Div06 Gs Winrip Final

WINRIP General Specification
DIVISION6
ASPHALT PAVEMENT
Division 6 Asphalt Pavement
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... i

DIVISION 6 ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
ASPHALT PAVEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 1
SECTION 6.1 ..................................................................................................................................... 1
PRIME COAT AND TACK COAT ................................................................................................. 1
6.1.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................ 1
6.1.2 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................... 3
6.1.3 EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................... 4
6.1.4 EXECUTION OF THE WORK ........................................................................................................ 6
6.1.5 MAINTENANCE AND OPENING OF TRAFFIC .......................................................................... 9
6.1.6 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL AND TESTING............................................................................ 10
6.1.7 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ............................................................................................ 10
SECTION 6.2 ................................................................................................................................... 13
SINGLE AND DOUBLE SURFACE DRESSING ....................................................................... 13
6.2.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 13
6.2.2 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................. 16
6.2.3 TYPES OF SURFACE DRESSING ............................................................................................... 17
6.2.4 EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................. 18
6.2.5 EXECUTION OF THE WORK ...................................................................................................... 18
GUIDELINES ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
SECTION 6.3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
HOT ASPHALTIC MIXTURES ....................................................................................................................... 25
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 25
NOTES FOR BIDDERS ................................................................................................................. 25
CERTIFICATION OF AMPS ........................................................................................................ 26
COAL FIRED BURNERS .............................................................................................................. 27
BITUMEN SUPPLY........................................................................................................................ 27
FILLER ............................................................................................................................................ 28
AGGREGATES ............................................................................................................................... 28
MIX DESIGN................................................................................................................................... 28
LAYER THICKNESS ..................................................................................................................... 30
BITUMEN DELIVERY VEHICLES ............................................................................................ 30
QUALITY CONTROL ................................................................................................................... 30
ASPHALT PLACING EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................... 30
SEMI GAP GRADED HOT ROLLED SHEET ........................................................................... 30
ASPHALT DELIVERY TRUCKS ................................................................................................. 30
ASPHALT STRIPPING AND AIR VOIDS .................................................................................. 30
A NOTE ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN ........................................................................ 31
SELECTION OF ASPHALT MIX TYPE ..................................................................................... 32
SECTION 6.3 ................................................................................................................................... 35
HOT ASPHALTIC MIXTURES.................................................................................................... 35
6.3.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 35
6.3.2 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................. 40
6.3.3 MIXTURES .................................................................................................................................... 45
6.3.4 CONSTRUCTION PLANT REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................ 50
6.3.5 MANUFACTURE AND PRODUCTION OF THE MIXTURE .................................................... 54
6.3.6 PLACING THE MIXTURES ......................................................................................................... 56
SECTION 6.4 ................................................................................................................................... 67
LASBUTAG AND LATASBUSIR ................................................................................................. 67
(Not Used) ......................................................................................................................................... 67
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SECTION 6.5 ................................................................................................................................... 69

COLD ASPHALTIC MIXTURES ................................................................................................. 69
6.5.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 69
6.5.2 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................. 70
6.5.3 MIXES ............................................................................................................................................ 72
6.5.4 CONSTRUCTION PLANT REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................ 73
6.5.5 MANUFACTURE OF THE MIXTURE ........................................................................................ 74
6.5.6 CURING AND STORAGE OF THE MIXTURE .......................................................................... 74
6.5.7 PLACING THE MIXTURE ........................................................................................................... 75
SECTION 6.6 ................................................................................................................................... 77
PENETRATION MACADAM ....................................................................................................... 77
6.6.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 77
6.6.2 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................. 78
6.6.3 AGGREGATE AND BINDER QUANTITIES .............................................................................. 79
6.6.4 EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................. 80
6.6.5 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION .................................................................................................. 80
SECTION 6.7 ................................................................................................................................... 85
MAINTENANCE SEAL COAT ..................................................................................................... 85
6.7.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 85
6.7.2 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................. 86
6.7.3 AGGREGATE AND BINDER QUANTITIES .............................................................................. 86
6.7.4 EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................. 87
6.7.5 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION .................................................................................................. 87
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DIVISION 6
ASPHALT PAVEMENT
SECTION 6.1
PRIME COAT AND TACK COAT
6.1.1 GENERAL
6.1.1.1 Description
This work shall consist of supplying and applying bituminous binder to a previously
prepared surface in preparation for the laying of a Surface Dressing or Asphalt Layer.
Prime Coat shall be used where the surface to be coated is non bituminous (e.g. Aggregate
Base), while Tack Coat shall be used on bituminous binder surfaces (such as existing
Penetration Macadam, Asphaltic Concrete, Hot Rolled Sheet, etc.).
6.1.1.2 Related Work Specified Elsewhere
(a) Traffic Management and Safety : Section 1.8

(b) Field Engineering : Section 1.9
(c) Materials and Storage : Section 1.11
(d) Environmental Safeguards : Section 1.17
(e) Pavement Widening : Section 4.1
(f) Shoulders : Section 4.2
(g) Aggregate Base : Section 5.1
(h) Soil Cement Base : Section 5.4
(i) Hot Asphaltic Mixtures : Section 6.3
(j) Lasbutag and Latasbusir : Section 6.4
(k) Cold Asphaltic Mixtures : Section 6.5
(l) Reinstatement of Existing Pavement : Section 8.1
(m) Reinstatement of Existing Shoulders on Sealed Roads : Section 8.2
6.1.1.3 Reference Standards
Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) :
SNI 03-4799-1998 : Spesifikasi Aspal Cair Tipe Penguapan Sedang

(AASHTO M82 - 75 (2004))
SNI 03-4798-1998 : Spesifikasi Aspal Emulsi Kationik
(AASHTO M208 - 01(2005))
AASHTO :
AASHTO M20 - 70 (2004) : Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement

AASHTO M140 - 03 : Emulsified Asphalt
AASHTO M226 - 80 (2004) : Viscosity Graded Asphalt Cement
British Standards :
BS 3403 : Industrial Tachometers
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6.1.1.4 Weather and Seasonal Limitations
Prime Coat shall be applied only on surfaces which are dry or nearly dry, while Tack Coat
shall be applied only on fully dry surfaces. Prime Coat or Tack Coat shall not be applied
during rain or if rain threatens.
6.1.1.5 Quality of Work and Rectification of Unsatisfactory Work
The finished coat shall completely cover the area treated and be of uniform appearance,
without missed areas or streaks or "rich" areas of accumulated bitumen.
In the case of tack coat, the surface shall be suitably tacky at the time of application of the
overlaying course. A slightly speckled appearance, arising from the binder being
distributed as individual droplets, is acceptable for the lighter tack coat applications,
provided that the appearance is uniform and the overall application rate is correct.
In the case of prime coats, after curing for four to six hours, the binder shall have soaked
into the base course, leaving behind only sufficient binder to ensure that the surface is
uniformly black or dark grey in color and non-porous. The texture of the base course
aggregate surface shall be discernable and there must be no pools or films of binder or
binder mixed with aggregate fines thick enough to scrape off the surface with a knife.
Rectification of unsatisfactory Prime Coat or Tack Coat shall be as directed by the

Engineer and may include removal of excess material, the use of cover aggregate, or the
application of additional coatings as required. Any minor damage of a Prime Coat shall be
promptly patched in accordance with Sections 8.1 and 8.2 of these Specifications. The
Engineer may require widespread potholes or other damage to be rectified by scarifying
end re-compaction or replacement of the base layer followed by reapplication of the Prime
Coat.
6.1.1.6 Submittals
The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with the following:
(a) A 5 litre sample of any bituminous binder that the Contractor proposes to use in the
work, together with a certificate from the manufacturer and the test results as
specified in Article 1.11.1.3.(c), submitted before construction begins.. The
certificate must state that the binder complies with the relevant specification and
grade requirements for the primer or tack coat binder, given in Article 6.1.2 of this
Specification.
(b) A satisfactory record of the calibration certificates of all instruments and gauges and
the dipstick for the bitumen distributor, as described in Article 6.1.3.3 and 4,
submitted not less than 30 days before construction begins. The dipstick, instrument
and gauges shall be calibrated to the accuracy, tolerances and requirements described
in Article 6.1.3.4 and the date of calibration shall be no longer than two years before
the start of construction.
(c) A spray chart, meeting the requirement of Article 6.1.3.5, so that equipment checks
can be carried out.
(d) Samples of materials used in each days work, in accordance with Article 6.1.6.
Daily records of sealing works done and material application rates in accordance
with Article 6.1.6 of these Specifications.
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6.1.1.7 Work Conditions
(a) The work shall be carried out with the least inconvenience to traffic and permits one
way traffic without damage to the work.
(b) Structures, trees or property adjacent to the areas being treated shall be protected to
prevent them being marred or spattered.
(c) No bituminous binder shall be discharged into any side ditch or drain.
(d) The Contractor shall provide and maintain at the heating site adequate fire
prevention and control measures, and also first aid supplies and facilities.
6.1.1.8 Control of Traffic
(a) Traffic control shall conform with the provisions of Section 1.8, Traffic Management
and Safety, and Article 6.1.5 of these Specifications.
(b) The Contractor shall be responsible for all the consequences of traffic being admitted
too early to newly laid Prime or Tack Coat, and he shall prohibit such traffic when
necessary by the provision of a detour or by half width construction.
6.1.2 MATERIALS
6.1.2.1 Materials for Prime Coat
(a) Bituminous binder for Prime Coat shall be as follows:
(i) Medium or slow setting emulsion bitumen conforming to AASHTO M140 or

SNI 03-4798-1998 (AASHTO M208). Generally, only emulsions which have
been shown to consistently achieve good penetration of dense unbound bases
shall be approved. The emulsion shall contain not less than 50 % petroleum
product residue (bitumen + cutter) of which not less than half shall be 80/100
Pen. Bitumen. The emulsion shall not be diluted on site.
(ii) Either AC-10 grade asphalt cement (which is approximately equivalent to

80/100 Pen.) or AC-20 grade (which is approximately equivalent to 60/70
Pen.), conforming to AASHTO M226 - 80 diluted with kerosene. The
proportion of kerosene used for dilution of the asphalt cement shall be as
directed by the Engineer, following trials on the completed base course
surface in accordance with Article 6.1.4.2. Unless otherwise directed by the
Engineer, the proportion of kerosene used in the initial trials shall be 80 parts
of kerosene per 100 parts of asphalt cement (80 pph - approximately
equivalent in viscosity to MC-30 grade refinery produced cutback).
(b) Cover aggregate for Prime Coat shall be screened natural grit or crushed stone, free
from weak or soft particles, cohesive or organic matter. Not less than 98 percent
shall pass the 9.5 mm ASTM sieve and not more than 2 percent shall pass the 2.36
mm (No. 8) sieve.
6.1.2.2 Materials for Tack Coat
Bituminous binder for Tack Coat shall be one of the following, as directed by the Engineer:
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a) Rapid breaking emulsified Asphalt conforming to the requirements of AASHTO M

140 or SNI 03-4798-1998 (AASHTO M208). The Engineer may permit or require
the dilution of the emulsion with 1 part clean water per 1 part of emulsion.
b) Either AC-10 grade asphalt cement (which is approximately equivalent to 80/100

Pen.) or AC-20 grade asphalt cement (which is approximately equivalent to 60/70
Pen.) conforming to AASHTO M 226 - 80, cut-back with between 25 and 30 parts of
kerosene per one hundred parts of bitumen.
6.1.3 EQUIPMENT
6.1.3.1 General Requirements
The equipment used by the Contractor shall include a power broom and/or a power blower,
a bitumen distributor, equipment for heating bituminous binder and suitable equipment for
dispersing excess binder.
6.1.3.2 Bitumen Distributor - Bar Sprayer
(a) The distributor shall be mounted on a pneumatic-tired vehicle complying with all
road safety regulations. The pressure on the tires when fully loaded shall not exceed
the tire manufacturer's recommendation for full speed operations.
(b) The binder tank, heating, pumping and spraying systems shall comply with the
safety recommendations of the Institute of Petroleum, United Kingdom.
(c) The distributor shall be designed, equipped, maintained and operated such that
bituminous binder at even heat may be applied uniformly on variable widths of
surface, at any controlled rate in the range 0.15 to 2.4 litres / square metre.
(d) Distributors shall be equipped with a full circulation Spray bar which shall be
adjustable laterally and vertically. The spray bar shall be fitted with a minimum of
24 identical nozzles, mounted at equal spacing of 10 1 cm. A hand spray lance
shall also be fitted.
6.1.3.3 Instrumentation
Distributor equipment shall include a tachometer, pressure gauges, a calibrated tank

dipstick, a thermometer for measuring the temperature of the tank contents, and an
instrument for measuring the speed of travel at low speed.
All measuring equipment on the distributor shall have been calibrated within the past year
to the tolerance specified in Article 6.1.3.4 and an accurate and satisfactory record of such
calibration shall be supplied to the Engineer.
6.1.3.4 Bitumen Distributor Instrument Tolerances
The accuracy tolerances and requirements for the gauges to be included on the bitumen
distributor bar sprayer are as follows:
Vehicle Speed Tachometer : 1.5 percent of full scale deflection conforming to the
requirements of BS 3403.
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Pump Speed Tachometer : 1.5 percent of full scale deflection conforming to the
requirements of BS 3403.
Thermometer : 5C, range 0 - 250C, minimum dial diameter 70 mm
Volume Measurement Device : 2 percent of total tank volume, a maximum dipstick

increments 50 litres
6.1.3.5 Spraying Chart and Operations Manual
The distributor shall be equipped with a Spraying Chart and Operations Manual, which
shall be carried with the sprayer, in good condition, at all times.
The Operations Manual shall include pipe flow diagrams and full instructions for all
operations of the distributor.
The spray chart shall show the relationship between speed and application rate for the
bitumen distributor being used as well as the relationship between pump speed and the
number of nozzles in use, based on a constant bitumen output per nozzle. The constant
nozzle output (litre / minute) shall be noted on the spray chart as well as the spraying
pressure.
The spray chart should also show the height of the spray bar from the surface and the
correct horizontal angle of the spray nozzles to ensure triple overlap of the nozzle fans that
is the width of road coated by each nozzle is three times the spacing between nozzles).
6.1.3.6 Distributor Performance
(a) When directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall make the distributor and its
equipment and operators available for field testing and shall supply any other
assistance required for this purpose. Any distributor which does not perform
satisfactorily in the opinion of the Engineer, when operated in accordance with the
Spray Rate Chart and the Operations Manual, or does not conform to the
requirements of the Specification in all respects, shall not be permitted to operate on
the works. Any modified or replacement distributor shall also be tested prior to its
use on the works.
(b) The transverse distribution of bitumen application rates produced by the distributor
shall be tested by passing the spray bar over a test area laid with 25 cm x 25 cm
sheets of absorbent material with a binder proof backing, which are weighed before
and after the spray application. The difference in weight shall be used in determining
the spraying rate actually applied to each sheet and the variation from the mean rate
for any sheet across the full width sprayed shall not exceed 15 percent of the mean
rate.
(c) The accuracy with which the distributor can achieve a given target spray application
rate shall be tested in a similar manner to the transverse distribution test in (b) above.
A minimum length spray run of 200 metres shall be used and the vehicle shall be
operated at a constant speed so as to advance the predetermined target application
rate directed by the Engineer. At a minimum of 5 evenly spaced cross sections, 3
evenly spaced absorbent pads shall be placed. No pad shall be placed within 0.5 m of
the sides of the sprayed area nor within 10 m of the start of the spray run. The
application rate, averaged over all pads shall not vary by more than 5 percent from
the target rate. Alternatively, the average application rate may be calculated from
calibrated dipstick readings, as specified in Article 6.1.4.3.(g). In this case, a
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minimum of 70 percent of the bitumen distributor capacity shall be sprayed in a

single application for the purposes of this test.
6.1.3.7 Hand Sprayer
If approved by the Engineer, the limit use of a hand sprayer may be used as an alternative
to the asphalt distributor.
The main components of the hand sprayer, which shall be maintained in good condition,
are:
(a) An asphalt tank with heater;
(b) A pump supplying pressure to the asphalt tank in such a manner that the asphalt
sprays;
(c) A spray bar provided with a nozzle.
In order to obtain the consistent and specified asphalt spraying, the Contractor shall provide
a skilled operator for this purpose who shall demonstrate his ability to the Engineers
satisfaction, prior to receiving the Engineers approval for the use of the hand sprayer.
6.1.4 EXECUTION OF THE WORK
6.1.4.1 Preparation of the Surface to be Coated
(a) Where the Prime or Tack Coat is to be applied to an existing road pavement
or shoulder surface, all defects in the pavement or shoulder shall be rectified, in
accordance with Section 8.1 or 8.2 of these specifications respectively.
(b) Where the Prime or Tack Coat is to be applied to a new pavement or shoulder
layer, the pavement or shoulder shall be completed in full, in accordance with
Sections 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.4, 6.3, 6.4, or 6.6 of these Specifications as appropriate to
the location and type of the new layer.
(c) The surface to be coated shall be maintained to the standards required in (a)
and (b) above until the application of the coating.
(d) Prior to the application of the binder, loose dirt and other objectionable
material shall be removed from the surface by means of a power broom or blower or
both. If this does not provide a uniformly clean surface additional sweeping shall be
done by hand using stiff brooms.
(e) Sweeping shall extend at least 20 centimetres beyond each edge of the area to
be sprayed.
(f) Adherent patches of objectionable material shall be removed from the surface
by steel scraper or other approved method and where the Engineer so directs the
scraped area shall be washed down with water and hand brooms.
(g) For Prime Coats on Class A Aggregate Base, the final swept surface finish
shall consist of a flat, tight, clean mosaic of coarse and fine aggregate, a surface
consisting only of fine aggregate shall not be acceptable.
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(h) No application of bituminous binder shall be undertaken until the pavement

has been prepared to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
6.1.4.2 Rate and Temperature of Application of Bituminous Material
(a) The Contractor shall carry out field trials under the supervision of the Engineer to
establish the appropriate application rate and such trials shall be repeated, as directed
by the Engineer, whenever the type of surface to be coated, or the type of bituminous
material, changes. Generally, the application rate so established shall fall within the
following ranges:
Prime Coat : 0.4 to 1.3 litre per square metre for Aggregate Base Class A
: 0.2 to 1.0 litre per square metre for Cement Treated Base
Tack Coat : according to the type of surface receiving the coating and the type of
binder used. Refer to Table 6.1.4.1 for typical application rates for
tack coat.
Table 6.1.4.1 Tack Coat Application Rates
Rate on New or Rate on Old Porous

Type of Binder Slick Old Surfaces Weathered Surfaces
(litre / sq. m) (litre / sq. m)
Cutback - 25 pph 0.15 0.15 - 0.35
Emulsion 0.20 0.20 - 0.50
Dilute (1:1) Emulsion 0.40 0.40 - 1.00 *
Note :
* ) : Higher application rates may flow excessively on steep, highly cambered or uneven surfaces.
(b) Spraying temperatures shall comply with Table 6.1.4.2, unless otherwise directed by
the Engineer. Spraying temperatures for cutbacks with kerosene contents differing
from those listed shall be obtained by interpolation.
(c) Heating quantities in excess of the requirements or prolonged heating at high

temperatures should be avoided. Any material which, in the opinion of the Engineer,
has been damaged by overheating shall be rejected and shall be replaced at the
Contractor's expense.
Table 6.1.4.2 Spraying Temperatures
Type of Binder Spraying Temperature Range

Cut-back, 25 pph kerosene 110 10C
(MC 70 grade cut-back)
(MC 30 grade cutback)
Cut-back, more than 100 pph kerosene not heated
Emulsified Asphalt or Diluted Emulsified Asphalt not heated
Note :
Extreme care shall be used when heating any cutback.
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6.1.4.3 Application of the Coating
(a) The length of the surface to be sprayed by each run of the distributor shall be
measured and marked on the ground. For Prime Coats, the boundaries of the area to
be sprayed shall be defined by paint or string line.
(b) Bituminous binder shall be so applied that a uniform distribution is obtained at all
points. The uniform application of bituminous binder at the rate instructed shall be
made by means of the bitumen distributor bar spray, except where the use of the
distributor is not practicable for the application to small areas, the Engineer may
approve the limited use of hand spray equipment.
The bitumen distributor shall be operated in accordance with the approved spray
chart. Pump speed, vehicle speed, bar height and nozzle settings shall be set in
accordance with the chart before and during each spraying operation.
(c) When directed, the bituminous binder shall be applied in spray runs of
approximately one half or less of the width of the completed surface and when so
applied there shall be an overlap of 20 cm of asphaltic material along the adjoining
edges of lanes. This 20 cm longitudinal shall remain uncovered with cover aggregate
until the adjacent spray run overlaps the 20 cm joint. Similarly, for Prime Coats, the
sprayed width shall be greater than the specified width of treatment at the edge of the
pavement surface or edge of shoulder to allow for the reduced bitumen rate at the
edge where no jet overlap occurs.
(d) Protective strips of building paper or similar non-porous, flexible material shall be
spread on the surface at the start and end of each spray run. Flow through the nozzles
shall be started and stopped entirely on the strips, so that all nozzles operate,
properly on the entire length of road being treated. The width of the strips shall be
sufficient to ensure that this is achieved.
The bitumen distributor shall start moving no less than 5 metres in advance of the
area to be sprayed so as to be travelling at the correct speed when the spray bar
reaches the paper strip and this speed shall be maintained until past the intended
finishing point of the binder application. The strips shall be promptly removed and
disposed of in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer.
(e) Provision shall be made for 10 percent, or such other percentage as may be
determined by the Engineer, of the rated capacity of the bitumen distributor to be
retained in the tank at the completion of each run, so as to avoid air entrainment
within the delivery system and provide for any minor excess in the rate of
application.
(f) The amount of binder used in each sprayer run shall be measured by using dipstick
in the bitumen distributor tank immediately before and after each run.
(g) The average binder application rate achieved on each sprayer run shall be calculated
as the volume of binder used divided by the spray run area. The spray run area is
defined as the product of the length of the sprayer run, the number of nozzles in use
and the spacing between nozzles. The average application rate achieved shall comply
with the rate directed by the Engineer in accordance with Article 6.l.4.2.(a) of this
Specification within the following tolerances.
Tolerance on 1 % of Sprayer Tank Volume
Application = ( 4 % of Directed Rate + ------------------------------------ )
Rate Spray Run Area
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The achieved application rate shall be calculated before any subsequent spray run is
made and any necessary adjustments shall be made to ensure that the directed rate of
application is maintained in subsequent runs.
(h) Spraying shall cease immediately if any defect develops in the spraying equipment
and shall not recommence until the fault has been rectified.
(i) Following spraying of the tack coat any areas of pooling or excessive binder shall be
redistributed across the sprayed surface. A pneumatic tired roller, hand brooms or
squeegees may be used for this purpose.
(j) Areas of prime which show excessive amounts of binder on the surface shall be
covered with clean cover aggregate complying with Article 6.1.2.1.(b), prior to the
application of the subsequent course. In no case shall cover aggregate be applied
before 4 hours after the application of the prime.
(k) Locations of the leaving sheet of absorbent material for bitumen application rate
testing should be manually re-brushed with the similar material and with the closed
rate to surrounding areas.
6.1.5 MAINTENANCE AND OPENING OF TRAFFIC
6.1.5.1 Maintenance of Prime Coat
(a) The Contractor shall maintain the primed surface to the standard laid down in Article
6.1.1.5 until it is overlaid by the subsequent course. The subsequent course shall be
applied only after sufficient time has elapsed to allow the prime binder to be fully
absorbed and to harden.
In the case of prime which is to be overlaid by a surface dressing, the delay period
shall be as directed by the Engineer and shall be a minimum of two and not more
than fourteen days, depending on the traffic, weather, binder and base materials.
(b) Traffic shall not be permitted on the primed surface until the bituminous binder has
penetrated and dried and in the opinion of the Engineer, shall not pick up under
traffic. In exceptional circumstances where it becomes necessary to permit traffic
prior to that time, but in no case sooner than four hours after the application of the
bituminous material, clean cover aggregate, complying with Article 6.1.2.1.(b), shall
be applied as directed by the Engineer and traffic may be permitted to use the lanes
so treated. Cover aggregate shall be spread from trucks in such a manner that no
wheel shall travel on uncovered bituminous material. When applying cover
aggregate to a treated lane that adjoins a lane yet to be treated, a strip at least 20 cm
wide along the adjoining edge shall be left uncovered, or if covered shall be
uncovered when the second lane is being prepared for treatment, in order to permit
an overlap of bituminous binder as required in Article 6.1.4.3.(d) above. The use of
cover aggregate shall be the minimum extent possible.
6.1.5.2 Maintenance of Tack Coat
Tack coat shall be applied only so far in advance of placement of the overlying bituminous
course as is necessary to obtain a suitable condition of tackiness. The overlaying
bituminous course shall be applied before the Tack Coat has lost its tackiness through
oxidation, wind blown dust or otherwise. While the Tack Coat remains uncovered, the
Contractor shall protect it from damage and prevent it from coming in contact with traffic.
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6.1.6 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL AND TESTING
(a) A bitumen sample and certificate, in accordance with Article 6.1.6.(a), shall
be provided for each delivery of bitumen to the site of the works.
(b) A two litre sample of the blended surface dressing hinder shall be taken from
distributor near the start and towards the end of each days works.
(c) The bitumen distributor shall be inspected and tested, in accordance with
Article 6.1.3.6, as follows:
(i) Prior to the commencement of spraying works on the contract.
(ii) Every 6 months or every 150,000 litres of binder sprayed by the distributor,
whichever is the more frequent.
(iii) Following any accident or modification to the distributor, or any other

