International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 2, February 2017, pp. 128134 Article ID: IJCIET_08_02_013

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=2
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

GAINFUL UTILIZATION OF HYPO SLUDGE IN

CONCRETE
Ashish Pandya
Civil Engineer, Studied at Marwadi Education Foundations Group of Institutions,
Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Tejas Joshi
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT
To mitigate emission of carbon dioxide and other green gases, it is necessary to develop
alternative ways by which sustainable development can be improved. This paper discusses
various combination of cement with hypo sludge and different size of aggregates. Hypo sludge
has a very good content of Cao and thus it works as a partial replacement material in
construction process. This study examines 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of hypo sludge in
place of cement in concrete for M20 and then tested for its compressive strength. The result
shows that the strength of the concrete increases by adding hypo sludge up to 10%. However,
further increase in hypo sludge decreases the compressive strength. Also, rate analysis has
been done which concludes that the rate of the concrete decreases on replacing the cement
with hypo sludge. The aim of this study is to make eco-friendly building material and to see
how the concrete behaves on replacing the cement with the hypo sludge in various proportions.
This study also examines the possibility of utilization of hypo sludge as a partial replacement
material and it can be further used as cementitious material. It also helps with the disposal and
pollution problems associated with paper industry waste.
Key words: Hypo Sludge, Sustainability, Eco-efficient, Cost-efficient, Compressive Strength
Cite this Article: Ashish Pandya and Tejas Joshi, Gainful Utilization of Hypo Sludge in
Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(2), 2017, pp. 128134.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=2

1. INTRODUCTION
Carbon footprints are increasing day-by-day. It is important to find a new way to reduce the use of
every day's fossil fuels. The paper producing industries generate different types of wastes coming out
from the various paper making machines. Paper waste can be recycled in many ways. There are total
three types of wastes generated by paper industries.
Fibrous Sludge
Hypo Sludge
Lime Sludge

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 Ashish Pandya and Tejas Joshi

Fibrous sludge is bio-degradable and therefore, it is rejected. Lime sludge, generally generated
during causticiasation. Hypo sludge is the only option, which is generated during calcium hypo
chlorite generation. So, basically, hypo sludge is a waste or by-product of paper industry. In order to
reduce the consumption of natural and conventional resources, which by the way are limited, use of
other industrial wastes are inevitable. To replace these wastes with fresh materials, one of the feasible
options is to control degradation of environment. Hypo sludge is purely chemical waste and requires
large space for disposal. We can use it as a partial replacement material in cement concrete. Use of
hypo sludge in cement concrete not only solve the disposal problem but also make concrete has
economical by had replacing cemented partially. Hypo sludge will improve construction functionality
and ecological sustainability and results in low life-cycle cost. Its response to different loads and
durability could be major concern for construction professionals. Therefore, it is necessary to do an
experimental study of such concrete.

1.1. Literature Review

Hypo Sludge can be used as a replacement to cement in different proportions and compelling results
can be obtained by performing various tests in laboratory. [1] Paper mill waste/ash is light in weight as
compare to cement, it can be used with portland cement, lime powder, natural sand and ultimately in
cement mortar. [2] Two types of mix design M-20 and M-30 were used for concrete production.
Compression test was carried out for curing of 7, 14 and 28 days. It was found that the end results
showed compelling results with increase in strength by 10% for replacement unto 5%. [3]

1.2. Need of Study

Our study's prime concerned with eco-efficient gainful utilization of hypo sludge as partial
replacement of cement in concrete for development of low cost construction. Hypo sludge will
improve construction functionality and ecological sustainability and results in low life-cycle cost.
Therefore, the main objective is to investigate the utilization of hypo sludge as Supplementary
Cementitious Material (SCM) and to check the strength of concrete in which the cement is partially
replaced with certain ratios of hypo sludge.

2. MATERALS AND METHODS

2.1. Ordinary Portland cement
The Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade conforming to IS: 8112-1989 is used. Various tests such as
Standard Consistency Test, Setting Time Test, Compressive Test, etc. are conducted on the cement
which is tabulated in below table.

Table 1 Properties of OPC

Sr. Requirements as per
Physical Properties of Cement Result
No. IS:8112-1989
1. Specific Gravity 3.15 3.10-3.15
2. Standard Consistency (%) 28% 30-35%
3. Initial setting time (hrs,min) 91 min 30 minimum
4. Final setting time (hrs,min) 211 min 600 maximum
5. Compressive Strength (7 days) 38 N/mm2 43 N/mm2
6. Compressive Strength (28 days) 49.5 N/mm2 53 N/mm2

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 Gainful Utilization of Hypo Sludge in Concrete

2.2. Hypo Sludge

The paper industry produces heavy amount of waste. During the formation of paper from the pulp, the
paper fibres which are broken and of poor quality are separated out as sludge, which can be called as
the hypo sludge. It can be produced at very negligible rate as well as in an optimum amount from the
paper industry. Hypo sludge is the most suitable material which is used to replace concrete.

Figure 1

2.3. Coarse Aggregate

The fractions from 20 mm to 4.75 mm are used as coarse aggregates. The coarse aggregates from
crushed basalt rock, conforming to IS:383 are used. The flakiness index and elongation index were
maintained well below 15%.

