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Chnh sch ca vua Gia Long

i vi cc cu thn triu L
TS. Nguyn Th Phng Chi*

Vua Gia Long ln ngi ( ngi t 1802-1820), qun l t nc t Bc n


Nam trong bi cnh x hi khng t phc tp. Hin tng phn tn ko di, nn i
ngho, rung t hoang ha, dn phiu tn, nn thin tai li nhiu hu qu nng
n trn cc lnh vc kinh t, chnh tr, vn ha, x hi. Nhng vn quan trng l
lng dn ly tn. Dn Bc H vn cn lu luyn vi nh L v khng t ngi t Bc
ch Nam cn nh ti triu Ty Sn. c bit l s phu, quan li tng hc hnh, t
v lm vic cho triu nh nh L cn nhiu cn nhc v cha sn sng theo nh
Nguyn. Bn cnh , mt b phn nhn dn, s phu Bc H vn cn ngm ngm
chng li triu nh nh Nguyn. Mt khc, mu thun su sc gia ng Trong v
ng Ngoi v gia nhn dn ng Trong vi quan qun cha Trnh cha d ngui
ngoai1. Phn ng c tnh cht x hi c ghi chp trong chnh s l nhng cuc ni
dy ca nhn dn di danh ngha ph L cng khin cho triu Nguyn thm nhng
kh khn. Cuc tr th man r ca nh Nguyn i vi nh Ty Sn cng lm kinh
ng lng dn v tr thnh nh kin lu di v sau i vi nh Nguyn. Cho nn,
sau khi qun l t nc t Bc ch Nam, vua Gia Long c bit quan tm n nhn
dn Bc H. Nm 1802, vua Gia Long em i qun ra Bc vi mc ch l tr th
nh Nguyn Ty Sn v thu phc lng dn Bc H. Trong li Hch d qun dn Bc
H trc khi tin qun ra Bc nu r: Ngha ln Kinh Xun Thu khng g ln bng
tr th, m qun ca vng gi th git lon thn l vic trc ht. V ku gi
nhn dn Bc H cng chung sc thc hin mc ch ca nh vua v thng cho
nhng ai bt c quan qun nh Ty Sn. Trong su iu Hch d qun dn Bc H
th iu 1, 2 v 6 l thng cng cho nhng ai nh c qun Ty Sn v bt c
Nguyn Quang Ton: iu 1: Ngi ho mc m nh c n gic (tc qun
Ty Sn - TG.ch) v n bt c gic th lng cng m thng; ai c lng hng
thun, n ni qun ng ngha th ty ti thu dng. iu 2: Ngi dn m bt
sng c gic Nguyn Quang Ton th cho quan chc nht phm, cp rung 100
mu, thuc binh 100 ngi; bt c cc em Quang Ton th cho chc quan nh
phm, cp rung 50 mu, thuc binh 50 ngi ; bt c bn qun cng u s
gic th cho chc quan tam phm, cp rung 30 mu, thuc binh 30 ngi. Chm
cht c cng thng nh th. Nu li dung cha v dn i, bit c th s x theo
*
Vin S hc
1
Xem: Bch Ho: Cuc khi ngha ca nng dn Ty Sn qua mt s t bc th ca ngi ngoi
quc Vit Nam ng thi, Tp san Vn S a, s 14, thng 2-1956.

