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V gic l mt hnh thc cm nhn ha hc trc tip. V gic l mt trong nm gic quan ca
con ngi. Khi nim v gic cp n kh nng pht hin mi v ca cc cht nh thc phm,
mt s khong cht v cc cht c (c t). con ngi v ng vt c xng sng khc, s
cm nhn v kt hp vi mt phn cm nhn mi trong nhn thc ca no v mi v. phng
Ty, ngi ta xc nh c bn cm gic v truyn thng: mn, ngt, chua v ng. Trong khi
ngi phng ng quan nim c nm v c bn l mn, ngt, chua, cay v ng, hoc thm
ch l su v (thm v umami). Gn y, cc nh vt l tm thn hc v thn kinh hc xut
mt danh mc v (ni bt nht l v ca axit bo, cng nh v kim loi v v nc, mc d v nc
thng c b qua do hin tng thch nghi vi v [cn dn ngun]). V gic l mt chc nng cm
gic ca h thn kinh trung ng. Cc t bo tip nhn v ca con ngi c trn b mt ca li,
dc theo vm ming v trong biu m ca hng v np thanh qun.
Xc gic V gic
Mc lc
[n]
1Khi qut
2Cc v c bn
o 2.1V ng
o 2.2V mn
o 2.3V chua
o 2.4V ngt
o 2.5V umami
o 2.6V bo[13]
3Cc v khc
o 3.1V canxi
o 3.2V cht
o 3.5V the mt
o 3.6V t
o 3.7V Kokumi
o 3.8Nhit
4Hu v
5S kt hp v
7Cht iu v
8Ch thch
9Lin kt ngoi
Tt c nhng cm gic v pht sinh t mi vng ca khoang ming, v quan nim sai lm nhng
kh ph bin v mt "s v gic" trong s cm nhn cc v khc nhau tng ng vi phn
ca li.[10] Quan nim ny do b dch nhm t mt vn bn ting c, v tn ti trong cc
trng hc Bc M k t u th k XX. [11] C s khc bit rt nh trong s cm th cc hp
cht ca cc vng khc nhau trn li. Cc v gic n l (c cha khong 100 t bo cm th
mi v), trn thc t, thng gi n mt trong s nm v c bn. [cn dn ngun]
Con ngi cm nhn v thng qua cc c quan cm gic c gi l "v gic", tp trung trn b
mt trn ca li, nhng mt s t cng c tm thy trn khoang ming, thc y hn na
cm gic v m chng ta c th cm nhn c. Cc nh khoa hc m t nm v c bn: mn,
ng, chua, ngt v v umami. Cc v c bn l ch mt thnh phn gp phn vo cm gic ca
thc phm trong ming, cc yu t khc bao gm mi (cm nhn bng khu gic), cu trc
(pht hin bng cc th th c hc) v cm gic nhit (pht hin bi cc th th nhit). Mi v
v thng c gp chung thnh "mi v".
Cc v c bn[sa | sa m ngun]
Trong mt thi gian di, ngi ta cho rng c mt s hu hn v nh cc "v c bn". Cng nh
vi cc mu c bn, cc "v c bn" c ngun gc ch yu t bn thn nhn thc ca con ngi,
trong trng hp ny l cc v khc nhau ca li con ngi c th xc nh. n nhng nm
2000, s lng cc "v c bn" c coi l bn. Gn y, mt v th nm, umami, c
xut bi nhiu c quan lin quan n lnh vc ny. [12] Nm 2015, v bo cng c cng nhn l
"v c bn" th su[13]
V ng[sa | sa m ngun]
V mn[sa | sa m ngun]
V chua[sa | sa m ngun]
V ngt[sa | sa m ngun]
V umami[sa | sa m ngun]
Con ngi c cm th v c bit khi pht hin ca cc axit amin, v d, axit glutamic. Axit
amin l nhng cu trc t cc protein v c trong tht, pho mt, c v cc thc phm giu
protein khc. V d v cc thc phm c cha glutamat (v do c v umami mnh) l tht
b, tht cu, pho mt, nc tng v nc mm. Glutamat cho cm gic v mnh nht khi kt
hp vi ion natri c trong mui n. Cc loi nc st v nc chm thng c c v mn v v
umami.
