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THE PERFORMANCE OF

3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN


AS WIND TURBINE

FINAL ASSIGNMENT

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements


for degree of Sarjana Teknik
in Mechanical Engineering

Proposed by:

ANANDIKA NEVADA
Student Number: 045214032

To

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011
TITLE PAGE

THE PERFORMANCE OF
3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN
AS WIND TURBINE

FINAL ASSIGNMENT

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements


for degree of Sarjana Teknik
in Mechanical Engineering

Proposed by:

ANANDIKA NEVADA
Student Number: 045214032

To

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011

i
APPROVAL PAGE

THE PERFORMANCE OF
3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN
AS WIND TURBINE

Arranged by:
Name: Anandika Nevada
Student Number: 045214032

Approved by:

Yogyakarta, 16th March 2011


Advisor

Budi Sugiharto, S.T., M.T.


ACCEPTANCE PAGE

FINAL ASSIGNMENT

THE PERFORMANCE OF
3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD COMMON FAN
AS WIND TURBINE

Prepared and arranged by:

Name: Anandika Nevada


Student Number: 045214032

Defended before Board Examiner


on 20th January 2011

Board Examiners

Chairman : I Gusti Ketut Puja, S.T., M.T. ................................

Secretary : Ir. Rines, M.T. ................................

Member : Budi Sugiharto, S.T., M.T. ................................

This Final Assignment had been accepted as one of the requirements


to achieve the degree of Sarjana Teknik

Yogyakarta, 17th March 2011


Faculty of Science and Technology
Sanata Dharma University
Yogyakarta
Dean

Yosef Agung Cahyanta, S.T., M.T.


ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

This research aims to utilize fan blade from a fan to generate electricity.
The research was done with laboratory scale experiment, with a wind tunnel
which generates wind between 0 m/s to 6.6 m/s, and variety of electronic load of
12 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2.4 , 2 , 1.7 , 1.5 , 1.3 and 1.2 .
From this research, peak efficiency of 24% was obtained with wind speed
of 4.6 m/s. The highest electricity power generated was 4.5 W with wind speed
of 6.6 m/s and load of 6 .

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan memanfaatkan bilah kipas dari kipas angin untuk
menghasilkan listrik.
Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan percobaan skala laboratorium, dengan
menggunakan terowongan angin yang menghasilkan kecepatan angin antara 0 m/s
hingga 6.6 m/s, dan beban listrik bervariasi 12 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2.4 , 2 ,
1.7 , 1.5 , 1.3 and 1.2 .
Dari penelitian ini, diperoleh efisiensi puncak sebesar 24% terjadi pada
kecepatan angin 4.6 m/s. Daya listrik terbesar yang mampu dibangkitkan adalah
4.5 W pada kecepatan angin 6.6 m/s, dan beban 6 .

iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION

FAILURE IS MOTHER OF ALL


SUCCESS
James Tan Dear old friend, thanks for giving me this
word. I will remember it always.

THE GOAL IS ALWAYS IN THE


PROCESS
Brother Marjito Dear brother, thanks for giving us this
word. There will always be a time to process ourselves to
be a better person.

PERPETUATE PROGRESS SUCCESS


Parry Primary School Though you are now just a
history, your motto lives deep in my heart. Thanks for
educating me for 5 years, teaching me to love science.

MENJADI KARTIKA BANGSA


Pangudi Luhur Van Lith Senior High School I shall
continue the spirit of Van Lith as kartika Bangsa. Thanks
for educating me about life for 3 years.

v
STATEMENT OF NOVELTY

STATEMENT OF NOVELTY

I hereby declare and acknowledge this Final Assignment had never been written
by any person in any writing published personally or institutionally in any form,
except writings that are cited in references.

Yogyakarta, 3th March 2011


The Writer

Anandika Nevada

vi
DIGITAL DOCUMENT USAGE RIGHTS AGREEMENT

DIGITAL DOCUMENT USAGE RIGHTS AGREEMENT

I, that put the signature below,


Name : Anandika Nevada
Student Number : 045214032
Institution : Sanata Dharma University
would like to release my Final Assignment, which entitled:
THE PERFORMANCE OF 3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD
COMMON FAN AS WIND TURBINE
including attachment within this document to Public as Open-Source
information.
With this, I hereby grant the rights any private user, institution, organization or
community to store, rewrite, reprint, and republish portion or whole part of my
document mention above in and into any media for non-commercial purpose,
without the need of my permission and royalty, for given my name stated as the
writer.

Yogyakarta, 3rd March 2011


The Writer

Anandika Nevada

vii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH


UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini ,


Nama : Anandika Nevada
Nomor Mahasiswa : 045214032
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE PERFORMANCE OF 3-BLADE PROPELLER TYPE HOUSEHOLD
COMMON FAN AS WIND TURBINE
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media
lainnya untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya maupun
memberikan loyalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Tanggal 3 Maret 2011
Yang Menyatakan

Anandika Nevada

viii
PREFACE

PREFACE

The writer would like to give praise to Jesus Christ for His greatness, thus
the writer was able to complete this Final Assignment, and my deepest gratitude
to:

Head of Mechanical Engineering Department and Final Assignment


Advisor, Budi Sugiharto, S.T., M.T., for many technical support and
numerous miscellaneous advices.

Vice Head of Mechanical Engineering Department and Academic Advisor,


Ir. Rines, M.T., for academic support and numerous miscellaneous advices.

Head of Energy Conversion Laboratory, Ir. YB. Lukiyanto, M.T., for


permission to use the Energy Conversion Laboratory, technical support and
advices.

Laboratory Assistant, Intan Widanarko and Martono DS, for technical


assistance.

Dean of Faculty of Science and Technology, Yosef Agung Cahyanta, S.T.,


M.T. and Vice Dean of Faculty of Science and Technology, A. Bayu
Primawan, S.T., M.Eng., for academic support by enabling me to extend my
study period.

All staff in the Faculty of Science and Technology not mention here, for any
miscellaneous support.

My Parents, Wenny Christianto and Ong Djoen Siong, for financial and
spiritual support, last but not least great love and care.

My Spiritual Father, Suharto Widodo Pr., for spiritual support.

My beloved ones, Veronica Novi Ciptaningrum, for linguistic assistance and


last but not least for great love and care.

My foster sisters, Yulianti Beatriks Jani, Helena Jewaru, Ratna Sari Dewi,
Dina Fitria Sari, and Zita Aninda Putri Kristianti, for care and support.

ix
Brothers and sisters of Community of SantEgidio, for spiritual support and
care.

Though this Final Assignment was written to serve as partial requirement to


pass and obtain undergraduate degree, the writer wrote to promote wind-energy
research. By writing with a simple language, the writer hopes to ease readers in
digesting information. The writer avoids lengthy writing to give the reader brief
but complete information on this research.

