PROJECT REPORT

ON
PROTECTION AND FAULT ANNOUNCIATION
SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC LOAD

SUBMITTED BY:

GOR DHRUPAD B. (D/08/EE/65)

LAD PINKAL S. (D/08/EE/68)

RATHOD VISHAL B. (D/08/EE/69)

UNDER GUIDANCE OF:

MR. JENISH MACWAN

LECTURER

DEPTARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CHAROTAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY
EDUCATION CAMPUS - CHANGA

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CHAROTAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHANGA
JUNE, 2011.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled PROTECTION AND FAULT

ANNOUNCIATION SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC LOAD is a bonafied report of the
work carried out by GOR DHRUPAD B. (D/08/EE/65), LAD PINKAL S. (D/08/EE/68),
RATHOD VISHAL B. (D/08/EE/69) under the guidance and supervision for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering at Charotar Institute of
Technology - Changa, Gujarat

To the best of my knowledge and belief, this work embodies the work of
candidate himself, has duly been completed, fulfills the requirement of the
ordinance relating to the Bachelor Degree of the university and is up to the
standard in respect of content, presentation and language for being referred to
the examiner.

Mr. Jenish Macwan Mr. Bhavesh Shah

Lecturer,

Department of Electrical engineering, H.O.D.

C.I.T.C., Gujarat Electrical Engineering.

Date:-____________. C.I.T.C., Gujarat.

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Famous author R.S. Pressnon says a big project is like having a hungry and bad-
tampered monster chained up in your basement. You can go out and have fun,
but eventually you must return home and feed the hungry beast. There are many
persons who have helped me feed this feed beast over the past few months who
deserve our sincere thanks for their patience, contributions or both.

We sincerely feel that the credit of our project work could not be narrowed down
to only one individual. This work is an integrated effort of all those concerned
with it, through whose co-operation and effective guidance we could achieve its
successful completion. We take this opportunity to acknowledge all them who
truly deserve it.

We are very thankful to our guide Mr.Jenish Macwan, who have guided us heartily
and gave personal attention for developing and completing this project. In fact
we think that it was very difficult to develop such a nice project without their
contribution.

We are also very thankful to our Head of the Department. Mr. Bhavesh Shah, who
have permitted us for doing this project and helped us whenever we experienced
and difficultly or when we required any extra facilities, besides we would like to
acknowledge the constructive criticism, inspiration and support facilitate by our
friends and without whom successful completion of this project would become
very difficult.

Gor Dhrupad B. (D/08/EE/65).

Lad Pinkal S. (D/08/EE/68).

Rathod Vishal B. (D/08/EE/69).

3
 PROJECT ON
PROTECTION AND FAULT ANNOUNCIATION
SYSTEM
FOR DOMESTIC LOAD

4
 INDEX

SR NO SPECIFICATION PAGE NO.

1 PROJECT MEANING 6

2 INTRODUCTION 7

3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 8

4 PCB LAYOUT 10

5 CIRCUIT OPERATION 11

6 FEATURES & ADVANTAGES 14

7 APPLICATION 15

8 USED COMPONENT LIST 16

9 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS 17

10 COSTING 29

11 MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAM 31

12 CONCLUSION 45

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 46

5
 1. PROJECT MEANING

Before taking project work for foundation. It is quite necessary to have an

exact idea of the word 'project'. The word project consists of seven letters where
each letter has its own significance as follows:

P = Planning Before carrying out work.

R = Raw material required for the work.

O = Organization of the work.

J = Joint Effort put Together in work.

E = Estimation of material required in the work.

C = Costing of work.

T = Techniques used in performing work.

As a matter of fact, the 'PROJECT' is used specially for the construction

Purposes.

6
 2. INTRODUCTION

Earth Leak Circuit Breakers (ELCB) has been set to higher threshold leakage
current, which fail to protect people from getting electrocuted. This has been a
standard problem facing the industry & domestics. No solution has ever been
proposed to protect human life while allowing for large leakage currents through
equipments, which again is an unavoidable reality. Earth Leak circuit breaker
(ELCB) has been around\d for a few decades now. Its introduction has helped
many lives as it can trip and isolate dangerous voltage source in a very short time
for extremely small current leaks passing through people/animals etc. however it
has been noticed that many equipments have leakage currents of the order of
several orders of magnitude compared to tolerance limit for humans/ animals. It
is in such a case, ELCBs have been set to higher threshold leakage currents, which
fail to protect people from getting electrocuted. Earth leakage is an electrical
hazard, which is responsible for electric shock and fire risk. Earth leakage and its
associated hazard can be prevented by the use of earth Leakage circuit Breaker.

Now days due to over & under voltage there is chance for short circuit or
any electrical equipment can be damage. So to protect this we introduce a circuit
to save from this dangerous hazard. The over/under voltage circuit protects
domestic appliances from over and under voltage In this circuit if the A.C voltage
increases beyond 240v the relay energize & AC supply is disconnected & same as
if the AC voltage decrease below 180v the relay energize & AC supply is
disconnected and electrical appliances turn-off thus the electrical equipment is
saved. We will discuss both circuits in detail.

7
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

8
9
4. PCB LAYOUT

10
 5. CIRCUIT OPERATION

+ 12V D.C SUPPLY POWER SUPPLY CIRUIT

Here we use Bridge Rectifier circuit for converting AC supply in to DC supply.

Here we use step down Transformer which step down the 230 Voltage in to 18V.
When AC supply is given to transformer's primary winding, an alternating flux is
set up which links with secondary winding though magnetic core and emf induces
in secondary winding.

Then we use four Diodes & make a Bridge. Then we connect the IC-7812 In put
terminal to the bridges are terminal and other terminal of bridge is connected to
the IC7912 transformers two terminal is the ground, & we connect the capacitor
of 1000 micro F, between IC'S first terminal of 3.3 micro F between IC'S last
terminal. However we get output from the third terminal of IC 7812 & IC 7912
which is +12v DC.

OPERATION

Bridge rectifier circuit use to convert AC in to DC & with the help of IC7812 & IC
7912 we can get +12V DC in bridge rectifier when AC supply goes to positive half
cycle the diode 01 & 04 is forward bias & diode 02 & 03 goes to reverse bias. In
negatives half cycle diode 02 & 03 goes to forward bias and diode 01 & 04 is
reverse bias. However we can get constant voltage in both positive and negative
cycle which is DC. With the help of capacitor we can get pure DC at the output
terminal.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ELCB

The ELCB works on the current balance principle. The supply conductors.
I.e. the phases and the neutral are passed through a torrid and form the primary
windings of a current transformer. Its secondary winding is connected to a highly
sensitive electromagnetic trip relay which operates the trip mechanism. In a
healthy circuit sum of equal to the current in phases; is equal to the current in the
neutral and the vector Sum of all current is equal to zero. If there is any insulation
fault in the circuit and leakage current flows to earth, the currents do not balance
and their vector sum is not equal to zero. This imbalance is detected by the
current transformer, the ELCB tripped and supply to load is interrupted and
buzzer is activated.

