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Summary
The different modes of grounding the medium Variable compensating reactor, realised
voltage power distribution networks differ from through single-phase self-inductance coils
country to another. In France, in the years 1980, which are coupled in parallel by a commutation
the national utility EDF was committed in a system
reflection on the policy of the neutral grounding of
the MV networks in order to increase the power Resistor of fixed resistance value, connected
supply availability. in parallel to the inductance coils to create an
active component of the fault current
EDF took the decision to define a new neutral point
reactor with variable compensating inductance and Single-phase current transformer, to inject the
to replace the existing neutral reactors with fixed current, which is needed for the system tuning
inductance values by this adjustable type.
Auxiliary cell, provided with load switches for
In co-operation with their transformer suppliers the parallel commutation of the single-phase
they elaborated the specifications for two devices self-inductance coils. The load switches are
with different maximum reactive fault currents of controlled by a separated unit, which may be
600 A and 1000 A. Both are designed to work installed in the substation relay building.
indifferently in 20 kV or 15 kV networks. After
adjustment of the compensating reactor, the ALSTOM underwent successfully the tests of
resulting fault current under full homopolar tension qualification imposed by the EDF-specification. In
should not exceed 40 A. parallel, an experimentation test phase is carried
out on several devices, already in service on site.
The homopolar capacity of the power distribution
network varies according to its topology and its The industrial deployment of the compensated
load characteristics. To profit from the advantages neutral of the EDF network begins in 2001. About
of the compensated neutral, the balance between 1000 to 1200 substations are concerned.
the homopolar network capacity and the
inductance of the coil must be maintained.
Introduction
The different modes of grounding the medium The insulation level of networks without distributed
voltage power distribution networks differ from neutral remains nearly equal to the line-to-earth
country to another. The physical characteristics of voltage, the ground potential rise in the proximity of
the networks, such as network extend, load the ground fault are conditioned by the quality of
density, load nature, the quality of the earthing the earthing terminals which must have a very low
terminals, the network type air, underground or resistance.
mixed - led the operators of the various countries
to an independent choice of grounding their b) direct grounding, neutral distributed
particular networks.
A
For the choice of the neutral grounding mode, they
have to consider the criteria of tension control B
during the occurrence of single-phase or
multiphase fault currents, the reliability and the C
sensitivity of protections, the voltage level simple
line-to-earth or phase-to-phase during of the N
network voltage rise during the defect -, the quality
of supply as well as the security of goods and
people.
Without being exhaustive, we recall in the following The networks with distributed neutral generally
the principal types of medium voltage network comprise a grounding in many points.
grounding applied in various countries of the world:
The insulation level of the networks with distributed
Direct grounding: neutral remains very close to the line-to-earth
Two alternatives exist, characterised by the voltage and the fault current is of strong amplitude.
different modes of grounding the earthing
terminals:
N
Neutral point insulated : Neutral grounding by a fixed limiting impedance :
A A
B B
C C
=1
A
C
B
N
C
51
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The detection of single-phase fault currents is These zigzag neutral point reactors compensate
simple. The insulation level in the case of neutral through a constant reactive current the capacitive
grounding by a limiting resistor has to be current of the network in the case of a ground fault.
dimensioned for the phase-to-phase voltage of the These fault values must remain big enough to
network. ensure a sure and rapid fault detection all while
maintaining overvoltages in acceptable limits due Neutral grounding by a compensating coils :
to personal security.
In the years 1980, EDF was committed in a The need of compensation adjustment is
reflection on the policy of the neutral grounding of necessary due to the frequent changes of the
the MV networks. network configuration (the load, the length of the
exploited network and the share of underground
The company specifications HM-54-4054 and HM- cables of the network). The appropriate value is
54-4061 then had to be applied. They contain obtained by an analysis of the network state and
requirements on the quality factors, dimensions, the use of an automatic tuning system.
masses, etc., and they precede already the level of Overvoltages are limited to acceptable values due
reliability which will be imposed on the future to the tuning range.
hardware. These constraints had to be validated
by performance tests, which reproduce the defects The sensitivity and the selectivity of the ground
which a zigzag neutral point reactor will meet fault detection and particularly the fault resistance
lasting its life. makes the fault detection more delicate. This
disadvantage often led the operators of this type of
To give an example: For the qualification of this network to practise the maintenance of the
hardware, the " 300 A " and " 1000 A " neutral concerned part of the network during the search
ground reactors will undergo 1000 application tests and the elimination of the defect.
of the full zero-sequence voltage with a maximum The insulation level of the networks with neutral
asymmetry of the current to validate their grounding by a compensating coil has to be
mechanical behaviour at the generated dimensioned for the phase-to-phase voltage.
electrodynamic stresses.