Finally the writer hopes that this Final Assignment may be use as reference
for wind-energy amateurs to professionals, and academician from high school to
university.

x
CONTENT

CONTENT

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i


APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE..................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION......................................................................... v
STATEMENT OF NOVELTY ........................................................................ vi
DIGITAL DOCUMENT USAGE RIGHTS AGREEMENT ........................ vii T

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI


KARYA ILMIAH ............................................................................................. viii
PREFACE.......................................................................................................... ix
CONTENT ......................................................................................................... xi
T

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xiii


LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... xiv
NUMENCLATURE .......................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of Research ......................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of Problem .............................................................................. 2
1.3. Objective of Research ............................................................................. 2
1.4. Research Usage ....................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORIES
2.1. Wind ........................................................................................................ 3
2.2. Properties of Air ...................................................................................... 3
2.3. Power in the Wind................................................................................... 3
2.4. Wind Turbine .......................................................................................... 4
2.5. Performance of Wind Turbine................................................................. 5
2.6. Generator and Electricity ........................................................................ 7
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHOD
3.1. Research Method..................................................................................... 8
3.2. Research Procedure ................................................................................. 8

xi
3.2.1. Pre-experimental Procedure ............................................................. 8
3.2.1.1. Apparatus Building................................................................. 8
3.2.1.2. Blade Testing .......................................................................... 10
3.2.1.3. Dynamometer Installation ...................................................... 10
3.2.1.4. Electronic Load Device Circuitry Design............................... 12
3.2.1.5. Understanding The Measuring Device ................................... 14
3.2.1.6. Understanding the Wind Inside The Wind Tunnel................. 15
3.2.1.7. Arranging and Installing Devices ........................................... 17
3.2.1.8. Condition Creating.................................................................. 18
3.2.2. Experimental Procedure ................................................................... 19
3.2.2.1. Mechanical Efficiency Data Taking Procedure...................... 19
3.2.2.2. Overall Efficiency Taking Procedure ..................................... 20
3.2.3. Post-experimental Procedure ........................................................... 21
3.2.3.1. Data Calculation ..................................................................... 21
3.2.3.2. Plotting and Reviewing........................................................... 22
CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL, RESULT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW
4.1. Result and Data Calculation.................................................................... 23
4.1.1. Mechanical Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan.................... 23
4.1.2. Overall Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan .......................... 23
4.2. Observational Review ............................................................................. 25
4.3. Performance Review ............................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND CONSIDERATION
5.1. Conclusion............................................................................................... 32
5.2. Consideration .......................................................................................... 32
REFERENCES.................................................................................................. 33
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A. BEAUFORT SCALE ....................................................... 35

xii
LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Resistance of Electrical load with Amount of Resistor used......... 13


Table 3.2: Resolution and Accuracy of measuring device.............................. 14
Table 4.1a: Overall Efficiency Data Using 12 and 6 Resistance................ 23
Table 4.1b: Overall Efficiency Data Using 4 and 3 Resistance.................. 24
Table 4.1c: Overall Efficiency Data Using 2.4 and 2 Resistance............... 24
Table 4.1d: Overall Efficiency Data Using 1.7 and 1.5 Resistance............ 25
Table 4.1e: Overall Efficiency Data Using 1.3 and 1.2 Resistance............ 25
Table A.1: Beaufort Scale (The Diagram Group, 2006).................................. 35

xiii
LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Quantity of Wind Captured............................................................ 4


Figure 2.2: Components of Torque .................................................................. 5
Figure 2.1: Efficiency vs. TSR of some common wind turbine
(Somerton, 2004). .......................................................................... 6
Figure 3.1: Construction of experimental apparatus ........................................ 9
Figure 3.2: Blade Installation ........................................................................... 9
Figure 3.3: Overall view of Dynamometer ...................................................... 11
Figure 3.4: Break Mechanism of Dynamometer .............................................. 11
Figure 3.5: Electrical Load circuit.................................................................... 12
Figure 3.6: Wind Tunnel .................................................................................. 16
Figure 3.7: Wind Generator.............................................................................. 16
Figure 3.8: Blade Emplacement ....................................................................... 17
Figure 3.9: Measuring device position ............................................................. 17
Figure 4.1: Wind Speed versus Blade Rotational Speed Correlation
Graph ............................................................................................. 26
Figure 4.2: Electrical Power versus Rotational Speed Correlation Graph
(Resistance Aspect)........................................................................ 27
Figure 4.3: Electrical Power versus Rotational Speed Correlation Graph
(Wind Speed Aspect) ..................................................................... 27
Figure 4.4: TSR versus Overall Efficiency Correlation Graph ........................ 28
Figure 4.5: Wind Speed versus Overall Efficiency Correlation Graph............ 29
Figure 4.6: Wind Speed versus Electrical Power Correlation Graph............... 30

xiv
NUMENCLATURE

NUMENCLATURE

= Angular acceleration (radian/s)


M = Mechanical efficiency (%)

E = Electrical Efficiency (%)

T = Overall Efficiency (%)


= Density (kg/m)
= Torque (Nm)
= Angular speed (radian/s)
A = Area (m)
Ek = Kinetic Energy (J)

EW = Work (J)

F = Force (N)
I = Electrical current (A)
P = Power (Watt)
N = Amount of rotation
n = Speed of rotation (RPM or Rotation per minute)
R = Resistance ()
Ri = Resistance used at data no.i

RT = Total resistance ()
r = Radius (m)
s = Distance (m)
t = Time (s)
V = Volume (m) or Voltage (V)
v = Velocity (m/s)
z = Height (m)

xv
Subscribe:

B = Blade

E = Electrical

G = Gas or wind

S = Shaft

X = Brake
Numbering, Units and symbols:
Numberings are written with dot (.) as decimal point and comma (,) as 1000
separator. Units are written entirely in metrical unit. Mathematical symbols
are written with () as divide symbol, and (:) as ratio symbol.

xvi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Research

Electricity is an important source of energy in our life. Despite of its usages,


producing electricity is a major problem in many countries which do not have
large quantities of natural resources. Large uses of natural resource have created
another major problem. As natural resource continue to be used up, together with
issues of its limited amount, have pushed the frontier of science to research on
alternative renewable energy.

Wind is chosen because of its abundance in nature. Furthermore, wind is a


clean and environmentally safe-to-use source of energy. Despite of its many
environmental advantages, wind energy is limited in some area of the world.
Wind-harvesting process requires a large area; therefore it is rendered it as
disadvantage in small country, or country with rare windy days. Despite of its
disadvantages, research on utilizing wind become an interesting subjects to nation
which do not want to be oil-import dependent.

Wind turbine is one of the cheapest and the easiest way to extract energy
from nature. Wind Turbine does not require much material or special material, yet
with the simplest design wind turbine may be a good complementary to save
natural resource usage. The blades can be made even from common household
fan.

1
2

1.2. Statement of Problem

This research will focus in answering statement of problem below:

1. How efficient of 3-blade propeller type common household fan in


converting kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy in shaft?

2. How efficiency of 3-blade propeller type common household fan in


producing electricity?

1.3. Objective of Research

This research is done to achieve the following objectives:

1. To review the ability of 3-blade propeller type common household fan in


converting kinetic energy into mechanical energy.