11

WORKING OF ELCB

This circuit is used as a shock preventer as it cuts off the supply within 20ms
of sensing a fault. Once the line is cut off, it remains off until the reset switch is
pressed. The earth leakage of current is sensed by checking the difference
between current through phase and neutral by the current transformer X2. This is
done by flux subtraction in the core of the transformer.

If on body is connected to earth, the currents through phase and neutral

are equal and the flux produced by them is also equal and opposite. The resulting
flux will be zero and the output voltage is also zero.

When anyone touches the phase, a small current flows through the body to
earth. This will cause an increase in phase current, producing an output AC, which
is amplified by and fed to the base of a switching transistor through a Zener diode.

The Zener diode is used to cancel offset voltage and noise effects. So, when
high voltage occurs. The base current of transistor energies the relay. The supply
through N/C terminals of the relay cuts off when the relay energies thus
preventing any shock.

Once the relay is energized contacts short the transistor, thus causing the
relay to remain on. The circuit can be reset by cutting the supply of the relay. This
is done by pressing the push to off reset switch.

The sensitivity of the circuit to shock current is controlled by a 1 Ok pot by

varying the gain of the amplifier. The supply is a regulated + 12v using 7812 and
7912 voltage regulator.

CKT DESCRIPTION OF O/V & U/V PROTECTION CKT

This circuit is used to protect the domestic appliances from over and under
voltage. Operational amplifier IC LM324 (IC2) is used here as a comparator. IC
LM324 consists of four operational amplifiers, of which only two operational
amplifiers (N1 & N2) are used in the circuit. IC1 is wired for a regulated 12v supply.

The unregulated power supply is connected to the series combination of

resistor R1 & R2 and potentiometer VR1. The same supply is also connected to a
6.8v Zener diode (ZD1) through resistor R3.
Preset VR1 is adjusted such that for normal supply of 180v to 240v, the voltage
at the non-inverting terminal (pin 3) of operational amplifier N1 is less than 6.8v.

12
Hence the output of the operational amplifier is zero and transistor T1 remains
off. The relay,

Which is connected to the collector of transistor T1, also remains de-energized.

As the AC supply to the electrical appliances is given through the normally closed
(N/C) terminal is not disconnected during normal operation.

WORKING OF O/V & U/V PROTECTION CIRCUIT

When the AC voltage increases beyond 240v the voltage at the non-
inverting terminal (pin 3) of operational amplifier N1 increases. The voltage at the
inverting terminal is still 6.8v because of the Zener diode. Thus now if the voltage
at pin 3 of the operational amplifier is higher than 6.8v, the output of the
operational amplifier goes high to drive transistor T1 and hence energize relay RL.
Consequently, the AC supply is disconnected and electrical appliances turn off.
Thus the appliances are protected against over- voltage.

Now lets consider the under-voltage condition. When the AC voltage

decreases below 180v the voltage at inverting terminal (pin 6) of operational
amplifier N2 is less than the voltage at the non-inverting terminal (6v).thus the
output of operational amplifier N2 goes high and it energize the relay through
transistor T1. Consequently, the AC supply is disconnected and electrical
appliances turn off. Thus the appliances are protected against under- voltage.

Thus the relay energize in two condition: First, if the voltage at pin 3 of IC2
is above 6.8v, and Second, if the voltage at pin 6 of IC2 is below 6v. Over-voltage
and under-voltage levels can be adjusted using presets VR1 and VR2, respectively.

13
 6. FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES
1. The truly current operated device ELCB can operate at nominal voltage less
than the 10 volts. This is unlike some of the other products incorporate-rating
electronic circuitry which fail to operate when there is a severe drop in the supply
voltage. For e.g. due to a fault. The ELCB are totally independent of the mains
voltage for tripping and provide a highly reliable protection.

2. Our ELCB trip in the event of opening of neutral wire due to any reason and
are provided with neutral, advance mechanism which ensures and complete
discharge of line inductance / capacitance.

3. The mechanism is trip-free ensuring that the ELCB cannot be re-closed /reset if
the earth leakage / fault persist.

4. They have a very con. Operational life of over 10,000 thousand operation.

5. ELCB is capable of withstanding starting in-rush currents of motors upto 4/8

times the rated current.

6. The ELCB have excellent short circuit withstand ensuring that there is no
damage to the device itself

7. The ELCB are highly vibration proof.

8. ELCB with O/V & U/V circuit protects equipment against voltage variation
above & below from equipment rated or working voltage.

9. O/V & U/V circuit protects the domestic appliances from over & under
voltages & short circuit.

10. O/V & U/V circuit protects from damage of electrical & electronics
Equipment & other dangerous hazards.

14
 7. APPLICATION

1. The use of exposed, substandard, badly wired, wrongly connected or damaged

equipment as well as frayed cables or bed cables joints reduces the safety of an
installation and increases the risk to persons receiving electric shock.

2. Fuses and MCBs, whilst provide protection against over currents and indirect
contact, do not give any protection to any person. Who may come into contact
with live parts causing current to flow through the body to earth. A correctly
chosen ELCB can detect such small current flowing to earth and breaks the circuit
to greatly reduce the risk of electrocution to human and domestic cattle at shock
hazard voltages,

3. The majority of fires occur as a result of faulty wiring, which results in a fault
current flowing to the earth. Fires can be started by fault currents of this nature of
less than 1 amp. The normal domestic over load protective device, such as a fuse
or an MCB, cannot detect such a small current. A correctly chosen ELCB shall
detect this fault current, interrupt the supply and greatly reduce the risk of fire.

4. The increased use of electric power in domestic commercial and industrial

installation has warranted the continuous development and expansion of low
voltage distribution systems. The use of high capacity distribution transformers
has given rise to increased short circuit fault in the system.

5. It is used in administrative buildings, high rise buildings, hospitals, public

buildings, houses, industrial premises, commercial complex, etc.

6. The reliably protect the cables, wires, electrical equipment and electrical
appliances such as air conditioners, pump set, compressor refrigerator, geysers,
grinders, etc.

