Concrete Mechanics and Desten James G. MacGregor F, Michael BartlettReinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design First Canadian Edition James G. MacGregor Universy Professor Emeritus Departmen F. Michael Bartlett Assists Professor Deparment of Ci and EmiromentlEsienrng ‘The University of Western Prentice Hall Cenada Inc.a4 142 43 4 us 1s 152 183 14 15-5 164 162 163 164 16-5 16-6 167 168 16-9 wa 17-2 73 v4 ie 182 183 184 185 186 187 Chapter 14 Two-Way Slabs: Elastic Frame Method 7 Introduction 697 Elastic Frame Analysis of Slab Systems for Vertical Loads 698 Use of Computers in the Elastic Frame Method 722 Elastic Frame Analysis of Laterally Loaded Unbraced Frames 724 Chapter Summary 726 Problems 726 CChaptor 15. Two-Way Slabs: Elastic, Yield Line, ‘and Strip Method Analyses cr Hlastic Analysts of Slabs 727 Design of Reinforcement for Moments from a Finite Element ‘Analysis 729 Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 731 Strip Method 743, Chapter Summary 751 Problems 751 Chapter 16 Footings 734 Introduction 754 Soll Pressure Under Footings 754 ‘Structural Action of Strip and Spread Footings 761 ‘Strip or Wall Footings 768 Spread Footings 771 Combined Footings 779 Mat Foundations 787 Pile Caps 788 Chapter Summary 790 Problems 790 Chaptor 17 Shear Friction, Horizontal Shear Transfer, and Composite Concrete Beams 7 Introduction 791 Shear Friction 791 ‘Composite Concrete Beams 800 (Chapter Summary 809 Chapter 18 Discontinuity Regions, Deep Beams, Corbels, and Joints a Introduction 811 ‘Components of Strutand-Tie Models. 816 Layout of Strut-and-Tle Models 826 Deep Beams 829 Brackets and Corbels 844 Dapped Ends 851 Beam-Column Joints 85618-8 Bearing Strength 867 18-9 ‘TBeam Flanges 869 18-10 Chapter Summary 871 Problems 871 (Chapter 19° Walls on 191 Introduction 873 19-2 Dearing Walls 873 19-3. Retaining Walls 875 19-4 Tlt-Up Walls 875 19-5 Shear Walls 875 19-6 Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Buildings 876 19-7, Shear Wall-Frame Interaction 878 19-8 Coupled Walls 879 19-9 Design of Structural Walls 882 19-10 Chapter Summary 896 Problems 897 Chapter 20 Design for Earthquake Resistance 898 Earthquakes and Selsmic Response Spectra 898 Selsmic Design Philosophy 902 Calculation of Seismic Forces on Structures 904 Ductiity of Reinforced Concrete 914 General A23.3 Provisions for Seismic Resistance 915 Flexural Members 918 Columns 932 Joints of Frames 940 EEREERERE Appendix A Design Aids 955 ‘Appendix B—Notation 983, References 1004181 INTRODUCTION Definition of Discontinuity Regions ‘Stractural members may be divided into portion called B- regions, in which beam theory pple, including linear strains and soon, and other potions called discontinuity regions, ‘or D-regions, adjacent odiscontimitis or disturbances, where beam theory does nt eppy, {In D-regions, a significant portion ofthe load is caried by in-plane forces. Examples of regions are regions near concentrated loads and reactions, crbels, deep beams, joins, lapped ends, abrupt changes in cross section, holes and other disconinaities. Up to this point, most of this book has dealt with B-regions. Far many year, D-ogion design has ‘been by “good practice” rule of thumb, or empirical. Three landmark papers by Professor ‘Schlaich ofthe University of Stutgartandhisco-workers*™"- have changed ths. Tis chapter will present rules and guidance forthe design of D-regions based largely om these sand other recent papers. 