Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com
The Freelon Group Eric Owen Moss The Journal of the American
Krueck + Sexton Shimpei Oda Institute of Architects
Thomas Phifer
The AIA
Honor
Awards
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Contents
026 26 One Word. 28 Bostons Public Triumph. 32 Good Enough to Eat. 34 Sad-but-Sweet Briar.
36 Ceci nest pas une ville. 40 City Under Siege. 44 Move Over, Zumthor. 48 Pullman, for
Better for Worse.
052 52 Best Practices: Gain Appreciation for Your Work. 54 Products: The Promise of Nanomaterials.
62 Technology: When to Use a Drone. 64 Next Progressives: Acre Architects. 72 Detail: Nest We
Grow Moment Connection. 74 Career Development: The 21st-Century Skill Set. 76 Technology:
The Next Generation of 3D Printing.
079 79 AIA Voices: The Masters. 80 AIA Now: Events Across Atlanta. 83 AIA Design: Cities Cleave.
85 AIA Future: Applying Pressure. 86 AIA Feature: A Real Peach. 88 AIA Knowledge: A Breuer
Veteran Looks Back. 88 AIA Perspective: Touchstones.
222 Pterodactyl
Culver City, Calif.
Eric Owen Moss Architects
262 Benjamin P. Grogan and
Jerry L. Dove Federal Building
Miramar, Fla.
Krueck + Sexton Architects
Volume 104, number 5. May 2015. architect (ISSN 0746-0554; USPS 009-880) is published monthly by Hanley Wood, One Thomas Circle, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2015 by Hanley Wood. Opinions expressed
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Contents
163 2015 AIA Honor Awards
Each year, the American Institute of Architects recognizes individuals and
firms with the architecture professions most prestigious honors.
Volume 104, number 5. May 2015. On the cover: Habitat 67; illustration by Steve McDonald from Fantastic Cities (Chronicle Books, 2015)
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Designer Justin Diles aims to actualize plastics unfulfilled vision. An assistant professor of architecture at Ohio State, Diles recently
Justin Diles
exhibited his Plasticity Pavilion in Houston at the nonprofit Tex-Fab Digital Fabrication Alliances annual event. Composed of black
and white pieces of fiber-reinforced plastic, the gracefully undulating form suggests both fluidity and change. The pavilion conjures
philosopher Roland Barthes characterization of plastic in Mythologies (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1972): More than a substance, plastic
is the very idea of its infinite transformation it is less a thing than the trace of a movement. Blaine Brownell, aia
> Read the rest of Brownells essay, The Future of Plastics in Architecture, at bit.ly/futureofplastics.
28
The effect of the brick, both close-up and far away, is hypnotic. I originally spotted the top of the Bolling building on a trip to Marcel
Breuers nearby 1978 Madison Park High School and was drawn toward it. Handsome and solid, it is clearly the product of thoughtful
MecAnoo
design without being showy or fancy or corporateall characteristics the city and the Boston Redevelopment Authority wanted to
avoid. The aluminum window frames are held behind the brick and are visible only on the interiora detail that helps the reading of
the exterior and its rounded corners as a continuous fabric, punctuated by rhythmic, not repetitive, rectangles. AlexAndrA lAnge
> Read the rest of Langes review of Mecanoo and Sasaki Associates Bruce C. Bolling Municipal Building in Boston at bit.ly/Bolling.
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Snhetta and Envelope A+D have released designs for an expansion to chef Thomas Kellers renowned French Laundry, in Yountville,
Calif. The Napa Valley restaurantwhich won the James Beard Foundations Outstanding Restaurant Award in 2005 and has
earned three stars from Michelin every year since 2007occupies a stone cottage that operated as a steam-powered laundry in the
1920s. The expansion, designed in collaboration with kitchen designer Harrison & Koellner, will increase the size of the kitchen by
25 percent, while renovations to the courtyard will create a layered entry sequence for arriving guests. deane madsen
> For more images and information on the French Laundry expansion, visit bit.ly/SnohettaFrenchLaundry.
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Sad-but-Sweet Briar
Virginias Sweet Briar College, a liberal-arts college for women founded in 1901, has announced that it will close this August due to
AAron mAHler
insurmountable financial challenges. The fate of the 3,250-acre campus is unclear. Its master plan and many buildings were designed
by Ralph Adams Cram (18631942), who went on to shape West Point, Princeton University, and Rice University, among other
institutions. Cram became known as a master of the Gothic Revival, but at Sweet Briarhis first collegiate commissionhe took his
cues from Virginian tradition and produced a picturesque campus in the Neo-Georgian style. AmAndA Kolson Hurley
> For the rest of the story and images of the campus, visit bit.ly/SweetBriarCampus.
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For the past 43 years, Earth art pioneer Michael Heizer has been constructing City in the Nevada desert, an astonishing artscape
of geometric concrete forms some 1 miles long and more than a quarter mile wide. Heizer owns the land on which the piece stands,
but its ecologically and archaeologically rich surroundings could be developed for a missile site, oil-and-gas drilling, or a nuclear-
waste rail line. A consortium of major museums are calling for the area, called Basin and Range, to be protected as part of the
Bureau of Land Managements National Conservation Lands program. Chelsea Blahut
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Morphosis Architects has revealed designs for the reflective-glass-skinned 7132 Hotel, a 107-room tower in Vals, Switzerland. The
1,250-foot tower, for which the firm won a competition in February, will be a close neighbor of the Therme Vals spa, designed by
Peter Zumthor, Hon. FAIA, and of the upcoming Valser Path park by Tadao Ando, Hon. FAIA, which is slated for completion in 2017.
Morphosis principal Thom Mayne, FAIA, says, As much as possible, the hotel is a minimalist act that reiterates the site and offers to
the viewer a mirrored, refracted perspective of the landscape. The 7132 Hotel is scheduled for completion by 2019. LeAH DemIrjIAn
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48
What does architecture embody? How does it speak to us of history? Those are the questions raised by the recent designation of
Pullman, Ill., as a National Park. I am glad that Pullmana collection of red brick structures designed by Solon Beman with a keen
eye to translating a variety of not only uses, but also of social classes, into distinct, but related formsis being preserved, but I
am bothered by the fact that there is little recognition that the place is a monument to oppression and violence, not just to urban
planning with coherence and a certain measure of benevolence. The place, quite simply, looks too good. AAron Betsky
> Read the rest of Betskys essay on the preservation of railroad magnate George Pullmans quintessential 19th century working town at bit.ly/BetskyOnPullman.