V bo[13][sa | sa m ngun]
Cc v khc[sa | sa m ngun]
V canxi[sa | sa m ngun]
V cht[sa | sa m ngun]
Mt s thc phm, chng hn nh hoa qu cha chn, c cha cht tanin hoc canxi
oxalat gy ra mt cm gic se hoc th ca mng nhy ca ming hoc rng. V d nh tr,
ru vang , i hong, qu hng cha chn v chui xanh.
V cht cho cm gic "kh", "th", "km cht lng" (c bit l i vi ru vang), "chua
gt" (thng khi cp n chua), "cao su", "cng" [18]
Trong m thc truyn thng n , v cht l mt trong 6 v c bn [19] (Kasaaya trong ting
Phn, nm v khc l ngt, chua, mn, ng v nng/cay).
V t[sa | sa m ngun]
Hu v[sa | sa m ngun]
S kt hp v[sa | sa m ngun]
S tng tr ()
S suy gim v mu sc
nh hng ca hormon
Bin i gen
[23]
Cc nguyn nhn t thn kinh
Ngt mi
Thiu km
Cc hp cht iu v c th tng cng v ngt hay v mn cho thc phm c th gip chng
bnh bo ph v bnh tim.
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V
V v v gic
1. nh ngha v v
V l c tnh ca mt cht hay mt hp cht m con ngi hay ng vt c th cm nhn
c khi ha tan cht trong ming v gy ra c cm gic.
2. S cm nhn v ca v gic
S cm nhn v bng v gic l mt qu trnh tip nhn theo c ch ha hc. kch thch s
tip nhn v cht c v phi c ha tan trong nc bt thng qua cc c quan nm trn
mt li, trong vng ming v yt hu.
Nc bt l dung dch c tnh acid yu ( pH = 5,6 6,7), khng mu, khng mi, khng v, c
tc dng lm mm thc phm, sau to iu kin cho thc phm ha tan v kch thch ln dy
thn kinh ngoi bin, tham gia phn ng gia cht c v v u dy thn kinh, lm sch li v
c kh nng st trng.
4.3.Tc phn ng ca v gic Tc phn ng ca v gic chm hn so vi tc cc cm
gic khc, v trong tng loi v gic tc ny cng khc nhau. Tc cm nhn trung bnh ca
:
V mn l 0,307 s
V ngt l 0,446 s
V chua l 0,536 s
V ng l 1,082 s
http://123doc.org/document/1548129-danh-gia-chat-luong-thuc-pham-tran-xuan-hien-docx.htm
http://www.slideshare.net/hoannguyencong790/nh-gi-cm-quan-thc-phm
umami l mt trong s cc v c bn
Khi nm thc n, chng ta cm nhn c cm gic ngon thng qua vic s dng tt c nm
gic quan nh khu gic, th gic v xc gic. Tt nhin trong v gic l gic quan quyt nh.
Nhng yu t quan trng ca kh nng chp nhn thc phm chnh l cc v: ngt, chua,
mn, ng v umami c bit n nh cc v c bn. Mt v c bn l mt v c lp v
khng th c to thnh ngay c khi tng hp t cc v khc. Trong cc v c bn, umami c
gio s Kikunae Ikeda khm ph vo nm 1908. ng tp trung vo v ca kombu dashi (nc
dng nu t to b), v khm ph ra rng thnh phn ca v chnh l glutamate. ng t tn
cho v ny l umami.
Trn b mt li c 3 loi gai v gic, mi gai v gic li c cha cc chi v gic. ngi trng
thnh c khong 7.500 12.000 chi v gic. Chi v gic c to thnh t cc t bo v gic,
trn b mt ca cc t bo ny c cha th th cm nhn v. Cc th th ny s tip nhn cc
cht to v. Li ngi c cc c ch pht hin cc v c bn bao gm ngt, chua, mn,
ng, umami v truyn thng tin v v ti cc dy thn kinh v gic. S tn ti ca cc th th
ny cho thy s cn thit phi cng nhn nm v c bn v mt sinh l hc. Cc nh khoa hc
cng nhn umami l mt v c bn v cng ging nh cc v c bn khc, c mt th th c
hiu pht hin v umami v tn hiu v v ny cng c truyn ti no thng qua dy thn kinh
v gic.