2. To review the productivity of 3-blade propeller type common household fan


in producing electricity.

1.4. Research Usage

This research is done as consideration of 3-blade propeller type common


household fans blade as a wind turbine.
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORIES

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORIES

2.1. Wind

The sun provides a continuous ray to the rotating earth, thus heating the air,
the sea and the land at different strength depending on many geographical factors
and locations. (The Diagram Group, 2006)

The process of receiving and losing heat at a different rate causes the
temperature and density of air to change. This was followed by pressure changes.
Pressure change creates high-pressure zone and low-pressure change, which
causes mass of air movements, from high-pressure zone to low-pressure zone.
This mass of air movements is called as wind (Aguado and Burt, 2008).

2.2. Properties of Air

Standard condition of 1 atmospheric pressure and temperature of 25C, air


density is 1.255 kg/m. If the location is above sea level with moderate climate,
and more precise value is needed, density of air may be calculated using the
equation without significant error (Hughes, 2000):

G = 1.255 (1.194 10 4 ) z (2.1)

2.3. Power in the Wind

Since wind is defined as moving mass of air, therefore we can conclude that
wind is a form of kinetic energy (American Wind Energy Association, 2009),
which means calculable by using formula:

2
E K = 12 mG vG (2.2)

3
4

The formula is modified equivalently as:

2
E K = 12 mG vG
= 12 ( G VG ) vG
2

= 12 ( G AB x ) vG
2
(2.3)
= 12 ( G AB v t ) vG
2

= 12 G AB vG t
3

Figure 2.1: Quantity of Wind Captured

With AB is referred as area of wind captured by the wind turbine moving at


speed of vG. Therefore rB is the outermost edge of the wind turbine from the
centermost (Figure2.1).

The power of the wind can be calculated by using the formula (Hughes,
2000):

EK
PG =
t
A v t
1 3

= 2 G B G (2.4)
t
= 2 G AB v G
1 3

2.4. Wind Turbine

Wind Turbine is an instrument that converts kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical energy in the shaft. The mechanical energy is later used to turn
generator which converted the mechanical energy into electrical energy (Hansen,
2008).
5

2.5. Performance of Wind Turbine

Kinetic energy in the wind creates force that pushes the blades of a wind
turbine. The forces that act on the blades create torque and cause the shaft to turn
(Figure 2.2). Therefore the formula of torque can be stated as (Crowell, 2010):

= rS F (2.5)

Figure 2.2: Components of Torque

The work done by moving objects can be calculated by using formula of


(Crowell, 2010):

EW = F ds (2.6)

Therefore the amount of work done by blades over shaft can be calculated
substituting distance with circular distance. Therefore the formula becomes:

EW = F ( 2 rS N ) (2.7)

With formula of power as (Crowell, 2010):

EW
PS = (2.8)
t
6

Therefore we can write the power of blade use to turn the shaft with the
formula (Evans, 2007):

F ( 2 rS N )
PS =
t
2 N
= (F rS ) (2.9)
t
=

With the known power of the wind act upon the blade and power of the
rotating shaft, efficiency can be calculated by using formula of:

PS
M = (2.10)
PG

Since wind turbine cannot stop wind totally, therefore efficiency is limited.
Theoretically maximum limit on wind turbine is denoted as Betz Limit, which has
the formula of (Hansen, 2008):

16
= 0.593 (2.11)
27

Generally, efficiency of wind turbine is often compare to TSR (Tip speed


Ratio) (Somerton, 2004).

Figure 2.1: Efficiency vs. TSR of some common wind turbine (Somerton, 2004).
7

TSR can be calculated by using formula (Hansen, 2008):

rB
TSR = (2.12)
vG

2.6. Generator and Electricity

Generator is an instrument that converts mechanical energy into electricity.


The power of electricity can be calculated by using formula (Crowell, 2010):

PE = I V (2.13)

Therefore the overall efficiency of wind turbine in generating electricity can


be calculated by comparing the power of electricity produced and the wind:

PE
T = (2.14)
PG
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHOD

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHOD

3.1. Research Method

To accomplish the objective of research, experimental method was chosen.


The experiment will provide the necessary data which was calculated to answer
the statement of problem and achieve the objective of research.

3.2. Research Procedure

This research is categorized as explorative research as experiments are


needed to obtain data. There are steps done to achieve the objective of this
research.

3.2.1. Pre-experimental Procedure

Before the experiments are done, equipments used are built to suit the
experiment condition, reviewed and tested to match the experiment goals.

3.2.1.1. Apparatus Building

Since this research focuses on 3-blade propeller type common household


fan, an anonymous blade is taken off from an anonymous fan product. Apparatus
will be built to ensure the easiness of condition creating and data taking of the
blade. The removed blade will be place in the apparatus.

To ensure the steadiness of the blade for experiment, experimental apparatus


was built by using right angled holed iron stick and wood plank.

Right angled holed iron beam was used to make the construction as seen in
Figure 3.1. This was to ensure easiness in modification of the experimental
apparatus structure in the future.

8
9

Figure 3.1: Construction of experimental apparatus

Figure 3.2: Blade Installation

The bearing was placed in the wooden plank and was held down by pipe
clamp. The pipe clamp was pined down to a wooden plank by using nut and bolt,
layered by a ring as seen in Figure 3.2.
10

3.2.1.2. Blade Testing

Blade that will be tested is a blade taken off from an anonymous 3-blade
propeller type common household fan with diameter of 39 cm.

To ensure the capability of blade to capture the wind, pre-experimental on


the fan-blade was carried out. The blade was placed into the experimental
apparatus, and blown by wind at anonymous speed inside the wind tunnel.

The wind blade was able to rotate, thus answering the capabilities of 3-blade
propeller type common house hold fan as a wind energy capturing device.

Despite of the ability to rotate, there was a noticeable slight off-center of the
wind blade.

3.2.1.3. Dynamometer Installation

To measure the amount of Power produce by the shaft, a dynamometer had


to be used. But since no dynamometer appropriate for the experiment was
available, hand-made dynamometer was used.

Hand-made dynamometer used for this experiment uses the concept of a


break dynamometer, which uses break as energy absorbing mechanism to measure
rotational force which later calculated with diameter of shaft and rotational speed
to produce power of shaft.

The hand-made breaking mechanism can be seen in Figure 3.3. To measure


the force acting against the shaft a Newton meter scale was used, and to measure
the rotational speed, a non-contact tachometer was used. The nut was used to hold
the roller in position while pushing the cylindrical break against the shaft.
11

Figure 3.3: Overall view of Dynamometer

After being installed the brake was adjusted by rotating the hexagonal nut to
loosen or tighten the roller against the cylindrical break. This was done to produce
rotational resistance whilst maintaining the blade ability to rotate.

Figure 3.4: Break Mechanism of Dynamometer

Figure 3.4 is shows the cylindrical break from inside. The cylindrical break
was pushed downward against the shaft by the roller above.
12

3.2.1.4. Electronic Load Device Circuitry Design

To measure electrical power, generator had to be loaded. Electronic load


device that was going to be used, was an electronic load device consist of
10 12 5% 2 W Resistors arranged in parallel form. Resistors are soldered to
PCB (Printed Circuit Board) with the switch on each Resistor to determine how
many resistors are being used as load. To view electrical output physically,
10 6 V bulbs are also included as optional power testing. Figure 3.5 shows
electronic load device.