2.4. Fine Aggregate

Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregates. The river sand and
crushed sand is used in combination as fine aggregate conforming to the requirement of IS: 383. The
river sand is washed and screened to eliminate deleterious materials and over size particles.

2.5. Water
Water is one of the most important ingredients of concrete as it actually participates in the chemical
reaction cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of
water is required to be looked into very carefully. Water cement ratio used is 0.5 for M20 grade.

Table 2 Comparison of OPC and Hypo Sludge

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Hypo Sludge
Chemical Properties
Percent by Mass
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) 21.77% 5.28%
Calcium Oxide (CaO) 57.02% 47.84%
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 2.71% 6.41%
Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) 2.41% 0.19%
Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) 2.59% 0.09%
Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 0.65% 0.73%
Loss of Ignition 2.82% 38.26%
Source-International Journal of Engg. Trends and Technology (IJETT) Geo-tech house, Vadodara

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 Ashish Pandya and Tejas Joshi

3. MIX DESIGN
A mix M20 grade was designed as per IS:10262:2009 and the same was used to prepare the test
samples. Given quantity is for one cube.
Table 3

CONSTITUENTS QTY.(kg/m3 )
Cement 383
Fine aggregate 590
Coarse aggregate 1230
10mm 492
20mm 738
Water 191

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.1. Methodology

BATCH MIX
Maximum Replacement MATERIAL
Chemical Analysis of
of Cement and achieve CALCULATION For
Hypo Sludge and Cement
Maximum Strength Compressive Strength
Tests

ULTIMATE AIM
Minimize the Use of Raw PHYSICAL TESTS DESIGN MIX As per
Materials and derive
Compressive Strength IS:10262:2009 For M20
Strength out of Waste. (Cube) grade
Optimize the Strength
and Workability

4.2. Compressive Strength Test

150mm150mm150mm concrete cubes are casted by using M20grade concrete design. Specimens
with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and OPC replaced with hypo sludge at5%,10%and15%levels is
casted. During casting, the cube is mechanically vibrated invibrator. After 24 hours the specimens is
remove from the mould and subjected to water curing for7,14 and 28 days. After curing, the specimens
are tested for compressive strength using a calibrated compression testing machine of 2,000KN
capacity.

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 Gainful Utilization of Hypo Sludge in Concrete

Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 5
It can be seen from the above graph that as the percentage replacement of hypo sludge to cement
increases, the compressive strength of concrete for 7 days,14 days and 28 days decreases gradually.

Table 4 Cost of Materials

Sr.No. Materials Rate (Rupees per kg)
1. Cement (ULTRATECH OPC 53 grade) 4.8
2. Hypo Sludge 0.20
3. Fine Aggregates 0.60
4. Coarse Aggregates(20mm down) 0.70

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 Ashish Pandya and Tejas Joshi

Table 5 Rate Analysis

Fine Coarse Hypo
% Reduction Cement Total
Aggregate Aggregate Sludge % Change in Cost
in Cement (kg/m3) Cost (m3)
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
0% 380 590 1230 0 3039 0
5% 361 590 1230 19 2952 3.75
10% 342 590 1230 38 2865 5.75
15% 323 590 1230 57 2778 8.6

6. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn based on the experimental investigation carried out on replacing
cement with hypo sludge.

6.1. Test& Graphical Interpretation

The following observations are made based on the limited experimental investigation, the concerned
workability and the compressive strength of the concrete are calculated based on the partial
replacement of hypo sludge with cement in concrete. The workability increases with the higher
replacement of hypo sludge to cement. However with the higher replacement of hypo sludge
withcementthestrengthgoesondecreasing.Asthepercentagereplacementof hypo sludge to cement
increases, the compressive strength of concrete for 7 days,14 days and 28 days decreases gradually.

6.2. Rate Analysis

By the use of hypo sludge as a partial replacement material, the overall cost of concrete decreases.
However, the change in percentage is relatively very small. When the projects for temporary shelter
are implemented by government for those who are affected by natural disaster, this material would be
sustainable to use and hence would be economically feasible. The disposal and the pollution problems
which ultimately affects environment can be reduced through this low cost concrete. A better measure
by this new construction material, i.e. hypo sludge is formed.

REFERENCE
[1] Optimization of Hypo Sludge in Design Mix Concrete: A Review by V. K. Gajghate
[2] Reuse of Paper Mill Ash in Plaster Blends by Saveria Monosi, Daniela Sani and Maria Letizia
Ruello
[3] Utlization of Waste Paper Pulp by Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete by Sumit Balwaik,
S. P. Raut
[4] IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)
[5] IS 10262:2009 Code of concrete mix proportioning guidelines (first revision)
[6] Prof. J R Pitroda, Dr L B Zala, Dr F S Umrigar (2012), Hypo Sludge Management: Opportunities
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 Gainful Utilization of Hypo Sludge in Concrete

[9] Udoeyo F.F., Inyang H., Young D.T., Oparadu Ed.E., Potential of Wood Waste Ash as an
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