265
qun php; iu 6: i binh ti u, ho mc a phng bit c tnh hnh h
thc ca gic m n trnh by th c khen thng. Nu khng ni thc v cn dung
n bn gic th x theo qun php1. Mc d, mt mt, nhn dn Bc H vn
quen vi th ch nh L v khng khi cn e ngi trc chnh th mi nhng mt
khc, h cng ch i chnh th mi mt s mi m. i Nam thc lc chp khi
nghe tin vua Gia Long ra Thng Long nhn dn Bc H nng nhit cho n nh
vua: Bc H t cui i L n nay, lng ngi chn lon lc, hng ngy mong
ch qun nh vua. Nay nghe tin xa gi n, u t n t hng n, xa gn dt
cng nhau n xem, ng nh tng ng. Ch khng thay i ca hng, lng xm
yn n, nhn dn u mng li thy cnh tng thi bnh2. Sau khi bt c
Nguyn Quang Ton v thn thuc, yn lng dn, Thng Long, nh vua c
Chiu d dn Bc H. Trong , phn bit r tng i tng, ch git nhng gic
u s, tc l quan qun nh Ty Sn, cn nhng ngi khc theo Ty Sn th hn
cho 3 n 5 ngy th phi ra u th, nu khng th b tr ti. Chiu vit: T khi gic
Ty Sn ni lon, nhn dn lm than lu. Trm nay vng lm lnh pht ca tri,
trn tr th cho t tin t nc, di ci b au kh cho nhn dn. Nay i
binh ti u, ch git nhng gic u s, cn ngi no b p phi theo th u tha,
nn c yn nh c. Nhng k c nhn quan chc ca gic ra th th c min ti,
gn th hn 3 ngy, xa th hn 5 ngy. Nu qu hn m khng ra th, b ngi ta bt
c th lm ti. Nhng tn qun ca gic mang theo binh kh trn v th lp tc
phi n ca qun trao np, nu ct giu th x theo qun php3.
Sau khi hon tt vic truy kch quan qun vng triu Ty Sn, Bc H, ch
trong nm 1802, nhiu s kin din ra cho thy, vua Gia Long quan tm c bit n
nhn dn Bc H ni chung, cc cu thn nh L ni ring. Thc t cho thy, t chc
triu nh nh Nguyn trong nhng nm u khi mi thnh lp vi ngun nhn lc
chnh l cc tng lnh cng xng pha trn mc vi vua Gia Long. Thi gian li cha
vua Gia Long t chc tuyn chn quan li bng khoa c, nn nh Vua rt ch
trng n vic xy dng i ng quan li t trung ng n cc cp a phng c
tr thc v phm hnh. Nh vua c bit chiu d ngi hin ti, c th t v
tng lm quan di triu L hoc c hc nhng cha t nhng sn sng hp
tc vi triu nh nh Nguyn. Nhng ngi c ti c c, xut thn trong nhng gia
nh danh gia vng tc v tng lp s phu Bc H, nhng tr thc n dt vi mc ch
l, mt mt, tuyn chn ngi c kin thc, c ti, c cho vng triu, nhng mt
khc, khng km phn quan trng l n nh nhn tm trong nc. Chnh sch ca
vua Gia Long i vi thn dn nh L trong nhng nm u khi mi thit lp vng
triu c th k n cc ni dung sau:

1
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr.496.
2
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 503.
3
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 503.

266
1. Chiu d nhng ho mc, cc hc sinh
Nhng ho mc trc y tng l thn dn nh L nhng khng chu hp tc
vi triu Ty Sn, d l can phm cng khng xt hi, mau tr v a phng tu
ti m lc dng. Trong Chiu ban hnh v vic ny vit: Mi y Ty Sn gy bin,
ngi nh L b mt ri. Bn cc ngi m lng trung cm gin lu, chng chu
gic sai khin. Nhiu ngi trn lnh, nhm hp ni rng cha bit v u. Nay
bn gic tr, phong tc vn chng cng mt mi. Ngi tr gi bit c, ng nn
chn ch trng ngng. Vy c d rng, phm ai b can phm trc kia u khng
xt hi, u cho gii tn ngha binh, em np kh gii, do a phng s ti lm biu
bo ln, trm s ty ti lc dng. Cc ngi u nn xt k s c, ng n nn v
sau1. Mt s th t cc tnh min ni pha Bc khi c vua chiu d vi nhng
iu phi tri, h u theo v vi nh vua: Cc th t Tuyn Quang, Hng Ha v
Thi Nguyn phn nhiu cn mang lng ch xem. Vua mun dng vn co v
yn, sai tuyn b li d bo cho nhng iu ha phc, do h k nhau n hnh ti
triu kin2.
Nhng hc tr cha t, vua tuyn dng bng cch, cho h trnh by cch
thc gii quyt cng vic, ng trong phong b dn kn, ri trnh ln vua xem xt, ct
nhc b dng. Khng r s lng ngi d l bao nhiu nhng trng tuyn c 32
ngi. Nm 1802, Hc tr Bc H dng phong b kn trnh by cng vic. c
trng c 32 ngi l bn Phan Chnh Th, Nh Cng Thiu, Nguyn Duy Cung, Bi
Ph. Vua sai ghi tn b dng3.