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Best Practices:
Gain Appreciation for Your Work
In February, the AIA began the public Incorporate All Team Members tool but will also empower architects in
awareness campaign I Look Up, For clients to value architects work, terms of how theyre perceived, he says.
which highlights architects as problem University of Illinois at Urbana- Thats a game changer.
solvers and visionaries who offer unique Champaign associate professor Randy
perspectives in solving global issues. Deutsch, AIA, suggests Integrated Form a Partnership
We look up to see limits, and ways Project Delivery (IPD), which involves Portland, Ore.s GBD Architects has
around them, to pursue possibility, says the entire team, from owner to designed more than 20 buildings
the narrator in the campaigns television contractor to subcontractors, early in for developer Gerding Edlen, but
commercial. But in your own daily the design process. We often say in dont use the word client with GBD
practice, you need to use a combination the industry, Cost, time, quality: Pick president Phil Beyl, AIA. Id go for the
of marketing, technological advantages, any two. With IPD, owners can have all term partner right off the bat, he
partnerships, and continual learning to three, Deutsch says. Owners gain the says. The idea of a partnership could
get the recognition you deserve. most from collaborative work. Architects be a literal one, Beyl says, as in the case
need to make that clear that we are of performance-based contracts that
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more likely
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4
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Scoping out a
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leSS likely
there is more than one way to use a 1. Shooting Aerial Photos and Video 3. Inspecting Hazardous Spaces
dronesome with, others without, the this is the top use for the technology the Faa has allowed the use of drones
federal governments blessing. the today, although the Faa has typically in the oil, gas, and infrastructure sectors
Federal aviation administration (Faa), applied restrictions on items such as the to survey hard-to-access areas, such as
which has been tasked with regulating airspace in which the drones can fly and flare stacks and pipes, reducing the need
the technology, has been slow to deliver how close drones can get to buildings to send people to work in potentially
comprehensive rules and is currently and people not affiliated with the job. dangerous or remote environments.
evaluating commercial drone use on a
case-by-case basis. Final regulations 2. Moving Objects Around a Jobsite 4. Using Micro Drones
arent expected until 2017, which means Because the Faa views items affixed to Drones that weigh less than 3 pounds
its (more or less) open season for firms a drone as an external load, it forbids the have the same likelihood of getting Faa
that want to use them now. We talked practice under rules proposed earlier this approval as those weighing up to 55, but
with drone experts and companies using year for devices up to 55 pounds. even if advocates have petitioned to move these
the technology to determine whether the the Faa was ok with this usedont hold smaller ones to a category with more lax
following usesfrom shooting marketing your breathproject teams would likely rules to encourage innovative uses by
videos to moving equipmentwould be limited to moving small tools and small and midsize companies, which tend
likely pass muster with the Faa today. parts, or taking too many trips. to be put off by high regulatory costs.
> For more drone dos and donts, read the full story at bit.ly/dronesinarchitecture.
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Next Progressives:
Acre Architects
Monica Adair and Stephen Kopp want Collective Identity where theres a lot of dependence on
architecture to tell a story. Finding Acre started on a rooftop in Brooklyn, our past. We say that were more than
narratives and developing identities have as a collective. Stephen and I went to lighthouses and dories, and that we
become a specialty of their firm, Acre architecture school together at the can rely not just on the stories that
Architects, based in Saint John, New University of Toronto. There was a job in came before us, but also on the stories
Brunswick. We want people to be able New York that we both went for, and they that we help people tell. Stories have
to not only be satisfied with what is in gave it to both of us. I dont think wed be the ability to reveal strong and deeply
front of them, but to think about what married today if they didnt. held emotions that are the key to the
is the story they ultimately want to live, When we were in Brooklyn, we structure of our lives. Architecture can
says Adair, who recently received the were fortunate to have one of those convey these stories. In the end, its
Royal Architectural Institute of Canadas apartments with rooftop access. Wed not just a building; its something that
2015 Young Architect Award. often go up with a bunch of our friends, rethinks the way we see ourselves. We
Founded in 2010, Acre has built who are also architects and designers. take our clients needs and deliver
this type of storytelling into private We got really excited, like a lot of young executable dreams.
residences along the Atlantic Seaboard. designers do, about the potential to work
The seven-person practice recently with our friends. You want to work with Beer, with a Mission
branched out into commercial projects, people that you really love. Were doing a microbrewery in Saint
with a new microbrewery under We were the de facto group John for Picaroons, a craft brewer that
construction in their hometown, and a coordinators at the time and we always emphasizes all things local. We tried
boutique hotel in the design phase in the said that, depending on the project, to make a project that helps celebrate
Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, wed bring the right team. We left New that, but can also be a catalyst for other
N.Y. Acre has worked with its clients to York two years later and went to New projects. They came to us with one
build out the identities of these projects, Brunswick to open our own firm. But project, and since then weve proposed
adding new dimensions along the way. weve had some opportunities to work different satellite buildings all over
Here, Adair and Kopp discuss their firms with the initial people from the Acre the province.
story with architect. Collective on little projects. We still
pitch ideas and try to find projects that Adding a Community Element
would get all of us together. The Hekla Hotel clients in Williamsburg
wanted only a hotel on the site, which
Realizing Narratives was a former ironworks factory. We said
We generally like projects where the that it has to be more than thatwere
client hasnt given us a clean brief and not interested in a project that just
wants us to just draw it upprojects in gentrifies. We proposed a filmworks
which the client hasnt quite figured it componenta screening areaso that
all out and is looking to us to help craft it could belong to the community, which
that story. Architecture really is about has a big art movie scene. Adding it to
building identity and helping people, in the hotel ended up being a really good
Monica Adair and Stephen Kopp a way, to create their own myths. Thats pairing. And we wanted it to become a
especially true here in Atlantic Canada, venue to tell new stories.
3
Acre Architects
Next Progressives:
1
5
4
6 7
Acre Architects (2,7); MArk heMMings (6)
1. Majumder Manor was the focus of a 2013 W Network television series by the
same name. Actor Shaun Majumder invited Acre Architects to envision a luxury
inn where visitors to his native Newfoundland town of Burlington (pop. 350) could
interact with the locals in a communal restaurant, wine cellar, and campfire lounge.
2. An 1885 railway roundhouse finds new life as Picaroons, a microbrewery in Devon,
New Brunswick. 3. Reclaimed wood from snowfences and Cor-Ten steel clad Into
the Wild, an urban retreat for a poet-and-designer couple in Saint John. 4. The Hekla
Hotel, now underway in Williamsburg, N.Y., will offer luxury accommodations and a
boutique feel in a former ironworks factory. 5. The designers own residence, RoBe
House, allowed the pair to experiment with monochromatic finishes in a kitchen
that features white Corian countertops, black oak cabinets, and white and black
hexagonal tiles that intermingle in a playful pattern. 6. Tinkers Orchard, a popular
New Brunswick cider house and residence for its owners, features tasting and living
rooms overlooking the fruit-bearing trees that surround them. 7. For Gothic Arches,
an adaptive reuse project in Saint John, Acre Architects plans to blend an early 19th
century church structure with a terraced condo tower.
CREATING A SAFER ENVIRONMENT
begins by securing the perimeter
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the University of California, Berkeley, member. Classmate Yan Xin Huang adds,
designed a timber grid structure for The notches are the size of the beams
their winning entry, Nest We Grow, in so the surface is flush.
the fourth Lixil International University The bolts that hold the composite
Architectural Competition. An elegant, column together also secure the beams,
recurring moment connection detailed completing the moment connection,
by the team with Kengo Kuma and Smith says.