occurrence which in the opinion of the Engineer warrants rechecking the
distributor.
(d) The result of the wet sieve testing of the proposed cover aggregate shall be
submitted to the Engineer for approval prior to any use of that aggregate.
(e) A detailed record of daily surfacing operations, including binder used on each
sprayer run and application rates achieved, shall be made on the standard form
shown on sheet 1.10 of the Drawings.
6.1.7 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
6.1.7.1 Measurement for Payment
(a) The quantity of asphaltic material measured for payment shall be the number
of litres at 15 C required to comply with the Specification and the requirements of
the Engineer, or shall be the actual number of litres at 15 C used and accepted,
whichever is the lesser. Volumetric measurements shall be taken when the material
is at a uniform temperature throughout its volume and free from air bubbles. The
quantity of bitumen used shall be determined after each spray run.
(b) Any cover aggregate used shall be considered incidental to the work of
achieving a satisfactory Prime Coat and shall not be measured or paid for separately.
(c) The work of preparing and maintaining the formation on which Prime or Tack
Coat is to be placed, in accordance with Articles 6.1.4.1.(a) and 6.1.4.1.(b), shall not
be measured or paid under this Section, but shall be measured and paid for in
accordance with the relevant Articles specifying construction and rehabilitation, as
referenced in Article 6.1.4.1.
(d) Final cleaning and preparation of the surface in accordance with Articles
6.1.4.1.(d) to 6.1.4.1.(g) and maintenance of the completed prime or tack coated
surface in accordance with Article 6.1.5, shall be considered incidental to the work
of achieving a Satisfactory Prime or Tack Coat and shall not be measured or paid
separately.
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6.1.7.2 Measurement of Rectified Work
Where rectification of unsatisfactory Prime Coat or Tack Coat has been directed by the
Engineer under Article 6.1.1.5 above, the quantities to be measured for payment shall be
those which would have been paid if the original work had been acceptable. No additional
payment shall be made for the extra work or quantities or testing necessitated by the
rectification.
6.1.7.3 Basis of Payment
The quantities as determined above shall be paid for as shown below, which payment shall
be full compensation for furnishing and placing all the material, including the cover
aggregate and including all labor, equipment and tools, and any incidentals necessary to
complete and maintain the work prescribed in this Section.
Pay Item No. Description Unit of Measurement
6.1.1 Prime Coat Litre
6.1.2 Tack Coat Litre
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SECTION 6.2
SINGLE AND DOUBLE SURFACE DRESSING
6.2.1 GENERAL
6.2.1.1 Description
This work shall consist of the construction of either one or two layers of surface dressing,
each layer consisting of an application of bituminous binder covered with aggregate
chippings. The surface dressings are intended for use on a primed Class A Aggregate Base
or on an existing bituminous surface.

(e) Shoulders : Section 4.2
(f) Aggregate Base : Section 5.1
(g) Soil Cement Base : Section 5.4
(h) Prime Coat and Tack Coat : Section 6.1
(i) Reinstatement of Existing Pavement : Section 8.1
(j) Routine Maintenance of Pavement, Shoulders,
(k) Drainage, Road Furniture and Bridges : Section 10.1
SNI 03-2417-1991 : Cara Uji Keausan Agregat dengan Mesin Abrasi Los
(AASHTO T96 - 02 (2006)) Angeles.
SNI 03-3407-1994 : Cara Uji Sifat Kekekalan Agregat dengan Cara
(AASHTO T104 - 99 (2003)) Perendaman Menggunakan Larutan Natrium Sulfat atau
Magnesium Sulfat.
SNI 03-2439-1991 : Cara Uji Penyelimutan dan Pengelupasan Pada
(AASHTO T182 - 84 (2002)) Campuran Agregat-Aspal.
AASHTO :
AASHTO M20 - 70 (2004) : Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement

AASHTO M226 - 80 (2004) : Viscosity Graded Asphalt Cement
6.2.1.4 Weather and Seasonal Limitations
No surface dressing work shall be carried out on a wet pavement, during rain, when rain
appears imminent or during high winds. Surface dressing shall be carried out only during
dry weather and when the weather is likely to remain fine for at least 24 hours following
the work.
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6.2.1.5 Standard for Acceptance and Rectification of Unsatisfactory Work
An inspection of the existing surface shall be made by the Engineer or his representative
before surface dressing work commences, to determine whether the existing surface has
been prepared and cleaned in accordance with the requirements of Article 6.2.5.1. The
Contractor shall not commence the surface dressing works for any section without the prior
written approval of the Engineer.
Single surface dressing or the first layer of a double surface dressing shall not be more than
one stone thick and shall be swept free of all loose material following rolling.
The second layer of a double surface dressing shall not be more than one stone thick and
shall be swept free of all loose material following rolling. No work on the second layer of
surface dressing shall be commenced without the written approval of the Engineer.
The finished surface of each layer shall be of a uniform appearance, forming a continuous,
tightly locked, impervious sealing layer, without bare patches or fat spots. Completed
surface dressing shall be maintained free of loose material by the Contractor for a period of
at least 3 days following laying.
Unsatisfactory surface dressing shall be rectified as directed by Engineer and may include
the removal or addition of material, complete removal and replacement of the work, or the
overlay of the work by further courses of surface to produce a satisfactory surface.
6.2.1.6 Maintenance of Accepted Work
Not withstanding the Contractors obligation to carry out rectification of unsatisfactory or

failed work as specified in Article 6.2.1.5 above, the Contractor shall also be responsible
for routine maintenance of all completed and accepted surface dressing throughout the
Time for Completion. Such routine maintenance is to be carried out in accordance with
Section 10.1 of these Specifications and shall be paid for separately under Article 10.1.7.
6.2.1.7 Submittals
(a) A 5 litre sample of any bituminous binder that the Contractor proposes to use in the
work, together with a Certificate from the manufacturer and the test results as
specified in Article 1.11.1.3.(c), submitted before construction begins. The certificate
must state that the binder complies with the relevant specification and grade
requirements for the bituminous binder, given in Article 6.2.2.2 of this Specification.
(b) A satisfactory record of the calibration certificates of all instruments and gauges and
the dipstick for the bitumen distributor, as described in Articles 6.1.3.3 and 6.1.3.4,
submitted not less than 30 days before construction begins. The dipstick, instrument
and gauges shall be calibrated to the accuracy, tolerances and requirements described
in Article 6.1.3.4 and the date of calibration shall be no longer than two years before
the start of construction.
(c) A spray chart, meeting the requirement of Article 6.1.3.5, so that equipment checks
can be carried out.
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(d) Samples of aggregate proposed for use in sealing aggregate production, with test
results for all those tests listed in Article 6.2.2.1.(b) of this specification, submitted
not less than 30 days before sealing aggregate production begins;
(e) Written reports on the production, stockpile location and location of proposed use of
all sealing aggregates proposed for use in the works, Test results on the sealing
aggregate, in accordance with Articles 6.2.2.1, and 6.2.6 at least 5 working days
prior to any use of any sealing aggregate stockpile in the works;
(f) Samples of materials used in each day's work and daily records of surface dressing
done and application rates of materials all in accordance with Article 6.2.6.
6.2.1.8 Work Conditions
(a) Trees, structures or other property near sites of surface dressing work shall be
protected from bituminous binder spray and from damage by other cause.
(b) Bituminous binder or other material shall not be discharged into any side ditch, drain
or neighboring property.
(c) The Contractor shall provide and maintain the adequate fire prevention and control
measures, and also first aid supplies and facilities at sites where bituminous binder is
to be heated.
6.2.1.9 Control of Traffic and Protection Period

(a) Traffic control shall comply with the requirements of Article 1.8 of these
Specifications in all respects, with the following additional precautions:
(b) No traffic of any kind shall be permitted to travel on the newly sprayed
surface until it is covered with aggregate.
(c) Public traffic shall not be allowed on newly covered work until the whole area
has been rolled with a suitable roller (minimum of 6 passes) and swept clean of loose
material. Approved warning signs limiting the speed of vehicles 15 km/hour shall
be placed as necessary. Barriers shall be provided to prevent trafficking of unrolled
chippings or uncovered bituminous binder.
(d) Proper supervised traffic control as instructed by the Engineer and in

accordance with Article 1.8.3, shall be enforced on a 24 hour per day basis, from the
commencement of surface dressing works in any section until a minimum of 72
hours after its completion. If rain occurs within 48 hours of the completion of the
surface dressing the recently complete work shall be closed to traffic until dry. Full
traffic control measures shall continue until an uninterrupted period of 48 hours of
dry weather has elapsed, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.
(e) Upon the completion of the period defined in (d) above, the surface shall be
thoroughly swept clear of all loose aggregate and inspected by the Engineer. If the
Engineer finds the surface appears stable, all traffic signs and barriers shall be
removed. Alternatively, the Engineer may direct the continuation of traffic control
until the Surface dressing becomes stable and all necessary repairs are made.
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6.2.2 MATERIALS
6.2.2.1 Cover Aggregate
(a) Cover Aggregate shall consist of clean, tough, durable fragments of crushed gravel
or crushed stone, free from dirt, clay, dust or other matter that would prevent
thorough coating with bituminous material.
(b) The source material used to produce the cover aggregate shall conform to the
following requirements :
loss by abrasion (SNI 03-2417-1991) 30 % max.
bitumen retained after subjection to stripping test

(SNI 03-2439-1991) 95 % min.
(c) The actual cover aggregate shall be kept dry and free from dust and dirt, and shall
conform with the following requirements :
The portion by weight of crushed gravel particles retained

on a 4.75 mm sieve having at least two fractured faces 90 % min.
(d) The particle size range of sealing aggregate for Single Surface Dressing and for the
first layer of Double Surface Dressing is specified in terms of aggregate least
dimensions, in accordance with Table 6.2.2.1 below.
Table 6.2.2.1 Aggregate Particle Size Requirements.
Nominal Average Least Percentage of Maximum

Size Dimension Range Least Dimensions Percentage Passing
(mm) (ALD) within 2.5 mm of 4.75 mm sieve
ALD
13 6.4 9.5 65 2
The aggregate shape shall be cubical, such that when tested in accordance with
Appendix 6.2.A of this specification, the ratio of the aggregate average greatest
dimension to the average least dimension (AGD/ALD ratio) shall not exceed 2.30.
(e) The Double Surface Dressing second layer sealing aggregate, 6 mm nominal size,
shall conform to the grading requirements of Table 6.2.2.2 below, and shall be of
cubical shape.
Table 6.2.2.2 Double Surface Dressing Second Layer Cover Aggregate Grading
Sieve Designation ASTM mm Percent Passing by Weight

9.5 100
6.35 95 - 100
2.36 0 - 15
1.18 0-8
(f) Aggregate for the second layer of a double surface dressing must also be capable of
interlocking into the surface voids in the compacted first layer aggregate. It shall be
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the responsibility of the Contractor to ensure that the second layer aggregate is of
compatible size.
6.2.2.2 Bituminous Binder
(a) The bituminous binder used shall be either AC-10 grade asphalt cement (which is
approximately equivalent to 80/100 Pen.) or AC-20 grade (which is approximately
equivalent to 60/70 Pen.) conforming to AASHTO M226 - 80, diluted with kerosene
in accordance with Table 6.2.2.3. This table shall be used for the design of the
bituminous binder material, for all surface dressing layers.
Table 6.2.2.3 Binder Design
Shade Air Proportion of Kerosene to Bitumen Spraying

Temperature When using AC-10 When using AC-20 Temperature
(C) (Pen.80/100) (Pen.60/70) (C)
20.0 11 13 157
22.5 9 11 162
25.0 7 9 167
27.5 5 7 172
Notes :
(i) pph = Parts of kerosene per 100 parts of bitumen by volume.
(ii) The actual spraying temperature shall be within 10 % of the tabulated values.
(iii) Where the air temperature lies between two values in column 1, the dilution and spray
temperature selected should be for the lower of the two air temperatures. Due allowance
should be made for predictable changes in air temperature between time of measurement
and time of spraying.
Bituminous binder which has been heated to spraying temperature listed in Table
6.2.2.3 for over 10 hours, or which has been heated to more than 200C shall be
rejected.
(b) Where the construction of the surface dressing must be performed under adverse or
marginal weather conditions, or the aggregate resistance to stripping (SNI 03-2439-
1991) is marginal, the Engineer may require that the Contractor add an adhesion
(anti-stripping) additive to the binder.
The additive shall be of a type approved by the Engineer and the required proportion
of additive shall be mixed with the bituminous binder in accordance with the
manufacturers instructions. The mixture shall be circulated in the distributor tank
for a minimum of 30 minutes at full pump speed to produce a homogeneous mixture.
(c) Where blending of bituminous binder, kerosene and additive, when approved, is
done in a bitumen distributor, the mixed contents shall be circulated for a minimum
of 30 minutes at full pump speed to produce a homogeneous mixture.
6.2.3 TYPES OF SURFACE DRESSING
The type of surface dressing to be used in each section of the works shall be shown on
sheet 2.01 of the Drawings, abbreviated as shown in Table 6.2.3.1 below.
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Table 6.2.3.1 Types of Surface Dressing
Type of Surface Dressing Abbreviation for Surfacing Type

Single Surface Dressing SST
Double Surface Dressing DBST
6.2.4 EQUIPMENT
6.2.4.1 General Requirements
The equipment to be used shall include a self propelled bitumen distributor, two pneumatic
tired rollers, aggregate spreading equipment, at least two rear dump trucks, hand broom and
drag brooms and equipment for decanting drums and for heating bituminous material.
6.2.4.2 Bitumen Distributor
The bitumen distributor shall conform to the requirements of Article 6.1.3. In addition, the
distributor tank shall be completely insulated, so that when fully loaded with binder at a
temperature in excess of 150 C, the binder temperature shall not drop by more than 2.5 C
per hour, the bitumen distributor being at rest.
6.2.4.3 Rollers
Pneumatic tired rollers shall have a total compacting width of not less than 1.5 m and shall
be self-propelled.
6.2.4.4 Chip Spreaders
Chip spreading equipment shall be capable of spreading the aggregate evenly at a

controlled rate over a width of at least 2.4 m, and shall be fitted with a positive means of
adjusting the width of spread from the side of the spreader. The design of the spreading
equipment and the operating speed of the spreading vehicle shall ensure that the sealing
chip is dropped in such a way that it does not tumble on impact with the sprayed surface.
At least 2 truck mounted aggregate spreaders or at least one self contained four wheel drive
belt spreader shall be supplied. Hand spreading shall only be used in conjunction with a
drag broom.
6.2.4.5 Brooms
Hard bristle hand brooms for redistributing aggregate and a drag or power broom to
remove excessive aggregate shall be provided.
6.2.4.6 Other Equipment
Other equipment of proven performance may be used by the Contractor in addition to, or in
lieu of the specified equipment, when approved by the Engineer.
6.2.5 EXECUTION OF THE WORK
6.2.5.1 Quantities of Material to be Used
(a) The rates of application of bituminous binder, for each layer of surface dressing and
for each section of road, shall be determined by the Engineer, depending on the
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Average Least Dimension of the cover aggregate, the composition of the binder, the
condition and texture of the existing surface and the type and density of the traffic
using the road. The Engineer may further modify these application rates, depending
on the results of field trials carried out by the Contractor at the direction of the
Engineer.
(b) The spread rate of aggregate shall be sufficient to cover the surface, without any
excess after compaction, in accordance with the standards specified in Article 6.2.1.5
Appendix 6.2.C of this Specification consists of the procedure of calculation to
estimate the application rate of aggregate.
6.2.5.2 Preparation of Existing Surfaces
(a) Prior to the application of the binder, loose dirt and other objectionable material shall
be removed from the surface by means of a power broom or blower or both. If this
does not provide a uniformly clean surface additional sweeping shall be done by
hand using stiff brooms.
(b) Sweeping shall extend at least 20 centimetres beyond each edge of the area to be
sprayed.
(c) Adherent patches of objectionable material shall be removed from the surface by
steel scraper or other approved method and where the Engineer so directs the scraped
area shall be washed down with water and hand brooms.
(d) No application of bituminous binder shall be undertaken until the pavement has been
cleaned to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
(e) Existing non-bituminous surfaces shall be Prime Coated in accordance with the
requirements specified in Section 6.1 before the surface dressing work is
commenced. Where a prime coat has been applied to the surface, any area in which
the prime coat has been insufficiently applied or is defective in any way shall be re-
primed as directed by the Engineer. Such work shall be carried out and paid for in
accordance with the requirements of Section 6.1 of these Specifications. A period of
at least 48 hours, or such longer period as the Engineer may direct, shall be allowed
for the primer to become completely dry, before the surface dressing is applied.
(f) Before application of the bituminous binder any necessary preliminary patching of
the surface to be treated shall have been completed to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.
6.2.5.3 Application of Bituminous Binder
(a) Bituminous binder shall be so applied that a uniform distribution is obtained at all
points. The uniform application of bituminous binder at the rate instructed shall be
made by means of the bitumen distributor bar spray, except where the use of the
distributor is not practicable for the application to small areas the Engineer may
approve the limited use of hand spray equipment.
The bitumen distributor shall be operated in accordance with the approved spray
chart. Pump speed, vehicle speed, bar height and nozzle settings shall be set in
accordance with the chart before and during each spraying operation.
(b) The spraying temperature shall not vary by more than 10 C from the values given in
Table 6.2.2.3.
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(c) When directed the bituminous binder shall be applied in spray runs of approximately
one half or less of the width of the completed surface and when so applied there shall
be an overlap of 20 cm of bituminous binder along the adjoining edges of lanes. This
20 cm longitudinal joint shall remain uncovered with cover aggregate until the
adjacent spray run overlaps the 20 cm strip. Similarly the sprayed width shall be
greater than the width of surface dressing at the edge of the pavement surface or
edge of shoulder to allow for the reduced bitumen rate at the edge when no jet
overlap occurs. The second layer of the double surface dressing shall have
longitudinal joint offset by approximately 15 centimetres from the joint of the first
layer.
(d) Protective strips of building paper or similar non-porous, flexible material shall be
spread on the surface at the start and end of each spray run. Flow through the nozzles
shall be started and stopped entirely on the strips, so that all nozzles operate properly
on the entire length of road being treated. The width of the strips shall be sufficient
to ensure that this is achieved.
The bitumen distributor shall start moving no less than 5 metres in advance of the
area to be sprayed so as to be travelling at the correct speed when the spray bar
reaches the paper strip and this speed shall be maintained until past the intended
finishing point of the binder application. The strips shall be promptly removed and
disposed of in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer.
(e) Provision shall be made for 10 percent, or such other percentage as may be
determined by the Engineer, of the rated capacity of the bitumen distributor to be
retained in the tank at the completion of each run, so as to avoid air entrainment
within the delivery system and provide for any minor excess in the rate of
application.
(f) The amount of bituminous binder used in each sprayer run, or area of hand-spraying,
shall be measured with a dipstick by dipping the distributor binder tank immediately
before and after each spray run, or section of hand-spraying.
(g) The area of road covered by each spray run, including area of hand-spray work,
defined as the product of the length of the spray run between the protective strips of
material and the effective width of spray. The effective width of spray is defined as
the product of the number of nozzles in operation and the spacing between adjacent
nozzles.
(h) The dimensions of the area of road covered in each area of hand-spray works shall
be measured and the area calculated immediately after spraying of the area is
completed.
(i) The average binder application rate achieved on each spray run or area of hand-spray
work, defined as the volume of binder used divided by the area of road covered, shall
comply with the rate directed by the Engineer in accordance with Article 6.2.5.(l).(a)
of this Specification, within the following tolerance:
Tolerance on 1 % of Sprayer Tank Volume

