unknown length, x,
correctto two decimal places, and then calculate the surface area of the solid.

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a b

x cm 8 cm
3 cm
x cm
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7 cm 15 cm
4 cm 5 cm 5 cm

c
xm Caution:
5m
4m c
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2m a

b
c2 = a2 + b2
Right-angled triangles!
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6 A chocolate package is in the shape of


a triangular prism. The triangle is equilateral h cm
4 cm 4 cm
with a side edge of 4cm. What is the area h cm
of cardboard used to make the package?
(Note: You will need to use Pythagoras
20 cm 4 cm
theorem to find the value of h.)
7 The diagram shows a room in the shape of a rectangular
prism. The room has two windows and a door that have 241 m
a combined area of 552m2. Calculate the area of the
internal walls that need to be painted. 296 m
452 m

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8 Four small cartons are to be stacked
and wrapped in cardboard for
40
shipping. The small carton is a square 10
prism with dimensions 20cm, 20cm 10
40
and 10cm. Which of the two stacks 20 20
shown will use the smaller amount 20 40 20
ofcardboard? A B
9 A tent has the shape of a triangular prism with dimensions
as shown in the diagram.
a Find the area of material needed to make this tent.
(Include the floor area.)
b If the material comes in rolls that are 37m wide, what 12 m
14 m
length of material must be purchased so that the tent
25 m
can be made without any joins except those at the edges?

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16 m
(Hint: Consider the net of the solid.)
c If special joining tape is needed to strengthen each join,
what length of tape will be needed?

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10 Find the surface area of each of the following trapezoidal prisms.
a 12 m b 45 m c 85 m
5m 85 m 1m
14 m
45 m
4m
75 m
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4m 15 m 128 m 15 m
15 m 86 m

11 In each of the following questions, use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the unknown length,
x, correct to two decimal places, and then calculate the surface area.
a b 40 m
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16 cm 4 cm
x cm 24 m
11 cm 1m
21 cm 16 m
xm

12 A swimming pool has the shape of a trapezoidal 50 m


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prism as shown in the diagram. If this pool is to be 15 m 1m


tiled, find the cost of tiling it at $45 per square metre.
31 m

503 m

13 Find the surface areas of the following prisms. All measurements are in centimetres.
a b 7 c E
154
A
20
12
154
F
12.5
10 40 D
B
32 AC = 48
12.5 BD = 36
30 G AE = 52
25
C

5 Area, surface area and volume 123


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14 A marquee is in the shape of a pentagonal
prism. Use the dimensions shown to calculate
the surface area. (There is no floor.)
3m
24 m
11 m 16 m

GEOGEBRA ACTIVITY 5:02 SURFACE AREA OF A RECTANGULAR PRISM


Use a 3D view and the net of a prism to calculate its surface area. Tick a checkbox to show the
solution. Click and drag points to change the dimensions of the prism.

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5:03 Surface area of a cylinder
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In all of the solids encountered so far the faces have been plane figures such as squares, rectangles,
triangles and trapeziums.
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With the cylinder, this is no longer the case. The cylinders surface area is made up of a curved
surface and two circles.

Cylinders are like


circular prisms.

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To calculate the area of the curved surface, imagine that the cylinder is hollow. If we cut the
curved surface along the dotted line and flattened it out it would form a rectangle.
The area of this rectangle would be the same as the area of the curved surface.
2r
r

2r h h

From the series of diagrams above, we see that the curved surface area is equivalent to a rectangle
that has a length equal to the circumference of the circle and a width equal to the height of the
cylinder. Using the formula for the area of a rectangle we obtain the following formula.
Net of a

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Curved surface area = 2rh cylinder? Or
a division
To find the surface area of the cylinder we add sign?

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the area of the two circular ends.

Surface area = curved surface area + area of circles


= 2rh + 2r 2
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PREP QUIZ 5:03


1 Evaluate r 2, correct to two decimal places, if r=16.
2 Evaluate 2rh, correct to three significant figures, if r=156 and h=38.
3 If the diameter of a circle is 16cm, what is the radius?
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4 If the radius of a circle is 65cm, what is the diameter?


Questions 510 refer to these cylinders.