Associates and Oak Structural Design Hokkaido, Japanbased Takahashi
Office, both in Tokyo, ensures the rigidity Construction Co. locally sourced the
of the four-story, 919-square-foot facility. wood for the glulam members, notched
Nine larch timber columns provide the timbers for the moment connections,
the primary structural support. To save and assembled the composite columns
money, each column is a composite in its workshop. Double-decker trailer
of four 66 glulam timbers, which trucks transported the columns and 1. 66 glulam larch timber (typ. 4)
sandwich steel connecting plates. glulam beams to the project site, five 2. 16mm, 330mm bolts (40 per column)
At each floor level, two perpendicular minutes away.
shinkenchiku-sha
3. 12" 3" 10" notch
pairs of glulam larch timber beams Construction began in September (typ. 4 per moment connection)
intersect each column and nest into 2014. Local craftsmen hoisted the 4. 0.24" steel plates, 11" 16.5" or 11" 17"
3-inch-wide-by-10-inch-deep notches. structural members into place with (typ. 2)
We knew we needed to make a deep cranes and secured the components 5. 3" 10" glulam larch timber beam (typ. 4)
enough notch in those columns to fit together by hand. 6. 0.24" steel plate tab for cross-bracing
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74
Career Development:
The 21st-Century Skill Set
As the design process goes digital and designer who can code can extend the architects with a grasp of climate-
clients demand more value from their functionality of any software and catch specific building design and whole-
projects, architects should consider on to new programs more easily, says building performance will be sought by
diversifying their knowledge base to stay Michael Kilkelly, AIA, principal of Space owners and developers, he says. Topics
relevant. While the core competencies Command, in Middletown, Conn., and to study: heat transfer, moisture storage
design, planning, drafting, rendering, author of the blog ArchSmarter. Coding and transport, and building-enclosure
and BIMremain invaluable, the trains one to think in a structured way, behavior and material selection.
following skills can give you an edge. which also helps in problem solving,
he says. Greg Papay, FAIA, managing People Savvy
Automation partner at Lake|Flato, in San Antonio, Empathy for a clients business forms
Knowing what tasks can and should Texas, notes that the demand for the foundation for a good working
be automated boosts productivity. architects who code may grow as relationship. Steve McConnell, FAIA,
Architects who understand basic more of a buildings value resides in managing partner at NBBJ, in Seattle,
programming concepts and algorithmic areas tunable by software. Some says that architects should consider
thinking can communicate more programming languages to explore: themselves as partners in [a clients]
effectively with programmers, says Python, VB.net, C#, and Ruby. business strategy who can enable
David Fano, principal of Case Inc., in change, shape culture, and grow
New York. Try taking introductory Data Mining an enterprise through architectural
courses at universities or online through Buildings and businesses generate vast programming and design. Engaging
sites such as EdX and Udemy. amounts of data. Translating this into a client requires solid communication
spaces that perform better and support skills, which can be honed through a
#
#
***-----000 00000-----
-------------------*** the success of occupants is critical. Its public speaking course or by practicing
#
# 00000X0 XX0XX0 ]] XX incredibly valuable now to understand how to present and listen, Papay
# XXXX )))) 000000 *
#
# *---XXX0X0X0 000/XXXXXXXX
[the architectural] program in a says. Exposure to entrepreneurship
#
#
===
X = XXX #0000X 00 XXXXXXX00
quantified way, Fano says. Ask a client and real estate development helps
## 0 = 0.00 #X0X0X0000
## 0 = X.00X #0XXXXX for their profit-and-loss sheet to see how too, Fano says.
## * = X.XX #X0000000
## === the building is going to help run their
##
## 00X00X 0000X XX XX business better. And master Microsoft Business Savvy
Excel, which can become powerful with Real-world commissions come with
a little coding, Kilkelly says. uncertainty. Replicating the unknown
in the classroom will better prepare
Building Science students for the workplace, Fano
Although the architecture curriculum says. Helping find funding for projects
includes building science, more challenges the conventional notion of
rigorous coverage of the fundamentals architecture as a passive profession,
is needed, says Daniel Lemieux, AIA, Kilkelly says. McConnell recommends
Coding principal and unit manager at Wiss, also learning about fee structures to
Although visual programming languages Janney, Elstner Associates, in Fairfax, Va. help understand compensation as the
can work without text commands, a Because buildings are energy intensive, role and value of architects evolve.
prescient
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AIA voices
the Masters | Place, character, and craft
Mack Scogin Merrill Elam Architects is one of Atlantas preeminent firms. sake of being different. To question old patterns, that sort of thing. In
Its principals, Merrill Elam, AIA, and Mack Scogin, AIA, have more than that sense, we always find the next project the most challenging.
40 years of experience designing a wide variety of buildings across the We cant recall ever having heard anyone use Atlanta
United States. If there is one hallmark that unites their work, however, architects as a way to describe us. Atlanta is a place of energy
it is a slow, deliberate, and methodical investigation into the context of a rather than critical mass. So much of what goes on here is about
buildings site, circumstances, and purpose. making. The city is making itself for the first time, unlike other
cities where youre carving out, replacing, and inserting. Weve also
When We talk about place and character, it has something thought that, over time, there might be a school of architectural
to do with origins. The places you make, then, reflect your formal thought here in Atlantalike a Bay Area school or a New York
training and the language of architecture, but they also reflect the school. The good news is that there hasnt been a school of thought
places you knew as a child and the experiences youve had as a here in the same way as those other places. Its very openended
person. Some of us have more fixity of place than others; some grew and free-form in Atlantaand for us thats a good thing. Everything
up moving around a great deal. But character and place play out is up for investigation.
every day in our studio, where everyone is themselves, genuinely. I [Elam] was just out in Arkansas to see Marlon Blackwell, FAIA,
We enjoy what each person brings to the team. Its fun and and visit some of his projectsand it struck me that its a fabulous
invigorating and adds to the richness of the design process. thing when an architect can take a welding shop and a few hundred
We enjoy the challenge of working on new typologies, because square feet and make a chapel. Thats ethicalto make something in a
its a learning experience. The curve is steep and you have to, place and in a way that was otherwise impossible beforewhere there
while youre learning, figure a way of improving the situation. Of were so few resources. Were trained to make space and place and
challenging the status quo for constructive reasons, not just for the make it better than we found it. As told to William Richards aia
80
AIA now
across atlanta
By William Richards
Art Direction by Jelena Schulz
may 2015
1 The Windup Applied Research in Architecture 2 and the Pitch. Architecture has been described as 3 Sketchy Situation. Marlon Blackwell, FAIA, and Frank
Education that Advances Practice is the inaugural frozen music, and Atlanta has been described as one of Harmon, FAIA, are architects architects who, individually,
symposium in a series developed jointly by the AIA the best cities for live music. If you combine the two, have won countless awards and have nearly a century
and ACSA that will explore intersections between you get the Atlanta Jazz Festival in Piedmont Park of experience. If you ask them, theyd probably tell you
architectures academy and practice. Co-chairs (May 2224). Dozens of acts, old and new, will be spread that the key to it all is looking and drawing. Its how
Gregory Kessler, FAIA, and Stephen Vogel, FAIA, will out over 189 acres of Olmsted-designed meadows and architecture starts and how it lives on in the minds eye;
focus on healthy and resilient communities, materials groves. But you dont have to wait until the week after its the basis of muscle memory and the juice that fuels
and fabrication, and modes of applied research. The the 2015 AIA National Convention to slip on your dancing design. Join them on May 16 for Urban Sketching, a
symposium, a pre-convention workshop for the 2015 AIA shoes; live performances related to the festival take place half-day workshop that includes a seminar and field
National Convention in Atlanta, is scheduled for May 13. all over the city all month long. excursion to look, sketch, and paint.
n Learn more and register at convention.aia.org/ n Learn more at atlantafestivals.com. n Learn about what to bring and register at
event/schedule. convention.aia.org/event/schedule.