Figure 3.5: Electrical Load circuit

By reviewing the equation of total resistance arrange in parallel form:

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ... +
RT R1 R2 R3 Ri
1 (3.1)
1 1 1 1
RT = + + + ... +
R1 R2 R3 Ri
13

With the use of similar resistance value, therefore we can write the equation
as:

1
1
RT = amount of Resistor
R
1
amount of Resistor
= (3.2)
R
R
=
amount of Resistor

With the above equation, we can rewrite the electrical load resistance as:

12
Ri = (3.3)
amount of Resistor

Generator will be given electrical load with resistance with the


corresponding amount of resistor shown in Table 3.1:

Table 3.1: Resistance of Electrical load with Amount of Resistor used


Amount of Resistor Resistance value
1 12
2 6
3 4
4 3
5 2.4
6 2
7 1.7
8 1.5
9 1.3
10 1.2
For precaution, testing best if begin with 10 resistors, then down to 9
resistors and so on. If unknown electrical power is given, electrical test should use
10 bulbs, then down to 9 bulbs and so on, while measuring the voltage and
Current.

During the pre-experiment test, maximum output electrical power was


estimated 3.5 W. Therefore using 1 resistor to test electrical load is still safe if
done for a short occasion.
14

3.2.1.5. Understanding The Measuring Device

Since most of the measuring devices are digital electronic device,


calibration cannot be done by mechanical means. Electronic device are fallible
due to limited resolution of display and electronic fault.

Table 3.2 shows all measuring devices, modes, used for the entire data
taking with resolution and accuracy of the device respectively.

Table 3.2: Resolution and Accuracy of measuring device


Model Figure Mode used Resolution Accuracy

(0.03 m/s+
Testo 425 Wind speed in
0.01 m/s 5% of mv)
Digital Anemometer m/s
1 Digit of resolution

CDT-2000HD 1 rpm (4 digit)


Non-contact rpm (0.02%1Digit)
Digital Tachometer 0.1 rpm (3 digit)

Heles UX-878 TR (1.0% of rdg.


20 DCV 10 mV
Digital Multi-meter 2Digit)

Heles UX-37 TR
20 DCA 10 mA (0.02%1Digit)
Digital multi-meter

The anemometer used for measuring wind speed does not use moveable
parts, but a sensitive electronic component. The anemometer is sensitive to small
air flow around the probe. This was seen when the cap was removed from the
probe.

To use non-contact rpm mode, the rotational part must be pasted with
reflective strip. Before the correct measurement can begin, the red light must be
perpendicular aligned and as close as possible to the metallic strip to ensure
rotational detection to avoid misreading.
15

Tachometer available for use does not provide rad/s measuring mode,
therefore the entire data will be converted using formula:

n
= 2 (3.4)
60

Digital multi-meter is the most delicate measuring device if installed


incorrectly. Although most digital multi-meter are design with fuse protection, it
still may subject to explosion and burning. Furthermore certain measuring mode
such as 10 AC/DCA (Heles UX-878 TR) or 20 AC/DCA (Heles UX-37 TR) are
modes that do not use fuse protection.

Digital multi-meter used for measuring voltage is connected parallel to the


electronic load device. Measurement begins with 200 DCV to ensure safety of use
20 DCV.

Another digital multi-meter used for measuring current is connected serial to


the electronic load device. Measurement begins with 10 DCA. Because the
available highest modes are 200 DCmA and 10 DCA, therefore 10 DCA is used.

Pre-experimental testing showed that maximum voltage generated by the


generator is 13 V, this ensure the safety of using 20 DCV. With electronic load
device maximum current recorded is 1.5 A, therefore unfused 10 DCA is
considered as safe.

3.2.1.6. Understanding the Wind Inside The Wind Tunnel

The wind tunnel used for stimulating wind condition is a 1.2 m 1.2 m
2.5 m wind tunnel with openings at both sides (Figure 3.6). A 1 m turbine is used
to generate wind by means of sucking rather than blowing.
16

Figure 3.6: Wind Tunnel

Since wind tunnel used for experiment was a simple wind tunnel which
have no air speed control device incorporated, increasing and decreasing wind
speed was done by moving the wind generator, closer or further from the tunnel.
Figure 3.7 shows wind generator was placed very close to the wind tunnel,
causing maximum air flow, which in turn produced maximum wind speed.

Figure 3.7: Wind Generator

Notice that the wind tunnel is not isolated from the surrounding
environment (Figure 3.6). The wind flowing inside the wind tunnel is subjected to
interference by air movements outside the wind tunnel.
17

To minimize error during data taking due to interference from outside wind,
a wind vane was installed near the wind tunnel to detect major air movements.
Thus, whenever major air movements were detected, data taking will be aborted
until air movements were stabilize.

3.2.1.7. Arranging and Installing Devices

Since the tachometer used is a probeless hand-held measuring device, data


taking is viable from within the wind tunnel. Measuring device was arranged to
maximize data validity and to ease reading within one position. Figure 3.8
represents device placement inside the wind tunnel and Figure 3.9 shows how
measuring device is placed.

Figure 3.8: Blade Emplacement

Figure 3.9: Measuring device position


18

3.2.1.8. Condition Creating

The blade will be tested by the given conditions. The conditions are divided
into two categories:

1. Fixed Condition:

Fixed Condition is condition that is constant throughout the experiments, or


is assumed to be constant during the experiment, includes only G (Density
of air)

Since the location of the experiments is 170 m above sea level, therefore the
density of air calculated with Formula (2.1) will be:

G = [1.255 (1.194 10 4 ) 170] kg/m


= 1.235 kg/m (3.5)
1.2 kg/m

2. Variable Condition

Variable condition is condition that will be change variably on purpose to


stimulate data, which consist of only vG (Wind Speed). Ideally wind speed
that will be given range between 0 m/s to 10.5 m/s with increment of
0.25 m/s.

Pre-experiment with the experiment device mounted shows that the wind
tunnel was only able to produce wind maximum 6.75 m/s. Since there are
limitations of the wind tunnel set, therefore wind speed use throughout the
experiments will be between 0 m/s to 6.5 m/s with increment of 0.25 m/s.

Data taking to test for overall efficiency will be given variety of electrical
10 resistance value as stated in Table 3.1, with each wind speed.
19

3.2.2. Experimental Procedure

Experiments are done to extract data, which later calculated and analyst to
fulfill the research goals.

3.2.2.1. Mechanical Efficiency Data Taking Procedure

The first experiment goal was to extract data of the 3-blade propeller type
fan with variety wind speed. The data will then be calculated to obtain mechanical
efficiency.