15
 8. USED COMPONENT LIST

Transformer (12-0-12)

Resistor

Variable resistor

Capacitor

Diode

LED

Transistor

Relay (DPDT)

Zener Diode

Current Transformer (CT)

IC-741

IC-LM324

IC-7812 & IC-7912

Main Switch

Rocker & Toggle Switch

16
 9. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

(1) TRANSFORMER

In these circuits the core type of transformer is used in core type

transformer, half of the primary winding and half -of the secondary winding are
placed round each bind as shown in fig. This reduces the leakage flux voltage
winding below the high voltage winding for mechanical.

The main 230V AC is connected to the primary of charger transformer X1

which is a step down transformer (230Vprimary/18-0-18V,3.5A secondary). The
neutral of mains AC supply is directly connected to the chassis ground

(2) RESISTOR

In electronic path the material which gives resistance to flow the current is
called resistor and the ability to lock the current is called resistivity VIR=1

There are many types of resistor carbon type, wire wound, film type etc.

17
There are three type of resistor

1. Composition type
2. Film type
3. Wire wound

18
19
(3) VARAIBLE RESISTOR

Variable resistor are available in variety of forms the most popular of which
are carbon truck a wire wound potentiometers wire wound put are generally only
available with linear low tracks power rating up to 1 w values. Which range from
10 to 100 ohm.

(4) CAPACITOR

It is a current store component. A capacitor is basically to Store electronics.

It offers low impedance to ac current but very high Impedance to dc. A capacitor
consists of two conducting plates separated by & insulating material known as
dielectric. The capacitor is to store the electric change is q-c= v. capacitor mainly
used for fitter in which rectified DC operation is made smoother or filtered. This is
called filter capacitor.

TYPES OF CAPACITOR

1) Electrolyte Capacitor
2) Ceramic Capacitor
3) Paper type Capacitor

TESTING OF CAPACITOR

Connect the capacitor to the multimeter and see their IP momentary

deflection takes place, which is indicated by multimeter. If it shows momentary
deflection the capacitor is ok.

20
FUNCTION

Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resisters in timing
circuits because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to
smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used
in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass AC signals but they block DC signals.

(5) P-N JUNCTION DIODE

Diodes are two terminal unilateral devices and conduct current only from
anode to cathode. Most of the semiconductor diodes are junction diodes formed
by growing a metallurgical junction between p-type and n-type semiconductors.

FUNCTION

Diode allows electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the
circuit symbol shows the direction in which the current can flow. Diode is the
electrical version of a valve and early diodes were actually called valves.

FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP

Electricity uses up a little energy pushing its way through the Diode, rather
person pushing through a door with a spring. This means that there is a small
voltage across a conducting diode, it is called the forward voltage drop and is
about 0.7 volt for all normal diode which are made from silicon. The forward
voltage drop of a diode is almost constraint whatever the current passing through
the diode so they have a very steep characteristic (I - V GRAPH).

REVERSE VOLTAGE
When a reverse voltage is applied a perfect diode does not conduct, but all
real diodes leak a very tiny current of a few A or less. This can be ignored in most
circuits because it will be very much smaller than' the current flowing in the
forward direction. However, all diodes have a maximum reverse voltage and if this
exceed the diode will fail and pass a large current in the reverse direction, his is
called Breakdown.

APPLICATION

1. Rectification of AC
2. Switching
3. Modulation, demodulation and frequency changing
4. Generation and detection of light
21
5. Generation and amplification of signals
6. Wave shaping and such as clipping, clamping etc
7. Providing reference voltages and so on depending upon their structure
And doping level.
(6) TRANSISTOR

The Unbiased Transistor

A transistor has three doped region, an emitter, a base and a collector. A P-

N junction exists between the base and the emitter this part of the transistor is
called the emitter diode. Another PN junction exists between the base and the
collector, this part of the transistor is called the collector diode

BIASED THE TRANSISTOR

For normal operation, you forward-bias the emitter diode and reverse
biased the collector diode. Under these conditions, the emitter sends the
electrons in to the base. Most of these free electrons Pass through the base to the
collector. Because of this, the collector current approximately equals the emitter
current. The base current is much smaller, typically less than 5 percent of the
emitter current.

(7) RELAY (DPDT)

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of

the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relay have two switch position and
they are double thrown switches. Relay allow one circuit it which can be
completely separate from the first. For example a low .battery circuit can use a
relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside
the relay between the two circuits the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for 12V
relay, but it can be as much as 100 mA for relays designed to operate from lower
voltages. Most ICs cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to
amplify the small current to the Larger value required for the relay coil The
maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices
can Supply relay coils directly without amplification.
22
 Relays are usually SPDT or DPOT but they can have many more sets of
switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts readily
available. For further information about switch contacts and the terms used to
describe them please see the page. The relays switch connections are usually
labeled COM, NC and NO:

COM = Common, always connected to this, it is moving part of Switch

NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay Coil is off.
NO = Normally open, COM is connected to this when the relay Coil is on

(8) ZENER DIODE

We have shown that when a P-N junction is reverse biased it breaks down
at particular voltage is called reverse breakdown. Large breakdown current may
destroy the diode because if excessive heating. To prevent destruction of the
diode the current should be limited by external circuit and proper heat dissipation
capability should be provided. The diode is known as the Zener diode.

We have shown that when a P-N junction is reversing biased it breaks down
at a particular voltage Vb. We observe from the characteristics that the reverse
voltage. When the reverse voltage equals VB, the reverse current shoots up and is
limited by the external circuit only. The voltage remains constant for a wide range
of current. If the reverse voltage is reduce below the current again become small.
Thus as the reverse voltage is brought back to zero, the characteristics is retraced.
Such a breakdown is therefore called a reversible breakdown. Large breakdown
current may destroy the diode because of excessive heating. To prevent
destruction of the diode. The current should be .limited by external circuit and
proper heat dissipation capability should be provided. This diode is known as the
Zener diode. The characteristics of the Zener diode can be utilized with
advantages to produce a voltage reference. That is this diode can be used as
constant voltage source particularly where the variation of either the load current
or the input supply voltage are likely to change the load voltage such an
application is illustrated by the following example.

Small signal and rectifier diode are never intentionally operated in the
brake down region because this may cause damage to them a Zener diode is
23
different. It is silicon diode that the manufacturer has optimized for the operation
in the breakdown region. It is sometime called a breakdown diode. The Zener
diode is a breakdown of voltage regulation circuits that hold the voltage almost
constant despite large changes in the voltage & load resistance.