Cc cht chnh to v umami
https://www.ajinomoto.com/features/aji-no-moto/vi/umami/
6. V GIC
V gic, cng vi khu gic, gip phn bit, la chn thc n. C hai gic quan c lin quan nhiu n chc nng cm xc v hnh vi
ca h thn kinh, c bit l ng vt. Cn phn bit cm gic v gic vi hng v ca thc n; hng v thc n l tng hp ca
cc tnh cht v v, v mi, v xc gic v nhit ca thc n.
6.1. Receptor v gic
6.1.1. V tr v phn b. Trn li c bn loi gai, ba loi gai c n v gic, mt loi c cc receptor c hc. Receptor v gic l cc n
v gic nm trn cc gai v gic li.
Cc n v gic phn b khng u trn li. Mt s ln nm cc gai ch V li (mi gai c khong 200 n v gic), mt s t hn
nm cc gai c hnh nm trn din phng trc li, mt s nm cc gai dc hai bn li. Ngoi ra, c mt s n v gic nm ri
rc vm hu, tr mn hu, thm ch gn u thc qun. Ngi trng thnh c khong 10.000 n v gic, tr nh c t hn. T
46 tui tr ln, cc n v gic thoi ha nhanh chng lm cho kh nng phn bit v gic km i. T bo v gic c chu k sng khong
vi ngy. Cc t bo thoi ha c thay th bi cc t bo mi, pht sinh t cc t bo m. S tip xc vi nron i ti lm t bo
biu m bin thnh t bo v gic. Nu ct t lin h thn kinh th cc t bo v gic b mt.
Mi n v gic gm 40 60 t bo v gic l cc t bo biu m b bin i v cc t bo chng . Mi n v gic c mt l nh; cc
phn t ha hc trong thc n qua l ny i vo bn trong n v gic. Cc receptor nm cc vi nhung mao ca t bo v gic,
hng v cc l nh (hnh 16.8).
Hnh 16.8. N v gic
Cc n v gic ca hai phn ba trc li nhn cc si ca dy thn kinh mt (dy V), cc si mt phn ba sau li nhn cc si
ca dy li hu (dy IX), cc n hu nhn si ca dy X.
Dng vi in cc nghin cu ring r tng n v gic khi b kch thch bi tng cm gic v gic c bn, ngi ta thy phn ln cc n
v gic p ng vi hai, ba thm ch bn v khc nhau v hn na. Tuy nhin, mt n v gic nhy cm hn vi mt hay hai v c bn
ni trn. Nh vy receptor v gic cng c tnh c hiu nht nh.
6.1.2. Kch thch v gic
6.1.2.1. Cc v c bn. Tc nhn gy cm gic v gic phi ha tan trong nc bt trc khi kch thch receptor. Cc nghin cu tm
sinh l, sinh l xc nh c 13 receptor cc t bo v gic (receptor vi natri, kali, clo, adenosin, inosin, ngt, ng, glutamat, ion
hydro). Cc loi receptor trn c th c gp vo bn loi receptor cho bn cm gic v c bn l ngt, mn, chua v ng. Ngi
ta cho rng hng trm cm gic v gic khc nhau m ngi ta nhn cm c l s t hp khc nhau ca bn cm gic c bn ny.
Bn cm gic ny c coi l c s ca tt c mi cm gic v gic, ging nh ba mu c bn l c s to ra mun mu.
- Cm gic chua do cc acid gy ra. Cng cm gic chua t l thun vi logarit nng ion hydro, acid cng m th cng gy
cm gic chua nhiu.
- Cm gic mn do cc mui phn ly gy ra. V mn ca cc mui khc nhau cng khc nhau. Cc ion dng gy cm gic mn
nhiu hn l cc ion m.