23:3 Cl. 11.1.2 states that regions in which the plane sections ‘sssumption of flexural theory isnot applicable shall be designed using the sir-and-ie ‘model from A233 C1 11.5, ‘St. Venunt’s principle suggests that te localize effect ofa disturbance dies out in about ane member depth from the point ofthe disturbance. On this bass, D-egions are assumed to extend one member depth each way from the dscontiuty. Figure 18-1 shows, ‘Brogions and D-regions in several structural members. Sehaviour of D-Regions Prior to cracking, an elastic stress feld exists which can be determined using an elastic analysis sucha finite clement analysis. Cracking disrupts thisstress fl, causing a major ‘orientation oftheinteral ores, After cracking, the interoal forces can be modeled using, ‘srutand tie model consisting ofconerete compression struts, sel tension is, and joints ‘refered to as nodal zone. If the compression struts ae narrower at ther ends than theyFigure 18.1 ‘Beregios and D-epions, B12 o argions - yeteen erglon Detone » raion \e-eaen ° ‘te at midsection, the struts may, in tarn crack longitudinally, For waeinforced strut this ‘may lead t failure. On the otber han, struts with transverse reinforcement to restrain the racking can carry further lond and wil all by crushing as shown in Fig, 6-24, Failure may also occur by yielding ofthe tension tes o failure of the nodal zones, As always, fue ‘nite by yield of the steel tension ties tends to be more ductile and is desirable. Basic Method of Solution of D-Regions ‘We shall stat with an overview and an example, followed in subsequent sections by # discussion of the assumptions made in using strut-andie models. Most discontinity ‘regions canbe solved bythe following procedure: 1, Isolate the Deregions. The region affected by the discontinuity can be assumed 10 ‘extend approximately distance d from the concentrated load or change in crse-secto ‘The beam in Fig. 18-1ahas been divided into four diferent D-egions plus a Bregion. ‘The region around the hole in the beam in Fig. 18-Ie i represented by six D-tepions ‘The beam-column joints in Figs. 18-1b and 2a can either be thought of as extending into the members, or terminating at the faces ofthe columa and beam as shown DY the shaded area in Fig. 18-2a. The later coresponds more cloeely with Canadian and ‘Ametican design practices and willbe followed, Chapter 18. Discontinuity Regions, Deep Beams, Corbels, and Joints,a | nora Pe ote oo bated tay Bs St GORe aking enforced conc theory as shown infap eke | elastically (o = P/A +t My/1), as shown in Fig. 18-20, % Paige the oundary sn compute the force reitnts on each bent See 1 Or Te sent tranmsittheforeesfrom boundary to boundary ofthe D-egon. Is DE iE 3 lscused mor flyin Example 18-1) the comprsion menos ene rms Te chown ttibdnd the tnson es by sldlines. Generally seating ines ne ‘be chosen to minimize the see! volume. "=? Tiers ramomeliea forces meetat point thin forces necessary fou sr an fondancnia rl of conreie dui. Ths, ven eno oop y & Check the stresses inthe individual members in the tras. The selves ca be Compre nee ft 3 te concrete Seu 0 fy, were fui th lniog darersed ace T3i8 4 SoU, discussed later. The limiting sesses in odes wil ne oe iscused later EXAMPLE 18-1 Design of D-Regions roma ny tom a a, 1-3 consis of « Beglon and fve Disa. Design he fps abees D2and D3. The wis 350 mam ick ands preven few baie og ‘fplane by oo slabs. Use = 20 MPa and f; = 400 Mr 18-1 Invoduation 813,sep ol came {Il | Paes 220% Bai 2 —a | (hee i 4 8 ech tc THT | vt tt 20mm seebetes pede tiyy alle rae | mm sob Dts TF hii om recom teal 0m (0 Ww pom. (©) mms cn Ogos. fe) Tune mel (2 Pentercomant Figure 18-3 Deregios ina wal—Example 18-1, 814 [REGION D2 1 onlte the Dreplons, Soe Fig. 18-38 2. Compute th interna stresses on the boundaries ofthe eplnt, We shall ssune th susaca ‘an be computed by &/= Fj/A on cach boundary, where Py isthe factored oud, The far ‘eight of be wal is 1.25(0.35mm x 7.5m x 2.5m x 244Nha?) = 1OTEN. This i ante at midheigh ofthe wal. 2 Sebavide the boundary and compate the fre recultants, Wi shall represcat ths top bound ‘ay by asingle fore at the mide of he column. The btm boundary wil be divided at wo ‘ul eog, each witht relat force of 90 EN. ‘4 Draw a truss See Fig 18-3. Compresion sts wll always shown by dashed tne ad ‘coon te by sli ies. In ring thi tras itis necenary tobe ue ofthe eagle 8. Tis ‘ia ctber be