Application = ( 4 % of Directed Rate + ------------------------------------ )
Rate Spray Run Area
The achieved application rate shall be calculated before any subsequent spray run or
area of hand spray work is commenced and any necessary adjustments shall be made
to ensure that the directed rate of application is achieved in subsequent spraying.
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(j) Spraying shall cease immediately if any defect develops in the spraying equipment
and it shall not recommence until the fault has been rectified.
(k) Locations of the leaving sheet of absorbent material for bitumen application rate
testing should be manually re-brushed with the similar material and with the closed
rate to surrounding areas.
6.2.5.4 Spreading Cover Aggregate
(a) Before the bituminous binder is applied, sufficient cover aggregate shall be in trucks
at the site of the work ready to provide the full cover for the area to be sprayed. The
aggregate shall be clean and shall be in a condition that shall ensure that it will
adhere to the binder within 5 minutes of spreading on the binder. The application of
the aggregate shall proceed immediately after application of bituminous binder
commences and shall be completed within 5 minutes of the completion of spraying
or such smaller period of time as the Engineer shall direct.
(b) The aggregate shall be spread uniformly over the asphaltic material by means of
approved aggregate spreaders. Any bare or insufficiently covered areas shall be
covered by hand as necessary to give uniform and complete coverage. Any aggregate
spread in excess of the rate specified or ordered shall be scattered and evenly
distributed on the road by a drag broom, or otherwise removed and stockpiled as
directed by the Engineer.
6.2.5.5 Brooming and Rolling
(a) Immediately after spreading the cover aggregate to the satisfaction of the Engineer,
the aggregate shall be rolled with two pneumatic tired rollers. Rolling shall be
continued until the entire area has received 6 complete coverages by the roller
wheels.
(b) The road shall then be swept clean of excess aggregate, in accordance with the
requirements of Article 6.2.l.9.(e).
(a) A bitumen sample and certificate, in accordance with Article 6.2.1.6.(a), shall be
provided for each delivery of bitumen to the site of the works.
(b) A two litre sample of the blended surface dressing binder shall be taken from the
distributor near the start and towards the end of each days work.
(c) The amount of supporting test data required for initial approval of the quality of the
cover aggregate source material shall be as directed by the Engineer but shall include
all the tests specified in Article 6.2.2.1.(b) on at least three representative samples
from the proposed material source, selected to represent the range of material quality
likely to be obtained from the source. Following approval of the quality of a
proposed cover aggregate material, these tests shall be repeated subsequently, at the
discretion of the Engineer, in the event of observed changes in the material or in its
source.
(d) The bitumen distributor shall be inspected and tested, in accordance with Article
6.1.3.6, as follows:
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(i) Prior to the commencement of spraying works on the Contract.
(ii) Every 6 months or every 150,000 litres of binder sprayed by the distributor,
whichever is the earlier.
(iii) Following any accident or modification to the distributor, or any other

occurrence which in the opinion of the Engineer warrants rechecking the
distributor.
(e) The full range of tests and particle size analyses listed in Articles 6.2.2.1.(c), (d) and
(e) shall be performed for each stockpile before any use is made of that the stockpile.
Not less than one sample shall be taken and tested for each 75 cubic metres of
aggregate in the stockpile.
(f) A detailed record of daily surfacing operations, including binder used on each
sprayer run and application rates achieved, shall be made on the standard form
shown on sheet 1.11 of the Drawings.
6.2.7.1 Measurement of Bituminous Binder Material for Payment
(a) Bituminous Binder Material shall be measured for payment in litre as the sum of the
nominal volumes applied and accepted on each spray run or section of hand spray
work, corrected for thermal expansion to an equivalent volume at 15 C.
(b) The nominal volume shall be defined by the area of surface sprayed with binder,
measured in accordance with Articles 6.2.5.3.(g) and 6.2.5.3.(h) of this Specification,
and the nominal binder application rate. For payment purposes, the nominal binder
application rate for each spray run or section of hand spray work shall be taken as
the lesser of the following ((c) and (d)):
(c) The application rate directed by the Engineer, plus the relevant tolerances allowed in
Article 6.2.5.3.(i) of this Specification.
(d) The actual average application rate placed, measured in accordance with Articles
6.2.5.3.(f) to 6.2.5.3.(i) of this Specification.
6.2.7.2 Measurement of Single Surface Dressing Aggregate for Payment
Aggregate for Single Surface Dressing shall be measured for payment in square metre of
road surface covered by single surface dressing completed and accepted in accordance with
this Specification and the Contract Drawings.
6.2.7.3 Measurement of Double Surface Dressing Aggregate for Payment
Aggregate for Double Surface Dressing shall be measured for payment in square metre of
road surface covered by double surface dressing completed and accepted in accordance
with this Specification and the Contract Drawings.
6.2.7.4 Measurement of Rectified Work
Where rectification of unsatisfactory Surface Dressing has been directed by the Engineer
under Article 6.2.1.5 above, the quantities to be measured for payment shall be those which
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would have been paid if the original work had been acceptable. No additional payment
shall be made for the extra work or quantities or testing necessitated by the rectification.
The quantities, determined as provided above, shall be paid for at the Contract Price per
unit of measurement for the pay items that are shown in the Bill of Quantities, which prices
and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials, including
any labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in
this Specification.
6.2.1 Single Surface Dressing Aggregate Square Metre

(SST)
6.2.2 Double Surface Dressing Aggregate Square Metre

(DBST)
6.2.3 Bituminous Binder Material for Litre

Surface Dressing
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6-24
GUIDELINES
SECTION 6.3
HOT ASPHALTIC MIXTURES
INTRODUCTION
This section contains information concerning selection of binders, equipment requirements, mix
design procedures and recommendations and other matters previously contained in Specification
Section 6.3. Contractors preparing bids for works using this specification should pay particular
attention to the changes in requirements described.
Specification Section 6.3 now applies to all traffic levels for National and Provincial roads. Important
changes include increases in the minimum equipment required, a requirement for added filler,
limitations on the use of coal firing, a requirement to use high quality bitumen for heavily trafficked
roads, an increase in the requirement for Retained Stability, increases in aggregate and sand quality
requirements especially for heavily trafficked roads, certification of Asphalt Mixing Plant (AMP) a
minimum AMP capacity of 800 kg for AC base, large projects and projects requiring coarse graded
AC mixes.
NOTES FOR BIDDERS
Bidders should take particular note of the following matters relating to equipment and staff resources
necessary to meet particular requirements of this specification.
1. Qualified personnel that must be provided to undertake asphalt paving works include:
a) a geodetic surveyor especially for widening and new alignments, to set out the works and
to ensure compliance with the design levels, geometric alignment and specified level
tolerances.
b) Trained and certified laboratory staff
c) Trained and certified AMP (Asphalt Mixing Plant) operator
d) Trained and certified asphalt finishing works foreman
e) The asphalt operation manager must be a qualified engineer with at least 5 years asphalt
production and finishing experience
2. The asphalt mixing and paving plant must have the following features in addition to
requirements previously specified:
a) Batch type AMPs shall have a minimum pug mill capacity of 800 kg for projects using
AC Base or coarse graded AC mixes except for maintenance works when the minimum
capacity shall be 500 kg (Article 6.3.4.1.d).
b) 4 cold feed bins are required for general use. 5 cold feed bins are to be provided if AC-
Base production is required (Article 6.3.4.1.f). AMPs with only 4 cold feed bins may be
used provided AC-BC is substituted for AC-Base but at the Unit Price tendered for AC-
Base. Designers should consider replacing AC-Base with AC-BC when equipment
constraints or AC-Base segregation problems are anticipated.
c) Added filler (i.e. cement, fly ash, hydrated lime, ground limestone, or cement kiln dust)
shall generally be required to fulfill the specified requirements. Article 6.3.2.4. Therefore
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a filler storage shed or silo, and a functional filler elevator, storage hopper, weigh batcher
and delivery auger or similar shall be provided.
d) Modified bitumen. Direct delivery into the AMP pugmill of additives other than fibres is
no longer permitted. Therefore modified bitumens shall be pre-blended. Approved
blending equipment shall be provided if blending of types B or C is to be carried out on-
site. Dedicated heated tanks shall be provided for modified bitumen Article 6.3.2.8.
Stirred storage tanks should be provided if the modified bitumen is subject to separation
during storage.
e) Hot screen cloths of 14mm (all projects except those using sand sheet) and 30 mm (only
for projects requiring AC Base) aperture size shall be provided in addition to the 5, 10 and
20mm sizes usually provided. In addition a 30 mm cloth is required for AC Base
production.
f) Aggregate shape and fine aggregate clay content limitations have been strengthened.
Additionally 14 mm nominal size aggregate is now required for AC wearing course mixes
and 30 mm aggregate is required for AC Base.
g) An alternative grading envelope has been introduced for HRS for use when materials
suitable for producing gap graded HRS are unobtainable.
h) Asphalt pavers shall have the following minimum features in addition to the usually
specified requirements: i) individual auger control and cut off plates or other means to
machine place asphalt in narrow widening areas, ii) waterpass type cross fall device
mounted on the finisher screed to control the screed crossfall. , iii) other screed level
automation devices may be specified when required.
3. Most crushing plant configurations, especially those supplying materials for coarse graded
mixes, will require modification to meet the aggregate shape, and cleanliness requirements of
the specification. Modifications required to aggregate crushing plant that do not currently
comply with aggregate shape and cleanliness requirements may include:
(a) means to remove undersize material from the primary crusher discharge.
(b) an impact, cone or vertical shaft impact type tertiary crushing stage. This requirement is
mandatory for aggregates for coarse graded AC mixes.
(c) Depending on the asphaltic mixture types required, crusher screens of 14mm and 30 mm
(30 mm may be omitted if AC Base is not required) shall be required in addition to the
usual sizes.
(d) The crushing plant should have a total of 4 or 5 aggregate screens rather than the usual 3
for production of aggregate for Super pave asphaltic concrete mixes. A three deck system
can be used but shall require several screen size changes during the work to produce the
14 mm aggregate size necessary for both HRS and AC Wearing.
4. Fine aggregate for heavily loaded roads requires a Sand Equivalent of 75%. To meet this
requirement sand must be washed and crusher dust must be produced from clean feed stock (ie
feed stock screened after primary crushing).
CERTIFICATION OF AMPS
Certification by an Authority which appointed by the Engineer is required. Bidders should submit a
Certification Certificate with their bid or should provide evidence that an application for certification
has been placed.
6-26
If a certification inspection by an Authority which appointed by the Engineer is not possible prior to
commencement of the works an inspection to determine interim compliance shall be carried out by the
Engineer prior to the first use of the equipment. Current Department of Metrology certificates for the
AMP weighbridge and APM batch weigh equipment shall be a minimum requirement for interim
approval
COAL FIRED BURNERS
Proven standard equipment designed specifically for asphalt plant and incorporating the following
features may be approved for use:
a) Automated temperature control capable of maintaining aggregate and mix temperatures within
the specified limits with minimal manual correction;
b) The burner heat output can be modulated within a range equal to that of dryer drum oil burners
(a heat output modulation range of at least 30% to 100% is suggested with response time not
exceeding 10 seconds)
c) Solid matter in the discharge from the combustion zone of direct firing type burners must
comply with the grading limits for filler grade fly ash given in Table 6.3.2.2 (c);
d) Coal for direct firing type burners is pre-pulverised to a uniform particle grading that is
sufficiently fine satisfy (c);
e) Coal used for direct fired burners shall meet property requirements approved or instructed by the
Engineer.
Coal burners must be certified by an Authority which appointed by the Engineer before use. The
certification shall specify approval for use with Type I bitumen only or with both Types I and II. Type
II compliance shall require capability to maintain asphalt mix production temperature within the range
165 to 175oC
BITUMEN SUPPLY
1. The recommended bitumen type and asphalt mix types to be used for works are given in Table
6.3 (Guideline) 1.
2. Two types of bitumen are specified: Type 1 is standard 60-70 penetration bitumen and Type II
modified bitumen. Permitted modified types include A) asbuton based, B) latex based and C)
synthetic rubber based.
3. Bitumen manufacturers will be required to provide all deliveries with a Seal system to prevent
contamination. Contractors are required to inspect the Seals before accepting any bitumen
delivery and may return loads received that have broken seals.
4. Penetration and Softening Point tests for all bitumen as well as storage stability tests for all
modified bitumens, are mandatory before acceptance by the contractor of any bitumen delivery.
Therefore contractors must provide appropriate rapid test and storage arrangements that allow
isolation of non-compliant bitumen. The contractor will be held responsible for the quality of
any bitumen held in site tanks used for production;
The contractor shall report the source and quality certification of all bitumen supplies. The
manufacturer is required to report the crude oil source and full description of all specified properties in
the Bitumen Quality Certificate;. Manufacturers of modified bitumen shall also provide a Heukelom
Chart showing the temperature / viscosity relationship of the bitumen and production tolerances.
6-27
Modified bitumens shall be tested for all properties prior to first use and at monthly intervals
thereafter.
FILLER
Added filler is required for AC Wearing, AC Binder and HRS. All AMPs must therefore have an
operable filler silo and filler delivery and weigh batch systems.
AGGREGATES
The upper limit on passing the 75 micron sieve of 8% and the required sand Equivalent of 75% require
clean sand and clean crusher dust.
Other property requirements have been strengthened. Refer Article 6.3.2.
Aggregate sizes nominal 14 (or 12.5) mm and 30 mm have been introduced to reduce segregation and
improve production control for AC Wearing Course and AC Base mixes.
MIX DESIGN
1. Laboratory procedures to determine the Design Mix Formula
The initial mix grading should be designed as close as is possible to the centre of the combined
aggregate grading envelope (Table 6.3.2.3). Minor non compliance may be accepted provided
the grading is smooth, not prone to segregation, complies with the specification in all other
respects and does not infringe either the Material in the gap (for gap graded mixes). The
approved DMF must fall within the specified design envelope. Once the optimum design mix
grading is determined, it and the tolerance limits given by Table 6.3.3.2 become the production
control limits, not the limits given in Table 6.3.2.3
Carry out the Marshall Design tests and compaction to refusal on the optimum combined mix
grading using hot bin materials.
The nominal binder content for AC wearing and binder course trial mixes can be estimated
based on the optimum bitumen film thickness index. Indicative values are provided in Table 6.3
(Guideline) 1.
Make samples at the estimated nominal binder content, and at two binder contents above and
two binder contents below the nominal binder content, in steps of 0.5%. (For example, if the
estimated nominal binder content is 5.7%, make samples at 4.7, 5.2%, 5.7, 6.2%, and 6.7%,
binder contents). Measure the specimens bulk densities, their Marshall Stability and Flow values
and the percent retained Stability after soaking. Measure or calculate their densities at zero air
voids. Calculate VMA, VFB and VIM. Plot all the results in the usual graphs, as shown in
Appendix 6.3.E.
For each of the parameters listed in Table 6.3.3.1.(a) to Table 6.3.3.1.(d), depending on which
type of mixture selected, draw the specified limits onto the appropriate graph and determine the
range of binder contents for which the specification is totally fulfilled. Present these ranges in a
manner similar to Appendix 6.3.E. The design binder content must be selected at or near the
center of the range of binder contents for which all of the specified parameters are satisfied.
A suitable mix must meet all the criteria in Table 6.3.3.1.(a) to Table 6.3.3.1.(d), depending on
which type of mixture selected, over a practical range of binder contents. The range of binder
contents over which the mix meets all the design criteria should be at least one percent. This
allows a realistic tolerance for production. If this requirement is not fulfilled alternative grading
combinations must be investigated and Marshall testing repeated.
6-28
At three binder contents (one that give VIM above 6%, one that give VIM 6% and two that give
VIM below 6%) make extra samples and compact these to refusal (using the BS 598 PRD
procedure). Measure the bulk densities and measure and/or calculate the densities at zero air
voids for these specimens.
2. Advice on Specific Mixtures

(i) Sand Sheet (SS)
Investigate all feasible sources of sand. Use sand with greater angularity to produce a
stronger and more deformation resistant mix. SS Class B may be made with or without
added coarse aggregate, depending on the grading of the available sand. Added filler shall
be necessary to fulfill the specified requirements. The calculated effective bitumen film
thickness should lie between 6 and 8 micron.
(ii) Gap graded Mixtures (HRS)
Usually two sizes of coarse aggregate are used and two fine aggregates, one of which
should be a finely graded sand. Pay special attention to the limits on the material in the
gap, that is material passing 2.36 mm but retained on 0.6 mm sieves. Make sure the mix
has adequate VIM (2%) at refusal density. See Table 6.3.3.1.(b). The calculated
effective bitumen film thickness should lie between 6 and 8 micron.
For HRS gap graded mixes the fine sand shall have as little material as possible between
600 microns and 2.36 mm. Up to 20% between 600 microns and 2.36 mm may be
acceptable; 10% to 15% would be better. The specified amount of material in the gap of
the combined mix grading should conform with the requirements of Table 6.3.2.4.
(iii) Semi Gap Graded HRS
Maintain a simple ratio between the sand and crusher dust proportions. Usually a 1:1 ratio
will be sufficient. Aim for the middle of the specified grading range inclusive filler
content. This will result in a relatively high filler content. Use at least 1% added filler
other than filler derived from the aggregates, preferably at least 2%. If more than 3%
added filler is required use crushed limestone meeting the specified requirements. Use the
specified bitumen content and determine the mix proportions that give close to the middle
of the permitted VIM range. Investigating Design Mix variations of coarse aggregate
content (optimum, +5%, -5%) and filler content ( +1% above optimum, 1% below
optimum) making a total of six test variations Plot the results and select the optimum
solution by interpolation. Repeat laboratory trials using the selected Design Mix
proportions. Adjust based on the graphed mix property variations, and repeat the
laboratory tests until a satisfactory Design Mix solution is identified.
(iv) Continuously Graded Mixes (Asphaltic Concrete)
Make sure the mix has adequate VIM at refusal density 2.5 %. See Table 6.3.3.1.(c) and
Table 6.3.3.1.(d). Mix gradings should: lie within the design envelope inclusive of
tolerances; have reasonably smooth transitions between percentages passing each sieve to
improve workability and reduce segregation. AC mixes should have a filler : bitumen ratio
of between 1 : 1 and 1.2 : 1 and should have a calculated effective bitumen film thickness
as indicated by Table 6.3 (Guideline) 1.
6-29
The design binder content must also be to the left of the minimum value of the VIM /
bitumen content curve. This requirement can be critical for coarse graded mixes especially
if the filler content is low; therefore use added filler.
LAYER THICKNESS
Increased layer thicknesses apply for AC binder and AC Base.
BITUMEN DELIVERY VEHICLES
Introduction of safety equipment: gas burners for heating, improved combustion tube insulation, tank
seals and fully piped delivery are planned. Staged implementation of these measures is expected to be
required.
QUALITY CONTROL
Contractors are required to provide accurate quality control records. Contractors found to have
provided falsified quality assurance records more than on one occasion, for bitumen properties,
asphalt, other materials or for compaction may have their contract terminated.
Contractors are require to propose an appropriate production quality control plan. A guideline for
statistically based quality control and acceptance procedures is planned.
ASPHALT PLACING EQUIPMENT
Additional equipment to be provided now includes the following:

- Power rotary broom
- Separate tack and prime coat distributers with a spray bar (ie 2 units)
- Level control devices for finisher when required (vary according to project requirements ((Article
6.3.6.2 (j))
- Heavy finisher to lay AC-Base or AC-BC to thicknesses exceeding 6 cm when required to
construct the design pavement (generally exceeding 11.5 tonnes unladen weight).
SEMI GAP GRADED HOT ROLLED SHEET
A new semi gap-graded Hot Rolled Sheet has been introduced to overcome the problem of
availability of sand suitable for production of the gap grading in some locations. Fully gap graded
HRS must still be used in locations where suitable sand is available.
If AC is substituted for HRS in the field the pavement or overlay design shall be corrected. Direct
substitution of AC for HRS shall not be permitted
ASPHALT DELIVERY TRUCKS
Trucks shall be legally loaded. Loads delivered to the works exceeding 12 tonne per axle must be
rejected. Trucks must be configured to permit one stage discharge to the finisher hopper without undue
disturbance to the finisher level controls.
ASPHALT STRIPPING AND AIR VOIDS
Stripping has become a serious failure mode, especially for coarse graded asphaltic concrete in
Indonesia. This is a particular problem for heavily loaded roads for which coarse gaded mixes are
required. Factors contributing to stripping include:
6-30
- Inadequate structural design (see below)

- Overloading
- Segregation
- Field air voids exceeding 7%.
- Low bitumen film index (film thickness)
Solutions include:
Covered by specification
Problem
(yes) or description of
contributing to Solutions
additional measures
stripping
required
Structural design Design for: 15 year initial life, actual axle loads, See earthworks Spec for
actual sub grade, soft soil capping (see below) soft soil treatments. See A
Note on Flexible Pavement
Design below
overloading Adequate structural design is a partial solution, Requires effective staged

consider added fillers and modified binders as a enforcement of legislation.
temporary fix. Use actual axle loadings for design Cannot be fully effective in
until an effective control solution is implemented. less than 5 years due to
issue of present truck fleet
size
Segregation Full grading envelope in specification, smaller yes

aggregate top size, fine graded AC base, larger
AMPs, legal truck loads,
Mix Design for voids 4% except very heavy traffic (5%) yes
permeability Use fine graded AC mixes whenever possible
Bitumen film Design unmodified mixes at 8 m effective bitumen yes

index film index or higher as Table 6.3 (Guideline) 1.
Additive Fully hydrated lime (max 2% in mix) is an excellent yes

