Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1067
1068 Monti and Alessandri
Giorgio Monti is a Full Professor of Structural Engineering at the University La
Sapienza of Rome. He is member of the Commission Design of fib (fdration
internationale du bton), in the groups Seismic Concrete Design, Computer-based
Modelling and Design and Design of Structures Reinforced by FRP. His research
interests span from reliability to the assessment and retrofitting of existing structures in
seismic zones.
INTRODUCTION
A possible way to obtain this behavior is to apply FRP sheets along the column
faces, with the fibers oriented parallel to the column axis, at the end zones. From the
technological standpoint, this solution requires to conceive appropriate devices to fasten
the FRP sheet ends to the beams soffit, so that they can contribute their full strength at
the critical column section, without debonding.
Once this practical aspect is solved, the problem remains of determining the
adequate amount of FRPstrengthening to be applied to the column sections in order to
obtain the sought flexural capacities.
This is done by first presenting the classic treatment for unstrengthened column
sections, with the purpose of introducing the notation of the nondimensional approach
and to describe the failure modes considered. Then, the equations are extended to the
case of FRPstrengthened column sections, after which, the quite cumbersome exact
approach followed so far is made more accessible and usable by simplification of the
equations through a secant approach. This produces a segmentation of the bending
momentaxial load interaction domain that compares to the exact one reasonably well.
The summary of the procedure concludes the paper.
UNSTRENGTHENED SECTIONS
UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
Reinforced concrete section analysis at the ultimate limit state under combined
bending and axial is based on the following usual hypotheses:
plane sections remain plane (linear strains);
perfect bond between steel and concrete;
no tensile strength in concrete;
nonlinear stress-strain laws for steel (bilinear) and concrete (parabola-
rectangle).
The strain state over the section is uniquely defined by the concrete compression strain c
and by the steel tensile strain s. Flexural failure occurs when one of the following
conditions is met: c = cu = 0.0035, the concrete ultimate strain, or s = su = 0.01, the
steel ultimate strain. Referring to the representation in
Figure 1, sectional failure can occur in one of the following modes (yd = 0.002 =
yield strain):
c < cu and s = su (mode 1);
c = cu and yd s < su (mode 2);
c = cu and 0 s < yd (mode 3).
Exact approach
Consider a rectangular cross-section with different top and bottom reinforcement, under
combined bending and axial load. The nondimensional equilibrium equations
(translation and rotation) can be written as follows:
+ s ( s ' u s ) = nSd (1)
(1 + 5)
nd 1 = + s (u 1) , for 's = yd (4)
9
The nondimensional resisting moment varies between the boundaries:
mRd 0 = 0.5 s (1 5u )(1 ) , for c = 0 (5)
(1 + 5) (1 + 5)
mRd 1 = (1 + ) + s (1 )(u + 1) , for 's = yd (6)
18 9
FRPRCS-7 1071
Through the secant method and assuming a typical value of = 0.05 , the equation of the
resisting moment for mode 1a is given by:
1 1.2 + 12 s u
mRd (1a ) (nd ) 0.475 s (1 0.25u ) + [ nd + s (1 + 0.25u )] (7)
2 1.4 + 12 s u
Through the secant method and assuming a typical value of = 0.05 , the equation of the
resisting moment for mode 3 is given by:
1 + 10 s
mRd (3) (nSd ) 0.14 + 0.475 s (u + 1) [ nSd 0.51 s (u 1)] (21)
7 + 20 s
FRPSTRENGTHENED SECTIONS
UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
The strain state over the section is uniquely defined by the concrete compression
strain c and by the FRP tensile strain f. Flexural failure occurs when one of the
following conditions is met: c = cu = 0.0035, the concrete ultimate strain, or f = fd, the
FRP ultimate strain (usually, debonding). For this latter it is assumed, with any loss of
generality, that, when f = fd , steel has yielded, i.e., yd s su (yd = 0.002, su =
0.01 are the steel yield and ultimate strain, respectively).
Exact approach
Consider a rectangular crosssection with different top and bottom reinforcement and
with FRP strengthening at the bottom, under combined bending and axial load. The non
dimensional equilibrium equations (translation and rotation) can be written as follows:
+ s ( s ' u s ) f s f = nSd (22)
with the same definitions as for the case of unstrengthened section, and where the ratio
Af f fdd
f = represents the FRPstrengthening mechanical ratio, where Af = FRP
0.85 f cd b d
area, and ffdd = debonding strength; sf = FRP stress ratio, given by:
s f = f f fdd (24)
Mode 1 is also subdivided into two submodes: mode 1a and mode 1b, which
differ in the compression steel state, either elastic or yielded.