- Cm gic ngt do nhiu cht gy ra, phn ln l cc cht hu c nh cc cht ng, glycol, alcol, aldehyd, ceton, amid, ester, acid
amin, acid sulfonic v mt vi mui v c. iu l th l ch cn thay i mt cht v cu trc ha hc ca cc cht gy ngt (v d,
thm vo mt gc ha hc) cng lm cho n gy ra v ng.
- Cm gic ng do nhiu cht gy ra v hu ht l cc cht hu c trong c cc cht c chui di cha nit v cc alcaloid (c
ph, strychnin, nicotin, quinin v nhiu loi thuc). C cht gy cm gic ngt lc u, sau li gy cm gic ng (saccarin). Cm
gic ng mnh gy phn x tng thc n ra ngoi. C th y l mc ch bo v c th ca cm gic v nhiu cht c gy cht c
trong thc vt l cc alcaloid c v rt ng.
u li ch yu nhn cm v ngt v v mn; hai bn li ch yu nhn cm v chua; pha sau li v mn hu nhn cm v ng.
6.1.2.2. Ngng kch thch. Ngng kch thch v gic l nng thp nht ca cht trong dung mi gy cm gic v. Mi
cm gic v c ngng khc nhau. Ngng ca cm gic ng thp hn nhiu so vi ngng ca cc cm gic khc. C ngi b
mt cm gic v i vi mt s cht, nht l cc hp cht thuc loi thio ur. Cht phenylthiocarbamat thng c dng pht
hin chng ic v.
C hng trm cm gic v gic khc nhau nhng cc cm gic ny c coi l t hp ca
bn cm gic v gic c bn l chua, mn, ngt v ng. Mi n v gic c th nhn cm
nhiu v khc nhau nhng nhy cm hn vi mt hay hai v. Mi cm gic v gic c mt
ngng kch thch khc nhau.
6.2. Dn truyn cm gic v gic v trung tm nhn cm gic v gic
in th hot ng c dn truyn theo cc dy thn kinh mt (t 2/3 trc li), dy li
- hu (t phn sau li), dy X (t nn li). Cc ng ny u v nhn n c. T nhn
ny, nron th hai ti nhn bng sau gia ca i th i bn. T i th, nron th ba i
ti v no. Vng nhn cm v gic trn v no nm gn vng cm gic li trn vng SI.
ng i v ni tn cng ca ng dn truyn v gic i st vi ng cm gic chung
ca li (hnh 16.9).
Mt khc, t nhn n c, cc xung ng v gic c truyn thng ti nhn nc bt trn
v nhn nc bt di v xung ng t cc nhn ny ti kch thch cc tuyn nc bt bi
tit.
6.3. c im ca cm gic v gic
- Cm gic v gic c tnh thch nghi rt nhanh, c th thch nghi hon ton trong vi pht.
Receptor ch c kh nng m bo ti 50% s thch nghi, phn cn li l do thch nghi h
thn kinh. S a thch hay ght s mt v no y c lin quan n nhu cu cn c v (v
d thm v a v ngt khi ng huyt h, thm v thch v mn khi thiu mui), do kinh
nghim tri qua v l do c ch phn x thn kinh trung ng ch khng phi ti
receptor.
- Cm gic v gic chu nh hng ca cc cm gic khc. Cm gic khu gic tng cng
cm gic v gic. Cc cm gic khc ca li c nh hng ti nhn cm v gic. Cm gic
lnh lm tng cm gic ngt; c thm mt t mui lm tng cm gic ngt ca glucose. Thc
n th rp v cay qu li gy cm gic au. S phi hp gia cc cm gic trn v th gic
gip ngi ta ch bin, la chn thc n theo mun, theo nhu cu ca c th.
http://kienthucykhoatructuyen.blogspot.com/2016/08/bai-16-sinh-ly-he-than-kinh-cam-giac-ts_30.html
http://www.imonanngon.info/2013/04/cac-vung-vi-giac-tren-luoi.html