and low cost solution for all coarse graded mixes
especially when the Index of Retained Stability is
below 85%
A NOTE ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
Under design is considered to be a main cause of stripping which can obviously lead to failure much
earlier than predicted by fatigue analysis alone. Therefore an adequate pavement structure is critically
important.
The following notes are based on the pavement design procedures adopted for WINRIP.
Many existing roads have poor base and sub base structures for which Benkelman Beam analysis may
not be appropriate for overlay design. Deflection analysis should be limited to pavements: a) not
showing significant subgrade related distress, b) with Benkelman Beam deflections less than 3mm, c)
with traffic loading less than 10 million ESA. Designs for projects not meeting these criteria should
include test pit analysis.
6-31
Pavements designs must provide for actual axle loadings. An assumption of progressive axle load
reduction to legal loading over the next 5 to 10 years for roads that presently are subject to significant
overloading can be applied if a robust policy and procedures to achieve this goal are enforced. An
assumption of immediate control to legal limits is entirely unrealistic.
If possible fixed weigh bridge survey data should be obtained supported by a WIM survey. Standard
axle load spectra models can be used if provided the model has similar traffic population
characteristics to the project under consideration. Recent work has shown very large differences in
VDF values between sites for similar truck classes. Therefore application of standard traffic spectra or
VDF values must be one with considerable caution. ESA values for use with Austroads 2004 are based
on a 5th power rule which increases the impact of overloading on asphalt performance. .
When AASHTO 93 is used for pavement design the requirements for Moisture Correction and Layer
Analysis must be applied. Failure to correctly apply these two rules can lead to significant
underdesign problems. Austroads 2004 allows more comprehensivel adjustment for temperature and
overloading effects than AASHTO and provides some economy for light traffic and cement treated
designs compared to AASHTO. Overlay design should be by RDS for HRS. Austroads 2004
Rehabilitation Guideline for Asphaltic Concrete is recommended for overlay design for AC.
Austroads 2004 requires that for design lives exceeding 10 million ESA (5th power rule), overlay
design should be based on test pit analysis rather than on deflection data alone.
Sub grade strength assessment must include determination of laboratory CBR, DCP testing to assess
the variability of all subgrade soils and in-situ strength of soft saturated soils (the traditional approach
to laboratory CBR design and the assumption of full subgrade compaction ignores the saturated soft
soil problem.. Sub-grade improvement should include capping of saturated soft soil areas (refer
Specification Section 3).
It is suggested that when using Austroads 2004 a sufficient thickness of granular pavement materials
should be provided to develop a true bearing capacity of CBR 15 at the top of the sub base layer. The
sub base may be Aggregate Base B, a stabilized material, limestone, or other approved material
depending on local availability, traffic level, drainage requirements and other factors.
The asphalt thickness must be sufficient to satisfy AASHTO 93 layer analysis rules or Austroads 2004
asphalt fatigue life rules. Asphalt layer thicknesses should be at least equal to the minimum values
given by Table 6.3.1.1.
An Aggregate Base A layer thickness of 20 cm provides best compaction and layer integrity. Thicker
layers should not be specified. The Aggregate Base A thickness should not be less than 15 cm.
SELECTION OF ASPHALT MIX TYPE
(a) Sand Sheet (SS) Classes A and B
These mixtures are intended for traffic design of less than 500,000 ESA (10 year), particularly in
areas where coarse aggregate is not available. The selection of Class A or B shall depend
primarily on the grading of the sand to be used. SS mixtures usually require some added filler to
meet the specified property requirements. These mixes typically have low resistance to rutting
and should not be used in thick layers, on heavily trafficked roads or on steep grades.
(b) Hot Rolled Sheet (HRS)
Two mix types are provided: HRS-Base and HRS-Wearing Course (HRS-WC). Each has a
nominal maximum aggregate size of 12.5 mm (or 14 mm). HRS-Base has a coarser aggregate
grading than HRS-Wearing Course. Fully gapped and partially gapped gradings are provided.
6-32
The fully gap graded version shall be used whenever suitable sand is available. These mixtures
are intended for traffic less than 1 million ESA (10 year).
For satisfactory results, it must be designed to satisfy all the requirements given in these
Specifications. The two key issues are:
(i) Provision of a true Gap Grading. (not required for the semi gap graded grading
envelope).
(ii) Retention of sufficient air voids (VIM) at refusal density.
In order to achieve the gap grading it is almost always necessary to blend a fine sand with the
crushed aggregate.
(c) Asphalt Concrete (AC)
Three mix types are provided: Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC), Asphaltic
Concrete Binder Course (AC-BC) and Asphaltic Concrete Base (AC-Base). Nominal aggregate
sizes are 12.5 mm, 19 mm and 28 mm respectively. Coarse and fine grading envelopes are
provided for AC-WC and AC-BC. AC-Base is only available as a fine graded mix to reduce
segregation problems and because the fine graded version of this mix normally can be designed
to have sufficient deformation resistance. The fine grading envelopes for AC-WC and AC-BC
are intended for traffic from 1 million ESA to 10 million ESA (10 year). The coarse graded
envelope shall be used for traffic exceeding 10 million ESA (10 year).
Table 6.3 (Guideline) 1 summarizes the recommended binder type, asphalt mix type, binder
contents and binder film indexes suitable for different traffic levels.
The traffic levels assumed in the model are for 10 year pavement life before rehabilitation
comprising a wearing course overlay and limited reshaping by cold milling.
Table 6.3 (Guideline) 1 Recommended Binder Type, Asphalt Mix Type and Binder Contents
Traffic description unit V light Light Medium Heavy Very Heavy
traffic level (one
5 6 6 7 7 7
way) ESA 10 yr < 5x 10 < 1x 10 < 6x10 < 2x10 > 2x 10 > 5 x 10
binder type Type I Type I Type 1 Type I Type II Type II
SS or
Asphalt Type HRS HRS AC F AC C AC C AC C
Marshall compaction blows/face 50 50 75 75 75 75
% of total
optimum VIM for mix by
design volume 6 6 4 4 5 5
film thickness index
for design micron 6 6-8 8.7 8.2 8.2 8
Suggested minimu
Any type min 1%, any
added filler (other any type min 1% - use H Lime if
use crushed type
than derived from water sensitivity is a problem
limestone if > 3% min 1%
fine aggregate)
% of total WC 5.9 AC (F/C)14 5.1 4.7 4.7 4.6
mix by Base 5.5 AC (F/C) 20 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.3
Nominal effective
weight
bitumen in mix AC 30 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.1
% of total WC 6.9 AC (F/C)14 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.6
mix by Base 6.5 AC (F/C) 20 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.3
Nominal total
weight
bitumen in mix AC 30 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.1
Notes: 1 Bitumen content values are for use as preliminary estimates only. Production values must be determined by the Job
Mix procedure.
2 For Locations with unusually high deformation, slow moving traffic etc, consider moving to next heavier traffic group.
6-33
6-34
SECTION 6.3
HOT ASPHALTIC MIXTURES
6.3.1 GENERAL
6.3.1.1 Description
This work shall consist of providing a dense durable leveling, base or wearing course
asphaltic mixture composed of aggregate and asphaltic materials mixed in a central plant,
and of spreading and compacting the mixture on a prepared base in accordance with these
Specifications and in conformity with the lines, grades and cross sections shown on the
Drawings or as required by the Engineer.
All mixtures are to be designed using the procedures described in this Specification and in
the Guidelines, to ensure that the design assumptions regarding adequacy of bituminous
binder content, air voids, stability, flexibility and durability are achieved.
6.3.1.2 Asphaltic Mixture Types
The mix type shall be as indicated on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

(e) Prime Coat and Tack Coat : Section 6.1
(f) Reinstatement of Existing Pavement : Section 8.1
(g) Routine Maintenance of Pavement, Shoulder, Drainage : Section 10.1
Road Furniture and Bridges
6.3.1.4 Layer Thicknesses and Tolerances
(a) The thickness of each asphalt layer shall be monitored by pavement cores taken by
the Contractor under the supervision of the Engineer.
(b) The actual thickness of Asphaltic Mixture placed over any given section of the
works, shall be defined as the average thickness of all cores taken in that section.
(c) Section is defined as the length of spreating material within one day production from
an Asphalt Mixing Plant
(d) The actual thickness of any layer of Asphaltic Mixture placed and compacted, shall
be equal to or greater than the design thickness given in the Drawings and the
tolerance requirements given in Article 6.3.1.4.(f).
(e) Where more than one layer of asphaltic material is being placed, each type of
asphaltic material thickness shall nowhere be less than that tolerances and design
thickness specified on the Drawings.
(f) The tolerances thickness of each type of asphaltic mixture :

Sand Sheet is not more than 2.0 mm,
Hot Rolled Sheet -Wearing Course is not more than 3.0 mm
6-35
Hot Rolled Sheet - Base is not more than 3.0 mm

Asphaltic Concrete - Wearing Course is not more 3.0 mm
Asphaltic Concrete - Binder Course is not more 4.0 mm
Asphaltic Concrete Base is not more than 5.0 mm
Table 6.3.1.1 Design Nominal Thickness of Asphaltic Mixtures
Minimum Nominal
MIXTURE TYPE SYMBOL
Thickness (mm)
Sand Sheet Class A SS-A 15
Sand Sheet Class B SS-B 20
Hot Rolled Sheet Wearing Course HRS-WC 30
Base Course HRS-Base 35
Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course AC-WC 40
Binder Course AC-BC 60
Base AC-Base 75
(g) For all mix types, the weight of Asphaltic Mixture actually placed shall nevertheless
be monitored by the Contractor by weighing every truckload of material leaving the
mixing plant. In the event that, for any section of the work being measured for
payment, the actual placed weight determined from the truck weigh scales is less
than, or more than five percent greater than, the weight calculated from the average
pavement core thickness and average core density, the Engineer shall institute a
detailed investigation to establish the cause of the discrepancy before approving the
placed material for payment. The Engineer's investigation may involve, but shall not
necessarily be limited to, the following:
(i) Instructing the Contractor to take more frequent or additional or differently

located cores.
(ii) Checking the calibration and accuracy of the weigh scales and of the
laboratory testing equipment and procedures.
(iii) Obtaining independent laboratory and field checks of the placed asphalt mix
density achieved.
(iv) Instituting a detailed truck tally system.
The cost of any additional or more frequent coring, of additional geometric surveys
or laboratory testing, of instituting tally systems, or of any other measures the
Engineer may deem necessary to ascertain the reason for the weight tolerances being
exceeded shall be borne by the Contractor.
(h) The variation of the finished surface of mixtures (SS Class A & B, HRS and AC)
shall comply with (i) and (ii) hereunder.
(i) Cross Section
When tested with a 3 m straight edge laid at right angles to the road center line
the surface shall not deviate from the bottom of the straight edge by more than
5 mm for wearing courses nor 10 mm for road bases or base courses. At any
transverse section the difference in level between any two points shall not vary
from their difference in level computed from the cross section shown on the
Drawings by more than 15 mm.
6-36
(ii) Surface Regularity
The maximum value of any individual irregularity when measured with the
rolling straight-edge or a 3 m straight-edge laid parallel to the road center line
shall be 5 mm.
(i) In the event that the asphaltic mixture is used as a leveling or strengthening layer
rather than as a surfacing layer, the layer thickness shall not be more than 2.5 times
the Design Nominal Thickness given in Table 6.3.1.1.
SNI 03-4142-1996 : Metode Pengujian Jumlah Bahan Dalam Agregat Yang

(AASHTO T11 - 05) Lolos Saringan No.200 (0,075 mm).
SNI 03-1968-1990 : Metode Pengujian Tentang Analisa Saringan Agregat
(AASHTO T27 - 06) Halus dan Kasar.
SNI-06-6890-2002 : Tata Cara Pengambilan Contoh Aspal
AASHTO T40 - 02 (2006))
SNI 06-2438-1991 : Metode Pengujian Kelarutan Aspal dalam Trichlor
(AASHTO T44 - 03) Ethylen
SNI-06-2440-1991 : Metode Pengujian Kehilangan Berat Minyak dan Aspal
(AASHTO T47 98) dengan Cara A.
SNI 06-2433-1991 : Metoda Pengujian Titik Nyala dan Titik Bakar dengan alat
(AASHTO T48 - 06) Cleveland Open Cup
SNI 06-2456-1991 : Cara Uji Penetrasi Aspal.
(AASHTO T49 - 07)
SNI 06-2432-1991 : Metode Pengujian Daktilitas Bahan-bahan Aspal.
(AASHTO T51 - 06)
SNI 06-2434-1991 : Cara Uji Titik Lembek Aspal dengan Alat Cincin dan
(AASHTO T53 - 06) Bola (Ring and Ball).
SNI 06-2490-1991 : Cara Uji Kadar Air dalam Produk Minyak dan Bahan
AASHTO T55 - 02 (2006) Mengandung Aspal dengan Cara Penyulingan.
SNI 03-6721-2002 : Metode Pengujian Kekentalan Aspal cair dan Aspal
(AASHTO T72-97) Emulsi dengan alat Saybolt
SNI 03-1970-1990 : Cara Uji Berat Jenis dan Penyerapan Air Agregat Halus.
(AASHTO T84 - 00(2004))
SNI 03-1969-1990 : Cara Uji Berat Jenis dan Penyerapan Agregat Kasar.
(AASHTO T85 - 91(2004))
(AASHTO T96 - 02(2006)) Angeles.
(AASHTO T104-99(2003)) Perendaman Menggunakan Larutan Natrium Sulfat atau
Magnesium Sulfat.
SNI 03-3640-1994 : Metode Pengujian Kadar Aspal dengan Cara Ekstraksi
(Lab. Handbook 1994) Menggunakan Alat Soklet
SNI 03-6894-2002 : Metode Pengujian Kadar Aspal dan Campuran Beraspal
(AASHTO T164 - 06, Cara Sentrifus
Method A)
SNI 03-6753-2002 : Cara Uji Ketahanan Campuran Beraspal Terhadap
(AASHTO T165-05(2006)) Kerusakan Akibat Rendaman.
SNI 03-6756-2002 : Metode Pengujian untuk Menentukan Tingkat Kepadatan
(AASHTO T166 - 07) Perkerasan Beraspal.
6-37
SNI 03-4797-1998 : Metode Pengujian Pemulihan Aspal Dengan Alat Penguap

(AASHTO T170-00(2005)) Putar.
SNI-03-4428-1997 : Metode Pengujian Agregat Halus atau Pasir Yang
(AASHTO T176 - 02) Mengandung Bahan Plastis Dengan Cara Setara Pasir.
SNI 06-2440-1991 : Metode Pengujian Kehilangan Berat Minyak dan Aspal
(AASHTO T179 - 05) dengan Cara A.
SNI-03-2439-1991 : Cara Uji Penyelimutan dan Pengelupasan Pada Campuran
(AASHTO T182-84(2002)) Agregat Aspal.
SNI 03-6893-2002 : Metode Pengujian Berat Jenis Maksimum Campuran
(AASHTO T209 - 05) Beraspal.
SNI 06-2441-1991 : Metode Pengujian Berat Jenis Aspal Padat
(AASHTO T229 - 90)
SNI 06-2489-1991 : Metode Pengujian Campuran Aspal dengan Alat Marshall.
(AASHTO T245-97(2004))
SNI 03-6723-2002 : Spesifikasi Bahan Pengisi untuk Campuran Aspal.
(AASHTO M17 - 07)
SNI 03-6819-2002 : Spesifikasi Agregat Halus untuk Campuran Perkerasan
(AASHTO M29 - 03) Beraspal.
SNI 03-6877-2002 : Metode Pengujian Kadar Rongga Agregat Halus yang
(AASHTO TP-33 or tidak dipadatkan.
ASTM C1252-93)
SNI 03-6819-2002 : Spesifikasi Agregat Halus Untuk Campuran Perke-rasan
(AASHTO M29 90) Beraspal
SNI 03-6723-2002 : Spesifikasi Bahan Pengisi untuk Campuran Beraspal.
(AASHTO M17 77)
SNI-03-3426-1994 : Survai Kerataan Permukaan Perkerasan Jalan dengan Alat
(NASRAA 1981) Ukur NAASRA
AASHTO :
AASHTO T168 - 03 (2007) : Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures.

AASHTO T195 - 67 (2007) : Determining Degree of Particle Coating of Asphalt
Mixtures
AASHTO T283 - 07 : Resistance of Compacted Bituminous Mixture to Moisture
Induced Damaged
AASHTO T301 - 99 (2003) : Elastic Recovery Test of Bituminous Materials by Means
of a Ductilometer
Other Standards :
ASTM D4791 : Standard Test Method for Flat or Elongated Particles in

Coarse Aggregate.
ASTM D5581 : Marshall Procedure Test for Large Stone Asphalt.
Pensylvania DoT Test : Determining the Percentage of Crushed Fragments in
Method, No.621 Gravel.
BS 598 Part 104 (1989) : The Compaction Procedure Used in the Percentage
Refusal Density Test.
6.3.1.6 Submittals
(a) Samples of all materials approved for use, which shall be retained by the Engineer
throughout the Time for Completion for reference purposes.
6-38
(b) For any bituminous binder that the Contractor proposes to use, he shall provide a
statement as to its source together with test data, from a laboratory approved by the
Engineer, giving the following properties both before and after the Thin Film Oven
Test.
(c) Written reports giving the property test results for all materials, as specified in
Article 6.3.2.
(d) Written reports of any supply of bulk asphalt for its properties, as specified in Article
6.3.2.6.
(e) Certification of Operation (Sertifikat Laik Operasi) for Asphalt Mixing Plant by
Directorate General of Highways is required. Current Department of Metrology
certificates for the AMP weighbridge and AMP batch weigh equipment shall be a
minimum requirement for interim approval
(f) Job mix formula and supporting test data, as specified in Article 6.3.3, in written
report form.
(g) Surface test measurements as specified in Article 6.3.7.1, in written form.
(h) Written reports on the density of the placed mixtures, as specified in Article 6.3.7.2.
(i) Laboratory and field test data as specified in Article 6.3.7.4 for daily control of mix
batching and mix quality, in written report form.
(j) Daily records of all trucks weighed at the plant weigh scales, as specified in Article
6.3.7.5.
(k) Written records of layer thickness and pavement dimension measurements as

specified in Article 6.3.8.
6.3.1.7 Weather Limitations
Mixtures shall be placed only when the surface is dry, when rain is not threatening and
when the prepared surface has been approved in writing by the Engineer.
6.3.1.8 Rectification of Unsatisfactory Asphaltic Mixtures
Areas with a thickness or density less than the specified or approved values, as well as
areas which may be unsatisfactory in other respects shall not be paid for until rectified by
the Contractor as directed by the Engineer. Rectification may include removal and
replacement, adding of a supplementary layer of Asphaltic Mixture and/or any other
measure which the Engineer deems necessary.
Where rectification has been directed, the quantities to be measured for payment shall be
those which would have been paid for if the original work had been acceptable. No
additional payment shall be made for the extra work or quantities necessitated by the
rectification.
6.3.1.9 Restitution of Pavement After Testing
The Contractor shall, without delay, backfill all test holes made by the taking of pavement
cores or otherwise, with the approved mixture and shall compact this to the density and
surface tolerance requirements specified in this Section.
6-39
6.3.1.10 Leveling Courses
Subject to the approval of the Engineer, any appropriate mixture type may be used as a
leveling course. All of the requirements of this specification shall then apply except:
The material shall be designated SS(L), HRS-WC(L), HRS-Base(L), AC-WC(L), AC-

BC(L) or AC-Base(L), etc.
6.3.2 MATERIALS
6.3.2.1 Aggregates General
(a) The aggregates to be used in the work shall be of such a nature that the Asphaltic
Mixture, proportioned in accordance with the Job Mix Formula, (see Article 6.3.3)
satisfies all of the mixture property requirements specified in Table 6.3.3.1a to Table
6.3.3.1.d, depending on which type of mixture selected.
(b) No aggregate shall be used until it has been approved in writing by the Engineer.
Materials shall be stockpiled in accordance with the requirements of Section 1.11 of
this specification.
(c) At least one month before commencement of work the Contractor shall stockpile
sufficient quantities of each crushed and natural aggregate fraction for asphaltic
mixtures and must, thereafter, maintain such stockpiled supplies until one month
before the completion of asphalt works.
(d) In selecting sources of aggregates, the Contractor should take into account the
bituminous binder that may be lost by absorption into the aggregate, to ensure that
the least absorbent of the locally available aggregates are used. Under no
circumstances shall variations in bituminous binder content resulting from varying
degrees of absorption by the aggregates be considered grounds for renegotiating the
unit price of the Asphaltic Mixture.
(e) The maximum allowable water absorption by the aggregate shall be 3 % in general
and not more than 2% for coarse graded AC mixes.
(f) The Specific Gravities of coarse and fine aggregate must not differ by more than 0.2.
6.3.2.2 Coarse Aggregate

(a) Coarse aggregate fraction for design shall be that retained on 2.36 mm sieve (No.8)
and shall consist of clean, tough, durable material free from clay or other
objectionable matter and shall conform with the requirements given in Table
6.3.2.1.(a).
(b) Coarse aggregate fractions shall consist of crushed stone or crushed gravel and shall
be provided, in the nominal single sizes given in Table 6.3.2.1.(b).
(c) Coarse aggregate should have angularity as required in Table 6.3.2.1.(a). Coarse
aggregate angularity is defined as the percent by weight of aggregate larger than 4.75
mm with one or more fractured faces (Pennsylvania DoTs Test Method No.621 in
Appendix 6.3.B of this Specification).
(d) In the case of SS class A or B, the course aggregate may be clean uncrushed
material.
6-40
Table 6.3.2.1.(a) Coarse Aggregate Requirements
Property Standard Test Value

Sodium or Magnesium Sulphate Soundness SNI 03-3407-1994 Max.12%
Los Angeles Abra- coarse graded AC Max.30%
SNI 03-2417-1991
sion, 500 revolutions mixes
(1) All other mix types Max.40%
Coating and Stripping SNI 03-2439-1991 Min.95%
DoTs
Angularity (depth from surface < 10 cm) 95/90(2)
Pennsylvania
Test Method,
Angularity (depth from surface 10 cm) PTM No.621 80/75
Flat and Elongated particles ASTM D4791 Max.10%
(caliper ratio 1:5)
Mineral passing Filter No. 200 SNI 03-4142-1996 Max 1%
Note :
(1) The ratio the loss after 100 revolutions to the loss after 500 revolutions should not greatly exceed
0.20 for material of uniform hardness
(2) 95/90 = denotes that 95% of the coarse aggregate has one or more fractured faces and 90 %
has two or more fractured faces.
(e) Individual coarse aggregate fractions shall be stockpiled separately and shall be fed
into the mixing plant using separate cold bin feeds.
Table 6.3.2.1.(b) Coarse Aggregate Cold Feed Stockpile nominal sizes for
Asphaltic Concrete
Mix Type Minimum coarse aggregate cold feed nominal sizes required (mm)
5 - 10 10 - 14 14 - 22 22 - 30
AC-WC yes yes
AC-BC yes yes yes
AC-Base yes yes yes yes
HRS-WC yes yes
HRS-Base yes yes
6.3.2.3 Fine Aggregate
(a) Fine aggregate, from each source, shall consist of natural sand or crushed stone
screening and consists of materials passing 2.36 mm size (No.8).
(b) Each source and type of fine aggregate shall be stock-piled separately.
(c) Natural sand used in asphaltic concrete mixtures shall not exceed 15% of total mix
by weight.
(d) The fine aggregate shall be composed of clean, tough particles, free from clay, or
other objectionable material. Stone screenings shall be produced from stone meeting
the quality requirements of Article 6.3.2.1.(a). If the fine aggregate portion of the
discharge from the primary crusher does not satisfy the Standard Sand Value given
in Table 6.3.2.2.(a), it shall not be used in any asphaltic mixture except it has been
discarded by a scalping screen or washing machine prior to secondary crushing.
6-41
(e) Crushed and natural fine aggregates shall be stockpiled separately and shall be fed
into the mixing plant using separate cold bin feeds.
(f) Fine aggregate shall have angularity as required by Table 6.3.2.2.(a).
Table 6.3.2.2.(a) Fine Aggregate Properties

Standard Sand Value SNI 03-4428-1997 Min 60%
(sand equivalent)
Clay content SNI 3423:2008 Max 1%
Angularity (depth from surface <
Min. 45
10 cm) AASHTO TP-33 or
Angularity (depth from surface > ASTM C1252-93
Min. 40
10 cm)
6.3.2.4 Filler for Asphaltic Mixtures

(a) Added filler shall be in the form of limestone dust (Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3),
hydrated lime, dolomite dust, Portland Cement or mineral of Asbuton (Natural Rock
Asphalt from Buton Island) from sources approved by the Engineer. It shall be free
from all objectionable material. When the Job Mix requires more than 3% added
filler, the add filler shall be limestone dust.
(b) Hydrated lime shall be a high calcium hydrate lime with Magnesium content not
more than 4% (by weight) or dolomite dust with Magnesium content more than4%
but not more than 36% (by weight).
(c) Added filler shall be dry and free from lumps and when tested by wet sieving in
accordance with SNI 03-4142-1996, shall have a weight particles passing No.200
sieve not less than 75% except the mineral of Asbuton. Mineral of Asbuton shall
have a weight particles passing No.100 not less than 95%
(d) If anhydrate or partially hydrated lime is used as added filler, the maximum
allowable proportion shall be 1.0 % by weight of the total asphalt mix. Fully
hydrated lime from approved manufacturers and meeting the requirements specified
in Article 6.3.2.(4c), may be used to a maximum of 2.0% by weight of the total
asphalt mix.
(e) All asphaltic mixture shall contain at least 1% added filler of total aggregate.
6.3.2.5 The Combined Aggregate Grading
The combined aggregate gradations for asphaltic mixtures, expressed by the percent by
weight of aggregate and filler, shall comply with the limits given in Table 6.3.2.3. The
Design and Job Mix combined aggregate gradations shall have clearance within the limits
provided in Table 6.3.2.3 at least equal to the tolerances given in Table 6.3.3.2
6-42
Table 6.3.2.3 : Combined Aggregate Grading Envelopes for Asphaltic Mixtures