6 cm
10 cm
4 cm
8 cm

7 cm 9 cm

5 Radius= 7 Radius= 9 r=
6 Height= 8 Height= 10 h=

5 Area, surface area and volume 125


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WORKED EXAMPLES
1 Find the surface area of a cylinder that has a radius of 8cm and a height of 95cm.
Give your answer correct to two decimal places.
87 m
2 For cylinder A, find:
a the curved surface area
b the area of the circular ends 68 m
A
c the surface area.
Give the answers correct to three significant figures. 252 cm
B
3 Find the curved surface area of cylinder B, correct to one decimal place.

Solutions 106 cm

1 Surface area= 2r 2+2rh


= 282+2895

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= 87965cm2 (2 dec. pl.)
2 a Curved surface area b Area of circular ends c Surface area
=2rh =2r 2

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=5916+37845
2
=243568 =2(435) =305m2 (3 sig. fig.)
=5916 =37845
=186m (3 sig. fig.) = 119m2 (3 sig. fig.)
2

3 Curved surface area


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=2rh
=2106252
=16784cm2 (1 dec. pl.)
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Exercise 5:03 Foundation worksheet 5:03


Surface area of a cylinder

1 Find the area of the curved surfaces of the following cylinders. Give your answers correct to
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two decimal places.


a radius = 8cm b radius=4cm c diameter=36m d diameter=157cm
height = 10cm height=15cm height=18m height=186cm
2 For each of the following cylinders find, correct to two decimal places:
i the curved surface area
ii the area of the circular ends
iii the total surface area.
a b c

24 cm 117 m

84 cm
161 cm
22 cm 24 m

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d e f
22 m
32 cm 126 cm
56 m
18 m

684 m

3 Find the surface areas of the following cylinders, giving your answers correct to two significant
figures.
a diameter = 146m, height = 95cm b radius = 90cm, height = 36m
c diameter = 24m, height = 750mm d radius = 50mm, height = 75cm

Remember:
All measurements must be in the same units.

4 A swimming pool is cylindrical. It has a diameter of 7m and a depth of 12m.

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Find the area of the curved surface. Give your answer correct to one decimal place.
5 A cylindrical paint tin has a diameter of 25cm and a height of 30cm. Calculate the area of

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metal needed to make the tin, including the lid.
6 A silo is cylindrical. It is 25m high and has a diameter of 74m. Calculate the cost
of spraying the curved surface of the silo with a spray-on concrete mixture if it costs $30 per
square metre.
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7 A cylindrical water tank (with top) has a radius of 21m and a height of 32m. The tank is to
be painted inside and outside with rust-preventive paint. Find:
a the total area to be painted, correct to one decimal place
b the cost of the paint, if it is $10.25 per square metre.
8 Ten concrete cylinders are used as fishponds. Each cylinder is 15m high and has an internal
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diameter of 2m. The inside of each cylinder is to be treated with a waterproofing paint. Find:
a the total area that needs to be covered to the nearest square metre
b the cost of the treatment if the charge is $70 per square metre.
9 The diagrams show a 1-litre paint can and a 2-litre paint can.
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a Calculate the surface area of each can,


correct to one decimal place.
b Based on the surface area of metal used,
is it cheaper to sell 2 litres of paint in 16 cm
2L
one 2L can or two 1L cans? 1L
13 cm

11 cm 14 cm

5 Area, surface area and volume 127


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10 The following solids have been formed from a cylinder.
If you cut a cylinder
Calculate the surface area of each, correct to three significant
in half, do you halve
figures.
the surface area?
a 12 cm b m

5
8c

6c
cm O

m
20
A B
A B

AB is a diameter. AOB is a quadrant.


11 Calculate the surface area of each of these solids.
a b
C

B D

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A E
C
0 cm
cm

A 50 cm B 5
10

L M P Q

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AB = BC = CD = DE = 5cm Arc AC is drawn from B.
LM = PQ = 5cm Arc BC is drawn from A.
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How could the surface


area of this large-diameter
cylindrical pipe be estimated?

128 Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales 9 Stages 5.15.3

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FUN SPOT 5:03 HOW DID THE BOY KNOW HE HAD AN AFFINITY WITH
THE SEA?
Answer each question and write the letter for that question in the box above the correct answer.