obtained fom sues tjoctry plots sucha» Fig 1f-158, which wil be encase! ‘ae oritcan be sumed dicey. In most cases 42:1 slope ea be assumed, proved ict ‘be accommosatedwihinthe D-regin (se Fig. 18-36. = wun 5. Check the stresses inthe tre members, a CChepter 18 Discontinuity Regions, Deop Beams, Corbels, and JointsTension te BC: ‘Transverse se having this area should be provided across the fll width of the wall in a band {ending sbeat 03d sbove and below the positon of ie BC (se Fig. 18-30), Use 8 No 15 bars, ‘300 men on centres, hooked both ends half in each face. A, provided = 1600 men. The op bs ‘ould be aca 780:mm below the top ofthe walls tha he cenzid of the eight bari close oe Bc. Node A: Siac the conrete sus fn out. the most crcl concrete sence at sade A. ‘Since this no is compressed onal faces, we shies lath the Lining ste 085 f= 0.85 x 0.6 x 20MPa = 10.2 Factor load ia column = 1800kN 1800 > 10° 350mm x 500mm = 10.29 MPa We shal esue hiss OK Maxim sess REGION D3 ‘Tis reponse oo its boundaries, anda stad model are shown in Fig. 18-3, The sel-weight oft wali idealized a factored loud of 197 EN epled at mideigh ofthe wll, Half this acts in ac vera stmt, gving srt faces of SOON +98 SEN, sey 1OODEN. Aga, and as been tke 2 Toute Fo een 7 = 8 se s0x10 : see = Regula Ae = 535 ats = 7 Pte neat N20 A= esha we $No.20 ars cans ty mute chord inthe noes at F and G sad the anchorage ‘eng is shor for No. 20 ba han for 4 No. 25 bar. Use S No. 20 basin one layer with 30° alt ine th atm enge. Nodes F and G: Nodes F and G eac acho ne tensile tie, We hl se liter on tht he liming compressive stress ona ne anchoring one eit 0.756. = 0.75 x 06 x 20MPs = 9.0MPs 1000 10° Manan sess = 77> IEN — = 3.16 Ps—Ox 1m ston tte sel shown io Fig 1-34, provide minimum wall eel according 1 A23.3 Cl. 14.3.2 and 14.3 and etd the columa ste! at leas compression development length into the wall 1841 Introduction 315Figure 184 Swutand-e model of 2 erp beam. 18-2_ COMPONENTS OF STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS 816 ‘A strut-and-tie model fora deep beam is shown in Fig. 18-4, It consists of concrete ‘compressive struts, reinforcing bar as tension ties, and joins or nodal ones. The strenght ofthese elements are discussed inthis section andthe layout of stru-and-ie models inthe ‘ext As discussed ate, the strat-and-e model willbe analyzed forthe intemal forces due to the factored loads. The frees inthe two compression struts andthe tie ae Cy. Cay andy. pect, whether fs forse r ears oot ed ve sextandde mode ia system of force in equllium wit ten st of ade ‘The ower bound theorem of plasticity states thatthe capacity of such asystem of forces isa Jower bound onthe strength ofthe structure, provided tat no element is loaded beyond its capacity. This assumes that the deformation capacity isnot exceeded at ny point before the sssumed system of forces is reached. For ths reason, the resultant forces inthe members ofthe strutand-e model shouldbe close to the final set of internal forces Compression Struts ‘In a strut-and-tie model the struts represent concrete compression stress felds with the prevailing compression in the direction of the strut. Struts are frequently idealized as ‘prismatic or uniformly tapering members (Fig 18-S), but often var in cross section aloog theirlength as shown in Fig. 18-5b, because the concrete is wider at milength ofthe tt than tthe ends, Struts that vary in wid re sometimes idealized as boie-shaped ss shown in Fig, 18-5,"-1 910 or are idealized using local truss models as shown in Fig. 18-5. ‘The spreading ofthe comprestion force gives rise to transverse tensions, which may canie the strut to crack longitudinally. Ifthe strut has no transverse reinforcement, it may fail after this racking occurs. If adequate transverse reinforcement s provided, the strat will failby crshing. In stu-and-te model, the compression struts are shown by dashed lines slong the axes ofthe