Percentage Passing by weight of total aggregate in mix
Sieve Hot Rolled Sheet (HRS) Asphaltic Concrete (AC)
Size Sand Sheet
Gap graded Semi gap graded (2) Fine graded Coarse Graded
(mm)
A B WC base WC Base WC BC Base WC BC Base
30 100 100
25 100 90 - 100 100 90 - 100
19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 - 100 73 - 90 100 90 - 100 73 - 90
12.5 90 - 100 90 - 100 87 100 90 - 100 90 - 100 74 - 90 61 - 79 90 - 100 71 - 90 55 - 76
9.5 90 - 100 75 - 85 65 - 90 55 88 55 - 70 72 - 90 64 82 47 - 67 72 - 90 58 80 45 - 66
4.75 54 - 69 47 - 64 39,5 - 50 43 - 63 37 - 56 28 - 39,5
2.36 75 - 100 50 723 35 553 50 - 62 32 - 44 39,1 - 53 34,6 - 49 30,8 - 37 28 - 39,1 23 - 34,6 19 - 26,8
1.18 31,6 - 40 28,3 - 38 24,1 - 28 19 - 25,6 15 - 22,3 12 - 18,1
0.600 35 - 60 15 - 35 20 - 45 15 - 35 23,1 - 30 20,7- 28 17,6 - 22 13 - 19,1 10 - 16,7 7 - 13,6
0.300 15 - 35 5 - 35 15,5 - 22 13,7- 20 11,4 - 16 9 - 15,5 7 - 13,7 5 - 11,4
0.150 9 - 15 4 - 13 4 - 10 6 - 13 5 11 4,5 - 9
0.075 10 - 15 8 - 13 6 - 10 29 6 - 10 4-8 4 - 10 4-8 3- 6 4 - 10 4-8 3-7
Notes:
1. Coarse graded AC may apply in areas subject to higher than usual deformation rates such as mountainous areas, toll
booth or traffic signal approaches, and other.
2. Semi gap graded HRS may be substituted for gap graded HRS in locations where the fine sand necessary for
manufacture of the full gap grading can not be obtained.
3. For Fully Gap Graded HRS-WC and HRS-Base , at least 80% of the aggregate passing the no.8 (2.36 mm) must also
pass the No.30 (0.600 mm) sieve. See Table 6.3.2.4 for examples of the limits on the material In the Gap which
passes No.8 (2.36 mm) and retained on the No.30 (0.600 mm) sieve.
4. Refer to Table 6.3.2.1.(b) for nominal maximum aggregate sizes for cold feed stock piles for AC and HRS mix types.
5. If not specified in the Drawings, the selected grading shall be as directed by the Engineer
Table 6.3.2.4 : Criteria of Material In the Gap
Sieve Size Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

% passing No.8 40 50 60 70
% passing No.30 At least 32 at least 40 At least 48 At least 56
% gap 8 or less 10 or less 12 or less 14 or less
6.3.2.6 Bituminous Binder for Asphaltic Mixtures
(a) The following bituminous binders may be used in accordance with the relevant
Tables 6.3.2.5 to 6.3.2.8: 60 pen bituminous binder or modified bitumen, the binders
being properly mixed in accordance with the properties stated in the relevant Tables
6.3.3.1.(a), 6.3.3.1.(b), 6.3.3.1.(c) and 6.3.3.1.(d) as described on the drawings or
instructed by the Engineer. Sampling of the bituminous binder shall be in accordance
with SNI-06-6890-2002. Penetration and softening point test shall be carried out on
delivery.
(b) Bitumen samples when required from mix samples shall be extracted in accordance
with SNI 03-3640-1994 (double cone method) or SNI 03-6834-2002 (centrifuge
method) or AASHTO T164 06 (ignition oven method). If the centrifuge method is
used, after concentration of extracted bitumen solvent solution approximately 200 ml
the contained mineral particles shall be removed in a centrifuge. This removal shall
be considered satisfactory when the ash content (by ignition) of the bitumen is not
greater than 1% by weight. If bitumen is required for the further tests it shall be
recovered from the solution in accordance with SNI 03-6894-2002.
6-43
Table 6.3.2.5 Requirements for Bituminous Binder
Type II
Modified Bitumen
Type I
No Type of test Test Method 60-70 pen A (1) B C
Bitumen Natural
Processed Synthetic
elastomer
Asbuton Elastomer
(Latex)
Penetration at 25C,
1. SNI 06-2456-1991 60-70 40-55 50-70 Min.40
100g, 5 second, (0.1 mm)
2. Viscosity 135C(cSt) SNI 06-6441-2000(5) > 300 385 - 2000 < 2000(5) < 3000(5)
3. Penetration Index4) - -1.0 - 0.5 0.0 0.4
Ductility at 25C,
4. SNI-06-2432-1991 >100 > 100 > 100 > 100
5cm/min (cm)
5. Flash Point (C) SNI-06-2433-1991 >232 >232 >232 >232
6. Solubility in Toluene (%) ASTM D5546 >99 < 90(1) >99 >99
7. Specific Gravity SNI-06-2441-1991 >1.0 >1.0 >1.0 >1.0

(6) (6)
8. Paraffin content (%) SNI-03-3639-2002 <2 <2 <2 < 2(6)
9. Storage stability (C) ASTM D 5976 part - < 2.2 < 2.2 < 2.2
6.1
Mineral fines finer than
10. 100(1)
150 micron (m) (%)
Tests on residue from TFOT or RTFOT : - - -
11. Loss of weight (%) SNI 06-2441-1991 < 0.8 2)

< 0.8 2)
< 0.8 3)
< 0.8 3)
Penetration at 25C, 100g
12. SNI 06-2456-1991 > 54 > 54 > 54 54
5sec (%)
13. Penetration index 4) - > -1.0 > 0.0 > 0.0 > 0.4
14. Elastic of recovery (%) AASHTO T 301-95 - - > 45 > 60

Ductility at 25C,
15. SNI 062432-1991 > 50 > 50 > 50 -
5cm/min (cm)
Note :
1. Test result are for extracted binder using method SNI 06-2490-1997 except for
solubility and mineral grading tests that are performed on the total binder inclusive
mineral content.
2. Tests on the residue from TFOT or RFOT: for Type I, Type II A and Type II B use
TFOT method according to SNI 06 -2490 1991.
3. Tests on the residue from TFOT or RTFOT: for Type II-C and Type II-D used RTFOT
method according to SNI-03-6835-2002
4. Penetration Index value using this formula :
Penetration index = (20-500A)/ (50A+1)
A = [log (penetration at softening point) - log (penetration at 25C)]/(softening point - 25C )
5. Manufacturers of Type II binders may propose alternative viscosity test methods when
elastomeric or other properties are found to interfere with the accuracy of penetration,
softening point or other standard tests. The Brookfield viscosity test method shall be
used for Type II D.
6. Test to be performed on base bitumen and not on modified bitumen.
(c) Bitumen shall be tested on delivery and before discharge to the AMP storage
tanks for penetration at 25oC (SNI 06-2456-1991) and Softening Point (SNI 06-
2434-1991). Modified bitumen shall also be tested for storage stability in
accordance with ASTM D5976 part 6.1 and may be placed in a holding tank until
the result of the test is known. No bitumen shall be used in the works until tested
and approved.
6-44
6.3.2.7 Anti stripping agent

An adhesion and anti-stripping agent in liquid form shall be added to the bituminous binder
using dozing pump when the wet mix process in pugmill. The percentage of anti stripping
agent shall be within 0.2 0.4% of bitumen mass. If the retained Marshall Stability after 24
hours soaking, at temperature of 60 C is equal or more than 90%, the anti stripping agent is
not required. Anti stripping agent shall be applied for all types of asphalt, but shall not be
applied for the cationic modified asphalt. Type of additive shall be of a type approved by
the Engineer.
6.3.2.8 Modified Bitumen
Modified bitumen shall be Asbuton, latex or synthetic elastomer types conforming to the
requirements of Table 6.3.2.5. Modifier and modified bitumen shall be stored, mixed and
handled strictly in accordance with both the manufacturers and Engineers instructions.
Storage temperatures and times shall not exceed the manufacturers or Engineers instructions
or approval.
Sources of supply of modified bitumen and additives used for blending of modified bitumen
shall be pre-approved by the Engineer.
The contractor shall manage the site bitumen storage and shall maintain records of all
modified bitumen on site in a form instructed or approved by the Engineer and in sufficient
detail to determine the type and age of stock in each site tank. The record shall be available
for inspection at all times.
All modified bitumens shall be pre blended with bitumen off site in an approved
manufacturing facility, except for Asbuton and latex types which may be site blended.
Direct blending in the pug mill of the asphalt mixing plant shall not be permitted.
Preblended modified binders shall be delivered in tankers fitted with thermostatically
controlled gas or oil burners. Direct combustion of solid or liquid fuels in the tanker fire
tube shall not be permitted under any circumstances Delivery tankers shall be fitted with an
approved seal system to prevent contamination between the point of manufacture and
delivery. Modified bitumen shall be transferred to the site holding tank by a fully enclosed
circulation system. Open channel delivery shall not be permitted.
Each delivery shall be transferred to a dedicated tank on delivery and shall be immediately
tested for penetration, softening point and storage stability. No delivery shall be used in the
works until tested and approved.
The storage time for latex based modifiers shall not exceed 3 days unless a longer storage
period is approved by the Engineer. Such approval shall only be given if retained properties
comply with the values given in Table 6.3.2.5.
6.3.2.9 Sources of Supply
Approval of sources of supply of aggregates, bituminous binder, additives, modifiers and
mineral filler(s) shall be obtained from the Engineer prior to delivery of the material.
Samples of each shall be submitted, as directed, at least 60 days before the proposed
commencement of asphalt paving works.
6.3.3 MIXTURES
6.3.3.1 General Composition of the Mixture
The asphaltic mixture may include mineral aggregate, filler, additive and bituminous
binder.
6-45
6.3.3.2 Bitumen Content of the Mixture
The percentage of bituminous binder actually to be added to the mixture shall depend on
the absorption of the aggregates used and on the aggregate gradation.
6.3.3.3 Mix Design Procedure
(a) Before being allowed to lay any asphalt in the Works, the Contractor shall be
required to demonstrate the suitability of all proposed aggregates and mixture
proportions by making and testing trial mixtures in the laboratory and also by laying
trial mixtures made in the mixing plant.
(b) The tests required shall include sieve analyses, specific gravity and water absorption
of all the aggregates to be used. as well as other aggregate property tests that may be
requested by the Engineer Tests on the trial bituminous mixtures shall include
determination of the Maximum Specific Gravity of bituminous paving mixtures (SNI
03-6893-2002), Marshall property tests (SNI 06-2489-1990) an the Refusal Density
of the design mixture (BS 598 Part 104 - 1989).
(c) Aggregate samples for mix design shall be taken from the stockpiles and from the
asphalt plant hot-bins. The Job Mix Formula determined from laboratory mixtures
must be considered tentative until confirmed by the results of plant trials.
(d) The laboratory trial mixing testing should be carried out in three stages as follows:
(i) Determine aggregate batch proportions to produce an optimum mix

composition using stockpile materials. The optimum calculated stock pile
aggregate batch proportions shall be used to determine the initial cold bin feed
settings. Hot bin samples shall then be taken after setting the cold bin feed
rates based on the stockpile materials test results. The hot bin batch
proportions shall then be determined. A Design Mix Formula (DMF) shall
then be determined based on the Marshall procedure. The DMF shall comply
in all respects with specified requirements
(ii) The DMF, laboratory trial mix data and graphs based on hot bin samples shall
be submitted to the Engineer for approval. The Engineer shall approve or
reject the proposal within seven days. Plant and laying trials shall not
commence until the DMF has been approved.
(iii) Plant and laying trials and approval of the Job Mix Formula (JMF)
Confirm the laboratory mix design is satisfactory by making plant and laying
trial(s) and by repetition of the Marshall and Refusal Density laboratory tests
on samples made using asphalt mixture from the plant.
6-46
Table 6.3.3.1.(a) - Requirements for Sand Sheet

Sand Sheet
Mix Property
Class A & B
Bitumen Content Absorption Max 2.0
Number of blows per Face 50.0
Min 3.0
Solubility in Toluene (%)
Max 6.0
Voids in the Mineral Aggregates Min 20
(VMA) %
Voids Filled with Bitumen (VFB) Min 75
%
Marshall Stability (kg) Min 200
Min 2
Marshall Flow (mm)
Max 3
Marshall Quotient (kg/mm) Min 80
Retained Marshall Stability after 24 Min 90
hours soaking, 60 C (%) (4)
Table 6.3.3.1.(b) - Requirements for Hot Rolled Sheet

HRS
Mix Property WC Base
gap semi gap gap semi gap
Effective bitumen content Min 5.9 5.9 5.5 5.5
Bitumen Absorption % Max 1.7
Number of blows per Face 75
Min 4.0
VIM % (4)
Max 6.0
VMA % Min 18 17
Void Filled with Bitumen (VFB) % Min 68
Marshall Stability (kg) Min 800
Marshall Flow (mm) Min 3
Marshall Quotient (kg/mm) Min 250
Retained Marshall Stability after 24 Min 90
Voids in Mix at Refusal Density % Min 3
Table 6.3.3.1.(c) - Requirements for Asphaltic Concrete

Mix Property AC
WC BC Base
fine coarse fine coarse fine coarse
Effective bitumen content Min 5.1 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 3.5
Number of blows per Face 75 112(1)
VIM % (4) Min 3.0
Max 5.0
VMA % Min 15 14 13
Void Filled with Bitumen (VFB) % Min 65 63 60
Marshall Stability (kg) Min 800 1800(1)
Max - -
Marshall Flow (mm) Min 3 4.5(1)
Marshall Quotient (kg/mm) Min 250 300
Retained Marshall Stability after 24 Min
85
Voids in Mix at Refusal Density % Min 2.5
6-47
Table 6.3.3.(1.d.) Requirements for Asphaltic Concrete Modified

Mix Property AC Modified
WC BC Base
Number of blows per Face 75 112(1)
VIM % (4) Min 3.0
Max 5.0
VMA % Min 15 14 13
Void Filled with Bitumen (VFB) Min 65 63 60
%
Marshall Stability (kg) Min 1000 2250(1)
Max - -
Min 3 4.5(1)
Marshall Flow (mm)
Max - -
Marshall Quotient (kg/mm) Min 300 350
Retained Marshall Stability after Min
90
24 hours soaking, 60 C (%) (4)
Voids in Mix at Refusal Density % Min 2.5
Stability Dynamic, passing/mm (5) Min 2500
Note:
1. Marshall Modification see Appendix 6.3.A.
2. A vibratory hammer is preferred for Refusal Density compaction. The number of blows per face
shall be be 600 for diameter 6 inches and 400 for diameter 4 inches.
3. The Effective specific gravity of aggregate shall be calculated from the Maximum Specific
Gravity of Mix (Gmm test) AASHTO T-209.
4. The Engineer may require or approve AASHTO T283 as an alternative test. Freeze thaw
conditioning shall not be required. .
5. Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) test shall be conducted at 60oC temperature. The test procedure
shall be in accordance with the Manual for Design and Construction of Asphalt Pavement, Japan
Road Association, JRA (1980).
6. Asphalt Concrete Modified shall have a coarse grading.
6.3.3.4 Design Mix Formula (DMF)
At least 30 days before the proposed commencement of asphalt works, the Contractor shall
submit to the Engineer, in writing, a proposed Design Mix Formula (DMF) for the mix to
be supplied for the project. The formula so submitted shall stipulate for the mix :
(a) The nominal maximum particle size.

(b) The aggregate sources.
(c) The percentage of each aggregate fraction he intends to use, from both cold and hot
bins.
(d) The combined aggregate grading, using the sieve for which percentages of material
passing are specified in Table 6.3.2.3.
(e) The total and effective bitumen contents expressed as percentages by weight of the
total mix.
(f) A single definite temperature at which the mix shall be emptied from the mixer.
The Contractor shall provide laboratory trial mix data and graphs to show that the mix
complies with all the criteria in Tables 6.3.3.1.(a) to Table 6.3.3.1.(d), depending on which
type of mixture selected. The properties of the compacted asphalt samples shall be
calculated using the methods and formulas shown in RSNI M 01 2003 and RSNI M
06 2004.
6-48
Within seven (7) days the Engineer shall either:

(a) Confirm that the proposal complies with the specifications and allow the Contractor
to prepare the Plant and Laying Trial; or
(b) Reject the proposal if it does not comply completely with the specifications.
In the latter case the Contractor must, at his own cost, perform additional mix trials to
achieve a design mix that does fully comply with the specifications. The Engineer may, at
his discretion, suggest that the Contractor modifies a particular part of his design formula
or that he investigates certain alternative aggregates. However, the production of a
compliant design mix formula shall remain the Contractors responsibility.
6.3.3.5 Job Mix Formula (JMF)
Plant and Laying Trials shall be carried out to allow the Design Mix to be approved as the
Job Mix Formula.
Following approval of the Design Mix Formula by the Engineer, the Contractor shall place
a trial section of at least 50 ton using the proposed production, placing and compaction
equipment procedures. The Contractor shall demonstrate that each spreading finishing
(paver) is capable of laying the material at the specified thickness without segregation,
tearing, etc and the combination of rollers he proposes to use is capable of achieving the
required density in the time that shall be available for compaction during normal
production laying.
Samples of the mix shall be taken to the laboratory and used for production of Marshall
samples and for compaction to refusal. The results of these tests shall be compared with
Table 6.3.3.1.(a) to Table 6.3.3.1.(d), depending on which type of mixture selected. If the
trial fails to conform to the specification in any respect all necessary adjustment shall be
made and the trial repeated. The Engineer shall not approve the design mix as the Job Mix
Formula until a satisfactory trial has been placed and approved.
No asphalt shall be placed in the permanent works until there is an approved Job Mix
Formula (JMF). Once approved, the JMF shall be fixed, unless and until the Engineer
approves a replacement JMF. The quality of the mix shall be controlled, in term of the Job
Mix Tolerance, as defined in Table 6.3.3.2 below.
Twelve Marshall samples shall be made using material from each laying trial. They shall
be taken from the asphalt mixing plant or from trucks at the mixing plant, and transported
to the laboratory in a well insulated box. Marshall samples shall be made and compacted at
the temperature as specified in Table 6.3.5.1 and using the number of blows specified in
Table 6.3.3.1.(a) to Table 6.3.3.1.(d), depending on which type of mixture selected. The
average bulk density (Gmb) of the samples from the successful laying trial shall become the
Job Standard Density (JSD), against which the compaction of asphalt placed in the work
shall be judged.
6.3.3.6 Application of Job Mix Formula and Job Mix Tolerances
(a) All mixes placed in the works shall conform to the Job Mix Formula, within the
range of tolerances specified in Table 6.3.3.2, below.
(b) Each day the Engineer shall take samples of the raw materials and the mixed asphalt
as outlined in Article 6.3.7.3 and 6.3.7.4 and any further samples he may consider
necessary for checking the required uniformity of the mix. Any materials that fail to
comply with the limit established by the Job Mix Formula and the Job Mix
Tolerances shall be rejected.
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Table 6.3.3.2 : Job Mix Tolerances
Combined Aggregate Passing Mix Composition Tolerances

Sieves equal to or greater than 2,36 mm 5 % by weight of aggregate
Sieves between 2,36 mm and No.50 3 % by weight of aggregate
The No.100 sieve 2 % by weight of aggregate
The No.200 sieve 1 % by weight of aggregate
Bitumen Content Tolerances
Bitumen Content 0.3 % by weight of mix
Mix temperature Tolerances
Material leaving the AMP and delivered 10 C
on the spreading area
(c) If any of the constituent materials comply with the limit established by the Job Mix
Formula and the Job Mix Tolerances but show consistent and significant change or
show acceptable variability or if the source of any material is changed, a new Job
Mix Formula shall be submitted and approved by the Engineer, in the manner
described above and at the Contractors cost, before asphalt containing the new
material is placed in the works.
(d) Interpretation of Job Mix Tolerances

The limits set by the Job Mix Formula and the Job Mix Tolerances represent
boundaries within which the production grading must be maintained.
6.3.4 CONSTRUCTION PLANT REQUIREMENTS
6.3.4.1 Asphalt Mixing Plant
The Asphalt Mixing Plant shall:
a) be certified by an Authority which appointed by the Engineer within the last 12

months or if not certified shall comply in all respects with the requirements for
certification. If not certified evidence shall be provided that certification has been
applied for. If necessary the Engineer may inspect and make interim approval for use
pending certification;
b) be a batch or drum mix plant and shall have a capacity sufficient to supply the
finisher on the road continuously when spreading the asphaltic mix at normal speed
and required thickness;
c) be so designed, coordinated and operated as to produce a mixture within the job mix
tolerances;
d) be installed in an area approved by the Engineer which is sufficiently far from