2. B nhim cc quan chc c triu L cho cai qun cc


ph, huyn
Sau khi b nhim cc quan vn v, phn ln l nhng tng lnh tng xng
pha trn mc vi vua Gia Long chia tr cc trn Bc Thnh, vua ra li D rng:
Hin nay nc mi c yn, dn ng nga trng c mi. Bn ngi u nn
tuyn dng c ha, v yn nhn dn iu hao, khin dn ta u c yn nghip,
cho xng s y thc4. Ni dung li D t r mong mi c nh vua l v yn
nhn dn iu hao, khin dn ta u c yn nghip.
Nhng chc quan cp ph cc trn thuc Bc H phn ln u l quan chc
c triu L hoc hng cng. S chp: Cc trn Sn Nam thng h, Kinh Bc, Hi
Dng, Sn Ty, Thanh Hoa ni ngoi, Ngh An, mi ph t mt qun ph, mt tri
ph, kim l mt huyn, mi huyn t mt tri huyn, ly cc chc cai c, tham qun
v hng cng triu L c v nhng ngi dng phong b trnh vic c trng tuyn
b vo. Nhng ph huyn chu th dn Yn Qung, Thi Nguyn, Hng Ha,

1
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 504.
2
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 516.
3
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508.
4
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 504.

267
Tuyn Quang, Lng Sn, Cao Bng v Thanh Ngh th ly quan ngi th cho qun
lnh.
cc huyn th cho php chn cc s nhn l c hc ca cc trn c ra 23
ngi b lm tri huyn cc huyn1.
Nm 1805, cho php cc doanh, trn nu khuyt chc tri huyn th cho php
chn ngi bu c ln i Ch tuyn b. Nm 1811, vua li tip tc ra lnh cho
Bc Thnh v cc trn Thanh Hoa (Thanh Ha), Ngh An chn nhng ngi lm
vic t li lm t nm inh Mo (1797) tr v trc th khai r tn, tui, qu qun,
c tuyn dng nm no thuc ph huyn no th tu ln quyt nh thng b.
Vic tuyn chn c quy nh cht ch. V d, xt l lch, phm hnh ca tng
ngi cc a phng ri trnh ln vua, khi c Ch ca vua mi chnh thc c
b nhim.

3. Chnh sch i vi ngi h L v cc hong


thn triu L
Chnh sch ca vua Gia Long kh r rng. i vi thn dn mang h L, vua
v v cho yn nghip. Cn nhng hong thn nh L th tu theo ti nng, c m
giao vic. S chp: Nhng ngi cc h h L n hnh ti bi yt. Vua yn i ri
cho v. Ngi dng di nh L l L Duy t cng 400 ngi b thuc em kh gii
np trn Thanh Hoa ni. c trn Nguyn c Xuyn em vic tu ln. Sai triu
Duy t n hnh ti, cn b thuc th cho v yn nghip2.

4. Thu dng nhng quan chc c ca triu L v


nhng quan chc tng lm vic cho triu L
theo Ty Sn
Nhng quan chc c ca triu L, vua Gia Long cng cn nhc, nu hon ton
phc v nh L th thu dng, nhng nu t nh L theo Ty Sn th cng thu dng
theo v vic. V d, cho Ng Vn S lm Trn th Thanh Hoa ngoi, Nguyn Danh
Xn lm Tham hip. Ng Th Nhm v Phan Huy ch u l nhng ngi ni ting
trn nhiu lnh vc trong c ngoi giao. Vua bit sp c cuc bang giao vi nh
Thanh nn mc d bit h phc v cho triu Ty Sn n chu ti, nh vua cha xt
hi ngay m c dng vo vic bang giao ca triu nh. Cc Thng th gic l
Ng Nhm, Nguyn Gia Phan, Phan Huy ch n hnh ti chu ti. Vua cho l sp
c cuc bang giao m bn Nhm vn l by ti c ca triu L, quen cng vic,
Huy ch li tng lm s thn ca gic i sang nc Thanh, bn h lnh cho ngoi
phng hi n3. Vua thy nc mi yn nh, s sch tn mt, t dung thu

1
i Nam hi in s l, Nxb. Thun Ha, 1993, tr.300.
2
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 505.
3
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 505.