A 72+62 E 52 + 12 2
H 9242 T 132 52
Complete the following.
W 35m = cm A 20000m2=ha
E 07cm= mm H 8700kg= t
N 007L=mL T 05min = s
C 1t = g D 1g = mg
I 1cm2= mm2 E 2cm3= mm3
Write the basic numeral for: Calculate the areas of each pentagon below.

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A 16102 E 1610-2
-3 H I
H 710 W 7103
2

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Figures A, B and C have been formed by cutting 4
rectangular pieces from a rectangle that is 3
30cm long and 18cm wide.
3
Find the perimeters of: Find the areas of: 4
O Figure A E Figure A
Pr
T Figure B S Figure B M 3

W Figure C V Figure C N
2
8
10 8 5 5
6
8 B 8
ge

2
A 7
12 C 22 6
7
8 2
10 7 A
2 2
Pa

4
106
87
13
18
16
7
392
85
350
12
65
390
96
106
0016
2
70
15
30
7000
12
334
2000
103
160
120
0007
102
10

5 Area, surface area and volume 129


ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 129 3/07/13 11:09 AM
5:04 Surface area of composite
solids
The surface area of composite solids is calculated in much the same way as for prisms and
cylinders.
The simplest method involves calculating the area of each surface and adding them together,
usually in a table.
Other methods involve using the symmetry of the solids to shorten the working.

WORKED EXAMPLE 1 18 m

fs
Calculate the surface area of the solid. 12 m

25 m 1m

oo
3m

5m
Solution H
The solid consists of two rectangular prisms. I K B
Pr
It has 11 surfaces, (A to K) as shown. G
J
All are rectangles except for F. D
F
C
A
E (bottom)
ge

Surface A B C D E F G H I J K
2
Area (m ) 5 5 3 3 15 105 3 3 216 216 45
Note: Area of F=(53)(2518)
=105
Pa

Surface area=sum of areas of all surfaces A to K


=5632m2
Another method is as follows:
Surface area = Surface area of top prism + Surface area of bottom prism 2 x common area
Surface area top prism = 2(25 18 + 25 12 + 18 12)
= 1932cm2
Surface area bottom prism = 2(5 3 + 3 1 + 5 1)
Note: The common area is subtracted
= 46cm2
twice. It has been included in the SA
Common area = 25 18
calculations of both prisms but it is
= 45cm2 not part of the surface area of the
Surface area = 1932 + 46 2 45 composite solid.
= 5632cm2

130 Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales 9 Stages 5.15.3

ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 130 3/07/13 11:09 AM


WORKED EXAMPLE 2 20 cm
Calculate the surface area of the solid.

Solution
30 cm
Surface area = area of curved surface 80 cm
+ area of semicircles 15 cm
+ surface area of prism 40 cm
common area
Area of curved surface = 2rh 2 (curved
(back semicircle)
surface)
= 2 20 20 2 (back)
= 400cm2
Area of semicircles = 2 21 r 2 (side)
= 2 21 202

fs
= 400cm2
(bottom)
Surface area prism = 2(40 15 + 80 15 + 40 80)

oo
= 10000cm2
Common area = 40 20
= 800cm2
Surface area = 400 + 400 + 10000 800
Pr
= 11713cm2 (nearest cm2)

Exercise 5:04 Foundation worksheet 5:04


ge

Surface area of composite solids

1 Each of the following solids has been built from 1cm cubes. What is the surface area of each
solid?
a b c d
Pa

2 The following solids have been built from a 2cm cube and 1cm cubes. Calculate the surface
area of each solid?
a b c

5 Area, surface area and volume 131


ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 131 3/07/13 11:09 AM
3 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. (All measurements are in centimetres.)
a 5 b 50 c 8
18 5
4
5 5 20
10
10 30 30
20 25
20 3
10
14

4 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. (All measurements are in centimetres.)
a 6 4 b c
3 45 94
6 34
9
10 30 15
15 11 125
16 185
5
4 10
30 20

fs
10

5 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. Give the answer correct to one decimal
place. (Measurements are in metres.)

oo
a 15 b 06 c 12

12
16
1 3
08 08
3 28
Pr
32
24

6 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. Give the answer correct to one decimal
place. (Measurements are in metres.)
a b c
3 3
2
ge

06 3
02
2 5
03
12 28 24
3
18

The diagram represents a lounge room in a house.