residential areas to minimise disturbance and complaints from local people;
e) be provided with a dust collector, comprising dry cyclone and wet cyclone system or
bag house to ensure that emissions remain below required levels. If one of these
systems is damaged or not functioning, the mixing plant shall not be operated;
f) have a minimum pug mill capacity of 800 kg with computerised weighting if required
to produce coarse graded AC or AC-Base other than for minor works.
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g) if used for the manufacture of modified asphalt mixes shall be equipped with
automated thermostatic temperature controls capable of maintaining a mix
temperature of 175oC.
h) if used for the manufacture of AC Base, have not fewer than five cold feed bins.
i) be of a well proven design, equipped with all necessary features.
6.3.4.2 Bitumen Storage Tanks
Tanks for storage of bituminous binder shall be equipped for heating the binder under
effective and positive control at all times to a temperature within the range specified. The
heating shall be accomplished by steam coils, electricity, or other means such that no flame
shall come in contact with the heating tank. Each tank shall be fitted with a thermometer
located so that the tank temperature can be easily read. A valve shall be positioned in the
outlet pipe from each tank for sampling.
The circulating system for the bituminous binder shall be of adequate size to ensure proper
and continuous circulation during the entire operating period. Suitable means shall be
provided, either by steam jackets or other insulation, for maintaining the specified
temperature of the bituminous binder throughout the circulation system.
The total storage of the tanks shall be not less than the quantity required for two days
production. At least two equal capacity tanks shall be provided. The tanks shall be so
connected to the circulatory system that each tank can be separately isolated without
interference to the circulation of bituminous binder to the mixer.
For modified asphalt mixes at least one additional bitumen storage tank of not less than 20
tonnes capacity, heated indirectly by oil or electric heating and fitted with thermostatic
temperature control capable of maintaining a temperature of 175oC shall be provided. This
tank shall be reserved for storage of modified bitumen throughout the period that modified
bitumen is required for the project.
All bitumen storage tanks for natural asphalt bitumen blends containing mineral matter and
for other modified bitumens, if subject to separation, shall be equipped with a mechanical
stirrer so designed to keep the mineral matter in the binder in suspension at all times.
6.3.4.3 Hot Bin Screens
Hot bin screen sizes shall be provided in accordance with that are appropriate for the
asphalt mixtures required for the project . (Refer to Table 6.3.2.1.(b)).
6.3.4.4 Control of Mixing Time
The plant shall be equipped with a positive means to govern the time of mixing. Once
agreed, this shall not be change without the Engineers written approval.
6.3.4.5 Weighbridge and Weigh House
A weighbridge and weigh house shall be provided for the weighing of trucks loaded with
material ready for delivery to Site. The scales shall comply with the requirements for Plant
Scales described above.
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6.3.4.6 Filler Storage and Handling
A filler silo or weatherproof filler storage shed and elevator, and weigh batch filler delivery
system shall be provided.
6.3.4.7 Natural Asphalt Storage and Handling
If Granular Natural Asphalt is to be used in the works a weatherproof storage shed, and
suitable elevator and weigh batch system shall be provided.
6.3.4.8 Safety Requirements
(a) Adequate and safe stairways to the mixer platform and guarded ladders to other plant
units shall be placed at all points required for accessibility to all plant operations.
Accessibility to the top of truck bodies shall be provided by means of a platform or
other suitable device to enable the Engineer to obtain sampling and mixture
temperature data. To facilitate handling scale calibration equipment, sampling
equipment, etc, a hoist or pulley system shall be provided to raise or lower the
equipment from the ground to platform or vice versa. All gears, pulleys, chains,
sprockets, and other dangerous moving parts shall be thoroughly guarded and
protected.
(b) Ample and unobstructed passage shall be maintained at all times in and around the
truck loading space. This space shall be kept free from drippings from the mixing
platform.
6.3.4.9 Hauling Equipment
(a) Trucks for hauling bituminous mixture shall have tight, clean and smooth metal beds
that have been sprayed with a minimum amount of soapy water, or lime solution to
prevent the mixture from adhering to the beds. Use of diesel fuel or other petroleum
products for this purpose shall not be allowed. Each load shall be covered with
canvas or other suitable material of adequate size as to protect the mixture from the
weather. The truck rear body overhang and tail gate shall be so arranged that the
whole of the asphalt mixture can be discharged to the asphalt paver hopper without
interfering with the smooth operation of the asphalt paver and while the truck
remains engaged with the asphalt finisher. Trucks fitted with oversize bodies shall
not be permitted. Overloading of asphalt trucks shall not be permitted.
(b) Any truck causing excessive segregation of material, or that shows oil leaks in
detrimental amounts, that causes undue delays, or that the Engineers deems to be
unsatisfactory shall, upon direction of the Engineer, be removed from the work until
such defects have been corrected.
(c) When necessary, to ensure that the mixture shall be delivered on the road at the
specified temperature, truck beds shall be insulated and all covers shall be securely
fastened.
(d) There shall be sufficient trucks hauling asphalt and they shall be so organized as to
ensure that the pavers can operate continuously, at the approved speed.
Paving on any section of the works shall not begin until there are at least three trucks
waiting to unload into the pavers. The paver operating speed is low enough that the
number of trucks in use for haulage of asphalt, on each day, can keep the pavers
moving continuously. If this is impossible to achieve, the Engineer shall only allow
the pavers to restart, after a stoppage, when there are at least three asphalt trucks
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waiting to unload. This is normal good practice and no delays to paving caused by
the Contractors failure to maintain an adequate supply of mix material to the pavers
shall be accepted as a cause for any claim for extra payment or time.
6.3.4.10 Spreading Finishing Equipment
(a) The equipment for spreading and finishing shall be approved mechanical, self
powered pavers, capable of spreading and finishing the mixture true to the line,
grade, and cross section required.
(b) The pavers shall be equipped with hoppers and distributing screws of the reversing
type to place the mixture evenly in front of adjustable screeds. They shall be
equipped with quick and efficient steering devices and shall have reverse as well as
forward gears. The hoppers shall have wings that can be folded in at the end of each
truck load of asphalt to prevent retention of cooled material.
(c) The pavers shall be equipped with electronic and/or mechanical level control devices
such as leveling beams, line and joint matching shoes and cross fall devices, when
necessary to maintain the trueness of grade and to form the edges of the pavement to
true lines without the use of stationary side forms. A spirit level cross fall device
shall be mandatory. Other level control device requirements may be nominated in the
Instructions to Bidders for each contract.
(d) Paver shall be equipped with a screed, of either the tamping or vibrating type, and
devices for heating the screed to the temperature required for the laying of the
mixture without pulling or marring.
(e) The term screed refers to the standard floating mechanism connected by side arms,
to pivot points mounted on the paver tractor unit forward of the rear wheels and
designed to produce a level, even, smooth textured surface without tearing, shoving
or gouging.
(f) If, during construction, it is found that the spreading and finishing equipment in
operation leaves tracks, indented areas, segregation or other objectionable
irregularities that can not satisfactorily corrected by modification to the operating
procedures, the use of such equipment shall be discontinued and other satisfactory
spreading and finishing equipment shall be provided by the Contractor.
6.3.4.11 Compacting Equipment
(a) With each paver, at least one tandem steel wheeled roller and one pneumatic tired
roller shall be required. At least one additional roller shall be provided for each 40
tph of production capacity or part thereof exceeding 40 tph. All rollers must be self
propelled.
(b) Pneumatic tired rollers shall be of an approved type having not less than seven
wheels with smooth tread compaction tires of equal size and construction capable of
operating at an inflation pressure of 6 - 6.5 kg per square centimetre (85 - 90 pounds
per square inch). Wheels shall be equally spaced along both axle lines and arranged
so that tires on one axle line track midway between those on the other axle with an
overlap. Each tire shall be kept inflated to the specified operating pressure such that
the pressure difference between any two tires shall not exceed 0.35 kg per square
centimetre (5 pounds per square inch). Means shall be provided for checking and
adjusting the tire pressures on the job at all times. For each size and type of tire used
the Contractor shall supply to the Engineer charts or tabulations showing the
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relationship between wheel load, inflation pressure, tire contact pressure, width and
area. Each roller shall be equipped with means of adjusting its total weight by
ballasting so that the load per wheel width can be varied from 300 - 600 kilograms
per 0.1 metre. In operation the tire inflation pressure and the wheel load shall be
adjusted, as required by the Engineer, to meet the requirements of each particular
application. In general the compaction of any course with a pneumatic tired roller
shall be accomplished with contact pressures as high as the material will support.
(c) Self-propelled steel wheeled rollers may be of two types:

- Tandem static rollers
- Twin drum vibratory rollers
Static rollers shall have a minimum static weight of not less than 8 tonnes. Twin
drum vibratory rollers shall have static weight of not less than 6 tonnes. The rollers
shall be free of flat areas, dents, openings or projections which will mar the surface
of the pavement.
In the laying trial, for approval of the Job Standard Mix, the Contractor will
have demonstrated to the Engineers satisfaction the combination of roller
types he shall use to compact each mixture satisfactory. He shall continue to
keep available and use the approved combination of rollers for each mixture.
No alteration shall be allowed unless the Contractor proves to the Engineer
that the new combination of rollers he proposes to use is at least as effective
as that already approved.
6.3.4.12 Other Equipment
All necessary field equipment shall be provided including but not limited to:
- Petrol driven vibrating plate.
- Vibratory Roller, 600 Kg.
- Straight edge 3 metres
- Thermometer (dial type) 200 C (minimum three units).
- Compressor and jack hammers
- Spirit level (waterpass) mounted on 3 metres straight edge and adjustable to
read 3% or other cross falls and super-elevations between 0% and 6%,
- Diamond or fiber power saw
- Rotary broom
- Calibrated asphalt depth gauge
- Tyre pressure gauge
6.3.5 MANUFACTURE AND PRODUCTION OF THE MIXTURE
6.3.5.1 Progress of Work
Except for patching and hand work, asphaltic mixture production shall not commence
unless there is sufficient hauling, spreading, and finishing equipment and labor to permit
progress at a rate not less than 60 percent of the capacity of the mixing plant.
6.3.5.2 Preparation of Bituminous binder
The bituminous binder shall be heated to a temperature between 140 C and 160 C in a
tank designed to avoid local overheating and provide a continuous supply of bituminous
binder to the mixer at a uniform temperature at all times. Modified binders shall be heated
to Before any mixing operation begins each day, there shall be at least sufficient
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bituminous binder for the planned work for the day ready for supply to the mixer.
6.3.5.3 Preparation of Mineral Aggregates
(a) Each aggregate fraction shall be delivered into the mixing plant via a separate cold
feed bin. Aggregate premixing from different type and source shall be not approved.
The mineral aggregates for the mixture shall be dried and heated at the asphalt
mixing plant before being placed in the mixer. Flames used for drying and heating
shall be adjusted properly to avoid damage to the aggregate and to avoid forming
any coating of soot on the aggregate.
(b) When combined with bituminous binder, the aggregate shall be dry within the
temperature range specified for the bituminous binder and not more than 15C above
the temperature of the bituminous binder.
(c) If additional filler is required to meet the grading requirements it shall be weigh
batched separately from the other aggregates. Premixing with the other fine
aggregates, feeding of filler into either the hot or cold elevator, spreading filler over
the tops of the aggregate pits or dumping it into the hoppers at crushing plants shall
not be permitted. This is important to ensure close control of the filler content.
6.3.5.4 Preparation of Mixture
The dried mineral aggregates, prepared as prescribed above, shall be combined in the plant
in proportions which shall produce the design aggregate fractions specified in the Job Mix
Formula. These batching proportions shall be determined from wet grading on samples
taken from the hot bins immediately prior to production of the mix and at intervals
thereafter, as directed by the Engineer, to maintain control of batching. The bituminous
binder shall be measured or gauged and introduced into the mixer in the amount
determined from the approved Job Mix Formula. When a batching plant is used, the
combined mineral aggregate shall be thoroughly dry mixed, after which the proper amount
of bituminous binder shall be distributed over the mineral aggregate and the whole
thoroughly mixed for a period determined by using the procedure of Determining degree
of particle coating of bituminous aggregate mixture in conformity with AASHTO T195-
67 (2007) procedure (generally approximately 45 seconds), to produce homogeneous
mixture in which all particles of the mineral aggregate are completely and uniformly
coated. The total mixing time shall be set by the Engineer and regulated by a suitable
clocking means. The mixture when emptied from the mixer shall be at a temperature within
the absolute limits indicated in Table 6.3.5.1.
6.3.5.5 Production and Placing Temperatures
The bitumen viscosity for each construction procedure and the temperature ranges for Type
I bitumen shall be generally as given in Table 6.3.5.1. The Engineer shall instruct or
approve temperature ranges for Type II bitumens based on viscosity testing of the actual
modified binder to be used in the project, on the viscosity ranges given in Table 6.3.5.1, on
observed field behavior during compaction and on trial section density test results.
Asphaltic mixture that is outside the absolute temperature limits specified on discharge
from the AMP to truck, or on delivery to the paver, shall not be accepted for use in the
permanent works.
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Table 6.3.5.1 Requirements for viscosity and temperature of bituminous binder for
mixing and compaction
Type I
Viscosity of
No Bitumen
Construction Process Bituminous
. Temperature
Binder (PaS)
Range (C)
1 Mixing Marshall Mix Specimen 0.2 155 1
2 Compacting Marshall Mix Specimen 0.4 145 1
3 Mixing, Target Temperature Range 0.2 0.5 145 - 155
4 Loading Asphalt into the Truck 0.5 135 - 150
5 Delivery to finisher (paver) 0.5 1.0 130 -150
6 Breakdown Rolling (Steel Drum) 12 125 - 145
7 Secondary Rolling (Rubber Tire) 2 20 100-125
8 Finishing Rolling (Steel Drum) < 20 >95
100.0
10.0 RANGE OF
(Pa.s)
Viscositas(P.a.s)
COMPACTION
TEMPERATURE
Viscosity
SAMPLE ONLY
1.0
RANGE OF MIXING TEMPERATURE
0.1
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 185 190 200
o
Temperature
Temperatur (C)
( C)
Figure 6.3.5.1 : Sample Relationship between Viscosity and Temperature
6.3.5.6 Delivery of the Mixture
Each vehicle shall be weighed, after loading at the mixer, and a record shall be kept of the
gross weight, tare and net weight of each load. A delivery docket shall be provided for each
load delivered to the works.
Loads shall be covered unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.
No load shall be sent out so late in the day as to prevent completion of spreading and
compacting of the mixture during daylight hours. The Engineer may, at his discretion,
waive this requirement if satisfactory illumination is provided.
6.3.6 PLACING THE MIXTURES
6.3.6.1 Preparation of Surface to be Covered
(a) Where the surface to be covered includes local irregularities, is severely cracked,
shows instability, contains old surfacing material which has deformed excessively or
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has not properly bonded to the underlying pavement, the defective area shall be cold
milled, bladed or otherwise trimmed and all loose or soft material removed. The
surface shall be cleaned and/or repaired and compacted with bituminous mixture or
other approved material, as directed by the Engineer. Where the surface to be
covered consists of, or contains substantial quantities of, material which has
inadequate Voids in the Mixture, as indicated by the presence of plastic flow and/or
bleeding, the entire layer of plastic material shall be removed. Such removal shall be
extended downwards until sound material is reached. The surface tolerances after
repair shall be the same as that required for asphalt base course construction.
(b) Immediately before placing the bituminous mixture, the existing surface shall be
cleaned of loose or deleterious material by sweeping with a power broom,
supplemented by hand brooming if necessary. A tack coat or prime coat shall be
applied in accordance with Section 6.1 unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.
6.3.6.2 Spreading and Finishing
(a) Before starting the paving operations the screed of the pavers shall be heated. The
mixture shall be spread and struck off to the specified grade, elevation, and cross
section shape.
(b) Spreading should be started from the lower lane to the higher lane if the Works
should be done on more than one lane.
(c) Vibrator engine of the pavers should be vibrated during spreading and finishing.
(d) The paver hopper should not be emptied during normal operation. However if the
delay between trucks is so long that the temperature of the asphalt mix held in the
paver or infront of the paver screed falls or is expected to fall below the minimum
for delivery to the paver according to Table 6.3.5.1, the paver shall be emptied, all
low temperature asphalt shall be discarded, and a transverse construction joint shall
be formed.
(e) The pavers shall be operated at a speed which does not cause surface cracks, tearing,
or other irregularities in the surface. The rate of spreading shall be approved by the
Engineer and shall be adhered to.
(f) If any segregation, tearing or gouging of the surface should occur, the pavers shall be
stopped and not restarted until the cause has been determined and remedied.
(g) The process of correcting patches of rough or segregated material by spreading fines
and raking, before rolling should be avoided as far as possible. Coarse particles
should not be spread over the screened surface.
(h) Care should be taken to prevent the mixture from collecting and cooling at the sides
of the hopper or elsewhere in the pavers.
(i) Where the road is to be paved half width at a time the paving sequence shall be
organized in such a way that the length of half width paving remaining at the end of
each days work is minimized.
(j) During the paving works the following functions shall be either monitored and
controlled electronically or manually as necessary to ensure compliance with design
levels and specified tolerances and thicknesses of the asphalt layer:
i) un-compacted thickness of the placed asphalt mat before compaction with due
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allowance for compaction (manual checking is necessary);
ii) the slope of the paver screed to ensure compliance with cross fall and super
levation requirements;
iii) level matching to the joint with previously placed asphalt with due allowance
for compaction;
iv) profile improvement of the existing asphalt surfaces using a leveling beam,
string line or survey marks.
6.3.6.3 Compaction
(a) Immediately after the mixture has been spread and struck off, the surface shall be
checked for irregularities visually and by straight edge if required. The temperature
of the loose laid mix shall be monitored and rolling shall be carried out within the
temperature limits given in Table 6.3.5.1.
(b) Rolling of the mixture shall consist of three separate operations as follows:
1. Initial compaction
2. Secondary compaction
3. Final compaction
(c) The initial or breakdown rolling may be done with either steel wheeled roller or
pneumatic tired roller. The breakdown roller shall be operated with the driven roll
nearest the paver. Every point in the pavement shall receive at least two passes of the
breakdown roller.
The secondary or main rolling shall follow as closely as practical behind the
breakdown rolling and shall be done with a pneumatic tired roller. The final or finish
rolling shall be done with a steel wheeled roller without vibration. If the asphalt mat
does not show any roller marks after secondary rolling, finish rolling may be omitted
provided compaction after secondary rolling is adequate;
(d) Transverse joints shall be rolled first and in the initial rolling shall be rolled using
boards of the required thickness at the edge of the pavement to provide control of the
finished thickness. Where the transverse joint is to be made next to a previously
compacted lane, the first pass shall be made along the longitudinal joint for a short
distance with the roller positioned on the previously compacted lane and overlapping
the new work by about 15 cm.
(e) Rolling shall start longitudinally at the joint and then at the outside edge. Thereafter,
it shall proceed parallel with the road center line with successive passes moving
towards the center of the pavement, except that on super-elevated curves rolling shall
begin at the low side and progress toward the high side. Successive passes of the
roller shall overlap by at least one half of the width of the roller and passes shall not
terminate at points within one metre of the end points of previous passes.
(f) When rolling longitudinal joints (other than a crown joint) the breakdown, roller
shall first move onto the previously placed lane so that not more than 15 cm of the
drive wheel rides on the edge of the un-compacted pavement. The roller shall
continue along this lane, shifting its position gradually across the joint with
successive passes, until a thoroughly compacted neat joint is obtained.
(g) The speed of the rollers shall not exceed 4 kilometres per hour for steel wheeled
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rollers and 10 kilometres per hour for pneumatic tired rollers and shall be at all times
slow enough to avoid displacement of the hot mix. The line, speed and direction of
rolling shall not be suddenly changed or in a manner that displaces the mixture.
(h) Rolling shall progress continuously as may be necessary to obtain uniform

compaction while the mixture is in workable condition and until all roller marks and
other irregularities are eliminated.
(i) To prevent adhesion of the mixture to the roller, the wheels shall be kept properly
moistened, but excess water shall not be permitted. Pneumatic tires may be lightly
oiled until they are hot enough to avoid picking up the mixture.
(j) Heavy equipment or rollers shall not be permitted to stand on the finished surface
until it has thoroughly cooled.
(k) Any damaging contaminant, such as hydraulic or lubricating oils, dropped or spilled
upon any portion of the pavement under construction is cause for the removal and
replacement of the contaminated pavement. In the event that such spillage is the fault
of the Contractor, then such remedial work shall be at the Contractors cost.
(l) The surface of the mixture after compaction shall be smooth and true to the
established cross section and grade within the tolerance specified. Any mixture that
becomes loose and broken, mixed with dirt, or which is defective in any way, shall
be removed and replaced with fresh hot mix, which shall be compacted immediately
to conform to the surrounding area. Placed mix in any area of 1,000 square
centimetres or more showing an excess or deficiency of bituminous binder shall be
removed and replaced. All high spots, high joints, depressions, and honeycombs
shall be adjusted as directed by the Engineer.
(m) While the surface is being compacted and finished, the Contractor shall trim the
edges neatly in line using approved edge cutting equipment. Any excess material
shall be cut off square after final rolling, and disposed of by the Contractor off the
Right of Way and out of sight from the road in a location approved by the Engineer.
6.3.6.4 Joints
(a) Both longitudinal and lateral joints in successive courses shall be staggered so as not
to be one above the other. Longitudinal joints shall be arranged so that the
longitudinal joint in the top course shall be at the location of the line dividing the
traffic lanes.
(b) No mixture shall be placed against a cold asphalt edge not placed on the same day
unless the edge is vertical or has been cut back to a vertical face. A brush coat of hot
penetration grade bituminous binder shall be applied just before fresh mixture is
placed.
6.3.7.1 Surface Test of the Pavement
(a) The surface shall be tested with a crown template and a 3 m straightedge, furnished
by the Contractor, applied, respectively at right angles and parallel, to the center line
of the road, under the direction of the Engineer to check all paved surfaces.
Tolerances shall be in accordance with the requirement of Article 6.3.1.4.(f).
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(b) Tests for conformity with the specified surface tolerances shall be made immediately
after initial compaction, and variations shall be corrected by removing or adding
material as may be necessary. Rolling shall then be continued as specified. After
final rolling, the smoothness of the course shall be checked again and any
irregularity of the surface exceeding the above limits and any areas defective in
texture, compaction or composition shall be corrected as directed by the Engineer.
(c) Paved Surfaces Smoothness
i) The smoothness of paved surface cover or layer should have been check after
the work done with NAASRA-Metre as directed to SNI 03-3426-1994.
ii) Smoothness to be measured/read every 100 m intervals.
6.3.7.2 Compaction Requirements
(a) The density of the consolidated mixture, as determined by SNI 03-6757-2002, shall
be not less than 97 % of the Job Standard Density (JSD) for HRS and 98 % for all
other mixture types.
(b) The method of sampling the mixture and the compaction of specimens in laboratory
shall be in accordance with RSNI 01-2003 (AASHTO T245) for 25 mm maximum
size and RSNI M-06-2004 or ASTM D 5581 for 50 mm maximum size.
(c) The location of cores shall be taken randomly in accordance with SNI 03-6868-2002
for each Section as defined in Article 6.3.1.(4).(c), with total number not less than
six (6) for each 200 meter length per lane and 3length of end sub-section which is
more than 200 meter but less than 400 meter per lane.
(d) The Contractor shall be deemed to have complied with his obligation to thoroughly
compact the asphalt mixture if the density of the compacted layer is equal to or
greater than the value given in Table 6.3.7.1. If the ratio of the minimum and
maximum densities determined in the first set of cores representing any individual
area being measured for payment is greater than 1.08, 1 the cores shall be discarded
and a new set shall be taken.
Table 6.3.7.1 Density Requirements
Specified Number of Minimum Minimum Value of
Density (% Tests per Mean Density Each Single Test
of JSD) Sample (% of JSD) (% of JSD)
98 3-4 98.1 95
(AC) 5 98.3 94.9
6 98.5 94.8
97 3-4 97.1 94
(HRS) 5 97.3 93.9
6 97.5 93.8
6.3.7.3 Mixture Quality Control Sampling
(a) Sampling of Asphalt Mixtures
Sampling of asphalt mixtures shall normally be carried out at the mixing plant, but
the Engineer may direct that sampling also be carried out at the pavers if there is
excessive segregation of the mixture during the transporting and spreading process.
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(b) Process Control
The standard minimum frequency of testing that shall be undertaken shall be as

shown in Table 6.3.7.2. Other tests shall be undertaken at the times or frequency
instructed or approved by the Engineer.
Contractors who operate an approved, statistically based, production quality

assurance plan and who achieve a high level of compliance with the specification
requirements may request approval from the Engineer for a reduction in the number
of tests to be undertaken.
Each day that asphalt is laid samples shall be taken in the manner described above
and at the frequency instructed in Articles 6.3.7.3 and 6.3.7.4. Six Marshall
specimens shall be made from each sample. They shall be compacted at the
temperature specified in Table 6.3.5.1 and using the number of blows specified in
Table 6.3.3.1. The average bulk density (Gmb) of all the Marshall specimens made on
any day shall be the Daily Marshall Density.
The Engineer shall instruct the Contractor to repeat the mix design process, at the
Contractors own cost, if the running average of the Daily Marshall Densities, over
any four consecutive days of production, varies from the Job Standard density by
more than 1 %.
To reduce the quantity of material at risk from each set of tests, the Contractor may
choose the sample over shorter lengths (that is, at a greater frequency) than required
in Table 6.3.7.2.
(c) Routine Inspection and Testing
Routine inspection and testing shall be carried out by the Contractor under the
Engineers control, to test the completed work for compliance with the dimensional
tolerances, quality of material, density of compaction and any further requirements
stated in this section. The whole of any test section that contains materials or
workmanship that do not comply with the requirements specified shall be removed
and replaced by materials and workmanship that do comply with the Specifications
or, if the Engineer permits, shall be repaired so that, after being repaired, they
comply fully with the requirements specified, all at the Contractors own expense.
(d) Coring of Asphalt Layers
The Contractor shall supply suitable coring machines capable of cutting 4 and 6
diameter cores from the completed asphalt layer. The cost of extracting cores for
process control shall be included in the Contractors rates for the construction of
asphalt pavement layers and shall not be paid for separately.
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Table 6.3.7.2 Quality Control

TEST SAMPLING FREQUENCY
Bitumen:
Bitumen in drum 3
Total drum
Penetration
Softening point
Storage Stability (modified bitumen only)
Bulk bitumen Every delivery

