Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Contents
5:01 Area of composite figures 5:03 Surface area of a cylinder
GeoGebra activity 5:01A Area formulas Fun spot 5:03 How did the boy know he had
Fun spot 5:01 Why is it so noisy at tennis? an affinity with the sea?
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Working Mathematically
Communicating Problem Solving Reasoning Understanding Fluency
Area formulas
Square Rectangle Triangle
bh
A=s2 A=lb A= 1
2 bh or A =
2
s b h
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l b
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a
y
h y x
h x
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b
b x and y are the lengths of the
diagonals
Circle Sector Quadrilateral
A=r 2
A= r 2
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360
r
r
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We imagine the figure is formed by cutting away simple
shapes from a larger complete figure, as shown.
1 Copy the figure and mark in the original larger figure
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from which it has been cut.
2 Calculate the area of the larger original figure.
3 Calculate the area of the parts that have been removed.
4 Area of figure = (area of original figure) (area of parts
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that have been removed).
This method is also used when the inside of a figure is removed.
The figure shown is an annulus. To find the area we subtract the
area of the small circle from the area of the large circle.
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Addition ORSubtraction
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=85
Area of figure =40cm2 Shaded area
=40+24 Area of figure = 7875 - 2415
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=64m2 =40+2512 = 546m2
=6512cm2 (2 dec. pl.)
I 5 cm II III
The calculations
10 cm
are all done in
one go.
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1 Calculate the area of the following composite figures. All angles are right angles and all
measurements are in metres.
a 106 b 63 52 c 36
33 44 24
54 114 51
84
25 52
28
36
57 46 21 69
107
53
74 5 12
4 Calculate the shaded area of each of the following figures. All measurements are in
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centimetres. Giveanswers correct to two decimal places.
a 85 b c 4
6
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7 85 66
4
12
32 mm 3m 5m 3m
78 m
61 m
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6 Calculate the shaded area of each of the following figures, correct to one decimal place where
necessary. All measurements are in metres.
a b 106 c 132
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5
217 104
173 192 52
8
11
156
44 44
7 Find the shaded area of these figures correct to the nearest square centimetre.
a b c
40 40 O
75 6 cm
7 cm 4 cm
4 cm
B C E D
O
B
O is the centre of the AB is a diameter of the O is the centre.
circle, radius OA. Give circle. AB = 26, and OA = 10 and
the answer correct to CD = 22. OB = 20.
two significant figures.
9 Calculate the area of the following figures. All measurements are in metres. In b and c, all arcs
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form semicircles. Give answers correct to one decimal place, where necessary.
a 20 b c 22
92
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198
162 O
A B
42
AO = OB = 3 62
135 AC = 3
C 40
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10 In the diagram shown, BCDEF is to be covered with tiles A 42 E 58 D
at a cost of $90 per square metre. (All measurements are in metres.)
38
a Calculate the areas of:
i trapezium ABCD F
ii triangle AEF. 45
b Use the answers from part a to find the area of BCDEF.
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B 6 C
c What is the cost of tiling the floor?
11 The diagram shows a balcony built on the corner of an 2m
2m
apartment block. Calculate the area of the balcony.
4m
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paths
$50 per m2. All paths are 09m wide 56
paths
96
paths
46
paths
paths
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answer by ticking a checkbox.
a 8 3a 2a
S Simplify a(a1)a2. T Simplify + .
5 5
Of 15 people, 9 wore sandshoes, 8 wore shorts and 3 wore neither sandshoes nor shorts.
U How many people wore both sandshoes and shorts?
Y How many people wore shorts but not sandshoes?
14
12a
17
12
5
1
5a
8a
001
15
9a
10a
9
48
3
7a
16a
a + 6b
6a
19 2a
0
a
6
a + 5a + 6
4
8
7
49
a
3
4
Laying tiles
When laying tiles, an exact number may not cover an area, or a whole number may not lie
along each edge. Look at this diagram.