268
kha cha c nh chun, nghe T m gic l Nguyn Vn Dng tng coi vic h,
bn sai tng k cc ngch thu, do H b tu ln tng iu tham chc thi
hnh1.
Mt lot cc cu thn triu L c vua Gia Long b nhim nhng chc v
khc nhau: Ly Nguyn Duy Hp lm Th trung trc hc s, lnh chc Hip trn
Kinh Bc, L Duy n lm Kim hoa in trc hc s, lnh chc Hip trn Lng Sn,
L Huy Trm, Ng Xim v Nguyn nh T lm Thi ha in hc s, Nguyn
ng lm Kim hoa in hc s, Phm Thch, V Trinh lm Th trung hc s, V
nh T, Nguyn Huy Thng lm Cn chnh in hc s. Bn Duy Hp u l cu
thn nh L (V Trinh l hng cng, cn u l tin s), khi nh L mt, khng lm
quan vi gic, trn dn gian, n nay vo yt kin, vua cho ngi v yn i hi
thm, ban cho hu, ri c mnh y2.
S sch tng chp n nhng nhn vt nh Ng Th V (1774-1821) v
Nguyn Du (1765-1820). Ng Th V cha tng t nhng vn xut thn trong
gia tc nhiu i Tin S, T Thanh Oai (nay thuc H Ni). T Thanh Oai
tng lu truyn cu: H Ng mt b Tin s. Trong lch s, T Thanh Oai tng ni
danh l lng khoa bng. Nguyn Du mi n Tam trng nhng thuc dng h
Nguyn Tin in rt c th lc Thng Long. C hai ng u c vua Gia Long
vi ra lm quan. Ng Th V c thng n chc Hu Tham tri B Li tc L Kh
hu. Nguyn Du c thng n chc Hu Tham tri B L tc Du c hu.

5. Ku gi nhng tr thc n dt Bc H ra gip


triu nh
Nh Vua ra Chiu d cc cu thn nh L v cc hng cng n dt rng:
Mi y gic Ty Sn can phm o thng, lm cho tri t ti en trong lc y
c nhiu ngi n nu, khng mun lm quan cho gic, m m c gi ti l ch
thi. Nay ng gic dp yn, v cng c nh, chnh l bui chn hng vn ha, xy
dng tr bnh. Nhn ti trong i h chu cng vi c cy mc nt sao? Vy nn bo
co cho nhau, u n hnh ti cho bn Chng Tin qun Nguyn Vn Thnh,
L b ng c Siu, Tn l ng Trn Thng, Tham tri Phm Nh ng, Hc s
Nguyn Vin, ln lt dn vo yt kin. Ta s nghe li ni th vic lm, ty ti b
dng, cho ngi hin c c v, ngi ti c c chc, hp lng ngh, chia mu
lm, cng nn o tr nc. Do nhng ngi n dt Bc H tranh nhau ra
gip vic3.

1
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 506
2
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508.
3
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 507.

269
6. Khen thng b ti nh L c cng nh qun
Ty Sn.
Mt mt, vua Gia Long truy kch n cng hong thn ca nh Nguyn Ty
Sn, mt khc, i vi cu thn nh L c cng tham gia chng qun Ty Sn theo
ngha b mnh, n nay, c xt cng khen thng. i Nam thc lc chp:
Ghi chp cc b ti trung ngha Bc H. Chiu rng : Khen thng ngi trung
ngha l vic u ca nh nc. Mi y gic Ty Sn xng lon, hm hi nhn
dn, nhng ngi trung ngha ai cng cm gin, hoc ng thu nh L suy yu
liu mnh nh gic, n khi vic nc hng m cn cm qun chng gic, ht
lng ht sc, khng k c thua. Khi trm mi thu phc Gia nh, quyt ch dit
th, cng bit r mt tm trung thnh ca bn ngi, d mun dm non sng,
cng chng cho l xa cch, hng thng tin s, ng ngha cng nhiu Nay dit
qun hung c, c nh v cng, ngh n nhng ngi trung ngha y chnh nn khen
thng. Vy h lnh cho cc a phng Bc Thnh v Thanh Ngh, xt trc y c
ai theo ngha b mnh th cho con chu h hng em vic by tu, xt ban tut
in1.