To achieve experiment goal, data collected for this experiment will be


divided into two categories:

1. Fixed data

Fixed data is the data collected once and is used for the entire analyst
procedure. These data includes:

rB (Radius of Blade)
rS (Radius of Shaft)

2. Variable data

Variable data is the data collected at certain condition. These data includes:

FS (Rotational force acting upon the shaft)

(Rotation speed)

Since wind tunnel was used and data taking was done within the wind
tunnel, wind fluctuation is very high. Therefore wind speed used for data taking
was average wind speed measured for one minutes.

With the wind speed fluctuation, the rotational speed was affected directly.
To maximize data validity, rotational speed for data taking was a one minute
average rotational speed.
20

Since the break used for this experiment was a contact-type break, the
vibration in rotational force reading occurred during testing. Despite of the
vibration, reading was still possible by estimating reading in the middle of
between the highest and the lowest peak.

3.2.2.2. Overall Efficiency Taking Procedure

The second experiment goal was to extract data of the 3-blade propeller type
fan with variable wind speed and electrical resistance. The data will then be
calculated to obtain overall efficiency.

To achieve experimental goal, data collected for this experiment will be


divided into two categories:

1. Fixed data

Fixed data is the data collected once and is used for the entire analyst
procedure. These data include only rB (Radius of Blade).

2. Variable data

Variable data is the data collected at certain condition. These data includes:

V (Voltage generated)
I (Current generated)

Similar to mechanical efficiency data-taking procedure, wind speed and


rotational speed used for data taking was average value measured for one minutes.

Fluctuation in rotational speed affects voltage and current, therefore voltage


and current noted down will be voltage and current generated when the rotational
speed is at average rotational speed value.
21

3.2.3. Post-experimental Procedure

After the experiments, data are calculated, and the result will be analyst to
fulfill research objectives.

3.2.3.1. Data Calculation

Calculation are done to obtain analyzable result. These calculation are


performed:

1. PG (Power of Wind)

Calculation is done by calculating vG created during experiment, and G


obtainable from Equation (3.5) with Formula (2.4):

2. PS (Power of Shaft)

Calculation is done by calculating FS and measured during experiment,

and rS is apparatus dependent, with equivalent formula of Formula (2.9):

PS = (FS rS ) (3.6)

3. PE (Power of Electricity)

Calculation is done by calculating V and I measured during experiment,


with Formula (2.13).

4. M (Mechanical Efficiency)

Efficiency will be calculated by comparing between PG and PS , with


Formula (2.10).

5. T (Overall Efficiency)

Efficiency will be calculated by comparing between PG and PE , with the


following Formula (2.14).
22

3.2.3.2. Plotting and Reviewing

Since this the data of this research is quantitative data, analysis will be done
with the aid of graphic, which will represent calculated data.

Plotting will be done with the aid of Microsofts Excel 2003 by comparing
the data of:

TSR and Efficiency. TSR will be calculated with the corresponding


condition and data. With TSR as abscissa and Overall Efficiency as
ordinate, the data will be plotted into Mechanical Efficiency graphic (Based
on TSR), and Overall Efficiency graphic (Compare to TSR).

Wind Speed and Power of Electricity. With Wind Speed as abscissa and
Power of Electricity as ordinate, the data will be plotted as Shaft Power and
Electrical Power Graphic.

Wind Speed and Overall Efficiency. With Wind Speed as abscissa and
Overall Efficiency as ordinate, the data will be plotted as Mechanical and
Overall Efficiency Graphic (Compare to Wind Speed).
CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL, RESULT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW

CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL, RESULT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW

4.1. Result and Data Calculation

Result of experiment was data that were arranged and calculated in table to
ease reading.

4.1.1. Mechanical Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan

Data taken for this experiment produce a flawed result due to inconstant
breaking and high slippage in higher rotation within the device which causes error
in reading tangential force acting on the shaft. This experiment was discontinued.

4.1.2. Overall Efficiency of 3-Blade Propeller Type Fan

Table 4.1a to Table 4.1e represent data taken in Energy Conversion


Laboratory of Sanata Dharma University.

Table 4.1a: Overall Efficiency Data Using 12 and 6 Resistance


12 6
vg Pg
(m/s) (W) n I Pe n I Pe
V (V) TSR V (V) TSR
(rpm) (A) (W) (%) (rpm) (A) (W) (%)
1.80 0.430 116.0 0.37 0.02 1.316 0.0074 1.72% 103.1 0.24 0.03 1.170 0.0072 1.67%
2.03 0.617 172.7 0.66 0.05 1.737 0.0330 5.35% 147.5 0.44 0.06 1.484 0.0264 4.28%
2.29 0.886 211.0 0.75 0.07 1.882 0.0525 5.93% 169.0 0.58 0.09 1.507 0.0522 5.89%
2.55 1.223 266.2 1.25 0.09 2.132 0.1125 9.20% 228.9 0.88 0.12 1.833 0.1056 8.63%
2.64 1.357 332.5 1.59 0.12 2.572 0.1908 14.06% 284.2 1.19 0.17 2.198 0.2023 14.90%
2.99 1.972 406.0 2.08 0.15 2.773 0.3120 15.82% 348.4 1.50 0.21 2.379 0.3150 15.98%
3.21 2.440 468.6 2.45 0.18 2.981 0.4410 18.07% 418.5 1.84 0.24 2.662 0.4416 18.10%
3.43 2.977 566.1 2.95 0.21 3.370 0.6195 20.81% 500.6 2.33 0.30 2.980 0.6990 23.48%
3.64 3.558 634.6 3.40 0.25 3.560 0.8500 23.89% 545.7 2.52 0.34 3.061 0.8568 24.08%
4.09 5.047 730.4 3.98 0.29 3.647 1.1542 22.87% 634.3 3.01 0.40 3.167 1.2040 23.86%
4.24 5.623 773.9 4.25 0.34 3.727 1.4450 25.70% 671.0 3.07 0.47 3.232 1.4429 25.66%
4.64 7.369 879.1 4.75 0.28 3.869 1.3300 18.05% 738.8 3.37 0.37 3.251 1.2469 16.92%
4.84 8.364 909.5 5.02 0.41 3.837 2.0582 24.61% 799.1 3.67 0.56 3.371 2.0552 24.57%
5.07 9.613 991.6 5.48 0.44 3.994 2.4112 25.08% 851.1 4.02 0.62 3.428 2.4924 25.93%
5.28 10.858 1,044.0 5.75 0.47 4.038 2.7025 24.89% 897.4 4.25 0.65 3.471 2.7625 25.44%
5.60 12.954 1,074.0 5.87 0.47 3.916 2.7589 21.30% 930.8 4.41 0.65 3.394 2.8665 22.13%
5.84 14.692 1,114.0 6.02 0.50 3.895 3.0100 20.49% 948.8 4.43 0.70 3.318 3.1010 21.11%
6.01 16.013 1,052.0 5.78 0.48 3.574 2.7744 17.33% 903.5 4.18 0.67 3.070 2.8006 17.49%
6.32 18.621 1,215.0 6.65 0.56 3.926 3.7240 20.00% 1,060.0 4.94 0.80 3.425 3.9520 21.22%
6.58 21.015 1,321.0 7.48 0.62 4.100 4.6376 22.07% 1,144.0 5.45 0.88 3.550 4.7960 22.82%