Constant voltage source

Voltage regulator
Resistor
Zener diode
Terminal socket
Acrylic sheet
Galvanized box

(9) CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

Current transformer can be classified in to two categories

1 Bar primary CT
2 Wound primary CT

In bar primary type CT the primary is a straight conductor which is the part
of power system. In this type of CT the secondary has a rain type iron core on
which the winding is wound uniformly over the entire periphery. This type of
construction has negligible leakage flux both primary & secondary. As there is only
one primary turn the primary current should be high enough to produce sufficient
exciting amp turns for give a reasonable output.
Wound type CT has E, I, T & L Type core. The primary winding is wound in
the N as the primary turns are fewer they cannot be disturbed uniformly leakage
flux & hence passes a high reactance.

WORKING

The current transformers is used with its primary winding connected in

series with line carrying the current to be measured and, therefore the primary
current is dependent upon.

The load connected to the system and is not determined by the load
(burden) connected on the secondary winding of the current transformer. The
primary winding consists of very few turns and, therefore, there is no appreciable
voltage drop across it. The secondary winding of current transformer has larger
number of turns ratio. Thus a current.
Transformer operates its secondary winding nearly under short circuit
condition. Only of the terminal of the secondary winding is earthed so as to
24
protect equipment and personal in the vicinity in the event of an insulation
breakdown in the current transformer.

(10) POSITIVE-NEGATIVE CLAMPER (IC 741)

25
INTRODUCTION

The term operational Amplifier" or" OP-AMP" originated in 1947. The early
work with operational amplifier concerned on their use in analog simulation and
in the solution of integral differential equation nowadays the OP-AMP has
become.
To a basic building in instrumentation computation and control basically the
OP-Amp is a high gain direct coupled Amplifier in negative feedback is used in
conjugation with such. A high gain Amplifier steady stable and predictable output
relationship is obtained.

Nowadays such a perfect Amplifier has not been developed modern

semiconductor technology has produced OP-Amp whose characteristics are quite
closed to the perfect case

Modern OP-Amp characterized by the following properties

(1) Extremely high DC voltage gain generally in the range from 10,000 to
1, 00, 00,000 times.
(2) Wide band width the start at DC and rolls off to unity gain from several
hundred megahertz with a slope of 6db to at the 12db per octave.
(3) Positive and negative output voltage over a large dynamic range usually
from +10 to +100 volts.
(4) High output impedance so that amplifier input current can be lo neglected.
(5) Very low input DC offset or drifts with time and temperature.

The conventional symbol used in schematics to represent and operational

amplifier. The input terminals are shown on the left side and output terminal is on
the right side. Note that supply voltages of both polarities with respect to ground
are used.

Functions of various stages are as given below

(1) First Differential Amplifier

It has two inputs. One is non inverting input which is marked + (Pin no 3)
and the other is the inverting input which is marked - (Pin No.2).
(2) Constant Current Source

26
 Constant current required for differential amplifier is supplied from this.
Constant current is necessary for common mode rejection.
(3) Second Differential Amplifier

With the help of this stage the gain is increased

(4) Emitter Follower

It works as buffer between the high gain differential amplifier and output
stage. Emitter follower stage given high impedance to the differential
amplifier and less impendence to the output stage
.
(5) Output Stage

Output impendence of the op-amp reduces due the output stage. So it

Can supply sufficient current to load.

Equivalent Circuit of OP-AMP

The equivalent circuit of an op-amp is shown in fig. it is useful in making

analysis of the circuit

A = Open loop gain

R1 = Input resistance
RO = Output resistance
V1 = Voltage on non inverting input terminal
V2 = Voltage on inverting input terminal
Vid = Differential input voltage
Avid = Equivalent Theremin's voltage source

Vo = Avid = A (V1 - V2)

The output voltages are directly proportional to the algebraic difference between
the two input voltages. The polarity of the output voltage depends on the polarity
of the difference voltage.

(14) IC-7812 & IC-7912

Here in fig shown below IC-7812 is positive voltage regulator and another
figure of IC-7912 shows negative voltage regulator.

27
Such voltage regulators are also available in the range of 5V, 6V, 10V, 12V, 15V,
18V and 24V. Different ranges of voltages and currents are available. The voltage
range is 12-0-12 volts. For different load current different type of ICs are available.
The current range is from 1.5 to 5 amp. Different types of three terminal
adjustable positive voltage regulator ICs available are IC-741. The formula for
output voltage is.

VO = VRf [R2/R1 + 1]

28
 10. COSTING

COMPONANT USE COST

40 pin base 25
14 pin base 10
8 pin base (4) 40

200 k preset 10
10 k preset 10
Bc547(NPN to92) (4) 34
1N4007(4) 12
1N4148 8

4V7 Zener 12
4 MHz crystal 25
33pf capacitor (2) 10
10 f capacitor (6) 34
47 f capacitor (2) 15

1000 / 25 capacitor 15
100f / 25 capacitor 15
0.1nf capacitor 5
0.22nf capacitor 10
7805 volt regulator 18

BC557 8

29
 10K n resistor 18
PCB design self
Led (2) 2
AT9552 138

UC 741 (3) 20

NE 555 20
LCD Module 490
ELC transformer 180

Over voltage sensor transformer 110

12-0-12 / 1amp transformer 115
Main core 100
Ply sheet 80
Other cost 1400

TOTAL COST 2990

30
 11. CONTROLLER PROGRAM

C:0x0000 020451 LJMP C:0451

C:0x0003 20A01D JB 0xA0.0,C:0023
C:0x0006 1203F2 LCALL C:03F2
C:0x0009 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x000B 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x000D 7998 MOV R1,#SCON(0x98)
C:0x000F 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0012 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x0014 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x0017 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x0019 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x001B 79A4 MOV R1,#0xA4
C:0x001D 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0020 30A0FD JNB 0xA0.0,C:0020
C:0x0023 7580FF MOV P0(0x80),#0xFF
C:0x0026 75B0FF MOV P3(0xB0),#0xFF
C:0x0029 75A0FF MOV P2(0xA0),#0xFF
C:0x002C 7590FF MOV P1(0x90),#0xFF
C:0x002F 1203F2 LCALL C:03F2
C:0x0032 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x0034 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x0036 79B0 MOV R1,#P3(0xB0)
C:0x0038 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x003B 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x003D 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x0040 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x0042 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x0044 79C1 MOV R1,#0xC1
C:0x0046 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0049 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x004C 1203F2 LCALL C:03F2
C:0x004F 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x0051 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x0053 79D2 MOV R1,#0xD2
C:0x0055 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0058 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x005A 120433 LCALL C:0433
31
C:0x005D 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x005F 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x0061 79E3 MOV R1,#0xE3
C:0x0063 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0066 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x0069 1203F2 LCALL C:03F2
C:0x006C 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x006E 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x0070 79F5 MOV R1,#0xF5
C:0x0072 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0075 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x0077 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x007A 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x007C 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x007E 7906 MOV R1,#0x06
C:0x0080 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0083 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x0086 1203F2 LCALL C:03F2
C:0x0089 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x008B 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x008D 7913 MOV R1,#0x13
C:0x008F 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0092 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x0094 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x0097 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x0099 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x009B 7922 MOV R1,#0x22
C:0x009D 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x00A0 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x00A3 1203F2 LCALL C:03F2
C:0x00A6 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x00A8 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x00AA 792F MOV R1,#0x2F
C:0x00AC 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x00AF 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x00B1 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x00B4 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x00B6 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x00B8 793D MOV R1,#0x3D
C:0x00BA 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x00BD 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x00C0 20901D JB T2(0x90.0),C:00E0
C:0x00C3 12030B LCALL C:030B

