1.

Electron Theory
WHAT IS MATTER ?
Comprised of Molecules and Atoms
Has weight (mass), occupies space and
attracts other matter with gravity.
Can exist in solid, liquid and gas
Made up of ELEMENT and COMPOUND

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1. Electron Theory (contd)
THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER
MATTER

ELEMENT COMPOUND

A A A A A A
Atom of the same kind Atom of difference kind

ATOM MOLECULE
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1. Electron Theory (contd)

Matter can exists in three forms:

Solid rigid and have definite shape and
volume
Liquid Have no particular shape but have
volume
Gas no fixed shape or volume, can be
compressed to form liquid

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1. Electron Theory (contd)

DEFINITION:

Element - a substance contains only one

type of Atom
Atom - smallest particle of an Element
Compound - a substance contains two or
more difference kind of Atoms or Element
Molecule - can consists of more than one
different type of atoms
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1. Electron Theory (contd)
WHAT IS IN AN ATOM?
Comprised of:
Protons Positive Charge
Neutrons Neutrally Charged
Electrons Negatively Charged

Size of an atom 10-8cm

Electron rotating around a track
called ORBIT or SHELL
(K,L,M,N,O,P, Q determine by
Physical Law)
Nucleus fixed central dense region,
with proton (positive charge) and
neutron (no charge).

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1. Electron Theory (contd)
e
e
e Electron orbiting nucleus
with negative
charge

P e
N N
P Proton particle in a
P P N nucleus with
e N P positive charge

N Neutron non-charged
e particle in the
e nucleus
Nucleus

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 Maximum no of electrons in each shell
square the shell no. & multiply by 2
ie L=2, no of e in L shell = (2)2 x 2 = 8
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1. Electron Theory (contd)
Electrons travel at the speed of light and is
indicated by Solid Line.
186,000 miles/second or 299,000 km/sec
Maximum number of electrons orbiting on
the outermost shell are 8 electrons as
determined by the Law of Quantum
Mechanic.

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1. Electron Theory (contd)
Valence electrons are electrons that orbit on
the outermost shell of an atom.
The chemical characteristics or charge of an
atom is based on the numbers of electrons
and protons.
Positive more protons
Negative more electrons

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1. Electron Theory (contd)
The physical property of an atom depends
on the number of protons and neutrons in
an atom.
An atom would be heavy when it has more
protons and neutrons

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1. Electron Theory (contd)

WHAT IS IONS?

Is a charged atom
The atom will be electrically charged in the
results from unbalanced electrostatic
condition.

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1. Electron Theory (contd)

IONIZATION

Indicates the state of charge of an atom i.e.

positive charge or negative charge based
on adding or subtracting a valence or free
electrons.

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 Ionization of an Atom

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1. Electron Theory (contd)
CONDUCTORS

an atomic structure that easily permits

movement of electrons
Excellent example of conductors are:
- silver - copper
- gold - aluminum

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1. Electron Theory (contd)
INSULATORS

Material which opposes the movement of

electron
Have between 5 to 8 valence electrons
Examples are:
- plastic
- rubber
- glass - ceramic
- air best insulators: neon / helium

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Insulator with 8 valence electrons

Xenon atom
1. Electron Theory (contd)
SEMICONDUCTOR

Very high resistance to current flow in their

pure state
Resistance changes when impurities are added. Module 4
Offers very low resistance to current flow
when electrons are added or removed
Consists of 4 valence electrons
Examples: - silicon
- germanium
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 END OF TOPIC 1
ELECTRON THEORY

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 What do you call the electrons in the outer
most shell?.
Give example of 2 conductors with 1 valence
electron.
Give example of semiconductors material
(elements).
What do you do to improve its conductivity.
Matters exist in 3 state, list the different
between the states.