81
may 2015
illustration: michael kirkham
4 Circle in the Square. Cycloramas were the 3D movies 5 Coke and a Smile. There are some analogies that 6 Design Collective. When the original Georgia World
of the 18th centuryspectacles that you have to see will never change. For example, Atlanta : Coca-Cola :: Congress Center in Atlantadesigned by tvsdesign
to really believeand, like 3D movies, they continue Boston : Dunkin Donuts :: Dublin : Guinness :: Providence : (when they were Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback &
to endure as a singular experience. Roughly 100 years Dels Lemonade. But theres something about Atlantas Associates)opened in 1976, it was the first state-owned
after the debut of the cyclorama-as-art-form, Atlantas relationship with that caramel-colored, syrupy soda that convention center in the United States. Three expansions
cyclorama opened, depicting the Confederate routing transcends glib analogies. Right now, at the High Museum later, its the fourth-largest convention center in the U.S.,
in the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, 1864. Painted by of Art, you can catch The Coca-Cola Bottle: An American at 3.9 million square feetwhich is more than 68 football
the America Panorama Co. in Milwaukee in 1885, the Icon at 100 or, situated on the northeast corner of fields combined. Its also the site, for the third time in
400-foot-long tour de force was eventually installed in Pemberton Place, you can check out the World of Coca- the Institutes history, of the AIA National Convention
architect John Francis Downings Neoclassical cyclorama Cola, designed by Rosser International (with a master plan and Design Expo (May 1416), for which thousands of
in 1921. Plans are afoot to move the painting to a new by Venice, Calif.s Jerde Partnership)perhaps the largest architects, product manufacturers, and allied industry
venue, but you still have a chance to catch it in situ. building dedicated to a single beverage. representatives will converge.
n Learn more at atlantacyclorama.org. n Learn more at high.org and worldofcoca-cola.com. n Register on site or online at convention.aia.org.
Devanne Pena, Assoc. AIA
Member since 2012
Architecture has helped
me find my place in the world.
It influences how I can
give back and advance the
freedoms of others. Im
cultivating my knowledge and
passion to become a model,
resource, and philanthropist
in the field.
Join me.
83
AIAdesign
Cities Cleave | inCorporating soCial aCtion into your praCtiCe is possible for firms big and small
may 2015
illustration: michael glenwood
For Donna Sink, aia, inSpiration came in the Form oF 13 acreS public that may not fully understand its importance. And where those
worth of Teflon-coated fiberglass. In late 2008, when the former social strategies intersect with resilience, theres a real opportunity
home of the Indianapolis Coltsthe RCA Domewas slated for for architects to create uniform policy on a national stage, says
demolition, People for Urban Progress (PUP), the nonprofit design Sherry-Lea Bloodworth Botop, executive director of the Architects
organization where Sink is a board member, saw a chance to create Foundation. To help further that cause, the foundation is on course to
salable products from the domes fabric air-supported roof. Were launch the National Resilience Initiative. A part of the Clinton Global
selling goods so that we can do good work in the city, says Sink, who Initiatives Commitments to Action, the program is envisioned as a
also serves as the campus architect at the Indianapolis Museum of Art. network of five regional resilience design studios that will provide
PUPs line of products includes fashionable handbags, wallets, opportunities for collaboration and innovative solutions.
and dopp kits. In addition to diverting the massive amount of material If there is a seismic incident in San Francisco, for example, we
from landfills, sales have raised over $70,000 to fund the nonprofits would engage the Midwest studio that is also working on seismic
community design initiatives, like shade structures for local parks. resilience that could jump in and help if the city is overwhelmed, she
Its civic engagement initiatives like this that Sink will present as says. To me, this demonstrates the value of architects by involving
the key to modern architecture and urban design at the AIA National them in creating design solutions.
Convention in Atlanta during her session Cities Cleave: Social Action David Dixon, FAIA, a senior principal at Stantec and leader of the
in Practices Both Traditional and Non. firms Urban Places Group, oversaw the master plan for post-Katrina
While teaching professional practice at Ball State University New Orleans. He sees an opportunity for architects to leverage their
as the recession hit, Sink saw the fretting among her students as knowledge and compete for dollars in the federal governments
the architecture job pool continued to drain. She believes young discretionary budget to fix the infrastructure issues in U.S. cities.
architects will need to forge a less-traditional career path but, despite I dont think we pay enough attention to how much leadership
their employment status, young architects are equipped with skills potential and influence we can have when people start thinking about
to create small-scale interventions that can demonstrate thought how they can reshape the built environment, Dixon says. One of
leadership and have significant impact on the citizens of their city. the things that the profession really needs to do is develop a resilience
They are more than capable, Sink says, of creating simple solutions, agenda that is not just about protecting places but also about building
like seating and shelters at bus stops that sorely need them or drawing quality of life.
maps detailing the best biking routes through their city. Regardless of where the path leads, it begins with architects
For my students, I started researching people who had found a working in their communities, says Sink, who notes that while most
new path in architecture using their skills, even if they couldnt find a would define cleave as a verb that means to split or sever, it also has
job in a firm, Sink says. I want young architectsand all architects, a secondary meaning of attachment.
actuallyto look at their world and their communities and say, I see As architects were poets and were pragmatists. We occupy
a problem. What can I do to solve this problem? this world of being two things at the same time, and we need to
Instilling architects with the drive to provide solutions, rather embrace that, Sink says. Theres this word, cleave, that means
than waiting for clients with existing problems to appear, carries two things at once and that, to me, really defines what architects are
with it the added bonus of demonstrating the professions value to a in many, many ways. Dominic Mercier aia
Design + Dining: Shackstaurants
Design
esign+ Dinin
ng: Kimball House FutureHAUS on the Expo Floor
F
ask yourself why you would miss out on one of the largest and
most exciting annual gatherings of architects y! at the Colleege Football Hall of Fame
Tours: Perkins+Wills Office
and design professionals in the U.S.!
Tours: Porsche HQ
AIAfuture
Applying pressure | the cost of neglecting reseArch just went up
may 2015
illustration: viktor koen
Theres no seTTing and forgeTTing when iT comes To Rather than trying to solve problems incrementally and bit
research in practice for Z Smith, AIA, a researcher with a physics by bit, each project is building on the knowledge of the previous
background and a doctorate in engineering who is a principal and projects, says Love, who splits her time 50/50 between project
director of sustainability and building performance at New Orleans design and research. That knowledge, too, differentiates Payette
based Eskew+Dumez+Ripple (EDR). in their market, helping to position them as thought leaders on a
Most design presentations are a string of hypotheses, he says. number or research topics, like thermal bridging, for which the firm
Now, with the rise in prominence of environmental architecture, was awarded an AIA Upjohn Research Initiative Grant in 2012.
they predict that the building will use less energy or less water. Love says the onus to solve the pressing issues laid out in the
But the funny thing is that as I got into architecture I learned that Sustainability Leadership Opportunity Scan, a report published
architects almost never go back to find out if that is true. by the AIA in 2014, is on the entire profession, not just the firms
For the past five years, evidenced-based design has been a key actively participating in research. To that end, Payette does not keep
to the success of EDR. Performing routine checkups (keeping tabs its findings secret. All of its research projects are posted to the firms
on energy bills) and deeper dives (quantifying the success or failure website to drive a culture committed to perpetual learning.