7. Tha thu cho nhn dn Bc H v Thanh, Ngh


Nhn dn Bc H v Thanh, Ngh c triu nh ra lnh tha mt n hai
v thu ni sc dn: Min thu v h nm nay cho Bc Thnh, Ngh An v
Thanh Hoa ngoi trn. Vua cho rng v cng mi nh, nhn dn cha c li hi,
nn c bit xung lnh tha thu v h. Ngi no np ri th n ma ng s
tr. Duy huyn Ch Linh trn Hi Dng b tn t qu nhiu nn thu v ng cng
c min; Tha thu quan tn nm nay cho trn Lng Sn, cn nhng thu sn
vt th nh mi nm chia lm bn qu np2.
Mc ch lm yn lng dn trong c nc ca vua Gia Long cng ct gy
dng c s cn bn cho qu trnh xy dng vng triu, xy dng t nc. Nh vua
ra nhiu Chiu, D ku gi cc tng lp nhn dn, cu thn nh L hp tc v
tham gia b my hnh chnh cc cp cho triu Nguyn. i vi dng h Trnh cng
vy. Quan h thng gia lu i gia hai dng h Trnh - Nguyn nn chnh sch ca
vua Gia Long cng u i i vi h Trnh: Sai chn ngi dng di h Trnh
gi vic th cng h Trnh. Trc l khi i gi Bc pht, ngi h Trnh ai ai cng
s b git. Vua thu r tm tnh, xung chiu d rng: Tin th ta vi h Trnh vn l
ngha thng gia. Trung gian Nam Bc chia i, dn nn ngn cch, l vic
qua ca ngi trc, khng nn ni na. Ngy nay, trong ngoi mt nh, ngh li
mi tnh thch thuc bao i, thng ngi cn sng, nh ngi mt, nn ly tnh

1
i Nam thc lc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508.
2
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508, 509.

270
hu m i x. Vy nn cng bo cho nhau, hp chn ly mt ngi trng h gi
vic th cng, gi tnh ngha i i1.
Quan tm n i sng kinh t ca nhn dn, nh Vua cn ra lnh cho qun
lnh khng c cp bc, quy ri nhn dn. Nu ai vi phm th x theo qun php,
quan cai qun cng b x pht. Li rn cc qun thy b, chiu rng: Nay dn mi
theo v, lng cn s hi, ta ng ngh cch v v. Trc y rn bo cc qun,
n u khng c cp bc, m cn nghe c k tri phm, th ly g tha lng
mong mun ca dn ? T nay qun nhn u nn knh tun lnh cm. Nu ai quen
thi tri php, quy ri dn gian, b lnh tun bt c, hoc b dn s ti bt gic,
th x theo qun php. Quan cai qun cng b x nng2.
Tm li, chnh sch ca vua Gia Long i vi cu thn nh L vi nhng ni
dung nu trn cho thy, vic xy dng t nc, xy dng vng triu khng ging
nh em qun i nh trn m rt cn c nhn dn t Nam ra Bc ng lng ng
h. Dn l cn bn ca nc, v vy, Gia Long hiu hn ht nhng nm u khi mi
cm quyn l n nh nhn tm, hng nhn dn vo gung my hot ng ca
vng triu. Mi tng lp nhn dn Bc H u c vua Gia Long ra Chiu, D ku
gi gp cng sc xy dng vng triu. Trong , ng ch l nhng tr thc Nho
hc, nhng quan li c ca triu L tng quen vic triu chnh hoc nhng ngi
tng t, hoc nhng ngi c hc m cha t u c nh vua ty ti
m b dng, cho ngi hin c c v, ngi ti c c chc, hp lng ngh, chia
mu lm, cng nn o tr nc. Qua , thm mt kha cnh nhn nhn,
nh gi cng bng v vua u triu Nguyn - Gia Long.

1
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 508.
2
i Nam thclc, Chnh bin, tp I, Nxb. Gio Dc, H Ni, 2002, tr. 509.

271

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