Pa

7 51 m
The walls and ceiling are to be painted. Find: 68 m
44 m
a the area of the walls 24 m
b the area of the ceiling
c the number of 4L cans of paint needed to
24 m
paintthe walls and ceiling twice if 1L of 15 m
paintcovers 16m2.
36 m

132 Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales 9 Stages 5.15.3

ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 132 3/07/13 11:09 AM


8 Calculate the area of shade cloth needed to cover
the walls and roof of this shadehouse.

12 m

12 m
108 m

24 m
9 The areas visible in this diagram will be covered with 16 m
sandstone tiles. What is the total cost if the combined 21 m
cost of materials and labour is $120/m2.
20 cm
30 cm
20 cm

fs
30 cm
20 cm

10 A barn is made from aluminium.

oo
Calculate the area of metal used
inits construction. (Assumeit has
atotal window area of 88m2 and
alength of 7.2m.)
173 m
Pr
032 m 032 m
1m 1m

6m
24 m 24 m 24 m 24 m
ge

End view of barn

INVESTIGATION 5:04 TRUNCATED CUBES


Pa

A truncated cube is one that has had its corners


removed. The truncated cube shown in the diagram
was formed from a cube of side 3 units. Points were
marked on the edges of the cube 1unit from each
vertex and these were joined to form the triangular
faces shown. Discuss the mathematical problems that
would need to be solved to calculate the surface area
of this truncated cube.

5 Area, surface area and volume 133


ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 133 3/07/13 11:09 AM
5:05 V
 olume of prisms, cylinders
and composite solids
Prep quiz 5:05
The prism shown has been made from layers of cubes.
Each cube has a volume of 1cm3.
3
1 How many cubes are there in each layer?
2 How many layers are there?
3
3 Calculate the volume of the prism by counting cubes.
5

fs
4 How could the answers to Questions 1 and 2, be used to
calculate the volume?
This loaf of bread is like a
5 The cross-sectional area, A, has been prism. It can be thought of

oo
shaded purple. What is the value of A? as a series of identical
6 What is the height, h, of the prism? layers of equal volume.

7 What is the value of Ah?


Pr
8 Are the answers to Questions 1 and 5 the same?
9 Are the answers to Questions 2 and 6 the same?
1
0 Are the answers to Questions 3 and 7 the same?
ge

The prep quiz should have reminded you that for solids with a uniform cross-section, such as
prisms and cylinders, the following relationships are true.
The number of cubic units in each layer is the same as the cross-sectional area, A.
The number of layers is the same as the height of the prism, h.
The volume of the prism obtained by counting the cubic units is the same as the product Ah.
Pa

The exercise above suggests two ways in which the volume could be calculated.
Volume = (number of cubic units in each layer) (number of layers)
or
Volume = (area of cross-section, A) (height of prism, h)
It is the second of these methods that is the most widely applicable.

The volume of all prisms, cylinders and


A
prism-like solids is given by the formula
V = Ah
where: h
V = volume
A = cross-sectional area
h = height of the prism.

134 Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales 9 Stages 5.15.3

ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 134 3/07/13 11:09 AM


For a cylinder, the cross-section is a circle and A = r2. r
The formula is then rewritten as
V = r2h h

WORKED EXAMPLEs
Find the volumes of the following solids.
1 2 3 8 cm
4 cm
2 cm
3 cm

m
4c
46 cm

3 cm 8 cm 6 cm
3 cm
28 cm 1 cm

fs
32 cm 2 cm
4 cm 10 cm
85 cm
12 cm

Solutions

oo
1 V = Ah 2 The solid consists of 3 The solid consists of a rect.
area of area of
A =rectangle triangle three cylinders, two of prism which has had two
which are identical. rect. prisms removed. The
28 3
=(85 46) removal of one of these
2 Volume of top cylinder
Pr
2 prisms has formed a hole.
= 391 42 V1 =  r h
= 349cm2 = 62 2 Volume of rectangular hole

h = 32cm = 72 V1 =  Ah
V = 349 32
= (3 4) 4
Volume of middle
= 11168cm3 = 48cm3
cylinder
ge