2 yd (1 + ) + fd
nd 1 = + s (u 1) f , for 's = yd (26)
3 yd + fd
2 yd (1 + ) + fd 1 yd (1 + ) + fd
mRd 1 = 0.5 (1 + ) +
3 yd + fd 3 yd + fd , for 's = yd (28)
+0.5 s (1 )(u + 1) + 0.5 f (1 + )
In order to simplify the above equations, one can assume, without loss of accuracy, = 0 .
Introducing the variable:
yd 2 r
1 = = = (29)
yd + fd 2 + 1000 fd r + 1
where:
FRPRCS-7 1075
2
r= (30)
1000 fd
and
2
nd 1 = 1 + s (u 1) f , for 's = yd (32)
3
The nondimensional resisting moment varies between the boundaries:
1
mRd 0 ( s + f ) , for c = 0 (33)
2
and
2 1 1 1 1
mRd 1 1 1 + s ( u + 1) + f , for 's = yd (34)
3 2 3 2 2
cu (1 + )
nd 2 = 0.8 + s (u 1) f , for c = cu (36)
cu + fd
2 yd (1 + ) + fd 1 yd (1 + ) + fd
mRd 1 = 0.5(1 + ) +
3 yd + fd 3 yd + fd , for 's = yd (37)
+0.5 s (1 )(u + 1) + 0.5 f (1 + )
1 1 1
mRd 2 0.8 2 0.4 2 + s (u + 1) + f , for c = cu (43)
2 2 2
0.36 +
Mode 2 It is defined by: fd f yd , c = cu , 's yd ; the
0.36
limiting conditions are: f = fd and s = yd . Stress ratios are: s '= 1 , s = 1 ,
0.36 + (1 + )
1 sf r . The neutral axis depth varies between the boundaries: = cu
0.36 cu + fd
for f = fd , and = 0.636 , for s = yd .
The corresponding nondimensional axial load varies between the boundaries:
cu (1 + )
nd 2 = 0.8 + s (u 1) f , for f = fd (44)
cu + fd
0.63 +
nd 3 = 0.51 + s (u 1) f r , for s = yd (45)
0.63
The nondimensional resisting moment varies between the boundaries:
cu (1 + ) cu (1 + )
mRd 2 = 0.8 0.5(1 + ) 0.4 +
cu + fd cu + fd , for f = fd (46)
+0.5 s (1 )(u + 1) + 0.5 f (1 + )
FRPRCS-7 1077
mRd 3 = 0.51[ 0.5(1 + ) 0.25] + 0.5 s (1 )(u + 1) +
0.63 + , for s = yd (47)
+ 0.5 f (1 + )r
0.63
Assuming = 0 , the axial load varies between the boundaries:
nd 2 = 0.8 2 + s (u 1) f , for f = fd (48)
1 1
mRd 3 0.12 + s (u + 1) f r , for s = yd (51)
2 2
All the equations developed above can be easily transformed into more treatable ones
through the following coordinate shift:
= nSd + s (1 u ) + f (52)
1
= mRd s (u + 1) + f (53)
2
By which one can define the new boundary values for the axial load and the resisting
moment at each failure mode.
0 = nSd + s (1 u ) + f = s u (54)
1 1
0 = mRd s (u + 1) + f = s u (55)
2 2
for c = 0 , and:
2
1 = 1 (56)
3
2 1 1
1= 1 1 (57)
3 2 3
for 's = yd .
2
1 = 1 (59)
3
2 1 1
1= 1 1 (60)
3 2 3
2 = 0.8 2 (61)
1
2 = 0.8 2 0.4 2 (62)
2
for c = cu .
2 = 0.8 2 (64)
1
2 = 0.8 2 0.4 2 (65)
2
for f = fd , and:
3 = 0.51 + f (1 r ) (66)
1
3 = 0.12 + f ( r 1) (67)
2
for s = yd .
1 (0.75 3 ) 2 (1 2 )
(2) () = 2 (1 2 ) + ( 2 ) (68)
2 3 2
FRPRCS-7 1079
1080 Monti and Alessandri
CONCLUSIONS
A study has been presented that proposes an approach to design the amount of
FRP to strengthen RC columns sections with insufficient bending capacity. The method
accounts for the interaction between bending and axial load. Two approaches are
compared: an exact one vs. an approximate one, which makes use of a secant method.
The resulting interaction diagram obtained with the latter shows very little deviation from
the exact one, with the significant advantage of using extremely simple equations for the
different failure modes. The proposed method lends itself to a straightforward design of
FRP strengthening of underdesigned concrete columns: starting from the assigned axial
load, the failure mode is directly found and the corresponding moment capacity
computed. It has been shown that the failure mode depends on the amount of both the
existing steel reinforcement and the added FRP strengthening and that the failure mode
can be modified by adjusting the amount of the latter.
NOTATION
Teng J.G., Chen J.S., Smith S.T., Lam (2002) FRP Strengthened RC Structures. John
Wiley and Sons. Ltd. Chirchester, England