If the tiles are 10cm by 10cm, we can see that 15 tiles are needed, 45 cm
presuming that the pieces of tile cut off are not good enough
28 cm
to be used elsewhere. (This is true even though the area is
28cm45cm, ie 1260cm2. Divide this by 100cm2 (the tile
area) and this would suggest that only 126 or 13 tiles might
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beneeded.)
1 How many tiles 10cm 10cm would be needed to
I think
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coveran area 325m by 217m?
Ive found an
2 How many tiles 300mm by 300mm would be needed easy way to
tocover an area 25m by 38m? do these!
Laying carpet
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Carpet comes in rolls, approximately 36m wide. So when we buy a metre of carpet we are
getting a rectangular piece 36m wide by 1m long. The diagram represents a room 29m wide
and 425m long.
When laying carpet, a carpetlayer can run it along the room or across the room. 425 m
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The aim is to avoid joins in the carpet and reduce waste. The way the carpet
29 m
7 cm
Area = Area = Area =
For a cube:
4 How many faces are there? 5 What shape are the faces?
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For a rectangular prism:
6 How many faces are there? 7 What shape are the faces?
8 Which faces are congruent?
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9 How many faces has a triangular prism? x
5
If we look at solid shapes such as those pictured below, we can see that the faces of these solids are
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plane shapes.
The net of a solid shows how the faces of the solid appear when the solid is flattened out. As the
net consists of all the faces of the solid, the area of the net is equal to the surface area of the solid.
A rectangular prism has three pairs of faces with equal areas. Hence, the surface area can be given
by the formula:
Surface area = 2LB + 2LH + 2BH
= 2(LB + LH + BH)
LB
LH
H
BH LB BH
B
L LH
10
10 20
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Surface area Surface area
= area of net = area of net
= 2 (10 5) + 2 (15 5) + 2 (15 10) = 3 (10 20) + 2 21 (10 866)
= 550cm2 = 6866cm2
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The formula can also be used as follows. The formula can also be used as follows.
Surface area = 2(LB + LH + BH) Surface area = 2(LB + LH + BH)
= 2(15 10 + 15 5 + 10 5) = 2(10 5 + 10 4 + 5 4)
= 550cm2 = 220cm2
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Note: A formula is generally not used to
calculate the surface area of triangular prisms.
WORKED EXAMPLE 2
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5 cm x cm
Surface area Calculate the width of the bottom using
=2(LB+LH+BH) Pythagoras theorem.
=2(105)+104+54) Now x2=62+82
=220cm2 x2=100
x=10
Tips on finding surface area
Surface area
1Make a sketch of the solid or its net. Find all
necessary dimensions. =area of triangular faces + area of
2Check if the solid is open or closed, especially rectangular faces
in practical problems. =2 21 68+(6+8+10)7
3Calculate the areas of the faces (or the net). =216cm2
4Different methods can be used. Select a
method that suits you.
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ProductLinks resources
1 For each of the following nets find:
i its area
ii the name of the solid that it produces when folded along the dotted lines
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iii whether the prism is open or closed.
a b
15 cm
5 cm 5 cm 5 cm
5 cm 2 cm
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5 cm 15 cm
5 cm 3 cm
c 173 cm d
2 cm 2 cm
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2 cm 2 cm
43 m
2 cm
4 cm
21 m
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35 m
2 cm 2 cm
e f
9 cm
3 cm 4 cm 5 cm
2 cm 9 cm
1272 cm 18 cm 1272 cm
2 Copy and complete the following for the rectangular prism on the right.
Area of top and bottom=
28 m
Area of sides=
Area of front and back= 45 m
Total surface area= 156 m
4 cm 6 cm 15 cm
7 cm 10 cm
6 cm 6 cm
45 cm 83 cm
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that is missing a rectangular face
5 In each of the following, use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the unknown length, x,
correctto two decimal places, and then calculate the surface area of the solid.