23
24

Table 4.1b: Overall Efficiency Data Using 4 and 3 Resistance


4 3
vg Pg
(m/s) (W) n I Pe n I Pe
V (V) TSR V (V) TSR
(rpm) (A) (W) (%) (rpm) (A) (W) (%)
1.80 0.430 99.1 0.21 0.04 1.124 0.0084 1.95% 88.6 0.16 0.04 1.005 0.0064 1.49%
2.03 0.617 136.3 0.32 0.06 1.371 0.0192 3.11% 127.8 0.30 0.08 1.286 0.0240 3.89%
2.29 0.886 160.8 0.45 0.09 1.434 0.0405 4.57% 154.5 0.41 0.12 1.378 0.0492 5.55%
2.55 1.223 219.5 0.72 0.14 1.758 0.1008 8.24% 198.4 0.56 0.14 1.589 0.0784 6.41%
2.64 1.357 268.7 0.91 0.20 2.078 0.1820 13.41% 239.1 0.77 0.20 1.849 0.1540 11.35%
2.99 1.972 316.9 1.20 0.22 2.164 0.2640 13.39% 304.5 1.07 0.25 2.080 0.2675 13.57%
3.21 2.440 360.4 1.49 0.27 2.293 0.4023 16.49% 353.5 1.31 0.30 2.249 0.3930 16.11%
3.43 2.977 454.5 1.80 0.33 2.706 0.5940 19.95% 407.0 1.60 0.38 2.423 0.6080 20.43%
3.64 3.558 507.8 2.16 0.41 2.849 0.8856 24.89% 482.3 1.93 0.42 2.706 0.8106 22.78%
4.09 5.047 570.2 2.35 0.43 2.847 1.0105 20.02% 562.0 2.09 0.50 2.806 1.0450 20.71%
4.24 5.623 602.1 2.44 0.54 2.900 1.3176 23.43% 586.0 2.10 0.59 2.822 1.2390 22.04%
4.64 7.369 680.0 2.80 0.43 2.993 1.2040 16.34% 647.4 2.36 0.47 2.849 1.1092 15.05%
4.84 8.364 707.6 2.97 0.65 2.985 1.9305 23.08% 665.8 2.54 0.70 2.809 1.7780 21.26%
5.07 9.613 763.3 3.14 0.70 3.074 2.1980 22.86% 722.7 2.76 0.79 2.911 2.1804 22.68%
5.28 10.858 808.0 3.24 0.71 3.125 2.3004 21.19% 757.2 2.99 0.82 2.928 2.4518 22.58%
5.60 12.954 874.2 3.69 0.75 3.188 2.7675 21.36% 824.1 3.18 0.80 3.005 2.5440 19.64%
5.84 14.692 857.5 3.56 0.83 2.998 2.9548 20.11% 810.7 2.96 0.90 2.835 2.6640 18.13%
6.01 16.013 824.8 3.33 0.78 2.802 2.5974 16.22% 772.4 2.76 0.86 2.624 2.3736 14.82%
6.32 18.621 955.0 3.86 0.91 3.086 3.5126 18.86% 893.2 3.22 0.98 2.886 3.1556 16.95%
6.58 21.015 1,081.0 4.36 1.02 3.355 4.4472 21.16% 1,014.0 3.68 1.12 3.147 4.1216 19.61%

Table 4.1c: Overall Efficiency Data Using 2.4 and 2 Resistance


2.4 2
vg Pg
(m/s) (W) n I Pe n I Pe
V (V) TSR V (V) TSR
(rpm) (A) (W) (%) (rpm) (A) (W) (%)
1.80 0.430 87.9 0.11 0.04 0.997 0.0044 1.02% 84.5 0.11 0.04 0.959 0.0044 1.02%
2.03 0.617 127.1 0.25 0.08 1.279 0.0200 3.24% 117.5 0.21 0.08 1.182 0.0168 2.72%
2.29 0.886 146.9 0.36 0.12 1.310 0.0432 4.88% 139.8 0.29 0.13 1.247 0.0377 4.26%
2.55 1.223 187.6 0.47 0.14 1.502 0.0658 5.38% 185.2 0.43 0.15 1.483 0.0645 5.27%
2.64 1.357 233.6 0.71 0.21 1.807 0.1491 10.99% 222.2 0.60 0.21 1.719 0.1260 9.28%
2.99 1.972 293.0 0.95 0.26 2.001 0.2470 12.53% 274.9 0.86 0.26 1.877 0.2236 11.34%
3.21 2.440 338.5 1.25 0.30 2.153 0.3750 15.37% 330.8 1.12 0.31 2.104 0.3472 14.23%
3.43 2.977 402.0 1.44 0.38 2.393 0.5472 18.38% 390.1 1.34 0.40 2.322 0.5360 18.01%
3.64 3.558 473.1 1.74 0.47 2.654 0.8178 22.99% 458.0 1.61 0.47 2.569 0.7567 21.27%
4.09 5.047 525.3 1.84 0.52 2.623 0.9568 18.96% 512.1 1.66 0.56 2.557 0.9296 18.42%
4.24 5.623 541.0 1.83 0.62 2.606 1.1346 20.18% 521.3 1.65 0.65 2.511 1.0725 19.07%
4.64 7.369 600.1 1.94 0.47 2.641 0.9118 12.37% 588.9 1.74 0.49 2.592 0.8526 11.57%
4.84 8.364 682.5 2.13 0.72 2.880 1.5336 18.34% 612.4 1.90 0.75 2.584 1.4250 17.04%
5.07 9.613 682.5 2.31 0.80 2.749 1.8480 19.22% 654.0 2.04 0.81 2.634 1.6524 17.19%
5.28 10.858 736.1 2.61 0.86 2.847 2.2446 20.67% 718.8 2.45 0.90 2.780 2.2050 20.31%
5.60 12.954 806.8 2.94 0.82 2.942 2.4108 18.61% 792.0 2.75 0.85 2.888 2.3375 18.04%
5.84 14.692 781.4 2.62 0.98 2.732 2.5676 17.48% 734.2 2.32 1.01 2.567 2.3432 15.95%
6.01 16.013 731.6 2.40 0.90 2.486 2.1600 13.49% 718.3 2.12 0.94 2.441 1.9928 12.44%
6.32 18.621 856.8 2.75 1.04 2.768 2.8600 15.36% 837.7 2.49 1.09 2.707 2.7141 14.58%
6.58 21.015 985.0 3.15 1.18 3.057 3.7170 17.69% 940.6 2.80 1.22 2.919 3.4160 16.25%
25