32
C:0x00C6 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x00C8 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x00CB 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x00CD 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x00CF 794A MOV R1,#0x4A
C:0x00D1 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x00D4 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x00D7 C2B4 CLR T0(0xB0.4)
C:0x00D9 20B2FD JB INT0(0xB0.2),C:00D9
C:0x00DC 7F32 MOV R7,#0x32
C:0x00DE 803E SJMP C:011E
C:0x00E0 20911D JB T2EX(0x90.1),C:0100
C:0x00E3 12030B LCALL C:030B
C:0x00E6 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x00E8 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x00EB 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x00ED 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x00EF 795A MOV R1,#0x5A
C:0x00F1 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x00F4 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x00F7 C2B4 CLR T0(0xB0.4)
C:0x00F9 20B2FD JB INT0(0xB0.2),C:00F9
C:0x00FC 7F0A MOV R7,#0x0A
C:0x00FE 801E SJMP C:011E
C:0x0100 209227 JB 0x90.2,C:012A
C:0x0103 12030B LCALL C:030B
C:0x0106 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x0108 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x010B 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x010D 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x010F 796B MOV R1,#0x6B
C:0x0111 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0114 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x0117 C2B4 CLR T0(0xB0.4)
C:0x0119 20B2FD JB INT0(0xB0.2),C:0119
C:0x011C 7F0A MOV R7,#0x0A
C:0x011E 7E00 MOV R6,#0x00
C:0x0120 1203D2 LCALL C:03D2
C:0x0123 D2B1 SETB TXD(0xB0.1)
C:0x0125 D2B2 SETB INT0(0xB0.2)
C:0x0127 0200C0 LJMP C:00C0
C:0x012A 20930E JB 0x90.3,C:013B
C:0x012D C2B1 CLR TXD(0xB0.1)

33
C:0x012F AF0F MOV R7,0x0F
C:0x0131 050F INC 0x0F
C:0x0133 8F0F MOV 0x0F,R7
C:0x0135 12029C LCALL C:029C
C:0x0138 0200C0 LJMP C:00C0
C:0x013B 1203F2 LCALL C:03F2
C:0x013E 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x0140 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x0142 797B MOV R1,#0x7B
C:0x0144 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0147 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x0149 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x014C 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x014E 7A02 MOV R2,#0x02
C:0x0150 798B MOV R1,#TL1(0x8B)
C:0x0152 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x0155 309009 JNB T2(0x90.0),C:0161
C:0x0158 309106 JNB T2EX(0x90.1),C:0161
C:0x015B 309203 JNB 0x90.2,C:0161
C:0x015E 2093F4 JB 0x90.3,C:0155
C:0x0161 D2B1 SETB TXD(0xB0.1)
C:0x0163 D2B3 SETB INT1(0xB0.3)
C:0x0165 C2B4 CLR T0(0xB0.4)
C:0x0167 0200C0 LJMP C:00C0
C:0x016A 535953 ANL 0x59,#0x53
C:0x016D 5445 ANL A,#0x45
C:0x016F 4D ORL A,R5
C:0x0170 205348 JB 0x2A.3,C:01BB
C:0x0173 5554 ANL A,0x54
C:0x0175 444F ORL A,#0x4F
C:0x0177 57 ANL A,@R1
C:0x0178 4E ORL A,R6
C:0x0179 00 NOP
C:0x017A 4F ORL A,R7
C:0x017B 56 ANL A,@R0
C:0x017C 4552 ORL A,0x52
C:0x017E 204C4F JB 0x29.4,C:01D0
C:0x0181 4144 AJMP C:0244
C:0x0183 204552 JB 0x28.5,C:01D8
C:0x0186 524F ANL 0x4F,A
C:0x0188 5200 ANL 0x00,A
C:0x018A 535953 ANL 0x59,#0x53
C:0x018D 5445 ANL A,#0x45

34
C:0x018F 4D ORL A,R5
C:0x0190 205041 JB 0x2A.0,C:01D4
C:0x0193 5553 ANL A,0x53
C:0x0195 4544 ORL A,0x44
C:0x0197 00 NOP
C:0x0198 4A ORL A,R2
C:0x0199 4159 AJMP C:0259
C:0x019B 47 ORL A,@R1
C:0x019C 5552 ANL A,0x52
C:0x019E 5544 ANL A,0x44
C:0x01A0 4556 ORL A,0x56
C:0x01A2 200039 JB 0x20.0,C:01DE
C:0x01A5 39 ADDC A,R1
C:0x01A6 37 ADDC A,@R1
C:0x01A7 39 ADDC A,R1
C:0x01A8 36 ADDC A,@R0
C:0x01A9 2D ADD A,R5
C:0x01AA 32 RETI
C:0x01AB 39 ADDC A,R1
C:0x01AC 37 ADDC A,@R1
C:0x01AD 32 RETI
C:0x01AE 38 ADDC A,R0
C:0x01AF 00 NOP
C:0x01B0 434841 ORL 0x48,#0x41
C:0x01B3 524F ANL 0x4F,A
C:0x01B5 5441 ANL A,#0x41
C:0x01B7 5220 ANL 0x20,A
C:0x01B9 554E ANL A,0x4E
C:0x01BB 49 ORL A,R1
C:0x01BC 2E ADD A,R6
C:0x01BD 204F46 JB 0x29.7,C:0206
C:0x01C0 00 NOP
C:0x01C1 534349 ANL 0x43,#0x49
C:0x01C4 454E ORL A,0x4E
C:0x01C6 434520 ORL 0x45,#0x20
C:0x01C9 414E AJMP C:024E
C:0x01CB 4420 ORL A,#0x20
C:0x01CD 5445 ANL A,#0x45
C:0x01CF 434800 ORL 0x48,#0x00
C:0x01D2 202020 JB 0x24.0,C:01F5
C:0x01D5 47 ORL A,@R1
C:0x01D6 5549 ANL A,0x49
C:0x01D8 4445 ORL A,#0x45

