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Outline

Title : The Correlation Between Menopause and Coronary Heart Disease

Chapter 1. Introduction

Background

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States
for men and women. According to the American Heart Association, more than 15
million people have some form of the condition. There are many factors can influence
this condition. One of them is menopause. It is the fall in the levels of these
hormones in the bloodstream that gives rise to the symptoms of menopause and
makes metabolism disorder in the body. Men in 40 years old have a higher risk of
CHD than women. But, as women get older, their risk increases so that it is almost
equal to a man's risk.

Problem
The misleading notion that heart disease is not a real problem for women can be
blamed in part on medical research. For a very long time, heart disease studies have
focused primarily on men. Changes are under way, but some doctors still fail to
recognize the warning signs displayed by female patients.

Limitation of Problem
What is Coronary heart Disease?
What is Menopause?
What is the link between Menopause and Coronary Heart Disease?
How do we prevent Coronary Heart Disease in Menopause woman?

Objective
After reading this paper, the writer hopefully is successful on giving greater
information regarding to the correlation between menopause and coronary heart
disease. From this paper, we can get more information about menopause and its
impact on coronary heart disease. Because this paper tells us about the definition,
etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and prevention.
Method of Writing
I look up these materials of menopause and coronary heart disease in some
textbooks in the library. I also collect many information from journals and articles
by using internet on-line.

Frame of Writing

Chapter1. introduction

Chapter2. literature review menopause

Chapter3. literature review coronary heart disease

Chapter4. the correlation between menopause and coronary heart disease

Chapter5. conclusion

References

Chapter 2. Literature Review

Chapter 2

2. Menopause

2.1 Definition

Menopause is the time in a woman's life when the function of the ovaries

ceases.

2.2 Etiology

Menopause is a natural event that normally occurs between the ages of 45 and

55. Once menopause is complete (called postmenopause) and you have not

had a period for 1 year, you are no longer at risk of becoming pregnant.
2.3 Epidemiology

The average age of menopause is 51 years old. But there is no way to predict

when an individual woman will enter menopause. The age at which a woman

starts having menstrual periods is also not related to the age of menopause

onset.

2.4 Symptomatology

The symptoms of menopause are caused by changes in estrogen and

progesterone levels. The ovaries make less of these hormones over time. The

specific symptoms and how significant (mild, moderate, or severe) they are

varies from woman to woman.

2.5 Diagnosis

Blood and urine tests can be used.

2.6 Therapy and Treatment

Medical treatment is available for women who are troubled by symptoms of

the menopause such as hormone replacement therapy.

Chapter 3

3. Coronary Heart Disease

3.1 Definition

The walls of arteries can become furred up with fatty deposits. This

process is known as atherosclerosis and the fatty deposits are called

atheroma. If your coronary arteries become narrow due to a build-up of


atheroma, the blood supply to your heart will be restricted. This can cause

angina (chest pains).

3.2 Etiology

Coronary heart disease is usually caused by a condition called

atherosclerosis, which occurs when fatty material and other substances form

a plaque build-up on the walls of arteries.

3.3 Epidemiology

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United

States for men and women. According to the American Heart Association,

more than 15 million people have some form of the condition. Men in

their 40s have a higher risk of CHD than women. But, as women get older,

their risk increases so that it is almost equal to a man's risk. Coronary heart

disease (CHD) is the UK's biggest killer, around one in five men and one

in seven women die from the disease. CHD causes around 94,000 deaths

in the UK each year. In the UK, there are an estimated 2.6 million people

living with the condition and angina (the most common symptom of

coronary heart disease) affects 2 million people. CHD affects more men

than women, and your chances of getting it increase as you get older.

3.4 Symptomatology

Chest pain or discomfort (angina) is the most common symptom. This

pain it caused when the heart is not getting enough blood or oxygen.

3.4 Diagnosis
Many exam could use to diagnosis coronary heart disease like coroary

angiography, echocardiogram, etc.

3.5 Therapy and Treatment

Treatments for coronary heart disease (CHD) may include lifestyle

changes, medicines, and medical procedures.

Chapter 4. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MENOPAUSE AND CORONARY HEART


DISEASE

During menopause, the fat levels within a womans blood will increase. The fats
are called lipids, and cholesterol levels are calculated by determining the number of lipids
in a unit of blood. There are two specific types of cholesterol that can affect the
development of heart disease. These types are HDL and LDL. HDL, or high density
lipoprotein, is beneficial. It works to clean the blood and eliminate excess fat. However,
LDL stands for low density lipoprotein. This component works to make fat stick to the
walls of the arteries, within the body. When this fat causes the passageway to become
blocked, a heart attack can occur.

Chapter 5. Conclusion

References.

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