Table 4.1d: Overall Efficiency Data Using 1.7 and 1.5 Resistance
1.7 1.5
vg Pg
(m/s) (W) n I Pe n I Pe
V (V) TSR V (V) TSR
(rpm) (A) (W) (%) (rpm) (A) (W) (%)
1.80 0.430 83.7 0.11 0.04 0.950 0.0044 1.02% 83.3 0.10 0.04 0.945 0.0040 0.93%
2.03 0.617 117.1 0.19 0.08 1.178 0.0152 2.46% 115.5 0.18 0.08 1.162 0.0144 2.33%
2.29 0.886 138.0 0.28 0.13 1.231 0.0364 4.11% 137.8 0.25 0.13 1.229 0.0325 3.67%
2.55 1.223 178.0 0.40 0.16 1.425 0.0640 5.23% 171.8 0.36 0.16 1.376 0.0576 4.71%
2.64 1.357 214.5 0.55 0.21 1.659 0.1155 8.51% 207.0 0.49 0.21 1.601 0.1029 7.58%
2.99 1.972 272.1 0.82 0.26 1.858 0.2132 10.81% 271.3 0.76 0.28 1.853 0.2128 10.79%
3.21 2.440 320.0 1.02 0.31 2.036 0.3162 12.96% 313.7 1.01 0.31 1.996 0.3131 12.83%
3.43 2.977 383.8 1.29 0.42 2.285 0.5418 18.20% 380.8 1.28 0.42 2.267 0.5376 18.06%
3.64 3.558 457.4 1.48 0.48 2.566 0.7104 19.97% 430.8 1.33 0.49 2.417 0.6517 18.32%
4.09 5.047 487.1 1.51 0.56 2.432 0.8456 16.75% 485.9 1.48 0.57 2.426 0.8436 16.72%
4.24 5.623 512.0 1.48 0.65 2.466 0.9620 17.11% 499.3 1.29 0.70 2.405 0.9030 16.06%
4.64 7.369 581.2 1.62 0.49 2.558 0.7938 10.77% 569.5 1.51 0.50 2.506 0.7550 10.25%
4.84 8.364 601.9 1.74 0.77 2.539 1.3398 16.02% 570.0 1.62 0.78 2.405 1.2636 15.11%
5.07 9.613 652.8 1.88 0.84 2.629 1.5792 16.43% 630.8 1.74 0.86 2.541 1.4964 15.57%
5.28 10.858 708.3 2.25 0.92 2.739 2.0700 19.06% 705.7 2.12 0.92 2.729 1.9504 17.96%
5.60 12.954 760.8 2.60 0.90 2.774 2.3400 18.06% 747.5 2.39 0.92 2.726 2.1988 16.97%
5.84 14.692 727.5 2.08 1.04 2.544 2.1632 14.72% 706.8 1.89 1.06 2.471 2.0034 13.64%
6.01 16.013 691.0 1.94 0.98 2.348 1.9012 11.87% 668.0 1.76 1.01 2.270 1.7776 11.10%
6.32 18.621 810.0 2.26 1.13 2.617 2.5538 13.71% 793.0 2.09 1.18 2.562 2.4662 13.24%
6.58 21.015 921.1 2.58 1.28 2.859 3.3024 15.71% 870.8 2.36 1.32 2.702 3.1152 14.82%

Table 4.1e: Overall Efficiency Data Using 1.3 and 1.2 Resistance
1.3 1.2
vg Pg
(m/s) (W) n I Pe n I Pe
V (V) TSR V (V) TSR
(rpm) (A) (W) (%) (rpm) (A) (W) (%)
1.80 0.430 82.7 0.09 0.05 0.938 0.0045 1.05% 80.3 0.08 0.05 0.911 0.0040 0.93%
2.03 0.617 113.9 0.19 0.09 1.146 0.0171 2.77% 112.9 0.15 0.09 1.136 0.0135 2.19%
2.29 0.886 134.0 0.25 0.13 1.195 0.0325 3.67% 130.3 0.23 0.14 1.162 0.0322 3.63%
2.55 1.223 167.2 0.34 0.16 1.339 0.0544 4.45% 166.0 0.32 0.16 1.329 0.0512 4.19%
2.64 1.357 199.1 0.48 0.21 1.540 0.1008 7.43% 197.8 0.43 0.21 1.530 0.0903 6.65%
2.99 1.972 268.2 0.71 0.29 1.832 0.2059 10.44% 259.9 0.69 0.30 1.775 0.2070 10.50%
3.21 2.440 307.8 0.96 0.32 1.958 0.3072 12.59% 291.9 0.90 0.32 1.857 0.2880 11.80%
3.43 2.977 377.4 1.10 0.44 2.247 0.4840 16.26% 365.6 1.05 0.44 2.177 0.4620 15.52%
3.64 3.558 424.9 1.27 0.50 2.384 0.6350 17.85% 413.2 1.25 0.51 2.318 0.6375 17.92%
4.09 5.047 482.1 1.45 0.58 2.407 0.8410 16.66% 472.9 1.37 0.59 2.361 0.8083 16.02%
4.24 5.623 482.6 1.15 0.70 2.324 0.8050 14.32% 476.6 1.06 0.70 2.295 0.7420 13.20%
4.64 7.369 563.7 1.38 0.51 2.481 0.7038 9.55% 563.4 1.30 0.53 2.479 0.6890 9.35%
4.84 8.364 563.3 1.51 0.80 2.377 1.2080 14.44% 560.4 1.44 0.82 2.364 1.1808 14.12%
5.07 9.613 613.3 1.62 0.88 2.470 1.4256 14.83% 610.8 1.54 0.90 2.460 1.3860 14.42%
5.28 10.858 688.6 1.92 0.94 2.663 1.8048 16.62% 666.3 1.79 0.96 2.577 1.7184 15.83%
5.60 12.954 733.7 2.31 0.92 2.675 2.1252 16.41% 731.0 2.28 0.94 2.666 2.1432 16.54%
5.84 14.692 693.3 1.74 1.08 2.424 1.8792 12.79% 692.1 1.65 1.12 2.420 1.8480 12.58%
6.01 16.013 661.4 1.62 1.02 2.247 1.6524 10.32% 634.0 1.49 1.03 2.154 1.5347 9.58%
6.32 18.621 778.7 1.92 1.20 2.516 2.3040 12.37% 762.6 1.76 1.20 2.464 2.1120 11.34%
6.58 21.015 891.0 2.18 1.34 2.765 2.9212 13.90% 829.8 2.02 1.36 2.575 2.7472 13.07%

4.2. Observational Review

To ease the analysis, observational review was done. Since no visual


observation, therefore observational review was done based on data collected by
viewing their correlations.
26

1400

1200

1000

800
n (rpm)

Removed
Result
Corrected
600

400

200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v g (m/s)

Figure 4.1: Wind Speed versus Blade Rotational Speed Correlation Graph

It is noticeable that rotational speed of blade increased followed by the


increment of the wind speed as shown on Figure 4.1. It was shown that the trend
correlation between wind speed and rotational speed of the wind turbine tend to be
linear. Notice that the data drawn had oscillated greatly in 6.01 m/s wind speed;
this was due to instability of wind speed flowing through the anemometer probe,
thus hindering measurement accuracy of the real wind speed during condition
creating procedure.