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a b
x cm 8 cm
3 cm
x cm
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7 cm 15 cm
4 cm 5 cm 5 cm
c
xm Caution:
5m
4m c
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2m a
b
c2 = a2 + b2
Right-angled triangles!
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16 m
(Hint: Consider the net of the solid.)
c If special joining tape is needed to strengthen each join,
what length of tape will be needed?
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10 Find the surface area of each of the following trapezoidal prisms.
a 12 m b 45 m c 85 m
5m 85 m 1m
14 m
45 m
4m
75 m
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4m 15 m 128 m 15 m
15 m 86 m
11 In each of the following questions, use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the unknown length,
x, correct to two decimal places, and then calculate the surface area.
a b 40 m
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16 cm 4 cm
x cm 24 m
11 cm 1m
21 cm 16 m
xm
503 m
13 Find the surface areas of the following prisms. All measurements are in centimetres.
a b 7 c E
154
A
20
12
154
F
12.5
10 40 D
B
32 AC = 48
12.5 BD = 36
30 G AE = 52
25
C
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5:03 Surface area of a cylinder
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In all of the solids encountered so far the faces have been plane figures such as squares, rectangles,
triangles and trapeziums.
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With the cylinder, this is no longer the case. The cylinders surface area is made up of a curved
surface and two circles.
2r h h
From the series of diagrams above, we see that the curved surface area is equivalent to a rectangle
that has a length equal to the circumference of the circle and a width equal to the height of the
cylinder. Using the formula for the area of a rectangle we obtain the following formula.
Net of a
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Curved surface area = 2rh cylinder? Or
a division
To find the surface area of the cylinder we add sign?
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the area of the two circular ends.
7 cm 9 cm
5 Radius= 7 Radius= 9 r=
6 Height= 8 Height= 10 h=
Solutions 106 cm
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= 87965cm2 (2 dec. pl.)
2 a Curved surface area b Area of circular ends c Surface area
=2rh =2r 2
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=5916+37845
2
=243568 =2(435) =305m2 (3 sig. fig.)
=5916 =37845
=186m (3 sig. fig.) = 119m2 (3 sig. fig.)
2
1 Find the area of the curved surfaces of the following cylinders. Give your answers correct to
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24 cm 117 m
84 cm
161 cm
22 cm 24 m
684 m
3 Find the surface areas of the following cylinders, giving your answers correct to two significant
figures.
a diameter = 146m, height = 95cm b radius = 90cm, height = 36m
c diameter = 24m, height = 750mm d radius = 50mm, height = 75cm
Remember:
All measurements must be in the same units.
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Find the area of the curved surface. Give your answer correct to one decimal place.
5 A cylindrical paint tin has a diameter of 25cm and a height of 30cm. Calculate the area of
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metal needed to make the tin, including the lid.
6 A silo is cylindrical. It is 25m high and has a diameter of 74m. Calculate the cost
of spraying the curved surface of the silo with a spray-on concrete mixture if it costs $30 per
square metre.
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7 A cylindrical water tank (with top) has a radius of 21m and a height of 32m. The tank is to
be painted inside and outside with rust-preventive paint. Find:
a the total area to be painted, correct to one decimal place
b the cost of the paint, if it is $10.25 per square metre.
8 Ten concrete cylinders are used as fishponds. Each cylinder is 15m high and has an internal
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diameter of 2m. The inside of each cylinder is to be treated with a waterproofing paint. Find:
a the total area that needs to be covered to the nearest square metre
b the cost of the treatment if the charge is $70 per square metre.
9 The diagrams show a 1-litre paint can and a 2-litre paint can.
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11 cm 14 cm
5
8c
6c
cm O
m
20
A B
A B
B D
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A E
C
0 cm
cm
A 50 cm B 5
10
L M P Q
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AB = BC = CD = DE = 5cm Arc AC is drawn from B.