2
V2 =  r h Volume of other removed
= 42 6 rectangular prism
= 96 V2 =
 Ah
= (4 10) 1
Volume of solid
Pa

= 40cm3
= 2V1 + V2

In questions that involve , = 2 72 + 96 Volume of original
its best to leave your = 240 rectangular prism
answer in terms of . = 754cm3 V3 = A h
(to nearestcm3) = (12 10) 4
= 480cm3

Volume of solid
= V3 V1 V2
= 480 48 40
= 392cm3

5 Area, surface area and volume 135


ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 135 3/07/13 11:09 AM
Exercise 5:05 Foundation worksheet 5:05
Volume
ProductLink resources

1 Calculate the volume of the following prisms. (All measurements are in centimetres.)
a 16 b 10 c

10
12 14 10 6
20 16
20 20 8 9
12
d e

6
8 6
11 5
5
15 10

fs
12

2 Calculate the volume of the following cylinders or parts of cylinders. (Give answers correct to
the nearest cubic centimetre.)

oo
a b 168 cm c
8 cm
cm
2
12 6 cm
123 cm
Pr
226 cm

3 Calculate the volume of the following prisms. (All measurements are incm.)
a 3 3 3 b 42 42 21 42 c 15
3 83 15 52 15
ge

42
3 42 15
65
3
48
52
Pa

4 Calculate the volume of the following prisms. All measurements are in centimetres.
Giveanswers correct to one decimal place.
a b c 113

41 81
207 56
65
123 79 146 18 77
54 56
256 85
83 163 113
24

136 Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales 9 Stages 5.15.3

ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 136 3/07/13 11:09 AM


5 Calculate the volume of the following solids, correct to three significant figures.
a 646 m b m
45 cm
c
5
256 m 14 255 cm

415 m 86 cm 86 cm

380 m

c
6m Make sure all
measurements
800 mm 600 mm are in the
same units.

6 Find the volume of the following composite solids.


a b c

fs
29 m 05 m
161 cm 15 m
15 m 05 m
93 cm 18 m 05 m
42 cm 15 m 09 m

oo
125 cm
167 cm 24 m 21 m

223 cm 36 m 25 m

7 Calculate the volume of the following composite solids. All measurements are in centimetres.
Pr
Give all answers correct to one decimal place.
a b c 86 54
355 35 54
54
46 54
251 2 26
104 2 6 76
ge

153 12
125 55
84
75

8 Calculate the volume of the following solids. All measurements are in centimetres.
Giveanswers correct to one decimal place.
Pa

a b 153

114 95 52
68 83
95 52
46 315
357
Note: Both circular holes have Note: Both circular holes have
a diameter of 85cm. a diameter of 102cm.
9 A steel tank is given in the diagram. Given that the 105 m
dimensions are external dimensions and the steel plate 35 m
24 m
is 2cm thick, calculate the mass of the tank if the
density of the steel is 78g/cm3. Give the answer
correct to one decimal place.

5 Area, surface area and volume 137


ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 137 3/07/13 11:09 AM
10 Calculate the volume of a concrete beam that has the 100 mm
cross-section shown in the diagram. The beam is 10m long. 300 mm
Calculate the mass of the beam if 1m3 of concrete weighs
25 tonnes.
1300 mm
700 mm

300 mm
100 mm 1800 mm

11 A diving pool is shown in the diagram. Calculate 20 m 5m 2m 4m


the capacity of the pool in kilolitres correct to two
significant figures. (Remember that 1m3 = 1kL). 2m 12 m
52

fs
12 The solid pictured is formed by filling 8
a mould with molten metal. Calculate
8
the mass of this object if 1cm3 of metal 4
radius = 6
18

oo
weighs 114g. Give the answer correct
to two significant figures.
40
4 All four holes have
a diameter of 4.
Pr
18

40

All measurements are in centimetres.


ge

GEOGEBRA ACTIVITY 5:05 VOLUME OF A PRISM


Click and drag points to change the cross-sectional shape of a prism and then calculate the
volume of the prism. Tick a checkbox to check the answer.
Pa

138 Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales 9 Stages 5.15.3

ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 138 3/07/13 11:09 AM


INVESTIGATION 5:05 PERIMETER, AREA AND VOLUME
1 A piece of wire 60cm long is bent to form a rectangle.
a Give the dimensions of four rectangles that could be formed.
b Use the dimensions for the rectangles in a to complete this table.