of collaborative space) both strengthen the case for research while While firms like Payette have spun off entire divisions devoted to
providing results both trivial and profound. For instance, Smith research, Sasaki Associates is more democratic. Booth says the firm
says, collaborative space can be a complete flop just because the sets aside $100,000 each year for research projects, allocates smaller
office coffee pot was removed for aesthetic reasons. It looks really amounts for on-project research, and provides money for ideas that
great in the photographs, he says, but its not really a cozy and may turn into formal proposals. Anyone in the firm can propose a
comfortable space for two people. project and, once reviewed by the firms executive committee, a
While research can become a budget line item, it certainly period of input and selection begins.
beats designing and wasting money based on hunches, he says. Spending firm dollars on research is one option, Booth says,
My initial interest in doing research into achieved building but he also sees efforts underway for architects to reap the benefits
performance well past the one-year warranty period was for of tax credits for research and design. Ideally, hed like to see the
building our credibility and winning the kind of work we want to profession enjoying the same benefits as other industries.
win, says Smith. We like the jobs where the clients actually care Regardless of how the work is fostered, Booth says that research
how the buildings work. is vital for a firms survival in todays environment. Innovation
Research certainly has a long history in architecture, and Smith is the buzzword, but it does reflect the common understanding
and his colleagues Andrea Love, AIA, director of Building Science that change is the new normal, he says. Climate change is a
at Bostons Payette, and Colin Booth, associate designer at Sasaki much more widespread and accepted phenomenon in the U.S., and
Associates in Boston, will discuss how their firms have embraced therefore were being asked by our clients, thankfully and finally, as
research in a session titled Three Firms Approach to Integrating designers to address the issue and plan for it in our designs, not just
Research Into Practice at the AIA National Convention in Atlanta. through mitigation but now also adaptation. Dominic Mercier aia
A Real Peach
86
follies, rendered in blue, green, orange, and red, feel just as inviting
to adults as they do to children. Sure, theres a slide and swings,
but there are also sculptures that have no purpose other than to be
climbed, sat on, and explored.
The parks 3.5 million visitors each yearmore than six times
the population of Atlanta properconfirm its popularity. Those who
find their way to the southwest corner of the park find a moment
may 2015
thats open to interpretation. And, so long as we rate cities according
to quality of life, our ability to interpret our cities remains vital (or,
derive and dtournement, as a younger version of Tschumi would have
claimed). If Atlantans are guilty of anything, its of having a good
timeparticularly at Playscape.
Playscape
Piedmont Park, Isamu Noguchi, 1976
When Parc de la Villette opened in 1986, it transformed the career
of Bernard Tschumi, FAIA, as well as a corner of Paris that lost its
abattoirs and much of its identity. Parc de la Villettes follies
museums, sculptures, and stageselevated the idea of a playscape
Central Library
for urbanites, defined by elemental shapes and bold colors. It also
represented a reinvestment by the city in civic space expressly for Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System, Marcel Breuer Associates, 1980
public benefit. When cities do that, it becomes one of those quality- Thirty-five years ago, Marcel Breuer completed his final buildingthe
of-life issues that pays dividends ad infinitum. Central Library for the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library Systemat the
Rewind a decade, and you will find an important precedent: age of 80. Its often compared to the Hungarian-born architects
Isamu Noguchi and Herman Millers Playscape in Atlantas Piedmont Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City, with a steel
Parkan echo of the Japanese sculptors failed 1933 plan to turn one frame supporting concrete slabs and faades composed of bush-
New York City block into Play Mountain (reportedly killed by parks hammered precast concrete panelsreminiscent of an inverted
czar Robert Moses). Playscape, completed in 1976, continues to ziggurat. Its also a fine piece of formal Brutalism, a style of
thriveits elemental shapes knit together in a tight radial plan. Its architecture coined by British architecture critics decades ago thats
attracted some press of late, predictably centering on maintenance
issues and divided public opinion on aesthetic propriety.
In the same vein, the Breuer library is a more troubled building
than New Yorks Breuer counterpart, dogged by costly water damage,
material failures, and performance issues. A $5 million renovation in
2002 stemmed the leaks, but the building remains imperiled by years
of deferred maintenance, which landed it on the World Monuments
Watch for endangered buildings in 2010galvanizing the local
preservation community. The library will survive, it seems. Its just a
question of cost.
If you want a home run you pick Hank Aaron, said Atlantas
photography: dana hoff
Robert F. Gatje, FAIA, began his career in 1953 when Marcel Breuer hired
him as a draftsman, fresh off a Fulbright Scholarship at the Architectural
Association School of Architecture in London. Gatje stayed at the firm
for more than two decades, eventually becoming a partner and taking
the lead on several major European commissions, most notably the IBM
France Research Center at La Gaude and the French ski resort town
Flaine. Breuer was a detail-oriented man, says Gatje. I admired
may 2015
RAMBUSCH
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CONTINUING EDUCATION
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THE HISTORY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE clear rather than yellowing in the case of chemical and pharmaceutical plants, and
FLOOR COATINGS clear coatings. In the 1970s waterborne other high abuse floors. They were usually
polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) were used as a durable topcoat over epoxy primers
The evolution of high performance coatings
introduced, as were two component (2K) and/or basecoats.
started in 1937 when Otto Bayer developed
solventborne polyurethane coatings and 2K
isocyanates and urethanes, effectively discover- A recent trend, especially in sustainable
solvent-free aromatic coatings. The 1980s
ing polyurethane chemistry. Polyurethane-based building practices, is the use of a buildings
saw the dawn of 2K polyaspartic and first
coating technologies are still well known in existing concrete floor as a decorative element
generation 2K waterborne coatings. Most
the coatings industry today for their proven of the structure. Architects and designers are
recently, in the 2000s, the industry optimized
performance. Aromatic isocyanates were first increasingly using this ubiquitous building
high performance coating technology with
used in coatings in the 1940s but this building component in more and more aesthetically
2K waterborne polyurethane coatings and
block was not light stable and would yellow pleasing ways. Diamond polishing, stamped
waterborne UV curable coatings.
over time. Aliphatic isocyanates were invented concrete and decorative stains are being
and introduced to the coatings market in the Due to their excellent chemical and abrasion employed as durable yet beautiful floor
1960s. Aliphatic building blocks are inherently properties, polyurethane based floor coatings options in both new construction as well as
light stable so they retain their original color first found their way into industrial or heavy refurbishment work. However, these concrete
for pigmented coating systems or remain water duty applications such as production facilities, surfaces and finishes can still lose their appeal
should the wrong liquid accidentally come in of the decorative or polished concrete if they
contact with the surface since current coatings are accidentally spilled on the floor. For instance,
and sealers may not resist many common stain- vinegar or related products such as pickles and
ing agents. Application of a high performance relish will etch the concrete due to their acid
coating is very important for the longevity of content and cause a discolored area as well as
these floors and has extended the use of these down glossing of the affected area.
high performance coatings into light duty and
In order to address the staining or discoloring
decorative flooring applications.
issue, applicators and owners have historically
THE SCIENCE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE used acrylic based sealers to attempt to protect
FLOOR COATINGS their decorative concrete investment. These
types of products are often generically referred
This article will discuss four high performance to as stainguard or guard products. Many
coating solutions: polyaspartic coatings, one contained significant quantities of volatile organic
and two component waterborne coatings, and compounds (VOCs) and solvents which posed
waterborne UV curable coatings, all of which both odor and sustainability issues. More recent
contain no added phthalate, formaldehyde or acrylic products, while reduced in VOC or solvent,
heavy metals. First lets cover the basic chem- often do not have the durability or chemical
istry behind why these types of coatings have resistance needed for long term performance.