Grounding by a compensating coil has great to be an interesting solution and compatible with
advantages. It allows a ongoing evolution of the the current networks, while enabling new concepts
networks and makes it possible to limit the fault for fault control, the follow-up of faults and the
current in the range of optimal values. operational measures in case of a ground fault.
It eliminates most of the single-phase fault currents
by automatic extinction thus avoiding short power To profit from the advantages of the compensated
failures. neutral, the balance between the homopolar
Thats why, for the network operator, a network capacity and the inductance of the coil
compensating coil is a major asset in view of the must be maintained.
continuity and the quality of electric power supply.
The homopolar capacity varies according to the
topology and the load characteristics of the
The compensated neutral in EDF power network. The tuning systems available on the
distribution networks. market imply a voluntary modification of the coil
inductance in order to generate procedures of
In the years 1980, EDF was engaged to get calculation and position adjustment of the coil.
through a policy of quality improvement of the
electric power supply. In view of the complexity of the automatic tuning
systems available and their implementation, EDF
While preserving the structures and the conditions decided to developed a new tuning system.
of operating the current network, EDF defined An additional current source is used to inject a
objectives such as: homopolar current in the network. Measurements
before and during the injection determine the
Fault number reduction parameters of adjustment for the compensating
Reduction of the number and the duration of impedance. This system has the following
power failures advantages:
Reduction of fault consequences
Reduction of voltage hollows No inductance variation and thus no variation
Increase of the security of people, goods and of compensating coil adjustment is necessary
equipment in the vicinity of the defect during the calculation.
The French rural networks consists of feeders with The transition time from one position to
lengths ranging between 30 and 50 km. Under another is very fast, when a compensating
ground fault condition the capacitive currents can impedance made up of several commutable
reach a few hundreds amps. A reduction of these coils of fixed inductances is used.
values by means of a network topology
modification or a grounding improvement of the The tuning system may even work during the
earthing terminals is not possible for financial and appearance of a fault.
technical reasons.
The sequences of injection are short and can
The French rural networks have undergone be frequently repeated.
significant evolutions during the last years.
Having validated this concept, EDF wrote a
To protect the environment, to respect the specification and consulted the manufacturers.
originality of certain sites, to ensure the safety of
the people and the goods and to reduce the The company specification HN 52 S 25 gathers the
network sensitivity in regard of weather events criteria, the constraints, the conditions of
(lightning, storm), EDF transferred a lot of their acceptance and the procedures for testing the
rural MV overhead lines to underground cables. compensating reactors.
The emergence of underground cables in the rural The compensating reactors are designed to work
networks increased the capacitive current values indifferently in 20 kV or 15 kV networks.
under ground fault conditions. In this context, the Two types are planned: one type with an
use of neutral grounding by a fixed limiting adjustment range from 100 to 600 A reactive fault
impedance shows up its limits. EDF launched a current and another type with a range form 100 to
complete inventory and undertook a profound 1000 A.
study on all the modes of MV neutral grounding.
After adjustment of the compensating reactor, the
An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages resulting fault current under full homopolar tension
of each system made it possible to release new should not exceed 40 A.
doctrines. The compensated neutral point seemed
To ensure the correct operation of wattmetric and and the substation grounding. It creates an active
voltmetric homopolar protection systems, an active component of the fault current.
component of the fault current higher than 20 A is
necessary. Current injection transformer
The control unit of the neutral grounding reactor A 20kV100/600 A and a 20 kV100/1000 A
receives orders from the automatic tuning system. neutral grounding reactor and their control units
The control unit itself creates the commands for built by ALSTOM underwent successfully the tests
the commutation of the load switches, to couple or of qualification imposed by the EDF-specification
to disconnect the single-phase coils of the neutral HN 52S25.
grounding reactor.
In parallel to these qualification tests, an
The control unit is a programmed device, which is experimentation test phase is carried out on
installed in the substation relay building and which several devices, already in service on site.
can be removed a hundred meters from the neutral
grounding reactor. Three 20kV100/600 A and one 20kV100/1000 A
neutral grounding reactors built by ALSTOM are
A 4-20 mA digital signal forwards all information currently in service on the EDF network.
between the automatic tuning system and the
control unit of the neutral grounding reactor. The industrial deployment of the compensated
neutral of the EDF network begins in 2001. About
At automatic control operation mode, the control 1000 to 1200 substations are concerned.
unit receives only commands of the automatic
tuning system. In manual operation mode, the Bibliographies:
device is under full control of a technician. The
commands have to be entered manually by M. Clment, B. Tromeur; volution du neutre MT
pushbuttons. EDF sur les rseaux ruraux N.MT 95
The control unit receives information from and P. Juston, D. Griffel, mise terre du neutre dans
transmits information to the neutral grounding les rseaux ruraux NMT 95/REE 96
reactor and the automatic tuning system.