After making slight data correction by erasing certain data, curvature of the
trend correlation lines move very slightly upward. This indicates that the data
error cause by wind speed measurements is tolerable for further analysis.
27

12
4 6
4
3
P E (W)

2.4
3
2
1.7
1.5
2 1.3
1.2

0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400
n (rpm)

Figure 4.2: Electrical Power versus Rotational Speed Correlation Graph (Resistance Aspect)

The amount of electrical power produced by the generator depends on


rotational speed. This event can be seen in recorded and calculated data plotted in
Figure 4.2. Maximum electrical power generated by the generator, is noticeable at
resistance of 6 , while rotating at speed of 1150 rpm.

6
1.80 m/s
2.03 m/s
2.29 m/s
5 2.55 m/s
2.64 m/s
2.99 m/s
4 3.21 m/s
3.43 m/s
3.64 m/s
P E (W)

4.09 m/s
3
4.24 m/s
4.64 m/s
4.84 m/s
2 5.07 m/s
5.28 m/s
5.60 m/s
1 5.84 m/s
6.01 m/s
6.32 m/s
6.58 m/s
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400
n (rpm)

Figure 4.3: Electrical Power versus Rotational Speed Correlation Graph (Wind Speed
Aspect)
28

Seeing from wind speed aspect in Figure 4.3, as electrical load increases,
rotational speed tends to fall. The capability of generator to produce power
depends on electrical load. The more electrical load, the more torque needed to
turn the generator.

By reviewing Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3, it was seen that the generator
produce electricity at a given wind speed increase at electrical load of 6 then
decrease as more load are applied. This is cause by armature effect of generator.

4.3. Performance Review

As most wind turbine efficiency are compare to TSR and since this
experiment failed to measure mechanical efficiency like other experiments
perform by wind-energy professionals. The performance of this wind turbine
cannot be compared globally. It is noticeable that TSR of the wind turbine with
electrical load could not begin with 0, as higher wind speed was needed to start
the blade rotation.

Though global comparison cannot be done, comparing TSR to overall


efficiency does not hinder understanding performance of 3-blade propeller type
common household fan as wind turbine.

60%

50%

12
40% 6
4
3
(%)

2.4
30%
2
1.7
1.5
20% 1.3
1.2

10%

0%
0 1 2 3 4 5
TSR

Figure 4.4: TSR versus Overall Efficiency Correlation Graph


29

From the data plotted in Figure 4.4, 12 resistance of electrical have


higher TSR while performing with efficiency almost equal compared to 6
resistance of electrical load. This can be seen also in low correlation of rotational
speed and electrical power gradient of Figure 4.2 as a reason of this event.

Peak efficiency achieved was 23.5% at TSR of 4.6. Since TSR is mostly
used to compare wind turbines performance scientifically, therefore TSR
comparison is unusable in common daily life

Figure 4.5 compares efficiency with wind speed instead of TSR. Beaufort
scale is included to the graph to minimize the need of anemometer, as
anemometer is limited in availability to wind-energy amateur. A complete table of
Beaufort scale can be viewed in Table A.1.

60%

50%

12
6
40%
4
Moderate breeze
Gentle Breeze

3
Light Breeze
Light Air

2.4
(%)

Calm

30% 2
1.7
1.5
1.3
20%
1.2
Betz Limit

10%

0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v G (m/s)

Figure 4.5: Wind Speed versus Overall Efficiency Correlation Graph

By observing Figure 4.5, highest overall efficiency is 24% at wind speed


of 4.6 m/s, or in Beaufort scale (See APPENDIX A) referred as gentle breeze.
From the graph is shown that the minimum wind speed for it to work is 1.8 m/s.

It is seen that overall efficiency of wind turbine is best mostly at gentle


breeze and drop slightly when the wind speed rise to moderate breeze.
30

Due to low correlation in rotational speed and electrical power of 12


resistance electrical loads, the overall efficiency is the highest when measured at
6 resistance of electrical load. As the load increased, electrical power generated
decreased whilst lowering overall efficiency. This can be seen visually through
Figure 4.2.

As efficiency is not important to most wind-energy user, as most wind-


energy user prefer to know more about the quantity of electrical power produced
by a wind turbine rather than understanding their efficiency.

This analysis was performed to compare wind speed to electrical power


produced to power a resistor as electrical load.

12
6

Moderate breeze
4
Gentle Breeze

3
Light Breeze

3
Light Air
P (W)

Calm

2.4
2
1.7
2
1.5
1.3
1.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v G (m/s)

Figure 4.6: Wind Speed versus Electrical Power Correlation Graph

Graphic of Figure 4.6 shows that electrical power produced was 4.5 W at
maximum available wind speed of 6.6 m/s, using 6 resistance of electrical
load. At heavier electrical load of 1.2 , the generator was still able to generate
2.5 W of electrical power.
31

The decrement of electrical power production with smaller resistance was


due to decreasing rotational speed as electrical load increased, whilst
compensating for greater electrical power, needed to power 1.2 Resistance of
electrical load.

By reviewing the electrical power produced, with moderate breeze this wind
turbine produced enough power to light a small electronic device.
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND CONSIDERATION

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND CONSIDERATION

5.1. Conclusion

An objective achievement reviews the whole research process base on


objectives fundamentals.

1. Experiment to review 3-blade propeller type common household fan ability


in converting kinetic energy into mechanical energy was a success, but with
error result.

2. The blade of 3-blade propeller type common household fan can produce
electricity with peak efficiency of 24% at wind speed of 4.6 m/s (Gentle
Breeze).

3. The blade of 3-blade propeller type common household fan produce


maximum electrical power of between 4.5 W at maximum available wind
speed of 6.6 m/s (Moderate Breeze) when given electrical load of 6 .

5.2. Consideration

By reviewing the analysis, 3-blade propeller type household common fan


can be used as cheap, clean and fast wind-energy capturing device to operate
small electronic device, by reversing fan function to wind turbine. Other
advantages are its simple and portable design.

32
REFERENCES

REFERENCES

Aguado, E. and Burt, J.E. (2001). Understanding Weather & Climate.2nd Edition.
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Crowell, B. (2010). Simple Nature. California: Light and Matter.

Evans, J. (2007). Confusing Units of Measure Work Power and Torque.

Hansen, M.O.L. (2008). Aerodynamic of Wind Turbines. 2nd Edition. London:


Earthscan.

Hughes, T. (2000). Wind Power Tutorial Series. Lesson 1. Environmental


verification and Analysis Center. The University of Oklahoma.

Hughes, T. (2000). Wind Power Tutorial Series. Lesson 2. Environmental


verification and Analysis Center. The University of Oklahoma.

N.N. (2003). Wind Energy Teachers Guide. American Wind Energy Association.

Somerton, C. W. (2004). ME 417 Design of Alternative Energy System. Michigan


State University.

The Diagram Group. (2006). Weather and Climate An Illustrated Guide to


Science. New York: Chelsea House Publisher.

33
APPENDIX

APPENDIX
APPENDIX A. BEAUFORT SCALE

APPENDIX A. BEAUFORT SCALE

Table A.1: Beaufort Scale (The Diagram Group, 2006)

35

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