Professional Documents
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Addition
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Technique : Add left to right
326 + 678 + 245 + 567 = 900, 1100, 1600, 1620, 1690, 1730, 1790, 1804, & 1816
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Note: Look for opportunities to combine numbers to reduce the number of steps to the solution. This was done
with 6+8 = 14 and 5+7 = 12 above. Look for opportunities to form 10, 100, 1000, and etc. between numbers
that are not necessarily next to each other. Practice!
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Multiplication & Squaring
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2 2 2 2 2
(a+b) = a + 2ab + b 49 = (40 + 9) = 1600 + 720 + 81 = 2401
(a-b) 2 = a2 2ab + b2 562 = (60 4) 2 = 3600 480 + 16 = 3136
(a+b) (a-b) = a2 b2 64 x 56 = (60 4) (60 + 4) = 3600 16 = 3584
(a+b) (c+d) = (ac + ad) + (bc + bd) 23 x 34 = (20 + 3) (30 + 4) = 600 + 80 + 90 + 12 = 782
(a+b) (c-d) = (ac ad) + (bc bd) 34 x 78 = (30 + 4) (80 2) = 2400 60 + 320 8 = 2652
(a-b) (c-d) = (ac ad) (bc bd) 67 x 86 = (70 3) (90 4) = 6300 280 270 + 12 = 5762
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X = 1 to 9 & Y = Any Number
(X5) 2 = 100X(X+1) + 25 652 = 600(7) + 25 = 4200 + 25 = 4225
25 x Y = (Y x 100)/4 25 x 76 = 7600/4 = 1900
50 x Y = (Y x 100)/2 50 x 67 = 6700/2 = 3350
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75 x Y = 3(Y x 100)/4 75 x 58 = (5800 x 3)/4 = 17400/4 = 4350
Multiply any Two 2 Digit Numbers (a & c = 10s digit, b & d = 1a digit)
Squaring Numbers 52 to 99
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Examples
a2 = [a (1000 a)]1000 + (1000 a) 2 9942 = (994 6)1000 + 6 2 = 988036
a2 = [a + (a 1000)]1000 + (a 1000) 2 10072 = (1007 + 7)1000 + 72 = 1014049
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Squaring Numbers that end in 1
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Squaring Numbers that end in 4
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Squaring Numbers that end in 6
a2 = (a + 1) 2 (2a + 1)
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792 = 802 (158 + 1) = 6400 159 = 6341
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2 2 2
a x b = (a + c) [b + (c 1) ] 79 x 92 = 86 (92 + 36) = 7396 128 = 7268
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Multiplying by 11
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add sum of digits x 10 76 x 11 = 706 + 130 = 836
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a x X1 = a + X0a 63 x 41 = 63 + (40 x 63) = 63 + 2520 = 2583
Multiplying by 15
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a x 15 = (a + a/2) x 10 77 x 15 = (77 + 38.5) x 10 = 1155
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Multiplying by 45
Multiplying by 55
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Techniques:
1) Learn to calculate from left to right: 1427 698 = (800 100) + (30 10) + 9 = 729
2) Think in terms of what number added to the smaller equals the larger: 785 342 = 443 (left to right)
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3) Add a number to the larger to round to next highest 0; then add same number to the smaller and subtract:
496 279 = (496 + 4) (279 + 4) = 500 283 = 217 (left to right)
4) Add a number to the smaller to round to the next highest 10, 100, 1000 and etc.; then subtract and add
the same number to the result to get the answer: 721 587 = 721 (587 + 13) = (721 600) + 13 = 134
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5) Subtract a number from each number and then subtract: 829 534 = 795 500 = 295
DIVISION
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Techniques: Examples
7)1792
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340 Remainders (3, 4, and 0 during calculations)
256 Answer
Divide both divisor and dividend by same number to get a short division problem
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10
972/27 divide both by 9 = 3)108
36
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Dividing by 5, 50, 500, and etc.: Multiply by 2 and then divide by 10, 100, 1000, and etc.
365/5 = 730/10 = 73
Dividing by 25, 250, 2500, and etc.: Multiply by 4 and divide by 100, 1000, 10000, and etc.
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results in a number equal to 0 or divisible by 11:
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12 if test for divisibility by 3 & 4 work
15 if test for divisibility by 3 & 5 work
Others by using tests above in different multiplication combinations
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SQUARE ROOTS Examples
Separate the number into groups of 2 digits or less beginning from the right
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(66049)1/2 6 60 49
4
45)260
225
507)3549
3549
0
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CUBE ROOTS
Note: the number ends in a 3. Last digit of cube will be 7 if this is a cube without a remainder
Since 7 cubed = 343 and 6 cubed = 216, the left most group of 300 is between them and we must use
the smaller, or 6.
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(636056)1/3
What number cubed is less than 636 = 8. Put 8 down as first part of answer
Square 8 for 64 and multiply by 300 = 19200. Divide into 114056 = 6, add the 8 and 6 = 14
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Multiply 14 x 30 = 420, add 420 to 19200 = 19620, square the 6 and add to 19620 = 19656
If 6 x 19656 is less than 124056, then it is not necessary to use lower number.
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512
19656)124056
117936
7120
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USE ESTIMATES
Use estimates to check your answers. Get in the habit of doing this for all calculations.
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NOTE: Considerable care has been taken to eliminate errors in this document, but the author does not
guarantee that the document is error free by implication or in fact.
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