Length (L) Breadth (B) Area (A) LB


Rectangle 1
Rectangle 2
Rectangle 3
Rectangle 4

c What happens to A as L B becomes smaller?

fs
d Predict the largest area that could be obtained.
e What is the area of the largest rectangle that can be formed from a piece of wire
100mlong?

oo
2 A rectangular piece of cardboard 60cm long and 20cm wide is bent to form a hollow
rectangular prism with a height of 20cm.
Pr
20 cm 20 cm

60 cm
a From the results of Question 1, predict the maximum volume of a rectangular prism
formed from this piece of cardboard.
ge

b If the piece of cardboard were bent to form a cylinder, what would be the volume of the
cylinder? Will the volume of the cylinder be greater than the maximum volume obtained
in part a?
Pa

Composite solids of many


types are present in these
buildings. How would you
describe them?

5 Area, surface area and volume 139


ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 139 3/07/13 11:09 AM
MATHS TERMS 5
area cross-section
the amount of space inside a two- the shape on the face where
dimensional shape a solid has been sliced
units of area: cylinder
cross-section
square millimetre (mm2) a prism-like solid with a
square centimetre (cm2) circular cross-section
square metre (m2) it has two circular ends and a curved surface
hectare (ha) hectare
square kilometre (km2) an area of 10000m2
formulas are used to calculate the area of a square with a side of 100m
the common plane figures perimeter
circumference C the length of a plane figures boundary

fs
the length of a circles prism
boundary a solid that has two identical
the circumference is ends joined by rectangular faces
rc
u m f e re n c
ci

calculated using either cross-sections parallel to the

oo
formula: C=D or ends are identical to the ends
C=2r sector
capacity a part of a circle bounded by
the amount of fluid that can be held by two radii and an arc O
Pr
acontainer surface area
units of capacity: the sum of the areas of the faces (or
litre (L) surfaces) of a three-dimensional figure
millilitre (mL) (orsolid)
kilolitre (kL) volume
ge

composite figure the amount of space inside a three-


a figure that is formed by joining simple dimensional shape
figures units of volume:
trapezium semicircle
cubic centimetre (cm3)
cubic metre (m3)
Pa

formulas are used to calculate the volume


rectangle of common solids (three-dimensional
rectangle
composite solid shapes)
a solid that is formed
by joining simple
solids

140 Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales 9 Stages 5.15.3

ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 140 3/07/13 11:09 AM


DIAGNOSTIC TEST 5 Area, surface area and volume
Each part of this test has similar items that test a certain question type.
Errors made will indicate areas of weakness.
Each weakness should be treated by going back to the section listed.

1 Find the area of each of the following composite figures. 5:01


Where necessary, answer correct to two decimal places.
a 2m b c 5m

2m
8m
2m 4m
10 cm

8m

fs
2 Calculate the surface area of the following prisms. 5:02
a b c 15 m
21 m 10 m
5 cm

oo
46 m
4 cm 8m
73 m
7m
2 cm 21 m
3 cm
Pr
3 Calculate the surface areas of these cylinders. 5:03
a b c 12 m

55 m
18 m
75 m 36 m
15 m
ge

4 Calculate the surface area of these solids. 5:04


a 4 cm b c 2 cm
5 cm 8 cm 3 cm
5 cm
Pa

3 cm
3 cm
7 cm 8 cm 9 cm
11 cm
11 cm
12 cm 11 cm

5 Calculate the volumes of the prisms in Question 2. 5:05

6 Calculate the volumes of the cylinders in Question 3 to the nearest cubic metre. 5:05

7 Calculate the volumes of the solids in Question 4. 5:05

5 Area, surface area and volume 141


ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 141 3/07/13 11:09 AM
ASSIGNMENT 5A Chapter review
1 A floor is as shown in 6 a Calculate the surface
02 02
the diagram. Find the 36 m area of the solid.
area of this floor and 71 m
53 m
Measurements
the cost of covering it are in metres.
with cork tiles if the b Calculate the 06 12
45 m
cost of the tiles is volume of the
08
$40per m2. solid.
2 A pentagon is made by 7
placing an equilateral 65
triangle on top of a
rectangle. What is the 6 cm
areaof the pentagon?