LM = PQ = 5cm Arc BC is drawn from A.
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A 72+62 E 52 + 12 2
H 9242 T 132 52
Complete the following.
W 35m = cm A 20000m2=ha
E 07cm= mm H 8700kg= t
N 007L=mL T 05min = s
C 1t = g D 1g = mg
I 1cm2= mm2 E 2cm3= mm3
Write the basic numeral for: Calculate the areas of each pentagon below.
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A 16102 E 1610-2
-3 H I
H 710 W 7103
2
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Figures A, B and C have been formed by cutting 4
rectangular pieces from a rectangle that is 3
30cm long and 18cm wide.
3
Find the perimeters of: Find the areas of: 4
O Figure A E Figure A
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T Figure B S Figure B M 3
W Figure C V Figure C N
2
8
10 8 5 5
6
8 B 8
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2
A 7
12 C 22 6
7
8 2
10 7 A
2 2
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4
106
87
13
18
16
7
392
85
350
12
65
390
96
106
0016
2
70
15
30
7000
12
334
2000
103
160
120
0007
102
10
WORKED EXAMPLE 1 18 m
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Calculate the surface area of the solid. 12 m
25 m 1m
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3m
5m
Solution H
The solid consists of two rectangular prisms. I K B
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It has 11 surfaces, (A to K) as shown. G
J
All are rectangles except for F. D
F
C
A
E (bottom)
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Surface A B C D E F G H I J K
2
Area (m ) 5 5 3 3 15 105 3 3 216 216 45
Note: Area of F=(53)(2518)
=105
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Solution
30 cm
Surface area = area of curved surface 80 cm
+ area of semicircles 15 cm
+ surface area of prism 40 cm
common area
Area of curved surface = 2rh 2 (curved
(back semicircle)
surface)
= 2 20 20 2 (back)
= 400cm2
Area of semicircles = 2 21 r 2 (side)
= 2 21 202
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= 400cm2
(bottom)
Surface area prism = 2(40 15 + 80 15 + 40 80)
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= 10000cm2
Common area = 40 20
= 800cm2
Surface area = 400 + 400 + 10000 800
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= 11713cm2 (nearest cm2)
1 Each of the following solids has been built from 1cm cubes. What is the surface area of each
solid?
a b c d
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2 The following solids have been built from a 2cm cube and 1cm cubes. Calculate the surface
area of each solid?
a b c
4 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. (All measurements are in centimetres.)
a 6 4 b c
3 45 94
6 34
9
10 30 15
15 11 125
16 185
5
4 10
30 20
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10
5 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. Give the answer correct to one decimal
place. (Measurements are in metres.)
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a 15 b 06 c 12
12
16
1 3
08 08
3 28
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32
24
6 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. Give the answer correct to one decimal
place. (Measurements are in metres.)
a b c
3 3
2
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06 3
02
2 5
03
12 28 24
3
18
7 51 m
The walls and ceiling are to be painted. Find: 68 m
44 m
a the area of the walls 24 m
b the area of the ceiling
c the number of 4L cans of paint needed to
24 m
paintthe walls and ceiling twice if 1L of 15 m
paintcovers 16m2.
36 m
12 m
12 m
108 m
24 m
9 The areas visible in this diagram will be covered with 16 m
sandstone tiles. What is the total cost if the combined 21 m
cost of materials and labour is $120/m2.
20 cm
30 cm
20 cm
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30 cm
20 cm
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Calculate the area of metal used
inits construction. (Assumeit has
atotal window area of 88m2 and
alength of 7.2m.)
173 m
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032 m 032 m
1m 1m
6m
24 m 24 m 24 m 24 m
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4 How could the answers to Questions 1 and 2, be used to
calculate the volume?
This loaf of bread is like a
5 The cross-sectional area, A, has been prism. It can be thought of
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shaded purple. What is the value of A? as a series of identical
6 What is the height, h, of the prism? layers of equal volume.
The prep quiz should have reminded you that for solids with a uniform cross-section, such as
prisms and cylinders, the following relationships are true.
The number of cubic units in each layer is the same as the cross-sectional area, A.
The number of layers is the same as the height of the prism, h.
The volume of the prism obtained by counting the cubic units is the same as the product Ah.
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The exercise above suggests two ways in which the volume could be calculated.
Volume = (number of cubic units in each layer) (number of layers)
or
Volume = (area of cross-section, A) (height of prism, h)
It is the second of these methods that is the most widely applicable.
WORKED EXAMPLEs
Find the volumes of the following solids.
1 2 3 8 cm
4 cm
2 cm
3 cm
m
4c
46 cm
3 cm 8 cm 6 cm
3 cm
28 cm 1 cm
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32 cm 2 cm
4 cm 10 cm
85 cm
12 cm
Solutions
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1 V = Ah 2 The solid consists of 3 The solid consists of a rect.
area of area of
A =rectangle triangle three cylinders, two of prism which has had two
which are identical. rect. prisms removed. The
28 3
=(85 46) removal of one of these
2 Volume of top cylinder
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2 prisms has formed a hole.
= 391 42 V1 = r h
= 349cm2 = 62 2 Volume of rectangular hole
h = 32cm = 72 V1 = Ah
V = 349 32
= (3 4) 4
Volume of middle
= 11168cm3 = 48cm3
cylinder
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2
V2 = r h Volume of other removed
= 42 6 rectangular prism
= 96 V2 =
Ah
= (4 10) 1
Volume of solid
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= 40cm3
= 2V1 + V2
In questions that involve , = 2 72 + 96 Volume of original
its best to leave your = 240 rectangular prism
answer in terms of . = 754cm3 V3 = A h
(to nearestcm3) = (12 10) 4
= 480cm3
Volume of solid
= V3 V1 V2
= 480 48 40
= 392cm3
1 Calculate the volume of the following prisms. (All measurements are in centimetres.)
a 16 b 10 c
10
12 14 10 6
20 16
20 20 8 9
12
d e
6
8 6
11 5
5
15 10
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12
2 Calculate the volume of the following cylinders or parts of cylinders. (Give answers correct to
the nearest cubic centimetre.)
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a b 168 cm c
8 cm
cm
2
12 6 cm
123 cm
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226 cm
3 Calculate the volume of the following prisms. (All measurements are incm.)
a 3 3 3 b 42 42 21 42 c 15
3 83 15 52 15
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42
3 42 15
65
3
48
52
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4 Calculate the volume of the following prisms. All measurements are in centimetres.
Giveanswers correct to one decimal place.
a b c 113
41 81
207 56
65
123 79 146 18 77
54 56
256 85
83 163 113
24
415 m 86 cm 86 cm
380 m
c
6m Make sure all
measurements
800 mm 600 mm are in the
same units.
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29 m 05 m
161 cm 15 m
15 m 05 m
93 cm 18 m 05 m
42 cm 15 m 09 m
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125 cm
167 cm 24 m 21 m
223 cm 36 m 25 m
7 Calculate the volume of the following composite solids. All measurements are in centimetres.
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Give all answers correct to one decimal place.
a b c 86 54
355 35 54
54
46 54
251 2 26
104 2 6 76
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153 12
125 55
84
75
8 Calculate the volume of the following solids. All measurements are in centimetres.
Giveanswers correct to one decimal place.
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a b 153
114 95 52
68 83
95 52
46 315
357
Note: Both circular holes have Note: Both circular holes have
a diameter of 85cm. a diameter of 102cm.
9 A steel tank is given in the diagram. Given that the 105 m
dimensions are external dimensions and the steel plate 35 m
24 m
is 2cm thick, calculate the mass of the tank if the
density of the steel is 78g/cm3. Give the answer
correct to one decimal place.
300 mm
100 mm 1800 mm
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12 The solid pictured is formed by filling 8
a mould with molten metal. Calculate
8
the mass of this object if 1cm3 of metal 4
radius = 6
18
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weighs 114g. Give the answer correct
to two significant figures.
40
4 All four holes have
a diameter of 4.
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18
40
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d Predict the largest area that could be obtained.
e What is the area of the largest rectangle that can be formed from a piece of wire
100mlong?
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2 A rectangular piece of cardboard 60cm long and 20cm wide is bent to form a hollow
rectangular prism with a height of 20cm.
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20 cm 20 cm
60 cm
a From the results of Question 1, predict the maximum volume of a rectangular prism
formed from this piece of cardboard.
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b If the piece of cardboard were bent to form a cylinder, what would be the volume of the
cylinder? Will the volume of the cylinder be greater than the maximum volume obtained
in part a?
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the length of a circles prism
boundary a solid that has two identical
the circumference is ends joined by rectangular faces
rc
u m f e re n c
ci
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formula: C=D or ends are identical to the ends
C=2r sector
capacity a part of a circle bounded by
the amount of fluid that can be held by two radii and an arc O
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acontainer surface area
units of capacity: the sum of the areas of the faces (or
litre (L) surfaces) of a three-dimensional figure
millilitre (mL) (orsolid)
kilolitre (kL) volume
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2m
8m
2m 4m
10 cm
8m
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2 Calculate the surface area of the following prisms. 5:02
a b c 15 m
21 m 10 m
5 cm
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46 m
4 cm 8m
73 m
7m
2 cm 21 m
3 cm
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3 Calculate the surface areas of these cylinders. 5:03
a b c 12 m
55 m
18 m
75 m 36 m
15 m
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3 cm
3 cm
7 cm 8 cm 9 cm
11 cm
11 cm
12 cm 11 cm
6 Calculate the volumes of the cylinders in Question 3 to the nearest cubic metre. 5:05
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94
10 cm
x
3 The two prisms shown both have a volume 22
3 54 73
of 900cm . Which prism has the smaller
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surface area? a Find the value of x, correct to one
decimal place.
6 cm b Calculate the area of the cross-section
ofthe prism.
A
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10 cm c Calculate the surface area of the
15 cm pentagonal prism.
d Calculate the volume of the prism.
5 cm
8 83
B
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9 cm 12
16
20 cm
65 65
105
4 The inside and outside 2m 20
3m
of this container are 25
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120 120
5 cm 16 cm 5 cm
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must this process be repeated before the
cards return to their original positions?
How many times would the process need
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to be repeated if there had been eight cards?
5 George Junkiewicz has prepared the timeline below to show when his employees will take
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their holidays. He has designed it so that no more than two employees are on holidays at the
same time. The dots at the end of each line are explained below.
Fine Flooring holidays for employees
Hall
Raine
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Harris
Conway Browning
Bagnell
Scully
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Robson McKellar
8 15 22 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28
Feb. March April May June
Included in holiday Not included in holiday
2 Simplify: 3:04
x 2x x 2x x 2x x 2x
a + b c d
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
3 The measurements 6m, 60m and 600m all have the same numerical value but 1:10
they have different levels of accuracy. Between what two numbers would each of
these measurements lie?
1694 3215 1:05
4 Give the answer to correct to:
242
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a one decimal place b two decimal places
c one significant figure d three significant figures.
5 A set of cards is numbered from 1 to 20. The cards are shuffled and one card is 4:03
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chosen at random. Find the probability that the card is:
a an even number
b a number less than 10
c an even number and a number less than 10
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d an even number or a number less than 10
e a number that is odd and greater than 10.
b It is possible to obtain 3 sixes. On the basis of these results, what would you
estimate the probability of obtaining 3 sixes to be?
c How could you improve the accuracy of these experimental probabilities?