Penetration
Softening point
Storage Stability (modified bitumen only)
Bitumen drum and bulk Before approval for every proposed
All specified tests source of supply then once per month
Bitumen Type II C and D Weekly
Elastic recovery after RTFOT
Asbuton grain/Additive Asbuton 3
Total packing
Water content
Extraction
Grain maximum size and grading
Asbuton asphalt penetration
Aggregate :
All specified tests Before approval for every proposed
aggregate and source of supply
Los Angeles Abrasion Every 5,000 m3
Aggregate grading when adding to stockpiles Every 1,000 m3
Aggregate grading from hot bin Every 250 m3 (min. 2 samples per day)
Sand Equivalent Every 250 m3
Mixtures :
All specified tests Before approval of the DMF
Temperature at the mixing plant and on delivery to Every truck load
site
Grading and asphalt content 200 tonnes (min. 2 samples per day)
Density, stability, flow, Marshall Quotient density, 200 tonnes (min. 2 samples per day)
and voids in mix at 75 blows
Voids in Mix at refusal density 3.000 tones
Marshall mix design Every change in aggregate or design
Dynamic Stability One test per 60 calendar days and when
instructed by the Engineer
Constructed layers :
Core sample with diameter 4 for maximum particle At least six for each 200 meter length
sizes 1 and 6 for particle size up to 2, both for per lane and 3length of end sub-
compaction checking and layer thickness section which is more than 200 meter
but less than 400 meter per lane
Construction tolerances :
Surface levels, for the cross section of each At least 3 transverse points measured at
carriageway least every 12.5 metres along the length
of the road
6.3.7.4 Mixture Quality Control Testing
(a) The Contractor shall keep records of all his tests and these records shall be sent to
the Engineer without delay.
(b) The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with the following results and records of
tests carried out on each days production together with the exact location of each
day's production in the finished Works:
i) Sieve analyses (wash method) for at least two samples of aggregate from each
hot bin.
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ii) Temperature of mix when sampled at the mixing plant and on the road (once
per hour).
iii) Daily Marshall Density with details of all samples tested.
iv) The Density from field compacted result and percentage compaction of the
mixture relative to the Job Mix Density for each sample.
v) Marshall Stability and Flow and calculated Marshall Quotient for at least two
samples.
vi) Bitumen content of Type I and II as specified in Table 6.3.2.5 and aggregate
grading of mixture as determined by bituminous binder extraction testing for
at least two samples. When the centrifuge extraction method is used an ash
correction shall be applied as required by SNI 03-3640-1994.
vii) The quantity of filler added to be used shall be recorded before and after
production.
viii) Air voids in mixture at refusal density, as calculated on the basis of the
Maximum Specific Gravity of Bituminous Paving Mixtures SNI 06-6893-
2002 (AASHTO T209 - 05).
ix) The bituminous binder absorbed by the aggregates, as calculated on the basis
of the Maximum Specific Gravity of Bituminous Paving Mixtures SNI 06-
6893-2002 (AASHTO T209 - 05).
x) The quantity of anti stripping agent to be used shall be recorded before and
after production, and the daily retained Marshall stability shall be tested for
each 200 ton production
6.3.7.5 Quantity Control Back Up by Weighing Asphalt Mixing
As a check on the quantities measured for payment, the weight of mix placed shall be
continuously monitored by load delivery tickets from the truck scales in accordance with
Article 6.3.1.4.(e) for this specification.
6.3.8.1 Measurement of the Work
(a) The quantity to be measured for payment of Asphaltic Mixture shall be, subject to
the various adjustments provided below, either
(i) For non leveling layer (e.g. HRS-WC, HRS-Base, AC-WC, AC-WC Mod,
AC-BC, AC-BC Mod. AC-Base, dan AC-Base Mod) to be paid for will be
the weight of the completed asphaltic mixture less the quantity of
bitumen or modified bitumen and filler added (including Asbuton) and
anti stripping agent, which will be paid for separately, the number of
tonne of material laid and accepted calculated as the product of the length of
the section being measured, the accepted width, the accepted thickness and
density of core;
(ii) For leveling layer (e.g. HRS-WC(L) HRS-Base(L), AC-WC(L), AC-BC(L),
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AC-Base(L), etc.) to be paid for will be the weight of the completed

asphaltic mixture less the quantity of bitumen or modified bitumen and
filler added (including Asbuton) and anti stripping agent, which will be
paid for separately, the number of tonne of material laid and accepted
calculated as the requirement of Article 6.3.8.1.(c) of these Specifications;
(iii) For bitumen, modified bitumen and Asbuton as a filler added to be paid for
will be the number of tonne of material used and accepted. For Anti Stripping
Agent to be paid for will be the number of kilogram of material used and
accepted calculated;
(iv) No separate measurement for the payment of the mineral content in the
modified bitumen of Processed Asbuton type. The modified bitumen of
Processed Asbuton type obtained from extraction result of asphalt mixture will
be considered as the total of modified bitumen content and to be paid under
Pay Item 6.3.8b;
(v) No separate measurement for the payment of the bitumen content obtained
from Asbuton as a filler added. The bitumen content obtained from extraction
result of asphalt mixture will be considered as the total of bitumen content and
to be paid under Pay Item 6.3.8a.
(b) The quantity that accepted for measurement shall not include areas where the
Asphaltic Mixture is thinner than the accepted minimum thickness or any raveled;
split cracked or tapered portions along the edges of the pavement or elsewhere.
Areas containing mixtures that are not in compliance with the Specifications shall
also not be accepted for payment. The quantity that accepted for measurement shall
not include areas where the bitumen or modified bitumen content does not conform
to the optimum bitumen or modified bitumen content determined in the JMF and the
provision of the tolerances required in Table 6.3.3.2, shall not be accepted for
payment
(c) Asphaltic Mixtures which are laid directly over an existing pavement not placed
under the same contract, which in the Engineers opinion requires significant shape
correction, shall be measured as the lesser of: a) the tonnage of laid and accepted
material based on the weight obtained from truck scale and b) the product of the laid
and accepted area, the field density and the accepted average thickness. If the
average thickness of Asphalt Mixture so calculated exceeds that actually required
(allowing for shape correction), the average thickness shall be determined and
accepted by the Engineer.
(d) Except as defined in (c) above, the thickness of Asphaltic Mixture measured for
payment shall be no greater than the accepted thickness as specified in Article
6.3.8.1.(c) of these Specifications.
No such adjustment of quantity shall apply for accepted thicknesses in excess of the
design thickness in the case of materials placed on a surface constructed under the
same contract unless such excess was instructed by the Engineer or shown on the
Drawings.
(e) Where rectification of unsatisfactory Asphaltic Mixture has been directed by the
Engineer in accordance with Article 6.3.1.8 of these Specifications, the quantities to
be measured for payment shall be those which would have been paid if the original
work had been acceptable. No additional payment shall be made for the extra work
or quantities necessitated by the rectification.
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(f) The width of Asphaltic Mixture areas to be paid for shall be as shown on the
Drawings or as approved by the Engineer and shall be determined by tape survey
carried out by the Contractor under the supervision of the Engineer. Measurements
shall be taken at right angles to the road center line and shall exclude any thin or
otherwise unsatisfactory material along the edges of the laid Asphaltic Mixture. The
longitudinal spacing of the measurements shall be as directed by the Engineer but
shall be regular and no less than three every 25 metres. The width to be used in
calculating the area for payment purposes for any pavement section being measured
shall be the average of the width measurements taken and approved.
(g) The length along the road of Asphaltic Mixture used in the pavement overlay shall
be measured along the road center line, using standard engineering surveying
procedures.
(h) If the bitumen or modified bitumen content to be used is higher than the optimum
bitumen content of approved Job Mix Formula but it still conforms to the provision
of tolerances required in Table 6.3.3.2, the bitumen or modified bitumen of the
approved Job Mix Formula will be used for payment. If the bitumen or modified
bitumen content to be used is lower than the optimum bitumen content of approved
Job Mix Formula but it still conforms to the provision of tolerances required in Table
6.3.3.2, the actual bitumen or modified bitumen content will be used for payment.
No measurement will be paid for asphaltic mixture with bitumen or modified
bitumen content less or more than range of bitumen or modified bitumen content
obtained from optimum bitumen content and the provision of tolerances required in
Table 6.3.3.2.
unit of measurement, for the Pay Item shown below and in the Bill of Quantities, which
price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing, producing, mixing and placing
all materials, including all labors, equipment, tests, tools and incidentals necessary to
complete the work prescribed in this Section.
6.3.1 Sand Sheet Class A (SS-A) Tonne
6.3.2 Sand Sheet Class B (SS-B) Tonne
6.3.3a Hot Rolled Sheet Wearing Course (HRS-WC) Tonne

(gap/semi gap grading)
6.3.3b Hot Rolled Sheet Wearing Course Leveling Tonne

(HRS-WC(L)) (gap/semi gap grading)
6.3.4a Hot Rolled Sheet - Base (HRS-Base) Tonne

(gap/semi gap grading)
6.3.4b Hot Rolled Sheet - Base Leveling Tonne

(HRS-Base(L)) (gap/semi gap grading)
6.3.5a Asphaltic Concrete - Wearing Course (AC-WC) Tonne

(fine/coarse)
6-65
6.3.5b Asphaltic Concrete - Wearing Course Modified Tonne

(AC-WC Mod) (fine/coarse)
6.3.5c Asphaltic Concrete - Wearing Course Leveling Tonne

(AC-WC(L)) (fine/coarse)
6.3.5d Asphaltic Concrete - Wearing Course Modified Tonne

Leveling (AC-WC(L) Mod) (fine/coarse)
6.3.6a Asphaltic Concrete - Binder Course (AC-BC) Tonne

(fine/coarse)
6.3.6b Asphaltic Concrete - Binder Course Modified Tonne

(AC-BC Mod) (fine/coarse)
6.3.6c Asphaltic Concrete - Binder Course Leveling Tonne

(AC-BC(L)) (fine/coarse)
6.3.6d Asphaltic Concrete - Binder Course Modified Tonne

Leveling (AC-BC(L) Mod) (fine/coarse)
6.3.7a Asphaltic Concrete - Base (AC-Base) Tonne

(fine/coarse)
6.3.7b Asphaltic Concrete - Base Modified Tonne

(AC-Base Mod) (fine/coarse)
6.3.7c Asphaltic Concrete - Base Leveling Tonne

(AC-Base(L)) (fine/coarse)
6.3.7d Asphaltic Concrete - Base Modified Leveling Tonne

(AC-Base(L) Mod) (fine/coarse)
6.3.8a Asphalt Cement Tonne
6.3.8b Asphalt Cement Modified Tonne
6.3.9 Anti Stripping Agent Kilogram
6.3.10a Filler Added - Lime Dust Kilogram
6.3.10b Filler Added - Portland Cement Kilogram
6.3.10c Asbuton (bitumen and mineral) as Filler Added Tonne
6-66
SECTION 6.4
LASBUTAG AND LATASBUSIR
(Not Used)
6-67
6-68
SECTION 6.5
COLD ASPHALTIC MIXTURES
6.5.1 GENERAL
6.5.1.1 Description
This work shall consist of supplying, placing and compacting a cold bituminous mixture
for road maintenance and improvement including: patching and minor repairs, shape
correction, edge widening of low and medium volume roads, and resurfacing of low
volume roads.
The mixture is designed to be suitable for cold placing and compaction after prolonged
storage periods. Two classes of mix are included. Class C is a semi dense grade mixture for
use with cutback bitumen binders. Class E mixes are open graded and is suitable for use
with bitumen emulsion binders.
Two grading envelopes are provided for each class. The finer gradations (C/10 and E/10)
should be used if suitable aggregates are available as they are more workable and less
prone to segregation.

(f) Hot Asphaltic Mixtures : Section 6.3
(g) Reinstatement of Existing Pavement : Section 8.1
SNI 03-4142-1996 : Metode Pengujian Jumlah Bahan Dalam Agregat yang

(AASHTO T11 - 05) Lolos Saringan No. 200 (0, 075mm).
SNI 03-1975-1990 : Metode Mempersiapkan Contoh Tanah dan Tanah
(AASHTO T87 - 86 (2004)) Mengandung Agregat.
(AASHTO T104 - 99 (2003)) Perendaman Menggunakan Larutan Natrium Sulfat atau
Magnesium Sulfat.
SNI 03-4478-1997 : Metode Pengujian Agregat Halus atau Pasir Yang Me-
(AASHTO T176 - 02) ngandiung Bahan Plastis Dengan Cara Setara Pasir.
SNI 03-4799-1998 : Spesifikasi Aspal Cair Penguapan Sedang.
(AASHTO M82 - 75 (2004))
SNI 03-4798-1998 : Spesifikasi Aspal Emulasi Kationik.
(AASHTO M208 - 01(2005))
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AASHTO :
AASHTO M140 - 88 : Emulsified Asphalt.
6.5.1.4 Weather Limitations
Mixtures shall be placed only when the surface is dry, when rain is not threatening and
when the prepared roadbed is in a satisfactory condition and when approved in writing by
the Engineer.
6.5.1.5 Provision of Traffic
The work area shall be closed to traffic while work is in progress and thereafter until such
time as the Engineer approves the finished surface fit for traffic.
6.5.2 MATERIALS
6.5.2.1 Aggregate General
No aggregate shall be used before it has been approved by the Engineer. Materials shall be
stockpiled in accordance with the requirements of Section 1.11.
6.5.2.2 Coarse Aggregate for Cold Mix
a. Coarse aggregate shall consist of crushed stone or gravel. In no case shall dirty or
dusty coarse aggregate having more than 1 % passing the 0.075 mm (#200) sieve be
permitted to be used.
b. The coarse aggregate shall consist of clean, tough, durable material free from dirt or
other objectionable matter and shall conform with the requirement tests given in
Table 6.5.2.1.
Table 6.5.2.1 Coarse Aggregate Requirements

Sodium or Magnesium Sulfate Soundness SNI 03-3407-1994 Max.12%
Los Angeles Abrasion, 500 revolutions SNI 03-2417-1991 Max.40%
c. Not less than 65 % by mass of the aggregate particles retained on a 2.36 mm sieve
shall have two crushed faces. The percentage of aggregate particles with at least two
crushed faces shall be determined by examining each particle of weighted sample of
approximately 2 kg and expressing the weight of particles with two or more crushed
faces as a percentage of the total weight of the sample. Sampling shall be in
accordance with the requirements of SNI 03-1975-1990.
6.5.2.3 Fine Aggregate for Cold Mix
(a) Fine aggregate, from each source, shall consist of natural sand or crushed screenings
or suitable combinations.
(b) The fine aggregate shall be composed of clean, tough particles, free from clay, or of
other objectionable material. Stone screenings shall be produced from stone meeting
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the quality requirements of Table 6.5.2.1. In no case shall dirty or dusty natural
sands having more than 8 % by weight passing the 0.075 mm sieve, nor having a
Sand Equivalent Value less than 50 % as determined by SNI 03-4478-1997, shall nit
be permitted to be used in the mixture.
6.5.2.4 Filler for Cold Mix
The requirements of Article 6.3.2.4 shall apply.
6.5.2.5 Bituminous Materials for Cold Mix
(a) Bituminous binder may be either cut back bitumen or bitumen emulsion conforming
to the requirements given in Table 6.5.2.2.
Table 6.5.2.2 Bituminous Materials For Cold Mix.
Mixture Design Reference Standard Cut-back or Emulsion Grade

C E
Cut-back Bitumen SNI 03-4799-1998 MC 250 -
MC 800
Bitumen SNI 03-4798-1998 - CMS2
Emulsion CMS2-h
CSS1
(b) The Engineer may direct that additional kerosene be added, to improve the coating
of the mix aggregate by the binder. This kerosene shall be thoroughly blended with
the cut back asphalt and/or added to the aggregate in the mixing plant prior to the
addition of emulsion or cutback binder, as directed by the Engineer. In order to avoid
the production of excessively slow curing mixes, the quantity of additional kerosene
shall be the minimum necessary to achieve full coating of the aggregate.
(c) When the surface to be patched is to be overlaid within 3 months with a Hot
Asphaltic Mixture or a Surface Dressing layer, the cold mix binder shall be bitumen
emulsion.
(d) For resurfacing applications other than shape correction of small areas not exceeding
50 m2 bitumen emulsion binder shall be used.
6.5.2.6 Sources of Supply
(a) Approval of sources of supply of aggregate, and mineral filler shall be obtained from
the Engineer prior to delivery of the material. Samples of each shall be submitted as
directed by the Engineer.
(b) In selecting sources of aggregate, the Contractor should take into account the
bitumen that may be lost by absorption into the aggregate, to ensure that the least
absorptive of the locally available aggregates are used. Variations in bitumen content
resulting form varying degrees of bitumen absorption by the aggregates shall in no
way be considered grounds for renegotiating the unit price of the cold mix.
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6.5.3 MIXES
6.5.3.1 Composition
The mixes shall conform to the requirements given in Table 6.5.3.1.
Table 6.5.3.1 Cold Mix Composition and Property Requirements.
DESCRIPTION MIXTURE CLASS

C/10 C/20 E/10 E/20
Nominal Maximum Particle Size (mm) 9.5 19 9.5 19
Grading Type Open Dense Open Dense
Nominal Minimum Thickness (mm) 20 40 20 40
GRADATION
ASTM (mm) Percentage by Weight Passing
1 25 100 100
19 100 95 - 100 100 95 - 100
3/8 9.5 85 - 100 60 - 75 85 - 100 20 - 55
No.8 2.36 15 - 25 15 - 25 0 - 10 0 - 10
No.200 0.075 3-5 3-5 0-2 0-2
RECIPE MIX
Residual Bitumen Content 5.6 5.3 4.8 4.2
(% by mass of total mixture)
DESIGN MIX
Residual Bitumen Content > 5.5 > 5.0 3.9 - 6.2 3.3 - 5.5
Minimum Effective Bitumen Content > 5.0 > 4.5 (*) (*)
Minimum effective bitumen film 10 10 20 20
thickness (micron)
Notes :
(1) (*) : the bitumen content shall be optimized by the method given in Appendix 6.5.A.
(2) Residual Bitumen Content = Effective Bitumen Content + % bitumen absorption by aggregate.
(3) To obtain cutback content multiply Residual Bitumen Content by :

100
-----------------------------------
(100 - % kerosene in cutback)
(4) For emulsion content multiply Residual Bitumen Content by :

100
----------------------------------
(100 - % water in emulsion)
(5) Tests should be carried out to determine Residual Bitumen Content and Effective Bitumen Content.
6.5.3.2 Residual Bitumen and Effective Bitumen Contents
The residual bitumen content is defined as the bitumen content remaining after evaporation
of all water and cutter from the mixture. The effective bitumen content is defined as the
residual bitumen content less bitumen absorbed by the aggregates.
6.5.3.3 Job Mix Formula Selection
For the minor work the Recipe Mix Residual Bitumen Content may be adopted provided
the mix has satisfactory workability, aggregate particle coating and binder retention.
6-72
For large scale works including shape correction and resurfacing of areas exceeding 100
m2, or for cases it is not possible to conform the specified grading or where the Recipe Mix
Residual Bitumen Content is found to produce a mix with poor workability, poor particle
coating or excessive drainage of binder from the mix, the mix shall be designed to satisfy
Table 6.5.3.1 limits. Mix Class E shall be designed in accordance with method given in
Appendix 6.5.
6.5.3.4 Job Mix Recipe Approval
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for approval full details of his proposed Job
Mix including binder type and source, aggregate source and grading, job mix proportions
and the results of mix design trials if applicable.
6.5.3.5 Trial Mix
Before commencement of the work, trial batches of proposed job mixes shall be
manufactured, placed and compacted using the methods and material proposed for the
work. In particular it shall be demonstrated that the proposed job mix has adequate
resistance to deformation under the conditions in which it is to be used. The Engineer may
then approve the Job Mix or to order further mix design or placing trials.
6.5.3.6 Application of Job Mix Formula and Allowable Tolerances
All of the mixture furnished shall conform to the job mix recipe approved by the Engineer,
within the ranges of tolerance specified in Table 6.5.3.2 below :
Table 6.5.3.2 Tolerance of Mix Composition
Combined Aggregate Passing Sieve Tolerance of Mix Composition

2,36 mm to No.100 5 % by weight of total aggregates
No.200 1.5 % by weight of total aggregates
Bitumen Content Tolerance

Bitumen Content 0.5 % by weight of total mix
6.5.4 CONSTRUCTION PLANT REQUIREMENTS
6.5.4.1 Mixing Plant
Either a purpose built cold mix plant, or a mechanical concrete mixer of at least 200 litres
capacity may be used. The plant shall be capable of producing a homogeneous, fully and
uniformly coated mixture.
6.5.4.2 Hauling Equipment
6.5.4.3 Spreading and Finishing Equipment
(a) Minor Works

Hand methods shall normally be used. Hand tools such as lutes, shovels, tampers and
brooms shall be provided by the Contractor.
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(b) Resurfacing
6.5.4.4 Compaction Equipment
(a) Minor Works
Suitable, purpose built, pedestrian roller or vibrating plates shall be permitted. Hand
tamper shall be provided having a tamping face area of not less than 15 cm x 15 cm
and a mass of at least 4 kilograms.
(b) Resurfacing
The requirements of 6.3.4.20 shall apply, except that a pneumatic tired roller need
not be provided.
6.5.5 MANUFACTURE OF THE MIXTURE
6.5.5.1 Preparation
(a) Preparation of Mineral Aggregates
(i) Cold Mix Cut-back Bitumen Mixtures (MC 800)
For cut-back bitumen mixtures the aggregates shall be as dry as possible and
shall have no surface moisture. The moisture content of the combined mix
shall not exceed 2 % by weight of total mix.
(ii) Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures
Aggregates shall be just wet enough to ensure complete coating.
(b) Preparation of Mixture
Batch proportion shall be measured by weight or by volume using correctly

proportioned containers. Mixing shall continue until the aggregate is fully and
uniformly coated. In the case of emulsion mixtures, mixing shall continue until the
initial break of the emulsion has occurred.
6.5.6 CURING AND STORAGE OF THE MIXTURE
6.5.6.1 Curing
Cold mixtures containing bitumen emulsion binder may be used soon after manufacture.
Mixtures containing cut-back bitumen binder shall be cured in a stockpile for an
appropriate time (a minimum of 3 days) before use, as instructed by the Engineer.
6.5.6.2 Storage
(a) Bulk Storage
The stock pile area shall be firm, well drained and free of vegetation. The stockpile
shall be not less than 1.5 and not more than 2.5 metres high. All stockpiles shall be
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protected from direct sunlight and rain. Cold mix that has become dry and stiff shall
not be used in that condition.
(b) Storage in Bags
Bagged storage minimizes contamination or segregation of the cold mix and reduces
wastage. Cold mix can be stored for long periods in sealed bags. Bags shall be
woven polypropylene or multi wall paper sacks (cement bags), each with an air and
waterproof inner plastic or foil lining. Bags shall be sealed so that they are
reasonably air tight. Bagged cold mix shall be protected from rain and direct
sunlight. Bag shall not be stacked more than 2.5 metres high.
6.5.7 PLACING THE MIXTURE
6.5.6.3 Preparation
Immediately before placing the bituminous mixture, the existing surface shall be cleared of
all loose or deleterious material. Tack Coat material shall be spread in accordance with
Article 6.1.2 2 (except that for minor work any satisfactory method may be used to apply
the tack coat), to completely and uniformly coat all surfaces against which the cold mix is
to be placed. Particular attention shall be paid to the edges of existing bituminous layers.
6.5.6.4 Placing and Compaction
(a) Minor Works
Placing may be by hand methods. The material shall be handled and placed carefully
to avoid segregation. Areas of less than 1 square metre may be compacted using a
hand tamper. Larger areas shall be compacted using a mechanical roller or vibrating
plate conforming to Article 6.5.4.4. Cold mix shall be compacted in layers not
exceeding twice the nominal thickness (Table 6.5.3.1). Deeper patches may be filled
using multiple layers.
(b) Resurfacing
The requirements of Article 6.3.6 shall apply, except :
(i) Placing temperature requirements shall not apply.
(ii) A pneumatic tired roller need not be provided.
6.5.6.5 Blinding
(a) Class C Mixes
A light blinding layer of crushed limestone, crusher dust or fine sand shall be spread
over the whole surface immediately after compacting the mixture. The blinding layer
shall be bedded by rolling or tamping. The blinding material that gets pushed to the
road edge may be brushed back for a few days so that traffic may further embed the
material into the bitumen and stiffen it.
(b) Class E Mixes
Emulsion coated mix should be allowed to break fully before blinding. Crusher dust
or coarse sand shall then be spread over the whole surface. The amount placed shall
6-75
be sufficient to fill all surface voids. The blinding material that gets pushed to the
road edge may be brushed back for a few days so that traffic may further embed the
material into the bitumen and stiffen it.
6.5.8.1 Measurement of Works
(a) Minor Works
The quantity of cold mix measured for payment shall be the compacted volume
placed determined on the basis of the measured surface area and approved thickness
of cold mix for each class of repair as defined in Section 8.1. The Contractor shall
maintain a record of areas and thickness of cold mix materials and quantities of tack
coat placed in minor works in each kilometre of the project. The record shall be
submitted to the Engineer weekly.
(b) Resurfacing
The requirements of Article 6.3.8. shall apply.
The quantities, determined from the above calculation, shall be paid for at the contract rate
for the units measured under the following pay item list in the Bill of Quantities. The
contract rate shall be full compensation for supply, delivery, placing and compacting the
cold mix material and supply and placing of the blinding layer aggregate, labor, tools,
equipment, testing and any other items required for completing the work in this Section.
6.5.1 Cold Mix Asphalt for Resurfacing Cubic Metre
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SECTION 6.6
PENETRATION MACADAM
6.6.1 GENERAL
6.6.1.1 Description
This Work shall consist of providing a regulating course of bitumen aggregate for an
existing asphalt pavement.

