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i vi cc cu thn triu L
TS. Nguyn Th Phng Chi*
265
qun php; iu 6: i binh ti u, ho mc a phng bit c tnh hnh h
thc ca gic m n trnh by th c khen thng. Nu khng ni thc v cn dung
n bn gic th x theo qun php1. Mc d, mt mt, nhn dn Bc H vn
quen vi th ch nh L v khng khi cn e ngi trc chnh th mi nhng mt
khc, h cng ch i chnh th mi mt s mi m. i Nam thc lc chp khi
nghe tin vua Gia Long ra Thng Long nhn dn Bc H nng nhit cho n nh
vua: Bc H t cui i L n nay, lng ngi chn lon lc, hng ngy mong
ch qun nh vua. Nay nghe tin xa gi n, u t n t hng n, xa gn dt
cng nhau n xem, ng nh tng ng. Ch khng thay i ca hng, lng xm
yn n, nhn dn u mng li thy cnh tng thi bnh2. Sau khi bt c
Nguyn Quang Ton v thn thuc, yn lng dn, Thng Long, nh vua c
Chiu d dn Bc H. Trong , phn bit r tng i tng, ch git nhng gic
u s, tc l quan qun nh Ty Sn, cn nhng ngi khc theo Ty Sn th hn
cho 3 n 5 ngy th phi ra u th, nu khng th b tr ti. Chiu vit: T khi gic
Ty Sn ni lon, nhn dn lm than lu. Trm nay vng lm lnh pht ca tri,
trn tr th cho t tin t nc, di ci b au kh cho nhn dn. Nay i
binh ti u, ch git nhng gic u s, cn ngi no b p phi theo th u tha,
nn c yn nh c. Nhng k c nhn quan chc ca gic ra th th c min ti,
gn th hn 3 ngy, xa th hn 5 ngy. Nu qu hn m khng ra th, b ngi ta bt
c th lm ti. Nhng tn qun ca gic mang theo binh kh trn v th lp tc
phi n ca qun trao np, nu ct giu th x theo qun php3.
Sau khi hon tt vic truy kch quan qun vng triu Ty Sn, Bc H, ch
trong nm 1802, nhiu s kin din ra cho thy, vua Gia Long quan tm c bit n
nhn dn Bc H ni chung, cc cu thn nh L ni ring. Thc t cho thy, t chc
triu nh nh Nguyn trong nhng nm u khi mi thnh lp vi ngun nhn lc
chnh l cc tng lnh cng xng pha trn mc vi vua Gia Long. Thi gian li cha
vua Gia Long t chc tuyn chn quan li bng khoa c, nn nh Vua rt ch
trng n vic xy dng i ng quan li t trung ng n cc cp a phng c
tr thc v phm hnh. Nh vua c bit chiu d ngi hin ti, c th t v
tng lm quan di triu L hoc c hc nhng cha t nhng sn sng hp
tc vi triu nh nh Nguyn. Nhng ngi c ti c c, xut thn trong nhng gia
nh danh gia vng tc v tng lp s phu Bc H, nhng tr thc n dt vi mc ch
l, mt mt, tuyn chn ngi c kin thc, c ti, c cho vng triu, nhng mt
khc, khng km phn quan trng l n nh nhn tm trong nc. Chnh sch ca
vua Gia Long i vi thn dn nh L trong nhng nm u khi mi thit lp vng
triu c th k n cc ni dung sau:
1
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr.496.
2
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 503.
3
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 503.
266
1. Chiu d nhng ho mc, cc hc sinh
Nhng ho mc trc y tng l thn dn nh L nhng khng chu hp tc
vi triu Ty Sn, d l can phm cng khng xt hi, mau tr v a phng tu
ti m lc dng. Trong Chiu ban hnh v vic ny vit: Mi y Ty Sn gy bin,
ngi nh L b mt ri. Bn cc ngi m lng trung cm gin lu, chng chu
gic sai khin. Nhiu ngi trn lnh, nhm hp ni rng cha bit v u. Nay
bn gic tr, phong tc vn chng cng mt mi. Ngi tr gi bit c, ng nn
chn ch trng ngng. Vy c d rng, phm ai b can phm trc kia u khng
xt hi, u cho gii tn ngha binh, em np kh gii, do a phng s ti lm biu
bo ln, trm s ty ti lc dng. Cc ngi u nn xt k s c, ng n nn v
sau1. Mt s th t cc tnh min ni pha Bc khi c vua chiu d vi nhng
iu phi tri, h u theo v vi nh vua: Cc th t Tuyn Quang, Hng Ha v
Thi Nguyn phn nhiu cn mang lng ch xem. Vua mun dng vn co v
yn, sai tuyn b li d bo cho nhng iu ha phc, do h k nhau n hnh ti
triu kin2.
Nhng hc tr cha t, vua tuyn dng bng cch, cho h trnh by cch
thc gii quyt cng vic, ng trong phong b dn kn, ri trnh ln vua xem xt, ct
nhc b dng. Khng r s lng ngi d l bao nhiu nhng trng tuyn c 32
ngi. Nm 1802, Hc tr Bc H dng phong b kn trnh by cng vic. c
trng c 32 ngi l bn Phan Chnh Th, Nh Cng Thiu, Nguyn Duy Cung, Bi
Ph. Vua sai ghi tn b dng3.
1
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 504.
2
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 516.
3
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508.
4
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 504.
267
Tuyn Quang, Lng Sn, Cao Bng v Thanh Ngh th ly quan ngi th cho qun
lnh.
cc huyn th cho php chn cc s nhn l c hc ca cc trn c ra 23
ngi b lm tri huyn cc huyn1.
Nm 1805, cho php cc doanh, trn nu khuyt chc tri huyn th cho php
chn ngi bu c ln i Ch tuyn b. Nm 1811, vua li tip tc ra lnh cho
Bc Thnh v cc trn Thanh Hoa (Thanh Ha), Ngh An chn nhng ngi lm
vic t li lm t nm inh Mo (1797) tr v trc th khai r tn, tui, qu qun,
c tuyn dng nm no thuc ph huyn no th tu ln quyt nh thng b.
Vic tuyn chn c quy nh cht ch. V d, xt l lch, phm hnh ca tng
ngi cc a phng ri trnh ln vua, khi c Ch ca vua mi chnh thc c
b nhim.
1
i Nam hi in s l, Nxb. Thun Ha, 1993, tr.300.
2
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 505.
3
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 505.
268
kha cha c nh chun, nghe T m gic l Nguyn Vn Dng tng coi vic h,
bn sai tng k cc ngch thu, do H b tu ln tng iu tham chc thi
hnh1.
Mt lot cc cu thn triu L c vua Gia Long b nhim nhng chc v
khc nhau: Ly Nguyn Duy Hp lm Th trung trc hc s, lnh chc Hip trn
Kinh Bc, L Duy n lm Kim hoa in trc hc s, lnh chc Hip trn Lng Sn,
L Huy Trm, Ng Xim v Nguyn nh T lm Thi ha in hc s, Nguyn
ng lm Kim hoa in hc s, Phm Thch, V Trinh lm Th trung hc s, V
nh T, Nguyn Huy Thng lm Cn chnh in hc s. Bn Duy Hp u l cu
thn nh L (V Trinh l hng cng, cn u l tin s), khi nh L mt, khng lm
quan vi gic, trn dn gian, n nay vo yt kin, vua cho ngi v yn i hi
thm, ban cho hu, ri c mnh y2.