struts. Strut Fallure by Longitudinal Cracking Figure 18-6a shows one end ofa bote-shaped strut. The width ofthe Dearing areas and the thickness ofthe strut is 1. Atmidleagh the strut has an effective width Byy. Reference 18-1 assumes tha a bottle-shaped region atone end ofa strut extends approximately 1.5Pyy from th end ofthe srt and in examples used bey = 6/3 but not less than a, where £ is the length of the strut from fice-o-fce ofthe nodes, For shor struts, the iit that yy not chapter Discontinuity Regions, Deep Beams, Corbes, and Jointsroms eee Tq 3 iB 1 =| Ee eee fren mae Figure 18-6 cua of compression (€) Taner enon nd compressions 18-2. Components of Strutand-Tie Models a7Figure 18-7 ‘Tranavee sread of forces through the tiles of «| ‘compression seu 318 ‘eles than a often governs. We shall assume that in a strut with botle-shaped regions at each end beg =6+.€/6 wt not more than the available width say Figure 18-69 show: a strt-andtie mode forthe botle-shaped rion. Is based on the assumption made in Ref. 18-4, thatthe longitudinal projection ofthe inclined stasis equal to byy/2. The transverse tension foree Tat one end ofthe statis = 5 (e0ls=alt) $ (iG ‘ r-S(i-) or ‘Theforce T causestransvere stresses in the concrete which may cause cracking along the axis ofthe stut. The transverse stesies are distributed as shown by the cured line in Fig. 18-6e. Analyses by Adebar and Zhou'* suggest thatthe tenaile stress distributions at the two ends of strut are completely separate when £/a exceeds about 3.5, and overap ‘completely when £/a is 15 t2. References 18-2 and 18-3 give the load, C, cracking ‘8 0S7atf! fora strut wth a/byy = 0.5. Thus, longitudinal cracking of en warcinforeed strut may bea problem ifthe bearing pressures on the ends of a strut exceed 0.57. In ‘eats of cylindrical specimens loaded axaly through circular bearing plats with diameter Jess than that ofthe cylinders, fllre occurred at 1.2 to 2 times the eracking loads. ‘The maximum loa on an wnrenforced strat ina wall-lke member such s the deep. ‘beam in Fig. 18-4, a governed by longitudinal cracking ofthe concrete inthe srt, s given, by Ba, 18-3, C=0sTaf, (say ‘where at isthe loaded aea atthe end ofthe stat, Reinforcement crossing the stat will restrain the opening of te crack, increasing the capacity ofthe su Ifthe bearing area does not extend over the fll width ofthe member, thee will slo be transverse tensile stresses through the width of the strut which wil equirereisforcement ‘through the thickness as shown in Fig. 18-7. ‘Compression Failure of Strut "The crushing strength ofthe concrete in a strat referred to as the efective strength, say (enavow, (90 ow, Chapter 18 Discontinuity Regions, Deop Beams, Corbels, and Jointsby os ip ing a4 ta en @ ee a6 = vets v i anefciency factor having a value between Oand 1.0. A233 C1 11.523 calls Zen iin compressive stress, Vsious sources give diferng values ofthe efficacy factor S92 The major factors affecting the effective compression stenges ne 1 Tie conrsesength. Coneretebecomes more brite, and v decreases, asthe strength 2 Tena sins tanec othe srt esting fom forces inthe enforcement crosing Regrets 7 ines toch sins were found i reduce the compressive atength ‘sniformly strained concrete panels as discussed in Sec. 3-2. Equation 6-29, derived sing aMot's circle of strains, gves the relationship between {Be Principal tensile strain in cracked conereie panel, the principal comprestve sean Gizind te strain, x, in reinforcement in the x direction, where the angle betveee the Arection and the direction ofthe principal compressive sain is 0. e+e — eet o (629) 0.002, the assumed vai of the strain corresponding tothe maximum ‘compression stress in atypical stress-strain curve for eoncete, ‘= ete stain in the reinforcement crossing the strut; and aecatea see a eases = + (6; + 0.002) cota, (8-5; Opn sate tet me foo Se tot more than 0.85 f a fo" areiag MemonON ow {orion tes ae anchored. Values