such excellent properties, which are linked to
Recent developments of polyaspartic and waterborne polyurethane
two very different but related topics, hydrogen Recent developments of polyaspartic and
coatings and sealers address many of the desired attributes sought
bonding and crosslinking. by the formulator, contractor and owner such as chemical and stain waterborne polyurethane coatings and sealers
resistance, low odor, long term performance, ease of use and concrete address many of the desired attributes sought
Hydrogen bonding is a network that is set up penetration. Photo Courtesy of Bayer MaterialScience by the formulator, contractor and owner such
like ropes and magnets. Certain parts of the as chemical and stain resistance, low odor,
polyurethane or polyaspartic molecule are THE NEED FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE
COATINGS IN DECORATIVE APPLICATIONS long term performance, ease of use and
attracted to each other much like opposite concrete penetration.
poles of a magnet. These molecules can group For the use of concrete as a decorative element
together just like a handful of magnets might. in commercial buildings such as retail space, By drawing on the proven power of polyure-
With enough force, these magnets can be large grocery chains, hotels, restaurants, office thane chemistry in many adjacent industrial
pulled apart when there is strain applied to the buildings and light industrial applications, there markets, these polyurethane technologies
coating but they also allow for thermoplastic are several types of concrete flooring options have been developed that meet or exceed the
flow to relieve the stress and allow for some that may be used. First, an existing concrete floor desired targets of this growing market segment.
elastic movement. The hydrogen bonding may be ground and polished to a high gloss The following four coatings discussed are
provides the combined benefits of extraordinary using diamond grinding equipment. Typically, coatings that would either be used directly
hardness and flexibility because the magnets the final polishing grit varies between 800-3000 on concrete, over a primer, over a primer
can be pulled apart and rejoined. grit. This method works well when the existing and basecoat, or on top of a polymer or
concrete floor is in good shape, has desirable cementitous self-levelling overlay.
Crosslinking is an entanglement of the polymer
aggregate content, size, and color, and is free of
chains, very much like a screen in a window.
major cracks. After polishing, the floor may also
Imagine that the intersection where the
be treated with a lithium silicate based densifier
horizontal and vertical pieces of screen cross
which creates a harder surface that resists micro
is where two polymer chains cross. A screen
abrasion and the subsequent concrete dust that
with large holes in it could bend very easily and
can be generated.
could allow chemicals to pass through. As those
holes get smaller and smaller, which would Additionally or separately the concrete can be
be attributed to a higher crosslink density, the treated with a decorative concrete stain which
screen gets stiffer and keeps out unwanted imparts a desired color and look to the otherwise
chemicals. Increasing the crosslink density plain finish. By itself, this floor preparation
increases the physical strength and chemical method initially allows for a durable finish and
resistance of the coating, forming a very tight good aesthetic qualities. However, over time
network of bonds throughout the coating. the surface may be exposed to chemicals and Polyaspartic coatings are typically used where there is fast return
foodstuffs which can stain or even damage the to service time desired, as they cure very quickly. Photo Courtesy of
concrete, creating an uneven spotty look. Even Bayer MaterialScience
light stability and weather stability. A polyas- contractors and limits issues related to off-ratio
partic resin, or a mixture of polyaspartic resins, mix. These ratios can be achieved by adding
reacts with an aliphatic isocyanate to form a the correct isocyanate, reactive diluents, VOC
polyaspartic coating. compliant solvents or plasticizers to the formula.
Polyaspartic coatings are typically used where Coatings made with polyaspartic esters can be
there is fast return to service time desired, applied at temperatures below 50o F as well
as they cure very quickly; with polyaspartic as in high ambient temperature environments,
technology contractors no longer have to waste which extends the application season for
time watching the paint dry. Additionally, they commercial and residential projects. These
can be applied at higher wet film thicknesses coatings can be applied by simple brush, roller
Due to increased demand for higher durability concrete sealers,
which could eliminate a coat thus further and/or squeegee and do not require special waterborne polyurethane technology is now considered a replacement
reducing time and cost. They also have excellent application equipment. Many decorative floor for traditional acrylic stainguard products. Photo Courtesy of
clarity, durability and weatherability, and are coatings are less than 4 mils thick but polyas- Bayer MaterialScience
lower VOC compared to solventborne systems. partic technology can have a high film-build per
DEVELOPMENT OF WATERBORNE
coat if desired, which can eliminate a coating
Polyaspartic coatings have been used for POLYURETHANE COATINGS
layer. Applicators can put on in one coat what
more than 15 years in high-performance
would usually take 2 or 3 coats in a typical, The next coating technologies we will discuss
industrial protective applications such as bridge
lower tolerance coating. Typical polyaspartic are one component and two component
infrastructure, water and wastewater, and
coatings can be applied from start (base coat) waterborne coatings. For decades, solventborne
transportation. More recently, these types of
to finish (top coat) in an eight-hour work day. polyurethane coatings have been considered
coatings have begun to migrate into commercial
Polyaspartic coatings are also often used as the mainstay for high performance coatings
and architectural applications due to end
a topcoat over epoxy basecoats due to their used in architectural, industrial maintenance,
users desires to protect their architectural
non-yellowing nature. corrosion, and construction applications due
infrastructure while maintaining a high degree
to their excellent mechanical and weathering
of aesthetics and beauty. Decorative flooring is Lastly, when used as a clear protective
properties. But increased governmental,
one area into which polyaspartic coatings have finish over a decorative stained concrete floor,
regulatory, and sustainability pressures have
migrated with success. polyaspartic coatings have what the decorative
created a need for coatings technology that
market calls color pop. When the coating is
Architects and construction professionals in the would reduce or eliminate VOCs, hazardous air
put onto a decorative finished concrete floor
industrial, commercial and residential markets pollutants (HAPS), heavy metals and/or other
it makes the color in the floor pop out. Many
seek durable and beautiful coatings to protect environmentally detrimental compounds.
other coatings, especially water based coatings,
concrete floors. Contractors and applicators are
do not have this attribute. In the past decade, the first generation of
looking to utilize high-performance materials
waterborne polyurethane coatings was
with low volatile organic compounds (VOCs) One of the few drawbacks of polyaspartics
formulated and introduced to the market.
and a fast-curing process time to improve is that although they are well-suited for
While offering the chance to replace some
productivity. Contractors applying the coatings application in high temperature environments,
of the VOCs and solvents with water, many
are often under pressure to accomplish excellent high humidity can affect the cure time.
of these coatings still had in excess of 250
work cost effectively in a limited timeframe. If there is a lot of humidity in the air or if the
g/L of co-solvent. In addition, these coatings
Whether for residential garage floors, game concrete has absorbed a lot of moisture, the
often fell significantly short of the solventborne
rooms and basements, or commercial applica- curing process is sped up and the contractor
polyurethane standard in chemical, abrasion
tions such as hotel lobbies, restaurants or retail must work faster to put the coating down.
