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INTRODUCTION

In this assignment, student will be exposed on how to design a sewer system. The details

about the design specification were stated in the question provided. This project will cover the

design process of sewer system for new mixed commercial and residential house.

Sewerage can be defined as collection, treatment and disposal of liquid waste. The design

of sewer system can be divided into preliminary investigations and detailed design requirements.

The data needed for preliminary investigations is detailed maps or aerial photography. The

preliminary investigations consist of estimated flow, approximate ground contours, sewer

easements, the location to which sewerage is to be taken and quantity of pipe in sizes.

The data needed in for detailed design requirements is underground study. Preparation of

drawing require knowledge on the location of all underground structures, profiles of all streets,

maximum water surface and invert of all streams, culvert and ditches.
Design Procedures

Layout the sewer: Draw a line to represent the proposed sewer in each street or alley to be

served. Near of on the line; indicate by an arrow the direction in which the wastewater is to flow.

Except in special cases, the sewer should slope with the surface of the street. It is usually more

economical to plan the system so that the wastewater from any street will flow to the point of

disposal by the most direct (and, consequently; the shortest) route. In general, the laterals

connect with the mains and these; in turn connect with the trunk sewer, which leads to the point

of discharge or to an intercepting sewer.

Locate the manholes: Locate a manhole at:

i. Changes in direction;
ii. Changes in slope;
iii. At pipe junctions with the exception of building connections;
iv. At the upper end and ends of all laterals for cleansing and flushing the lines; and
v. At intervals from 90 to 120 m or less, as required. Give each manhole an identification

number.

Establishing the limits of the service area: Sketch the limits of the service areas. Search the limits

of the service area for each lateral. If a single lateral will be required to accommodate an area

larger than can be served by the minimum size of sewer with the minimum slope the area should

be subdivided further. Where the streets are laid out assume that the limits are midway between

them. If the street layout is not shown on the plan, the limits of the different service areas cannot

be determined as closely and the topography may serve as a guide.


Determine the area of each service area. Measure the area of each service area by using a scale,

and enter the value on the map.

Summarize the basic design criteria.

a. Design period (usually saturation period used);


b. Population density;
c. Residential wastewater flow (Obtain the peaking factor);
d. Infiltration allowances;
e. Inflow allowances
f. Hydraulic design equation;
g. Minimum pipe size ;
h. Minimum velocity; and
i. Minimum cover.

SAMPLE CALCULATION

1. The sample calculation for column 10 which is the sewage flow are shown as below:
Sewage flow (L/day) = 250 (L/c/day) x 87 (column 9)
= 21750 (L/day)
2. The sample calculation for column 11 which is the sewage of flow after infiltration loss

are shown as below:

3
m 1 1 1
days s L
Sewage of flow ( min ) = (21750-5.75) (L/day) x 24 x 60 x 1000

m3
= 0.0151 ( min )

3. The sample calculation for column 12 which is the sewage of flow rate with peak factor

are shown as below:

m3 m3
Sewage of flow rate with peak factor min = 0.0151 min ) x 2.5
( ) (

= 0.04

4. The sample calculation for column 16 which is the sewage of flow are shown as below:
upper mainhole ( coumn13 )lower mainhole(column 14)
Grade of sewer = length(column 5)
60 m57.5m
= 90 m

= 0.02778

5. The sample calculation for column 17 which is the fall of sewer are shown as below:
Fall of sewer (m) = length (m) x grade of sewer
= 115m x 0.03565
= 4.10m
6. The sample calculation for column 18 which is the velocity flowing full are shown as

below:
2
m3 diameter of pipe ( mm ) 3
Velocity flowing full ( )=
s
1
0.013
( 1000 ) grade of sewer
2
200 ( mm ) 3
=
1
0.013
(
1000 )
0.03565

m3
= 4.97 ( ) s

7. The sample calculation for column 19 which is the capacity flowing full are shown as

below:
m3
The formula for capacity of flowing full min ) is given as below;
(

)( )
mm
= 60 velocity flowing full m 3
(
diameter of pipe
1000 )
s ( 2
2

( )
mm
= 60 4.97 m3
( 200
1000 )
s( ) 2

m3
= 9.37 min )
(

m3
sewage of flow rate with peak factor ( )
Q min
=
8. Q full m3
capacity of flowing full ( min )
m3
0.04( )
min
= m3
9.37
min ( )
= 0.004 ~ 0.00