of) and foy ae evaluated separately at cach end ef ake Saat using Eqs. 18-$ and 3-13, where, isthe sain inthe leasion Ge anchored to tng ‘nd of the strut soda iste angle between the te andthe axis ofthe stat Ik two tae {SE connected othe same end ofa stmt uy isthe smaller angle Betmees ore of he Cos Feigorcement between te ends ofthe sout. This see is stressed bythe opening of sacha jai smu and restrain the widh of tose cracks. Thus, tacts to improne the octiy ot 3 fu massed not o weaken. Axa res, the skin reinforement and stinope ‘ar ignored when evaluating ¢, and a. [Taking ¢, = 0.002, corresponding othe yield stain of Grade 400 see, and a, iS. 0830” gives fou = 0.732, 0.549 f, and 0.3144, respectively Thus a he ‘sneleberween the stu andth te decries, the strength ofthe stu decreases significantly Tension Ties ‘The stcond major component of a sande model isthe tension e. This represents snr setea ayer of sein he sane decton designed wih yA, fy = Ty whee Ty fs the fre tobe resisted by thet, Tension tes may fail duet lack of end anchorage. The anchorage of the es inthe ‘tol zones isa major pr ofthe desgnofaDzegionwsiagssru-and tic moval Terns tes ae shown as solid fines in srutand ie models 18-2 Components of Strut and-Tie Models 819igure 18-8 Fores at nl zones. Figure 18-9 220 @ » @ Nodal Zones “The joins inthe strat-andte model aeknowm as nodal zones. Three ormore forces meet at ‘anode. The forces meeting at anode must be in equilibrium. Thatis, ZF, = 0, DF, ‘and EM = 0 about the nodal point. The third condition implies thatthe lines of action ‘ofthe forces must passthrough & common pont, o must te able tobe resolved into forces ‘that ct through a common point. Th two compressive forces shown in Fig, 18-8a meet st an angle and are notin equlibriam unless a third force is added, as shown in Fig. 18-8 ‘ce, In the nodal zones at middopth of element D3 in Fig. 18-3c, the tree forces ae Compressive. Atte reactions tthe base of te wal in thiafigure, the inclined compressiya force and the comprestve reaction ned a tensile force for equilibrium. Nodal zones are classified a CCC if three comprestve forces meet, sin Fig. 18-Sb and as CCT if oe of the forces is tensile as shown in Fig, 18-8. CTT joint atd TTT joints may also occur. ‘Two common ways of lying out nodal zones ae lustratd in Figs 18-9 and 18- 10, The prismatic compression struts in Fig, 18-Sa are assumed tobe stressed in uniaxial compression. A section perpendicular tothe axis ofa struts acted on only by comprestion stresses, while sections at any othr angle have combined compression and shear stresses ‘One way of laying out nodal znes is o place the sides ofthe nodes at right angles tothe axes ofthe struts ois meeting a that node, as shown in Fig. 18-9, and to have the same bearing pressure on each side ofthe node. Whea this is dane fora CCC node, te ratio of the lengths ofthe sides ofthe node, a: a3: ai the same asthe ratio ofthe frees inthe three members meeting a the node, Ci: Cy: Cys, as shown in Fig. 18-9a. If one ofthe forces is tensile the wid of tat side ofthe node is calculted from a hypotetical bearing, plate on the end of the tie, whichis assumed to exert a bearing pressure on te node eq {fo the compressive stres inthe struts at that node, as shown in Fig. 18-9b, Nodes lid out {inthis fashion are sometimes refered to as hydrostatic elements since the in-plane strestes —r had 6 (000 Nose (CCT Neto (Chapter 18. Discontinuity Regions, Deep Beams, Cortels, and Joints,{inthe node are the same in all direction, In such a. case, the Mokr's circle for the in-plane sireses reduces (0a point ‘The use of hydrostatic elements can be tedious in design, except possibly for CCC odes. More recently, the design of nodal zones has been simplified by considering the ‘dal zone to 2omprise that concrete lying within extensions ofthe members meeting athe Joint as shown in ig. 18-10.""