fs
94
10 cm
x
3 The two prisms shown both have a volume 22
3 54 73
of 900cm . Which prism has the smaller

oo
surface area? a Find the value of x, correct to one
decimal place.
6 cm b Calculate the area of the cross-section
ofthe prism.
A
Pr
10 cm c Calculate the surface area of the
15 cm pentagonal prism.
d Calculate the volume of the prism.
5 cm
8 83
B
ge

9 cm 12
16
20 cm
65 65
105
4 The inside and outside 2m 20
3m
of this container are 25
Pa

painted. Calculate the a Calculate the volume of the solid.


area that has to be b Calculate the surface area of the solid.
painted.
5 Calculate the area of the figure, correctto
one decimal place.
10 cm

120 120

5 cm 16 cm 5 cm

142 Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales 9 Stages 5.15.3

ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 142 3/07/13 11:09 AM


ASSIGNMENT 5B Working mathematically
1 Water is leaking from a tap at a rate of 4 Annabelle asked her grandfather, who was
15drops/min. If 12 drops = 1mL, 60years older than her, how old he was.
howmuch water will leak in 1 day? Her grandfather replied that his age was
anumber less than100 and that when he
2 3! = 3 2 1 (pronounced 3 factorial)
divided his age by 2, 3 and 4, the
5! = 5 4 3 2 1
remainders were 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
10! = 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
What possible numbers could Annabelle
How many zeros are at the end of 20!?
give as her grandfathers age? Assuming
3 Four different playing cards are dealt into that she knew her own age could she tell
two piles: left first, then right, then left, and her grandfather how old he was?
then right. The left pile is then placed on
top of the right pile. How many times

fs
must this process be repeated before the
cards return to their original positions?
How many times would the process need

oo
to be repeated if there had been eight cards?

5 George Junkiewicz has prepared the timeline below to show when his employees will take
Pr
their holidays. He has designed it so that no more than two employees are on holidays at the
same time. The dots at the end of each line are explained below.
Fine Flooring holidays for employees
Hall

Raine
ge

Harris

Conway Browning
Bagnell
Scully
Pa

Robson McKellar

8 15 22 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28
Feb. March April May June
Included in holiday Not included in holiday

a What is the first day of Conways holiday?


b On what day does Conway return to work?
c Which two employees are on holidays in the week starting on the 8th of March?
d Which two employees are also on holidays during McKellars holiday?
e George has to take four weeks of holidays. He is prepared to fit in wherever he can.
Whenmust he take his holidays?

5 Area, surface area and volume 143


ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 143 3/07/13 11:09 AM
ASSIGNMENT 5C Cumulative revision
1 A marathon runner completes a practice run of 30km in 1 hour 40 minutes. 1:04
Express this as a rate in:
a km/h b min/km c s/100m

2 Simplify: 3:04
x 2x x 2x x 2x x 2x
a + b c d
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
3 The measurements 6m, 60m and 600m all have the same numerical value but 1:10
they have different levels of accuracy. Between what two numbers would each of
these measurements lie?
1694 3215 1:05
4 Give the answer to correct to:
242

fs
a one decimal place b two decimal places
c one significant figure d three significant figures.

5 A set of cards is numbered from 1 to 20. The cards are shuffled and one card is 4:03

oo
chosen at random. Find the probability that the card is:
a an even number
b a number less than 10
c an even number and a number less than 10
Pr
d an even number or a number less than 10
e a number that is odd and greater than 10.

6 Sharon used a random number generator on 4:02


Number of sixes Frequency
a computer to investigate how many sixes
would appear when three dice were rolled. 0 57
ge

She repeated the experiment 100times and 1 36


her results are shown in the table.
a Using these results, find the probability as 2 7
a percentage of obtaining: 3 0
i 0 sixes ii 1 six iii 2 sixes.
Pa

b It is possible to obtain 3 sixes. On the basis of these results, what would you
estimate the probability of obtaining 3 sixes to be?
c How could you improve the accuracy of these experimental probabilities?

If one dice can land in 6


different ways and two dice
can land in 36 different ways,
in how many ways can three
dice land?

144 Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales 9 Stages 5.15.3

ASM9SB5-3_05.indd 144 3/07/13 11:09 AM

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