and UV resistance. As with most emerging
space, polyaspartic coatings are able to meet Another drawback is that because it is a two
technologies, the learning curve was steep
contractors and end users needs. component system it requires mixing, and
and the second generation of waterborne
smaller batches must be mixed because of
The chemistry of polyaspartic coatings has polyurethane coatings was developed with
the fast cure time. In addition, polyaspartics
a unique, adjustable reactivity with the the goal of meeting or exceeding the desired
are difficult to down gloss or matte.
capability for fast curing that offers high gloss traits of the solventborne polyurethane coatings
retention and excellent abrasion resistance. but with significant reductions in VOC and
This ultra-low VOC coating technology allows solvent levels.
formulators the flexibility to control the rate The chemistry of polyaspartic
These second generation waterborne
of reaction and cure, providing the option to coatings has a unique, polyurethane coatings have achieved the
formulate a mixture with a pot life ranging from
five minutes to more than two hours. This leads adjustable reactivity with the property goals and are truly waterborne
having 020 g/L co-solvent levels. Due to
to increased productivity as well as reduced capability for fast curing that the increased demand for higher durability
labor costs for contractors.
offers high gloss retention and concrete sealers, this waterborne polyurethane
Polyaspartic coatings can be formulated to technology has been looked at as a replace-
achieve a 1:1 or 2:1 (by volume) mix ratio which excellent abrasion resistance. ment for the traditional acrylic stainguard
makes the system easier to use for painting products currently being used.
1K WATERBORNE QUIZ
POLYURETHANE COATINGS
First lets discuss one component waterborne 1. True or False: Aromatic building blocks are inherently light stable so they retain their original color for pigmented coating
coatings. A one component, aliphatic-based systems or remain water clear rather than yellowing in the case of clear coatings.
SPONSOR INFORMATION
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As an innovation leader in the development of high performance coating raw material technologies, Bayer
MaterialScience enables architects, designers, and building owners by providing real world solutions for built
environment challenges. Bayer MaterialScience develops coating solutions for flooring, interior and exterior walls
and trim, and fluid applied roofing with high performance and sustainability in mind.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this educational unit you will be able to:
Introduce the goals of acoustic design, methods of
noise control
Identify how various interior design elements can
help achieve good acoustic performance in an
office setting
Explain several of the principles behind the use of
these techniques and materials
Demonstrate that a combination of acoustic
treatments is key to achieving the desired results.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
CREDIT: 1 LU
COURSE NUMBER: ARmay2015.2
Use the learning objectives above to focus your
study as you read this article.
Visit http://go.hw.net/AR515Course2 to read more
and complete the quiz for credit.
Increasing speech privacy and reducing the number of noise disruptions experienced by employees is key to both
comfort and concentration. Credit: iStockphoto/Abel Mitja Varela.
By Niklas Moeller
INTRODUCTION decline in performance when performing Such statistics suggest that the benefits of
tasks such as reading, writing and other an effective acoustic environment in terms of
Studies show that acoustics are an essential
forms of creative work. workplace satisfaction and profitability would
consideration in meeting what is arguably the
In their report What Weve Learned about be substantial.
primary goal of the office: to provide a setting
conducive to optimal work performance. Focus in the Workplace (2012), global But what is an effective acoustic environment?
Consider, for example: design and architecture firm Gensler states Because many have an incomplete understanding
that most employees still spend more than of this concept, the acoustic performance of
A decade-long survey of 65,000 people
half their time on individual work that a facility is often left to chanceand is usually
run by Center for the Built Environment
requires concentration. disappointing. This need not be the case. In all but
(CBE), University of California, Berkeley,
found that lack of speech privacy is the 70% of participants in a study commis- the most difficult situations, effective acoustics
number one complaint in offices. sioned by the American Society of Interior can easily be achievedfirst, by understanding
Designers (ASID) said they would be more the basic requirements for good acoustic
A concurrent study run by Finlands performance and, second, by incorporating the
productive if their office was quieter.
Institute of Occupational Health shows that methods and materials necessary to meet those
unwilling listeners demonstrate a 5 to 10% requirements into the office design.
The first part of this course introduces the goals typically has greater influence on sounds deep parabolic lens, which disperses the sound
of acoustic design, methods of noise control created at a distance from the listener. reflected back into the space.
and how various interior design elements can
Because the ceiling is usually the largest Open ceilings are a popular design choice today.
help achieve good acoustic performance in
unbroken surface in a facility, a good absorptive While they can be aesthetically appealing, they
an office setting. The second part explains,
tile is important. Offices should invest in the eliminate a major source of absorption, raising
in acoustical terms, several of the principles
best tile they can afford and ensure consistent noise levels and increasing reverberation (i.e. echo).
behind the use of these techniques and
coverage throughout the facility. Any partial If an exposed structure is desired, an appropriate
materials. Through examples of how sound
treatment of a space decreases acoustic control. percentage of the deck should be treated with
masking works in conjunction with absorptive
an absorptive material. Another option is to use
elements, it also demonstrates that a combina- Ceiling absorption is often rated using Noise
a perforated and corrugated metal deck with an
tion of acoustic treatments is key to achieving Reduction Coefficient (NRC), which essentially
absorptive material placed behind the perforations
the desired results. ranges from 0 (0% absorption) to 1.00 (100%
before the concrete is poured.
absorption). In open plan areas, the higher the
GOALS OF ACOUSTIC DESIGN NRC, the better. In decreasing order of acoustic Though they are used less frequently than
The workplace should provide occupants with performance, ceilings typically rank as follows: acoustical ceilings, absorptive wall materials can
speech privacy, comfort and freedom from fiberglass tile, mineral tile, perforated metal tile, also play a significant role in office acoustics.
distracting noises, and enable them to work no dropped ceiling, drywall and solid metal tile. Absorptive panels are effective when applied
without disrupting others. The creation of The last four types usually exhibit a significant to large vertical surfaces and to key reflective
such a space should be cost effective, while decline in acoustic performance; however, there locations such as atrium walls or walls that
maintaining the flexibility required to are mineral and perforated metal products that reflect noise from the foyer up into the office
accommodate change. demonstrate better than average NRC ratings. space. They can also be used in areas where the
The thickness of a mineral or fiberglass tile ceiling treatment is not absorptive.
NOISE CONTROL METHODS affects its acoustic performance. Generally, the
Workstation panels should also be absorptive,
thinner the tile, the more transparent and less
The formula many professionals use to achieve particularly if there is no acoustical ceiling
absorptive it will be. Foil backing on a fiberglass
these results is the ABC Rule, meaning Absorb, tile. Ideally, workstation partitions integrate
tile helps contain sounds within closed offices.
Block and Cover. In recognition of the fact that a absorptive panels over their entire surface.
Placing fiberglass insulation above the ceiling
combination of these three elements is required However, when cost is a concern, a good
tiles has only marginal acoustic benefits and
to create proper acoustical conditions, this fallback is to require absorptive panels on the
hinders access to the ceiling.
guideline is also known as the Rule of Threes. inside of the partition above the work surface,
Articulation Class (AC) and Ceiling Attenuation helping reduce the reflection of the occupants
Class (CAC) are two additional performance voice back into the neighboring workspace.
ratings to consider when selecting a ceiling tile.