->""" This allows different stresses tobe assumed inthe ‘struts and ove bearing plates, fr example. Two examples are given in Fig, 18-10. Figure 18-108 shows a CCT node. The bars must be anchored within or tothe left of the node. ‘The length, 2, in which the botom layer of bars must be developed is shown, The vertical {ace ofthe naleis acted on by a stress 0; equal tothe tie force T divided by the area of the vertical face. The stresses 0, 03, and 03 can all be different, provided tha: 1, The resulunts ofthe thee forces coeide, 2, The sesss are within the limits given later in this section. ‘3. The sess is constant on any one face. ‘Anotherexampleis shown in Fig. 18-106, This may be subdivided nto two subnodes, Iisnecesaryto ensure thatthe stresses inthe members entering the node, the stress over the ‘bearing pate, and the stress on the vertical plane dividing the two subnodes are within the limits given below. InFig 18-10b, he eaction has been ividedintotwo components, Ri hich equilitrates th vericl component of Cand R; which equilibates C>. Generally, subdividing the node inthis manner simplifies the layout ofthe struts and nodes, ‘Nodal ones are assumed 10 fll by crushing. Anchorage of the tension tes also a 40° frm the te. For the 000 ‘am sear spn, the minimum height ceate-oceare of nodes = 2000tn 40° = 2520 mm. ‘Aaraming atthe nes tthe top and botiom ofthis seu are located 0.05h rom te top und ‘boro of the etm, te requved eight ofthe beam is 2800 mam. Frail we shal acume by = 600 man and h = 2800 mm wit the lower cor oated ‘4 0.0Sh = 140 mim above the botom of the beam td the cea of hep nox at 0.05 = 140 sum below the tp ofthe beam. ‘The weghtoftaebeam is O.6mx2.8m x5 6mx240KNin? = 226XN, The factored weights 2824 To simpy the calculations we salad this he column oad gving atl lod of 4280 1EN. The comeponding rentons are 2570 EN at A and ITIORN at C, as shown in Fig. 18-25, ‘The ode at Bis aubdvided into two ssbaodest shown in Fig. 18-25, oe tranamiting 25701 snd other I71OAN. Node is CCC node, AZ3:3C. 1.5.4.1) give the eectivestength of sach anode 8 x 0.887, ‘The total with of the sat in the columa at Bis 42900008, “= Tex 0S x 30M x Gam ~ “*O™™ ‘Thin iscearedin the column, Thi strat cane considered tbe made upof wo sou with widths 2570000 “n= Dexoasx 30a ~ 1710000 “9 Texoasxs0 xe ~ on™ Became te vertical load component acting at B and By we dient the vertical vision of ode B into two rebodes ent athe cenve of he coum. The result force in the ef-hand ‘tatacie 199s tele te cnt of th ost, point B, in Fig. 18-25, and height band ‘rut at 140 mam tothe sight ofthe cee, point By, The fst ial coordinates ofthe ends of the ‘ru ae 2ow Esowe, 22 Compute the width ofthe struts and tes and draw the strub-andé-te model. Strat A~B ot B: Hlrzonal projection of he sat = 2000mam — 931mm = 1907:mm. Vera projection = 2800 mm — MOmm — 140mm — 2520mm, The agle between the ais of the stand tbe ‘orizoctal = arctin 522 = 52.9, The ail fore in rut A-B = 2570%N/ sin 52.9" S200N. The wich of be strut at B is ___3220000 Tex ORs x 30% 600 bed Strat A-B ot A: [AC A. the srt intersect ate aan angle a = 52.5". set +000) ca as, A338, 11-31) CChapter 18. Discontinuity Regions, Deep Beams, Corbes, andrte willbe mken equal tothe yield sin = 0.002 becase the ro teen th will be compe asuning thatthe sel ils, Tse; = 0.006729 and ft 30MPa * 084 Te ~ 08170 x 0.00035 19. 6MPa & Node is CCT node. A23.3 Cl 11.54.10) sve the elective strength of sec a pode as 0.95f; = 22.5 NPs. Tos the effective seength ofthe sou is ower sod govene te ena oe 3220000 Tax 196 x e00 ‘A srt wih ids (measured perpendicular tothe ai ofthe srt) of 457 mim at A, and 351 ‘am at B is plonetin Fig. 18-25, Sort BC at B: oxizootl project of srt = 2000 mm — 140mm = 2860 mm. Vera projection = 2520 sam, The angle betwen the ais ofthe at ad th hrzontal = wetan(IS20/1860) = ar ‘Theil fore in srut B-C = I710KNY sn 41.4" = 2590, The wid ofthe stetat Bo 2390000 Dex 085 x30 = 457m oman Sit BAC aC; «1 = 000715 fer = 0496fi for strat and = 0.75f for node C. Thus fog = 0.4K! an te wid of the stat Ci 2590000 06x 0496 % 30% 60 ‘A ste witha with 9 282 mm at B and 483 mm at C is ploted in Fg 18-25, Te A-C: = 483mm Ati fore based on he geomet at. ‘Ala fre based on the geometry at 25704 / tan 529° = 1944 T7IORN/ tan 41.4° = 160K ‘ese shoul be the sume In his athe fe sigh due o ound offer. Te agreement ‘sa pia check 09 solation, 1942000N A Tx oom sT0mm Wecould se 12No.25 bas 19 No. 20bar. 23.31. 