V
9. Velocity =
velocity flowing full (m 3/ s )
V full

= 0.25 * 4.97
= 1.24 m/s

Profile Elevation of Street 1-W


Street 1-w
78.00 78.00

73.90
73.00
72.00
69.90
68.00 LEVEL
GROUND 66.20 SEWER LEVEL
Elevation (m)
63.70
64.20
63.00

59.00
58.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Length (m)

Figure 1: Elevation of Street 1-W

ESTIMATION OF THE SEWER DESIGN PROJECT


GROUND WORKS

General
Rates shall include for: levelling, Grading,
Trimming, Compacting to faces of excavation,
keeping sides plumb, backfilling, consolidating
and disposing surplus soil.

Site Clearing
Clearing site including trees less than 0.5m girth
complete with stumps and roots.

Excavation
Excavation quantities are measured to the faces of
concrete members. Rates shall include for all
additional excavation required to place the
formwork.

1 Excavation from existing ground level to the m3 662 7.67 5077.54


design level for the construction of sewer pipe

26 Excavation from existing ground level to the m3 0.31 6.56 52.87


design level for the construction of manhole

MATERIAL COST

General
Rates for work in project shall include for piping,
fittings, equipment and similar all fixings to
various material

6 200mm diameter of Cast-Iron Sewer Pipe m 115 350 241500.00

26 600mm diameter of Manhole m 0.5 103.4 1344.20


Bil Description Unit Quantity Price Per Unit Total Amoun

MACHINERIES
COST

General
Rates for heavy
equipment refers
to heavy-duty
vehicles, specially
design for
executing
2 construction tasks, 8 month 8116 129856
involving
2 earthwork 8 month 7845 125520
operations
1 8 month 8200 65600

Excavator

Backhoe

Compactor

4 LABOUR COST 8 month 1700 54400

2 General 8 month 1400 22400


Rates
cost of labour is
the sum of all
wages paid to
employees, as
well as the cost of
employee benefits
and payroll taxes
paid by an
employer.

Skill Worker

Unskill Worker
Total Cost (RM) 645750.61
DISCUSSION

Based on the data given, the cost estimated of the project is Rm 645750.61. The pipe used is cast

iron sewer pipe. It can resistance high pressure of water flow. Furthermore, it has good

connection between the fittings. If there is no or less maintenance on the pipe for a long period of

time, the rust will occur at the pipe.

The area tributary to each line is shown by the red lines on the drawings. The boundaries are

determined by field inspection of the location of the building and lot lines. All of the lines have

tributary area, it means that the flow is distributed evenly on the surrounding area and infiltration

of these was considered separately from the sewage flow.

From tabulation of data and result, the velocity of all the manholes exceeds 0.6 m/s. It shows that

the velocity have passed the minimum required in the sewer design. There are 26 numbers of

manholes that have been designed for this project. The manhole is located at the end of the road

so it can easily well maintain. With the suitable location of the manhole, it can prevent flood.
Appendices

SAMPLE OF CALCULATION (formula)

1. sewage flow ( dayL )=total tributory of population x 250 L/c/day

m3
2. sewage of flow ( min )=sewage flow ( dayL ) 241 day 601 s 1000
1
L

m3 m3
3. sewage of flow rate with peak factor (
min
)=sewage of flow ( )
min
x 2.5

(upper invert level mainhole lower invert level mainhole ) m


4. grade of sewer =
length(m)
5. fall of sewer ( m )=length ( m ) grade of sewer

2
diameter of pipe ( mm ) 3
6. velocity flowing full
m3
( )
s
=
1
0.013
(
1000 )
grade of sewer

7.
2
mm
capacity of flowing full ( )m3
min
=60 velocity flowing full
m3
s ( )
( ( diameter of pipe

2
1000 ) )
m3
sewage of flow rate with peak factor ( )
Q min
=
8. Q full m3
capacity of flowing full ( min )

V
9. V full *get from graph in Figure 1

V
10. Velocity =
velocity flowing full (m 3/ s )
V full
Figure 1 ratio of hydraulic mean radius, velocity and flow

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