35
C:0x01DA 4420 ORL A,#0x20
C:0x01DC 4259 ORL 0x59,A
C:0x01DE 2E ADD A,R6
C:0x01DF 202020 JB 0x24.0,C:0202
C:0x01E2 00 NOP
C:0x01E3 4D ORL A,R5
C:0x01E4 722E ORL C,0x25.6
C:0x01E6 204A45 JB 0x29.2,C:022E
C:0x01E9 4E ORL A,R6
C:0x01EA 49 ORL A,R1
C:0x01EB 534820 ANL 0x48,#0x20
C:0x01EE 4D ORL A,R5
C:0x01EF 4543 ORL A,0x43
C:0x01F1 57 ANL A,@R1
C:0x01F2 414E AJMP C:024E
C:0x01F4 00 NOP
C:0x01F5 5241 ANL 0x41,A
C:0x01F7 5448 ANL A,#0x48
C:0x01F9 4F ORL A,R7
C:0x01FA 4420 ORL A,#0x20
C:0x01FC 56 ANL A,@R0
C:0x01FD 49 ORL A,R1
C:0x01FE 534841 ANL 0x48,#0x41
C:0x0201 4C ORL A,R4
C:0x0202 20422E JB 0x28.2,C:0233
C:0x0205 00 NOP
C:0x0206 28 ADD A,R0
C:0x0207 442F ORL A,#0x2F
C:0x0209 30382F JNB 0x27.0,C:023B
C:0x020C 4545 ORL A,0x45
C:0x020E 2F ADD A,R7
C:0x020F 36 ADDC A,@R0
C:0x0210 39 ADDC A,R1
C:0x0211 29 ADD A,R1
C:0x0212 00 NOP
C:0x0213 47 ORL A,@R1
C:0x0214 4F ORL A,R7
C:0x0215 5220 ANL 0x20,A
C:0x0217 4448 ORL A,#0x48
C:0x0219 5255 ANL 0x55,A
C:0x021B 5041 JNC C:025E
C:0x021D 4420 ORL A,#0x20
C:0x021F 422E ORL 0x2E,A

36
C:0x0221 00 NOP
C:0x0222 28 ADD A,R0
C:0x0223 442F ORL A,#0x2F
C:0x0225 30382F JNB 0x27.0,C:0257
C:0x0228 4545 ORL A,0x45
C:0x022A 2F ADD A,R7
C:0x022B 36 ADDC A,@R0
C:0x022C 3529 ADDC A,0x29
C:0x022E 00 NOP
C:0x022F 4C ORL A,R4
C:0x0230 4144 AJMP C:0244
C:0x0232 205049 JB 0x2A.0,C:027E
C:0x0235 4E ORL A,R6
C:0x0236 4B ORL A,R3
C:0x0237 414C AJMP C:024C
C:0x0239 20532E JB 0x2A.3,C:026A
C:0x023C 00 NOP
C:0x023D 28 ADD A,R0
C:0x023E 442F ORL A,#0x2F
C:0x0240 30382F JNB 0x27.0,C:0272
C:0x0243 4545 ORL A,0x45
C:0x0245 2F ADD A,R7
C:0x0246 36 ADDC A,@R0
C:0x0247 38 ADDC A,R0
C:0x0248 29 ADD A,R1
C:0x0249 00 NOP
C:0x024A 4F ORL A,R7
C:0x024B 56 ANL A,@R0
C:0x024C 4552 ORL A,0x52
C:0x024E 2D ADD A,R5
C:0x024F 56 ANL A,@R0
C:0x0250 4F ORL A,R7
C:0x0251 4C ORL A,R4
C:0x0252 5420 ANL A,#0x20
C:0x0254 4552 ORL A,0x52
C:0x0256 524F ANL 0x4F,A
C:0x0258 5200 ANL 0x00,A
C:0x025A 554E ANL A,0x4E
C:0x025C 4445 ORL A,#0x45
C:0x025E 522D ANL 0x2D,A
C:0x0260 56 ANL A,@R0
C:0x0261 4F ORL A,R7
C:0x0262 4C ORL A,R4

37
C:0x0263 5420 ANL A,#0x20
C:0x0265 4552 ORL A,0x52
C:0x0267 524F ANL 0x4F,A
C:0x0269 5200 ANL 0x00,A
C:0x026B 4541 ORL A,0x41
C:0x026D 5254 ANL 0x54,A
C:0x026F 48 ORL A,R0
C:0x0270 49 ORL A,R1
C:0x0271 4E ORL A,R6
C:0x0272 47 ORL A,@R1
C:0x0273 204C45 JB 0x29.4,C:02BB
C:0x0276 414B AJMP C:024B
C:0x0278 47 ORL A,@R1
C:0x0279 4500 ORL A,0x00
C:0x027B 444F ORL A,#0x4F
C:0x027D 4D ORL A,R5
C:0x027E 4553 ORL A,0x53
C:0x0280 5449 ANL A,#0x49
C:0x0282 432047 ORL 0x20,#0x47
C:0x0285 4155 AJMP C:0255
C:0x0287 5244 ANL 0x44,A
C:0x0289 20004F JB 0x20.0,C:02DB
C:0x028C 56 ANL A,@R0
C:0x028D 2D ADD A,R5
C:0x028E 5556 ANL A,0x56
C:0x0290 2D ADD A,R5
C:0x0291 4F ORL A,R7
C:0x0292 4C ORL A,R4
C:0x0293 2D ADD A,R5
C:0x0294 454C ORL A,0x4C
C:0x0296 205341 JB 0x2A.3,C:02DA
C:0x0299 46 ORL A,@R0
C:0x029A 4500 ORL A,0x00
C:0x029C EF MOV A,R7
C:0x029D D3 SETB C
C:0x029E 9403 SUBB A,#0x03
C:0x02A0 4028 JC C:02CA
C:0x02A2 1203F2 LCALL C:03F2
C:0x02A5 120319 LCALL C:0319
C:0x02A8 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x02AA 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x02AD 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x02AF 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01