1154.2 rogues ha thee be pend ye area eal toe force vided bythe compression ses lni fore aodeveg & and (C. The height of th esion tis a 19420008 O6R 075 x 30M x mm ‘Thus the ais of he eis oat at 120 mm above the botom of he beam a shown in section 1-1 Gg. 16-26) Tit isclose enough othe 140 mm assumed in stp 1 cy = 20mm 18-4 Deep Beams 839igure 18-26 Section 1-1 from Fig. 18 25, rinforcement a exterior ‘suppont—Esample 18-3, ‘rovile 12 No. 25 basin’ layers of bars spaced ao thatthe mide ayer 120 mm ‘above the bottom of the beam. Thos bars must be anchored forte fll yield sengh the ‘point where he ais ofthe tie eaters the stu at A and C. From Tale A-D the development Jeng fra No. 25 boom bat in 30 MPaconezes ig = 32.5dy == 823mm. Sice the eon Isonly 600mm wide, we mst we hooks or sone similar red to anchor he bars. ‘Provide 6 No, 25 horloatlhalrin bars withthe lege of the alrpis lap spliced 1.3ta = 1070 mm withthe bare making up the te. The secon though the ie ser the ‘suppetn Fig. 18-26 shows end views of he rin daaod ines und open cil, lap spliced wih thee informer shown in saliices, The ont-o-ont width 180 hook on w No. 25 ‘aris 200 mm. ‘4 Compute the required crack contrlrelnforeement. A233 Cl. 11.55 reguies a orthogonal wid oft at each ace with A, /(bys) > 0.002 in each direction. Ty No.1 bar in ach fice, ‘The spacing to satis tis seta is < 2% 200m? ** com x@omm Provide No.5 a 300 mm each way, each face, The vertical bar canbe inthe form of Usimps 333mm, ay 200 mm EXAMPLE 18-4 Design @ Two-Span Deep Beam Design sto spn deep beam to transfer loud fom to columas which have hei axes loeted the ceares of 6000 mm spans shown in Fig. 18-27. Th faced cok lon ar ech 3600 EN. Use 30 MP concrete and Grade 400 ste. The columas seporing the ead ofthe bea ae ‘0mm x 600mm, The loading columas re 60mm x 900mm. The cee column width wil be cculaed 4 Ina aynt ofthe strut-andte mode (@) Assume the st nde model is ke Fig 18-27 Assume the lowest nodes (A, C\, and Ci) ae at O.05h above the boom ofthe beam Aseune the second layer of lower noes (CC) 0.15h above te base ofthe beam. Siar sumptions wl be mde oat the node athe top of the beam. Chapter 18 Discontinuity Regions, Deep Beams, Corbals, and Joints2400.00N z = 61a? 05510 x 060mm ~ 146 * 10 | itbe = 60 md = 240 am A 2700 Link espe of eur a, > A. The wel poo fmt A-By ih = 2.050.154 = 08h. The baal poectin 30D ects ad ot ‘ong clue) = 300m 200mm = 800m neg oan 200 4" 2 Compote the forces inthe struts and te, Sir A-By anno pn Recon of A-B, = 3000 mm ~ 200m = 2800 mam. The veal pectin Fon 50.05 3000-0.15 3000 = 240) mmm, Thang, = wea Bafana Dae ae ested by A-By = I3IORN. Te aia componet 110) dete cas AN The tie fore at A is 1310/ ta 40.6° = 1508 EN, 184 Deep Beams 841342 Sine the verti force transfered to node C fom both ends ofthe beam has ben assumed to be 43 of te ba in oe cola (ep Ie), we shall assume thatthe eokumn aC i 4/3 (00mm = 800mm wike, with nodes C, and C; located at 3 x 800;mm/8 = 30mm, and 15 800mm/ = 100 mm fom the ceue ofthe column at C respectively. “The hail projection of By-C, = 2000 ~ 300 = 2700 mm. The verte projection 4s 2000 ~ 150 ~450 = 2400 mm. The ange a, = atan(2400/2700) = 41.6" ‘The ver force resisted by B;-C, = 1S1OEN. The sna componet is 1310j sin 41.6° 1973 AN. The defo tC is 1310/ un 4.6" = 1475 4. Sit BC “The hciaootal and vera proecton athe same as for sat B;~C. Therefore, te ange aad the fre compoceaa are the same at frst