(f) Reinstatement of Existing Pavement : Section 8.1

SNI 03-4800-1998 : Spesifikasi Aspal Cair Tipe Penguapan Cepat.
(AASHTO M81 - 92 (2004))
SNI 03-4799-1998 : Spesifikasi Aspal Cair Tipe Penguapan Sedang.
(AASHTO M82 - 75 (2004))
(AASHTO M208 - 01(2005))
AASHTO :
AASHTO M20 - 70 : Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement.

British Standards :
BS 812 Part I : 1975 : Flakiness Index.
6.6.1.4 Weather Limitation
No penetration macadam shall be carried out on wet pavement, during rain or when rain
threatens. Bitumen emulsion shall not be applied after 3 PM. When hot bitumen binder is
applied, the pavement temperature shall not be less than 25 C.
6-77
time as the Engineer approves the finished surface fit for traffic.
6.6.2 MATERIALS
6.6.2.1 General
The materials shall consist of coarse aggregate, key aggregate, cover chips (only used for
surface course), and binder.
Each aggregate fraction shall be stored separately to prevent mixing and shall be kept clean
of foreign matter.
6.6.2.2 Coarse and Key Aggregates
(a) The coarse and key aggregates shall consist of clean tough durable material, free of
clay and other objectionable matter and shall conform with the requirement tests
given in Table 6.6.2.1.
Table 6.6.2.1 Coarse and Key Aggregate Test Requirements

Los Angeles Abrasion, 500 revolutions SNI 03-2417-1991 Max.40%
Flakiness Index BS 812 Part I 1975 Max.25%
Article 7.3
(b) Coarse and key aggregates shall, when tested in accordance with SNI 03-1968-1990,
comply with the grading given in Table 6.6.2.2.
Table 6.6.2.2 Coarse and Key Aggregate Grading
Sieve Size % Passing by Weight

Layer Thickness (cm)
ASTM (mm) 7 - 10 5-8 4-5
Coarse Aggregate :
3 75 100
2 63 90 - 100 100
2 50 35 - 70 95 - 100 100
1 38 0 - 15 35 - 70 95 - 100
1 25 0-5 0 - 15 -
19 - 0-5 0-5
Key Aggregate :
1 25 100 100 100
19 95 - 100 95 - 100 95 - 100
9.5 0-5 0-5 0-5
Cover Aggregate :
12,7 100 100 100
9,5 85 - 100 85 - 100 85 - 100
No.4 4,75 10 - 30 10 - 30 10 - 30
No.8 2,36 0 - 10 0 - 10 0 - 10
6-78
6.6.2.3 Binder
The binder shall be any one of the following:
(a) Penetration grade bitumen, Pen.60/70 or 80/100 conforming AASHTO M20.
(b) Bitumen emulsion grade CRS1 or CRS2 conforming to SNI 03-4798-1998

(AASHTO M208) or grade RS1 or RS2 conforming to AASHTO M140.
(c) Rapid curing cutback bitumen grade RC250 or RC800 conforming to SNI 03-4800-
1998 or medium curing cutback bitumen grade MC250 or MC800 conforming SNI
03-4799-1998.
Only suitable grades may be used with the approval of the Engineer.
6.6.3 AGGREGATE AND BINDER QUANTITIES
Application rates of aggregate and binder shall be taken from Table 6.6.3.1 dan 6.6.3.2 and
shall be agreed by the Engineer prior to the start of construction. Adjustments may be
required to these rates during the contract if considered necessary by the Engineer to
achieve the specified layer thickness and quality.
Table 6.6.3.1 Penetration Macadam as Surface Course
Layer Thick- Coarse Aggregate (kg/m2) Bitumen Key Bitumen Cover

ness (cm) Residue Aggregate Residue Aggregate
(kg/m2) (kg/m2) (kg/m2) (kg/m2)
7 - 10 5-8 4-5
10 200 8.5 25 1,5 14
9 180 7.5 25 1,5 14
8 160 6.5 25 1,5 14
8 152 6.0 25 1,5 14
7 140 5.5 25 1,5 14
7 133 5.2 25 1,5 14
6 114 4.4 25 1,5 14
5 105 3.7 25 1,5 14
5 80 2.5 25 1,5 14
Table 6.6.3.2 Penetration Macadam as Base/Leveling Course
Coarse Aggregate (kg/m2) Bitumen Residue Key Aggregate

Layer Thick- 7 - 10 5-8 4-5 (kg/m2) (kg/m2)
ness (cm)
8.5 200 8.5 25
7.5 180 7.5 25
6.5 160 6.5 25
6.5 152 6.0 25
5.5 140 5.5 25
5.5 133 5.2 25
4.4 114 4.4 25
3.7 105 3.7 25
3.7 80 2.5 25
Note :
Residue Bitumen is the remaining bitumen after all softener or emulsion has evaporated.
6-79
6.6.4 EQUIPMENT
The following equipment shall be used:
(a) Stockpile
Dump trucks
Loader
(b) Equipment in the field
(i) Mechanical
Tandem roller or three wheeled roller of 6 - 8 tons.

Self propelled pneumatic tired roller 10 - 12 tons (if necessary)
Bitumen distributor or hand sprayer conforming with the requirements of
Article 6.1.3.
Truck Spreader.
(ii) Manual
Broom, brush, sack, basket, asphalt can, spade, wheel barrow and other
small tools.
Bitumen kettle.
Roller as mechanical method.
6.6.5 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
The surface being leveled by Penetration Macadam should be prepared as follows:
(a) Longitudinal and transverse profile shall be prepared according to the design cross
sections.
(b) The surface shall be free from unwanted matter such as dust and other loose
materials. Potholes and cracks should be repaired in accordance with the
requirements of Articles 8.1.3.2 and 8.1.3.3 of this Specification.
(c) Asphalted existing surfaces shall be tack coated in accordance with the requirements
of Section 6.1, as directed by the Engineer.
6.6.5.2 Laying and Compacting
(a) General
The aggregate and the binder shall be available on site before work commences.
Both materials shall be handled carefully to ensure that the materials are clean and to
facilitate operation.
During compaction of coarse and key aggregate, the evenness of the surface shall be
maintained, Where the compacted surface is uneven, the material shall be loosened
and aggregate added or removed as necessary before re-compaction.
Spraying temperatures for binder shall be in accordance with Table 6.6.5.1
6-80
Table 6.6.5.1 Binder Spraying Temperatures
BINDER TYPE SPRAY TEMPERATURE (C)

60/70 Pen. 165 - 175
80/100 Pen. 155 - 165
Emulsion Ambient, or as manufacturers recommendation
Cut-back RC/MC 250 80 - 90
Cut-back RC/MC 800 105 - 115
Where other binders are used, spraying temperatures should be agreed with the
Engineer before the start of construction.
(b) Mechanical Method
(i) Laying and Compacting the Coarse Aggregate
The spreader truck shall be driven at such a speed that aggregate quantity is as
specified and the surface even.
Initial compaction shall be by a 6 8 tonnes roller traveling at a speed of less

than 3 km/hour. Rolling shall proceed in a longitudinal direction, beginning at
the outer edges of the spread and working towards the centre. Successive
passes roller shall overlap by at least one half of the width of the roller.
Compaction shall continue until a smooth and stable aggregate course is
achieved (minimum 6 passes).
(ii) Application Binder on Coarse Aggregate
The temperature of the binder in the distributor shall be maintained as

specified for the type of bitumen being used. Spraying temperature and
spraying rate shall be agreed with the Engineer prior to the start of
construction and shall generally conform to the ranges specified in Table
6.6.5.1 and Table 6.6.3.1 respectively. The application method shall conform
to the requirements of Article 6.1.4.3.
(iii) Spreading and Compacting of Key Aggregate
Immediately after application of the binder, the key aggregate shall be spread
at the specified rate and in such manner that no wheel shall travel on
uncovered bituminous material. The spread rate shall be such that, after
compaction, the surface voids in the coarse aggregate are filled and the coarse
aggregate is still visible.
Compaction of the key aggregate shall commence immediately following the

spreading of the aggregate and shall be as specified in Article 6.6.5.(b).(i)
above. When required, additional aggregate shall be added in small quantities
and lightly broomed over the surface during rolling. Rolling shall continue
until the key aggregate is fully keyed and locked into the underlying course.
(iv) Application Binder on Key Aggregate (if cover aggregate used)
The requirement of 6.6.5.2.(b).(ii) shall apply.
6-81
(v) Spreading and Compacting of Cover Aggregate (for the surface course)
Immediately after application of binder, the cover aggregate shall be spread at

the specified rate and in such manner that no traffic wheel shall travel on
uncovered bituminous material.
Compaction of the cover aggregate shall commence immediately following

the spreading of the aggregate. When required, additional cover aggregate
shall be added in small quantities and lightly broomed over the surface until
all surface voids in key aggregate are filled during rolling. During finishing
rolling, the excessive cover aggregate shall be broomed over the surface.
(c) Manual Method
(i) Laying and Compacting the Coarse Aggregate
The amount of aggregate spread on the prepared surface shall be as specified.

Evenness of the surface should be achieved by skilful spreading and the use of
hand tools such as rakes. Compaction shall be as specified for the mechanical
method.
(ii) Application of Binder on Coarse Aggregate
Asphalt application may be done using hand sprayers or asphalt cans with the
asphalt at the specified temperature. Application rates shall be as uniform as
possible and at the agreed spread rate.
(iii) Spreading and Compaction of Key Aggregate
Spreading and compacting key aggregate shall be carried out in the same
manner as the coarse aggregate. The spread rate shall be such that, after
compaction, the surface voids in the coarse aggregate are completely filled
and the coarse aggregate is still visible. Compaction shall be as specified for
the mechanical method.
(iv) Application Binder on Key Aggregate (if cover aggregate used)
The requirement of 6.6.5.2.(c).(ii) shall apply.
(v) Spreading and Compacting of Cover Aggregate (for the surface course)
The requirement of 6.6.5.2.(b).(v) shall apply
6.6.5.3 Key Aggregate Maintenance
In the event that there is a delay between completion of the key aggregate layer and the
further course, the Contractor shall maintain the key aggregate surface course in good
condition until such time as the further course is placed.
6.6.6.1 Materials and Workmanship
Quality control shall meet the following requirements.
6-82
(a) The storage of each aggregate fraction shall be separate to prevent mixing and kept
clean of foreign matter.
(b) Storage of asphalt should be in such a way as to prevent leakage or ingress of water.
(c) Heating temperatures for asphalt shall be as specified in Table 6.6.5.1
(d) Course Thickness
The compacted thickness of the penetration macadam course shall be as specified

within a tolerance of one cm. Checking of the thickness of the penetration macadam
layer shall be as directed by the Engineer.
(e) Smoothness of Surface while Compacting
At every stage of compaction, the smoothness of the surface shall be preserved.

Materials should be added at any place where there are depressions.
(f) Smoothness on Compacting the Coarse Aggregate
The smoothness shall be measured using a straightedge camber of 3 metres long.

The depression under the camber should be not more than 8 mm.
(k) Longitudinal and transverse joints should be inspected carefully.
6.6.6.2 Traffic
Traffic may be allowed on the finished surface a few hours after completion of the work, as
approved by the Engineer. Typically this period will be between 2 and 4 hours. Where
traffic is to be allowed onto the complete key aggregate layer, care will have to be taken to
maintain the cleanliness of this layer prior to placing the further course. Traffic control
shall comply with the provisions of Section 1.8 of these Specifications.
6.6.7.1 Measurement
(a) Minor Works
The quantity of Penetration Macadam for minor works measured for payment shall
be the compacted volume placed determined on the basis of the measured surface
area and approved thickness of Penetration Macadam for each class of repair as
defined in Section 8.1. The Contractor shall maintain records of areas and thickness
of Penetration Macadam material and quantities of tack coat placed in minor works
in each kilometre of the project. The record shall be submitted to the Engineer
weekly.
(b) Penetration Macadam Leveling, Resurfacing and Surface Course
(i) The quantity to be measured for payment of Penetration Macadam used as a

regulating layer shall be the number of cubic metres of material laid and
accepted, calculated as the product of the accepted area being measured and
the design nominal thickness.
6-83
(ii) The quantity accepted for measurement shall not include areas where the
Penetration Macadam is thinner than the accepted minimum thickness or any
raveled, split, cracked or tapered portions along the edges of the pavement or
elsewhere.
(iii) The width of areas of Penetration Macadam to be paid for shall be as shown
on the Drawings or as approved by the Engineer and shall be determined by
tape survey carried out by the Contractor under the supervision of the
Engineer. Measurements shall be taken at right angles to the road centre line
and shall exclude any thin or otherwise unsatisfactory material along the edges
of the laid Penetration Macadam. The longitudinal spacing of the
measurements shall be as directed by the Engineer but shall be regular and no
less than one every 25 metres. The width to be used in calculating the area for
payment purposes for any pavement section being measured shall be the
average of the width measurements taken and approved.
(iv) The longitudinal length along the road of Penetration Macadam to be paid for
shall be measured along the road centre line, using standard engineering
surveying procedures.
unit of measurement, for the Pay Item shown below and in the Bill of Quantities, which
price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing, producing, mixing and placing
all materials, including all labor, equipment, tests, tools and incidentals necessary to
complete the work prescribed in this Section.

6.6.1 Penetration Macadam - Surface Course Cubic Metre
6.6.2 Penetration Macadam - Base Course/ Cubic Metre

Leveling
6-84
SECTION 6.7
MAINTENANCE SEAL COAT
6.7.1 GENERAL
6.7.1.1 Description
This work shall consist of the application of a surface seal coat to small areas of pavement
using either hot bitumen binder, bitumen emulsion or cutback bitumen to seal cracks,
prevent raveling, waterproof maintenance patches or maintain an aged bituminous
pavement or similar surface.

(e) Single or Double Surface Dressing : Section 6.2
(f) Penetration Macadam : Section 6.6
(g) Reinstatement of Existing Pavement : Section 8.1
(h) Routine Maintenance of Existing pavement, Shoulders,
Drainage, Road Furniture and Bridges : Section 10.1

SNI 03-2439-1991 : Cara Uji Penyelimutan dan Pengelupasan pada
SNI 03-4800-1998 : Spesifikasi Aspal Cair Tipe Penguapan Cepat.
(AASHTO M81 - 92 (2004))
SNI 03-4799-1998 : Spesifikasi Aspal Cair Tipe Penguapan Sedang.
(AASHTO M82 - 75 (2004))
(AASHTO M208 - 01(2005))
AASHTO :
AASHTO M20 - 70 : Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement.

British Standards :
BS 812 Part I : 1975 : Flakiness Index.
6-85
6.7.1.4 Weather, Time and Pavement Temperature Limitations
No maintenance spot sealing shall be carried out on a wet pavement, during rain or when
rain threatens. Bitumen emulsion binder shall not be applied after 3 pm. When hot bitumen
binder is applied the pavement temperature shall not be less than 25 C.
time as the Engineer approved the finished surface fit to traffic.
6.7.2 MATERIALS
6.7.2.1 General
No material shall be used in the works until it has been approved by the Engineer.
6.7.2.2 Cover Aggregate
(a) The requirements of Article 6.2.2.1.(a) shall apply.
(b) The requirements of Article 6.2.2.1.(b) shall apply.
(c) Cover aggregate shall, when tested in accordance with SNI 03-1968-1990, comply
with the grading given in Table 6.7.2.1.
Table 6.7.2.1 Cover Aggregate Grading
Sieve Size Percent By Weight Passing

ASTM (mm)
12.5 100
3/8 9.5 85 - 100
6.35 10 - 30
No.8 2.36 0 - 10
No.200 0.075 0-5
6.7.2.3 Binder
6.7.3 AGGREGATE AND BINDER QUANTITIES
Application rates of binder and aggregate shall be agreed by the Engineer prior to the start
of construction and shall be taken from Table 6.7.3.1. Adjustment may be required to these
rates during the contract if considered necessary by the Engineer to achieve the specified
quality of work. The higher spread rates should be used when the aggregate grading is on
the finer side of the specified envelope and the lower rates when the aggregate grading is
on the coarser side of the envelope.
6-86
Table 6.7.3.1 : Application Rates of Aggregate and Binder
Material Unit Application Rate

Binder (All Types) ltr/m2 (residual) 0.7 - 0.9
Aggregate Kg/m2 8 - 11
6.7.4 EQUIPMENT
The requirements of Article 6.6.4 shall apply.
6.7.5 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
The pavement shall be thoroughly clean by sweeping or by compressed air. There shall be
no free water on the pavement. Wide cracks shall be repaired in accordance with Article
8.1.3.3.(b) of these Specifications.
6.7.5.2 Binder Application
The application method shall be approved in writing by the Engineer and shall be strictly
followed. Machine sprayers shall be capable of achieving a uniform distribution of binder
using either the spray bar distributor or a hand lance. Hand application of bitumen
emulsions may be permitted at the Engineers discretion for small areas. Hand application
shall be by means of a hand held spray bar or by other approved means. The binder
application rates and spraying temperatures shall be in accordance with Table 6.7.5.1 and
6.7.5.1.
Table 6.7.5.1 : Binder Spraying Temperatures
Binder Type Spray Temperature (C)

Asphalt Pen.60/70 165 - 175 C
Cement Pen.80/100 155 - 165 C
Cut-back RC / MC 250 80 - 90 C
RC / MC 800 105 - 115 C
Emulsion ambient
6.7.5.3 Aggregate Application
The aggregate shall be applied immediately after the application of binder. The aggregate
may be applied by any suitable method (including hand methods) to achieve a dense,
uniform layer without bare spots. The aggregate shall be rolled using a suitable pneumatic
or steel wheel roller of not less than one tonne gross weight. On completion of compaction,
excess loose aggregate shall be swept from the pavement.
6.7.6.1 Material
(a) The storage of each aggregate fraction shall be kept clean of foreign matter.
6-87
(b) Storage of asphalt should be in such a way to prevent leakage or ingress of water.
(c) Heating temperature for asphalt shall be as specified in Table 6.7.5.1.
6.7.6.2 Workmanship
When the seal coat is being applied in half widths, a strip of 200 mm width of bitumen
spray shall be left uncovered by aggregate to allow for overlap of the binder when the
remaining half is treated.
6.7.6.3 Traffic
Traffic may be allowed on to the finished surface a few hours after completion of the work,
as approved by the Engineer. Typically this period will between 2 and 4 hours. Traffic
control shall comply with the provisions of Section 1.8 of these Specifications.
There shall be no measurement and payment under this Section. Full compensation for the
work shall be made under Section 8.1 and/or Section 10.1 of these Specifications.
6-88

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WINRIP General Specification

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... i

SECTION 6.5 ................................................................................................................................... 69

6.1.1.2 Related Work Specified Elsewhere

(a) Traffic Management and Safety : Section 1.8

6.1.1.3 Reference Standards

Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) :

SNI 03-4799-1998 : Spesifikasi Aspal Cair Tipe Penguapan Sedang

AASHTO M20 - 70 (2004) : Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement

BS 3403 : Industrial Tachometers

6.1.1.4 Weather and Seasonal Limitations

6.1.1.5 Quality of Work and Rectification of Unsatisfactory Work

Rectification of unsatisfactory Prime Coat or Tack Coat shall be as directed by the

The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with the following:

6.1.1.7 Work Conditions

6.1.1.8 Control of Traffic

6.1.2.1 Materials for Prime Coat

(a) Bituminous binder for Prime Coat shall be as follows:

(i) Medium or slow setting emulsion bitumen conforming to AASHTO M140 or

(ii) Either AC-10 grade asphalt cement (which is approximately equivalent to

6.1.2.2 Materials for Tack Coat

a) Rapid breaking emulsified Asphalt conforming to the requirements of AASHTO M

b) Either AC-10 grade asphalt cement (which is approximately equivalent to 80/100

6.1.3.1 General Requirements

6.1.3.2 Bitumen Distributor - Bar Sprayer

Distributor equipment shall include a tachometer, pressure gauges, a calibrated tank

6.1.3.4 Bitumen Distributor Instrument Tolerances

Thermometer : 5C, range 0 - 250C, minimum dial diameter 70 mm

Volume Measurement Device : 2 percent of total tank volume, a maximum dipstick

6.1.3.5 Spraying Chart and Operations Manual

6.1.3.6 Distributor Performance

minimum of 70 percent of the bitumen distributor capacity shall be sprayed in a

6.1.3.7 Hand Sprayer

(a) An asphalt tank with heater;

(c) A spray bar provided with a nozzle.

6.1.4 EXECUTION OF THE WORK

6.1.4.1 Preparation of the Surface to be Coated

(h) No application of bituminous binder shall be undertaken until the pavement

6.1.4.2 Rate and Temperature of Application of Bituminous Material

Table 6.1.4.1 Tack Coat Application Rates

Rate on New or Rate on Old Porous

(c) Heating quantities in excess of the requirements or prolonged heating at high

Table 6.1.4.2 Spraying Temperatures

Type of Binder Spraying Temperature Range

6.1.4.3 Application of the Coating

6.1.5 MAINTENANCE AND OPENING OF TRAFFIC

6.1.5.1 Maintenance of Prime Coat

6.1.5.2 Maintenance of Tack Coat

6.1.6 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL AND TESTING

(i) Prior to the commencement of spraying works on the contract.

(iii) Following any accident or modification to the distributor, or any other

6.1.7 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

6.1.7.1 Measurement for Payment

6.1.7.2 Measurement of Rectified Work

6.1.7.3 Basis of Payment

Pay Item No. Description Unit of Measurement

6.1.1 Prime Coat Litre

6.1.2 Tack Coat Litre

This page left intentionally blank

6.2.1.2 Related Work Specified Elsewhere

(a) Traffic Management and Safety : Section 1.8

6.2.1.3 Reference Standards

Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) :

AASHTO M20 - 70 (2004) : Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement