DISSERTATION REPORT ON ETHOS OF PAST, VL A SUBMITTED BY: ANVITA JAIN CO-ORDINATE BY: AR. MEENAKSHI SINGH UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: AR. PURVEE SHARMA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE IPS Academy, Indore Rajiv Gandhi Proudhyogiki Vishvavidhyalaya Month Year September 2013-14Introduction With the arrival of Muslims in India, from twelfth century AD onwards, the merger of local and immigrated architectural techniques resulted into an astounding style In the same way, their passive cooling techniques in buildings were merged together to provide new ways to cope with the extremes of the climate. ‘The buildings consume natural energy in three wa Maintaining the internal environment of spaces to make them comfortable. Controlling the microclimate. Procuring and manufacturing of materials for construction. Passive cooling techniques are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes th ¢ efficiency of the building envelope without any use of mechanical devices. Itrely on natural heat sinks to remove heat from the building. They derive cooling directly from evaporation, convection, and radiation without using any intermediate device. All passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in temperature and relative humidity. The applicability of each system depends on the climatic conditions. ‘These design strategies reduce heat gains to internal spaces-Natural Ventilation Earth Air Tunnels Shading Evaporative Cooling Wind Towers- Passive Down Draught Cooling- Courtyard Effect Roof Sp:Climatic Characteristics And Microclimatic control Before discussing the tools of passive cooling techniques used by Mughals, it would be pertinent to have some idea of the climate prevailing in North India. Composite climate occurs in most of the areas ruled by Mughals in North India which is characterized by dominated hot and dry conditions two third of the year and, a somewhat cold and a warm humid season occur in the remaining one third of the year. The gardens of paradise mentioned in the Holy Quran have been the source of inspiration throughout the Islamic world . Mughals also used this tool not only as a symbol but to improve the quality of the immediate surrounding environment of their buildings that is microclimate. The environment outside the building is important to control the inside temperature of the building, Ught coloured root . touwed vents insulation summet AY > summer cooling breezes shading planting against AoneClimatic Characteristics And Microclimatic control Canal of paradise (water channel passing through indoor space) Water body at fatehpur sikri | Vegetation around Agra Fort Fountain improves air quality Universal business school, Karjat, MumbaiIntegrated Indoor-Outdoor Living EEE Red fort is entirely surrounded by garden Universal business school, Birkha bawari, Jodhpur Karjat, Mumbai + Notall the spaces in past buildings were maintained naturally comfortable at all times. + With minor inconvenience, the users were suggested to shift from less comfortable spaces to more comfortable spaces depending upon the seasonal changes. Step wells are the source of summer as Sy) Verandah act as well as the shelter for buffer between summers. indoor and outdoor spaces.Integrated Indoor-Outdoor Living In Red Fort, Delhi Emperor’s throne is surrounded by two sets of opening Bamboo roll screens for opening to prevent sun’s penetration. Druk White Lotus school, ladhakThermal Mass Thick walls wg provides thermal insulation. Vaults at nalanda international a school, vadodara JDT Islam - campus, Calicut Part of domical roof is Outer surface shades the « always shaded. wall itself. -When the outer temperature is lowered at night, the high emissive property of the walls allows cooling down the wall surfaces rapidly. = ‘Arehed ceiling helps +Flat roofs get more radiations while vaulted and domed roofs prevent the to cool internal space absorption of heat of the summer’s vertical sun of the roof.All windows Well sealed windows Passively shaded allow cross-ventilation Courtyard asa moderator of internal Cc climate (Saw / ‘Air cooled by evaporation HOM I a ll Courtyard with vegetation and Unie Backes ey water body enhances hu School Kariat, Mumbai Courtyard provide shade.The Courtyard House, Beawar, Rajasthan Landscaped cou:+The natural cooling may be achieved by cutting off the sun's radiations. +The sunshades not only protect from sun’s radiations through Shading the windows but walls too Devices Deep inclinations protect walls and z openings from ‘Deep carving causes sun, mutual shading. Horizontal (deciduous vine) and vertical shadingCooling. swe 1. Ground cover Water channel outside 2. Watersprinkler — « nie i fice oon 3. Insulated roof a typical section showing passive solar 4, Shading trees features of WALMI building, Bhopal 5. Water trough Evaporative cooling is a passive cooling technique in which outdoor air is cooled by evaporating water before it is introduced in the building «Its physical principle lies in the fact that the heat of air is used to evaporate Salsabil increases humidity in air water, thus cooling the air, which in turn cools the living space in the building *To enhance the process of evaporation, fountains were used which mixed the moisture to the air and increased the humidity. *At times, salsabilwas used to maintain the water pressure to force the water to come out of the fountain head,Passive Down Draught Cooling Passive Downdraught Evaporative Cooling in Torrent Research Centre, Ahmadabad. *Passive downdraft evaporative cooling systems consist of a downdraft tower with wetted cellulose pads at the top of the tower. +Water is distributed on the top of the pads, collected at the bottom into a sump and re-circulated by a pump. *These towers are often described as reverse chimneys. *While the column of warm air rises in a chimney, in this case the column of cool air falls. “The air flow rate depends on the efficiency of the evaporative cooling device, tower height and cross section, as well as the resistance to air flow in the cooling device, tower and structure (if any) into which it discharges.Domed canopy and ent near wide entrance space dome allow hot *Natural ventilation is the result of differential wind fimeriogeicas air to escape. forces on various building surfaces and temperature difference between outside and inside air. *There are several factors which affects the air flow within the buildings such as microclimate, size and proportion of windows, orientation with respect to wind direction ete. +When the air with a greater velocity enters into a wider space, sudden expansion results in lowering down of, the temperature of inside spaces of the buildings.Lattice Screen (Jaali) S$ C Techno School, Bangalore Jaali ensures privacy and provide diffuse light and view. Jaali work featured in ITM business school, Gwalior ‘It controls the airflow and lower down the temperature of internal spaces on the other. When there le from outside. sunshine outside in the day, the internal spaces are not clearly vis showever, the diffused light is spread throughout the interiors. “To get a clear outside view, a cutout is provided at eye level for the viewer sitting on the floor, +Jaali in Mughal buildings mostly have a low sill or sometimes without sill so that the air could move near the floor.Vernacularism Vernacular elements(ruggedness of materials and shapes like Indigenous _ bastions, ramparts, terraces and ; . trebeated extensive use of water) at Virasat- Vernacular features(courtyard with partial water stom e-Khalsa, Anandpur body with rest of the area being Sahib, Punjab landscaped, corridors, local material use, tribal artwork) at Byregowda’s house, kolar, karnataka *The technology for construction of buildings like the use of local materials with the help of local artisans made their buildings energy efficient as well *The style and technology developed by Muslims and especially by Mughals in India had indigenous characteristics of the region with a fragrance of foreign elements wisely induced +For example, the buildings at Fatehpur Sikri were constructed in red sand stone which was procured from quarries near the site only and buildings were erected by indigenous trabeated technology with the help of local artisans.7 (_ - | = i Earth | 2 Coupling is made possible by the earth acting as a massive heat *At depths beyond 4 to 5m, both daily and seasonal fluctuations die out and the soil temperature remains almost constant throughout the year. *Thus, the underground or partially sunk buildings will provide both cooling (in summer) and heating (in winter) to the living space. *A building may be coupled with the earth by burying it underground or berming. Passive Space Conditioning Using Earth Air Tunnel System Earth sheltered home-The Meadow Dance, Hyderabad