BC. Te te fre in the top reirement at Bis 975i. ‘3 Compute the width ofthe struts and es, Sint AWB, at A: Asia force = 20132N and a, = 40.6° Forte sua A: 6+ (6 +0.002)c08 a, aes, 232.4, 11-31) B ine on; a+ 70 A283 q 11-30) ‘We al assume ¢, 0.002 because he steel wil be chose sch tha the bas ae eased at cr ‘ea the yl port. Ths, «1 = 0.0074, and fig = O48 ‘The node tA isa CCT node, A233 CL 1154.1) gives fey 880.787! fr tach nae, ‘TWis doesnot gre. The required with perpendicular tothe as ofthe strat at Ais 20130008 * SK OBA x 30MPa x 6D "The vertical proton of his is 385 > sin 40.6° — 251 mm. This sugges tha ane of he tie AC; shaldbe a1 251/2 = 125 me above the botom ofthe beam. ‘The orzcat rojection ofthe st width i 385 x con 40.6° = 292mm, The column st ‘A could be madearower Smut A-B, at By: ‘The mil fre is 2013 XN. The vale of foy forthe tt is 0.484f!. The node @ B anchors compresion ss fom tee directions, bd one teason Ge. We wl consider the sade at B ‘easing ode. A23.3CL 11.5.1 ges fo forthe pode as 0.75. Ag, there fo the stout gover and foy = 0.484. The requ ett wid is this 35 em, Sat BC, a6 ‘The anal fore in hes is 1973 KN. The angle @, = 41.6°. From Bas. 185 and 3-13, , = 000707, nd fy = 0.499/., Fore node, fos = 0.75, which does nt govern, Te ‘equ width i368 mm. This ex hoioetal projection of 366con4l.6° = 274 ma, and ‘veil projection of 366s 41.6" = 243 mm. Sirt By-Cy a 3 “Thin isthe same a st Bs-C, aC. Te A-Cy ‘Te te force was compute a 1528 KN at A and 1475 WN at C. The ew shoal be the sme. Inthe next step ve will aj tbe facon fled which go law each seu wo make them el ‘AS3CL 1152) requires that thee el be spread over an sre equal to hei oe dvied ™ = 385mm CChepter 18. Discontinuity Regions, Deep Beams, Corbes, and Jointsby Ge feu where fois othe type of node in question, in his cte x 0.75. The egured bight of he seis 129008 ~ geK 075 x30 x00 ~ 4, Rearrange the geometry ofthe strut-and-tie mode. Node B: ‘Ties struts ae anchored here, From step 3, the horizontal projection of seat A~By is 292 mm. ‘Theborizonta projestons of sats By-C; and Bs~Cy we 274mm exch Th emo! hve widths ‘is 640 mm, whic i cle to at smaller than the 900 mm column at. We wil take ta with ‘of his coum a 90 mm, subdivided in thee 300 mm wie srt. Ts, By is octet 300 ‘mm eft of teas ofthe calamn, By atthe ats of he clus, and By 30 an ight of he si as shown in Fi 18-27 ‘The vertical projections of the widths ofthe strut areA~B,: 251 mm, By-C) and By-Cr 243 ma ach, Wo tal take the etre beg of he ade at B ws 2x 250 mem = 500 man, Peat By willbe taken 8125 mm below the top ofthe beam points B, and Bs 375 mm below the ‘ep. Node C: From sep 3, te horaontal projection of suas B,~C; and ByC; ae exch 274 man. The four strat C regu width of 4x 274 = 1096 ram. We wil tke the col wih 1200 man ‘snd assume the locations of C; and C; at 450mm and 150 mam eft ofthe ere ofthe conn, respectively ‘The Verical ejections ofthe wid of he sets Bs-Cy and By-C ae each 243m, ‘Wes ke the enire bight ofthe node at C as 2x 250mm = 500m. Post C, willbe taken as 125 mm above the botiom of te beam, ad pint C; a 375 mim above the boom 22 shownia ig. 1-27 ‘5. Recompate the for inthe struts and ths forthe revised geometry. (@) Recompote the sng, Member Hiizontal Projection VerdcalPrejection = A-B, 3000-300 = 2700 mm 3000 125-375 = 2500 mm 428° Br-C, 3000~450= 2550 mm 3000375 — 125 = 2500 mm 444" BC 250mm 250mm as ee ne ee ‘Thee AC; had enforce int a ad Asoc). We wl ate te egal by oping the amount of saris cack of te , Strming vera fceat Vien + Vie + Vac, = 383018 Vere Stig hee fre equal ges Ye Vices mea ans Saving ives Vac = 12604, Vg, = Vacs = 13342 (©) Recompute the frat and te oees where Vere; Vetical Axial Member ay Component Foree,KN _¢y __Strut fn Node fg Width, mm. AB, as ne as? om06e6 ostTy? os) ama BC 44a" 490700617 otf? O75) ab BrC; Ma" BM 1907 omn617 Osis? OS ae racieetree Sra m3 ose ge bm pe ars tat a 18-4 Doop Beams 843,