S sch tng chp n nhng nhn vt nh Ng Th V (1774-1821) v
Nguyn Du (1765-1820). Ng Th V cha tng t nhng vn xut thn trong
gia tc nhiu i Tin S, T Thanh Oai (nay thuc H Ni). T Thanh Oai
tng lu truyn cu: H Ng mt b Tin s. Trong lch s, T Thanh Oai tng ni
danh l lng khoa bng. Nguyn Du mi n Tam trng nhng thuc dng h
Nguyn Tin in rt c th lc Thng Long. C hai ng u c vua Gia Long
vi ra lm quan. Ng Th V c thng n chc Hu Tham tri B Li tc L Kh
hu. Nguyn Du c thng n chc Hu Tham tri B L tc Du c hu.
1
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 506
2
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508.
3
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 507.
269
6. Khen thng b ti nh L c cng nh qun
Ty Sn.
Mt mt, vua Gia Long truy kch n cng hong thn ca nh Nguyn Ty
Sn, mt khc, i vi cu thn nh L c cng tham gia chng qun Ty Sn theo
ngha b mnh, n nay, c xt cng khen thng. i Nam thc lc chp:
Ghi chp cc b ti trung ngha Bc H. Chiu rng : Khen thng ngi trung
ngha l vic u ca nh nc. Mi y gic Ty Sn xng lon, hm hi nhn
dn, nhng ngi trung ngha ai cng cm gin, hoc ng thu nh L suy yu
liu mnh nh gic, n khi vic nc hng m cn cm qun chng gic, ht
lng ht sc, khng k c thua. Khi trm mi thu phc Gia nh, quyt ch dit
th, cng bit r mt tm trung thnh ca bn ngi, d mun dm non sng,
cng chng cho l xa cch, hng thng tin s, ng ngha cng nhiu Nay dit
qun hung c, c nh v cng, ngh n nhng ngi trung ngha y chnh nn khen
thng. Vy h lnh cho cc a phng Bc Thnh v Thanh Ngh, xt trc y c
ai theo ngha b mnh th cho con chu h hng em vic by tu, xt ban tut
in1.
1
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508.
2
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508, 509.
270
hu m i x. Vy nn cng bo cho nhau, hp chn ly mt ngi trng h gi
vic th cng, gi tnh ngha i i1.
Quan tm n i sng kinh t ca nhn dn, nh Vua cn ra lnh cho qun
lnh khng c cp bc, quy ri nhn dn. Nu ai vi phm th x theo qun php,
quan cai qun cng b x pht. Li rn cc qun thy b, chiu rng: Nay dn mi
theo v, lng cn s hi, ta ng ngh cch v v. Trc y rn bo cc qun,
n u khng c cp bc, m cn nghe c k tri phm, th ly g tha lng
mong mun ca dn ? T nay qun nhn u nn knh tun lnh cm. Nu ai quen
thi tri php, quy ri dn gian, b lnh tun bt c, hoc b dn s ti bt gic,
th x theo qun php. Quan cai qun cng b x nng2.
Tm li, chnh sch ca vua Gia Long i vi cu thn nh L vi nhng ni
dung nu trn cho thy, vic xy dng t nc, xy dng vng triu khng ging
nh em qun i nh trn m rt cn c nhn dn t Nam ra Bc ng lng ng
h. Dn l cn bn ca nc, v vy, Gia Long hiu hn ht nhng nm u khi mi
cm quyn l n nh nhn tm, hng nhn dn vo gung my hot ng ca
vng triu. Mi tng lp nhn dn Bc H u c vua Gia Long ra Chiu, D ku
gi gp cng sc xy dng vng triu. Trong , ng ch l nhng tr thc Nho
hc, nhng quan li c ca triu L tng quen vic triu chnh hoc nhng ngi
tng t, hoc nhng ngi c hc m cha t u c nh vua ty ti
m b dng, cho ngi hin c c v, ngi ti c c chc, hp lng ngh, chia
mu lm, cng nn o tr nc. Qua , thm mt kha cnh nhn nhn,
nh gi cng bng v vua u triu Nguyn - Gia Long.
1
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508.
2
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 509.
271