38
C:0x02B1 797A MOV R1,#0x7A
C:0x02B3 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x02B6 C2B3 CLR INT1(0xB0.3)
C:0x02B8 D2B4 SETB T0(0xB0.4)
C:0x02BA 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x02BD C2B4 CLR T0(0xB0.4)
C:0x02BF 20B2FD JB INT0(0xB0.2),C:02BF
C:0x02C2 E4 CLR A
C:0x02C3 F50F MOV 0x0F,A
C:0x02C5 D2B1 SETB TXD(0xB0.1)
C:0x02C7 D2B2 SETB INT0(0xB0.2)
C:0x02C9 22 RET
C:0x02CA D2B4 SETB T0(0xB0.4)
C:0x02CC C2A4 CLR 0xA0.4
C:0x02CE D2A3 SETB 0xA0.3
C:0x02D0 1203F2 LCALL C:03F2
C:0x02D3 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x02D5 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x02D7 798A MOV R1,#TL0(0x8A)
C:0x02D9 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x02DC 7FC0 MOV R7,#0xC0
C:0x02DE 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x02E1 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x02E3 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x02E5 797A MOV R1,#0x7A
C:0x02E7 12031F LCALL C:031F
C:0x02EA 7F32 MOV R7,#0x32
C:0x02EC 7E00 MOV R6,#0x00
C:0x02EE 1203D2 LCALL C:03D2
C:0x02F1 D2A4 SETB 0xA0.4
C:0x02F3 1203CE LCALL C:03CE
C:0x02F6 C2B3 CLR INT1(0xB0.3)
C:0x02F8 C2B4 CLR T0(0xB0.4)
C:0x02FA 20A3FD JB 0xA0.3,C:02FA
C:0x02FD D2B3 SETB INT1(0xB0.3)
C:0x02FF 7F32 MOV R7,#0x32
C:0x0301 7E00 MOV R6,#0x00
C:0x0303 1203D2 LCALL C:03D2
C:0x0306 D2B1 SETB TXD(0xB0.1)
C:0x0308 D2A3 SETB 0xA0.3
C:0x030A 22 RET
C:0x030B C2B1 CLR TXD(0xB0.1)
C:0x030D D2B4 SETB T0(0xB0.4)

39
C:0x030F 7F0A MOV R7,#0x0A
C:0x0311 7E00 MOV R6,#0x00
C:0x0313 1203D2 LCALL C:03D2
C:0x0316 12045D LCALL C:045D
C:0x0319 7BFF MOV R3,#0xFF
C:0x031B 7A01 MOV R2,#0x01
C:0x031D 796A MOV R1,#0x6A
C:0x031F 8B08 MOV 0x08,R3
C:0x0321 8A09 MOV 0x09,R2
C:0x0323 890A MOV 0x0A,R1
C:0x0325 12040B LCALL STRLEN(C:040B)
C:0x0328 8E0D MOV 0x0D,R6
C:0x032A 8F0E MOV 0x0E,R7
C:0x032C E4 CLR A
C:0x032D F50B MOV 0x0B,A
C:0x032F F50C MOV 0x0C,A
C:0x0331 C3 CLR C
C:0x0332 E50C MOV A,0x0C
C:0x0334 950E SUBB A,0x0E
C:0x0336 E50D MOV A,0x0D
C:0x0338 6480 XRL A,#P0(0x80)
C:0x033A F8 MOV R0,A
C:0x033B E50B MOV A,0x0B
C:0x033D 6480 XRL A,#P0(0x80)
C:0x033F 98 SUBB A,R0
C:0x0340 501D JNC C:035F
C:0x0342 AB08 MOV R3,0x08
C:0x0344 AA09 MOV R2,0x09
C:0x0346 A90A MOV R1,0x0A
C:0x0348 850C82 MOV DP0L(0x82),0x0C
C:0x034B 850B83 MOV DP0H(0x83),0x0B
C:0x034E 120360 LCALL C?CLDOPTR(C:0360)
C:0x0351 FF MOV R7,A
C:0x0352 120442 LCALL C:0442
C:0x0355 050C INC 0x0C
C:0x0357 E50C MOV A,0x0C
C:0x0359 70D6 JNZ C:0331
C:0x035B 050B INC 0x0B
C:0x035D 80D2 SJMP C:0331
C:0x035F 22 RET
C?CLDOPTR:
C:0x0360 BB010C CJNE R3,#0x01,C:036F
C:0x0363 E582 MOV A,DP0L(0x82)

40
C:0x0365 29 ADD A,R1
C:0x0366 F582 MOV DP0L(0x82),A
C:0x0368 E583 MOV A,DP0H(0x83)
C:0x036A 3A ADDC A,R2
C:0x036B F583 MOV DP0H(0x83),A
C:0x036D E0 MOVX A,@DPTR
C:0x036E 22 RET
C:0x036F 5006 JNC C:0377
C:0x0371 E9 MOV A,R1
C:0x0372 2582 ADD A,DP0L(0x82)
C:0x0374 F8 MOV R0,A
C:0x0375 E6 MOV A,@R0
C:0x0376 22 RET
C:0x0377 BBFE06 CJNE R3,#0xFE,C:0380
C:0x037A E9 MOV A,R1
C:0x037B 2582 ADD A,DP0L(0x82)
C:0x037D F8 MOV R0,A
C:0x037E E2 MOVX A,@R0
C:0x037F 22 RET
C:0x0380 E582 MOV A,DP0L(0x82)
C:0x0382 29 ADD A,R1
C:0x0383 F582 MOV DP0L(0x82),A
C:0x0385 E583 MOV A,DP0H(0x83)
C:0x0387 3A ADDC A,R2
C:0x0388 F583 MOV DP0H(0x83),A
C:0x038A E4 CLR A
C:0x038B 93 MOVC A,@A+DPTR
C:0x038C 22 RET
C?CLDPTR:
C:0x038D BB0106 CJNE R3,#0x01,C:0396
C:0x0390 8982 MOV DP0L(0x82),R1
C:0x0392 8A83 MOV DP0H(0x83),R2
C:0x0394 E0 MOVX A,@DPTR
C:0x0395 22 RET
C:0x0396 5002 JNC C:039A
C:0x0398 E7 MOV A,@R1
C:0x0399 22 RET
C:0x039A BBFE02 CJNE R3,#0xFE,C:039F
C:0x039D E3 MOVX A,@R1
C:0x039E 22 RET
C:0x039F 8982 MOV DP0L(0x82),R1
C:0x03A1 8A83 MOV DP0H(0x83),R2
C:0x03A3 E4 CLR A

41
C:0x03A4 93 MOVC A,@A+DPTR
C:0x03A5 22 RET
C:0x03A6 C2A6 CLR 0xA0.6
C:0x03A8 D2A7 SETB 0xA0.7
C:0x03AA 7F01 MOV R7,#0x01
C:0x03AC 7E00 MOV R6,#0x00
C:0x03AE E4 CLR A
C:0x03AF FD MOV R5,A
C:0x03B0 FC MOV R4,A
C:0x03B1 C3 CLR C
C:0x03B2 ED MOV A,R5
C:0x03B3 9F SUBB A,R7
C:0x03B4 EC MOV A,R4
C:0x03B5 9E SUBB A,R6
C:0x03B6 5015 JNC C:03CD
C:0x03B8 E4 CLR A
C:0x03B9 FB MOV R3,A
C:0x03BA FA MOV R2,A
C:0x03BB 0B INC R3
C:0x03BC BB0001 CJNE R3,#0x00,C:03C0
C:0x03BF 0A INC R2
C:0x03C0 BA04F8 CJNE R2,#0x04,C:03BB
C:0x03C3 BBFBF5 CJNE R3,#0xFB,C:03BB
C:0x03C6 0D INC R5
C:0x03C7 BD0001 CJNE R5,#0x00,C:03CB
C:0x03CA 0C INC R4
C:0x03CB 80E4 SJMP C:03B1
C:0x03CD 22 RET
C:0x03CE 7FE8 MOV R7,#0xE8
C:0x03D0 7E03 MOV R6,#0x03
C:0x03D2 E4 CLR A
C:0x03D3 FD MOV R5,A
C:0x03D4 FC MOV R4,A
C:0x03D5 E4 CLR A
C:0x03D6 FB MOV R3,A
C:0x03D7 FA MOV R2,A
C:0x03D8 C3 CLR C
C:0x03D9 EB MOV A,R3
C:0x03DA 9F SUBB A,R7
C:0x03DB EA MOV A,R2
C:0x03DC 9E SUBB A,R6
C:0x03DD 5007 JNC C:03E6
C:0x03DF 0B INC R3

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C:0x03E0 BB0001 CJNE R3,#0x00,C:03E4
C:0x03E3 0A INC R2
C:0x03E4 80F2 SJMP C:03D8
C:0x03E6 0D INC R5
C:0x03E7 BD0001 CJNE R5,#0x00,C:03EB
C:0x03EA 0C INC R4
C:0x03EB ED MOV A,R5
C:0x03EC 64C8 XRL A,#T2CON(0xC8)
C:0x03EE 4C ORL A,R4
C:0x03EF 70E4 JNZ C:03D5
C:0x03F1 22 RET
C:0x03F2 7F38 MOV R7,#0x38
C:0x03F4 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x03F7 7F0E MOV R7,#0x0E
C:0x03F9 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x03FC 7F01 MOV R7,#0x01
C:0x03FE 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x0401 7F06 MOV R7,#0x06
C:0x0403 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x0406 7F80 MOV R7,#P0(0x80)
C:0x0408 020433 LJMP C:0433
STRLEN:
C:0x040B E4 CLR A
C:0x040C FF MOV R7,A
C:0x040D FE MOV R6,A
C:0x040E 12038D LCALL C?CLDPTR(C:038D)
C:0x0411 600C JZ C:041F
C:0x0413 0F INC R7
C:0x0414 EF MOV A,R7
C:0x0415 7001 JNZ C:0418
C:0x0417 0E INC R6
C:0x0418 09 INC R1
C:0x0419 E9 MOV A,R1
C:0x041A 70F2 JNZ C:040E
C:0x041C 0A INC R2
C:0x041D 80EF SJMP C:040E
C:0x041F 22 RET
C:0x0420 D287 SETB 0x80.7
C:0x0422 C2A5 CLR 0xA0.5
C:0x0424 D2A6 SETB 0xA0.6
C:0x0426 308709 JNB 0x80.7,C:0432
C:0x0429 C2A7 CLR 0xA0.7
C:0x042B 1203AA LCALL C:03AA

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C:0x042E D2A7 SETB 0xA0.7
C:0x0430 80F4 SJMP C:0426
C:0x0432 22 RET
C:0x0433 A907 MOV R1,0x07
C:0x0435 120420 LCALL C:0420
C:0x0438 8980 MOV P0(0x80),R1
C:0x043A C2A5 CLR 0xA0.5
C:0x043C 1203A6 LCALL C:03A6
C:0x043F C2A7 CLR 0xA0.7
C:0x0441 22 RET
C:0x0442 A907 MOV R1,0x07
C:0x0444 120420 LCALL C:0420
C:0x0447 8980 MOV P0(0x80),R1
C:0x0449 D2A5 SETB 0xA0.5
C:0x044B 1203A6 LCALL C:03A6
C:0x044E C2A7 CLR 0xA0.7
C:0x0450 22 RET
C:0x0451 787F MOV R0,#0x7F
C:0x0453 E4 CLR A
C:0x0454 F6 MOV @R0,A
C:0x0455 D8FD DJNZ R0,C:0454
C:0x0457 75810F MOV SP(0x81),#0x0F
C:0x045A 020003 LJMP C:0003
C:0x045D 7F01 MOV R7,#0x01
C:0x045F 120433 LCALL C:0433
C:0x0462 7F80 MOV R7,#P0(0x80)
C:0x0464 020433 LJMP C:0433

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 12. CONCLUSION

All ELCBs O/V & U/V in the world need to take a fresh-look at the novel
concept described here to ensure safety of human life under all circumstances.
Arbitrarily increasing the threshold sense limit and reducing possibility of nuisance
tripping endangers human life. Dual limit endanger human life it is also important
to see that for effective operation people working with such equipments should
stand on normal ground only.

O/V & U/V circuit provides safety to the human life from healthy as well as
economical in manner that if short circuit happens than person can get a shock &
he may injured or sometimes he may died if electric shock is very much high and if
there is over voltage or under voltage than the electrical appliances may get
damaged or useless.

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 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCE WEB SITE

www.elcb.pdf.@qooqle.co:in

www.o/v & u/v.pdf@google.co.in

www.circuit.ideas.com

www.encyclopedia.com

www.alldatasheet.com

www.wekipedia.com

www.DatasheetCatalog.com

www.microsemi.com

REFERENCE BOOKS

ELECTRICAL INDIA
MAY 2005 VOL:45
JUNE 2006 VOL:45

SWITCH GEAR PROTECTION SYSTEM

BY S.S.RAO

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS
BY V.K.MEHTA

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION STATIC RELAY

BY T.S.MADHAV RAO

NOTE: - Various softwares are used to program the controller and to design a PCB
such are as Express PCB, Electra, target3001_discovere_v14, Keil_uVision.

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