To reduce sound paths, minimize openings
AC is the measure of the tiles ability to absorb
between and around the workstation panels,
noise reflected off the ceiling into neighboring
as well as underneath them if carpeting has
cubicles in open plan areas in the frequencies that
not been used. Also minimize the number and
are important for speech privacy. CAC indicates
size of reflective surfaces such as glass, metal
the tiles value as a barrier to airborne sound
and drywall components in the workstation
transmission between adjacent closed offices.
because they increase the reflection of noise
Most manufacturers suggest a rating of 35+
and conversation, causing them to be heard
indicates a high-performing tile. If the tiles ability
over greater distances.
to block transmission between offices is key and it
has a high CAC, it may have a lower NRC. Absorption and the reduction of footfall noise
are the main acoustic considerations when
Lighting components can also affect acoustics.
Diagram 1: Absorptive materials reduce the volume of noises, the selecting flooring. Hard flooring is highly
If a traditional flat acrylic lens is used, up to
length of time they last, and the distance over which they travel. reflective and results in a more reverberant
Credit: KR Moeller Associates Ltd. 20% of the absorptive ceiling tile is replaced
environment. Carpeting greatly reduces footfall
with sheets of hard plastic, increasing sound
noise, but typically provides only minimal
reflection from the ceiling back into the
ABSORB NOISE absorption of frequencies in the range of
workplace. This effect will be even more
human speech. Flooring will have a greater
Absorptive materials reduce the energy of pronounced if any lenses are located directly
absorptive effect when under-padding is used.
noises bouncing off their surfaces back into the between two workstations. In this case, the
For example, commercial carpeting on concrete
workplace. In so doing, they shorten the time occupants speech reflects directly into the
typically has an NRC of about 0.25, while car-
noises last and the distance over which they adjoining workspace. The best approach is to
peting with under-padding may have an NRC of
travel, lowering overall volumes and echoing use a suspended, indirect light fixture; most
0.55. The final rating will depend on the actual
in the space. Given that absorption only works are narrow, curved, and perforated, so they
products chosen. At minimum, soft flooring
on noises that reflect off a surface, this strategy maintain the ceilings absorptive surface. If an
should be specified for high-traffic areas.
in-ceiling fixture is a must, one should opt for a
they are closed. Of course, when the door is and daylighting. In these situations, one should
open, the walls acoustical benefit virtually use workstation partitions that rise to 48 inches
disappears. For example, an STC 40-rated wall (1220 millimeters), but are topped with 12
with an open door that represents 10% of the inches (305 millimeters) of glass. Although this
walls area reduces its effective STC to 10. The strategy is not as acoustically effective, it provides
same is true for STC 45 and 50 walls. If the some physical containment.
door represents 20% of the wall areawhich is
If workstation partitions are too low or
the case for a standard 3 feet (0.9 meter) door
dispensed with altogether, it can have
in a 10 x 10 foot (3 x 3 meter) wallthen the
doubly negative consequences for privacy
effective STC is only 7.
and distraction because how much a person
HVAC systems must also meet several criteria. understands of what another is saying depends
Supply ducts should not connect adjoining on whether they can see them speakan effect
closed rooms before connection to the main known as visual cues. Not only will the lack of
Diagram 2: Blocking noise is achieved through the use of physical
barriers and a well-planned layout. Credit: KR Moeller Associates Ltd. supply duct, and air return grilles should not physical separation allow speech to travel more
be placed straddling walls between closed easily and be more clearly understood, but
spaces. If using raised flooring, one should set the ability to see and be seen will also further
the requirements for acoustical performance to reduce privacy.
BLOCK NOISE
prevent cross-talk between rooms.
The office layout can also be used to block sound.
Another method of controlling noise is to block
Plenum barriers are sometimes used to block Locate noisy office machines and areas with high
sound transmission.
sound transmission over walls that extend activity and noise levels, such as call centers, in
The most basic barrier is a wall, though efforts only to the suspended ceiling. However, they remote or isolated areas. Minimize direct paths of
to increase flexibility and decrease construction can be expensive and somewhat difficult to sound transmission from one person to another
costs have reduced their use in most offices. If properly install. Breakseither from installation by seating employees facing away from each
there is no ceiling, walls should be built to the or subsequent damagesignificantly reduce other on either side of partitions.
deck. If there is a suspended ceiling, walls can the effectiveness of drywall or rigid fiberglass
While using barriers can reduce flexibility, they
be built to the ceiling. In this case, normal or barriers. Furthermore, the use of plenum
are essential, especially in areas where people
confidential privacy levels are achieved through barriers can require the installation of expensive
are working in close proximity to each other. No
the combined performance of all other aspects acoustic air return ducts in order to limit the
other acoustic treatment has any effect over very
of the rooms design (e.g. ceiling tile, doors, transmission of sound through the ductwork
short distances. In other words, dispensing with
interior windows, and sound masking). while maintaining airflow.
barriers reduces acoustic performance in a way
The walls sound transmission class (STC) rating Blocking is also an important strategy in that cannot be offset by other design decisions.
indicates how well it attenuates airborne noise. open-plan spaces. With the size of workstations
The higher the rating, the better the wall dropping dramatically in recent years, the
generally is at preventing airborne transmission. ramifications for workers are significant. There
However, these ratings are lab-tested and are many more people within the same area
frequently overstate real-world performance by producing more noise overall, and because
a minimum of 5 to 10 points. Site-tested field there is less distance between people, noises
STC or noise isolation class (NIC) ratings are reach more listeners at higher volumes.
better gauges, but unfortunately only testable Workstation partitions above seated head
after the fact. height (60 to 65 inches; 1525 to 1650 millime-
ters) serve to attenuate the sounds passing to
Wall performance is dramatically affected by
an occupants nearest neighbours. The panels
penetrations and gaps. Outlets and switches
should also have a high STC rating and be
should not be located back-to-back on opposite
well-sealed along any joints, with no significant
sides of the wall, and wall perimeters should
openings between or below them. Partitions
be well-sealed with an acoustical sealant or
higher than 70 inches (1778 millimeters) are Diagram 3: A sound masking system consists of a series of
gasket. Cable raceways along the base of the
rarely seen anymore and offer decreasing loudspeakers that distribute an engineered sound similar to softly
wall should include a demising partition that blowing air, covering conversations and noise. Credit: KR Moeller
acoustic benefits relative to their cost, though
provides some level of acoustical isolation. Associates Ltd.
using slightly taller partitions in high traffic
Many of these requirements also apply to
areas can be beneficial.
demountable wall systems. COVER NOISE
While there is general agreement among the
When door and interior window STC ratings fail Most people are familiar with at least some
acoustical community that partitions much lower
to meet the wall standard, they also reduce the aspects of the first two strategies, but cover
than 60 inches (1525 millimeters) provide little
rooms overall performance. Gasketing material which is accomplished using a sound masking
acoustical value, today they are often lowered or
or sweeps can be added to the doors depend- systemis the least known or understood
eliminated in an effort to increase window access
ing on the speech privacy level needed when
The sound the loudspeakers distribute is most D) Using physical barriers, such as walls
often compared to that of softly blowing air.
2. It is possible to achieve effective acoustics using only one or two noise control methods.
The premise behind this solution is simple: any
TRUE FALSE
noises that are below the new ambient level are
covered up, while the impact of those above
3. Adding absorption to a facility will:
it is lessened because the degree of change
A) Shorten the time noises last B) Reduce the distance over which noises travel
between the baseline and any volume peaks
C) Lower overall volumes and echoing in the space D) All of the above
is smaller. Similarly, conversations are either
entirely masked or their intelligibility is reduced,
4. Lighting components can affect a facilitys acoustics.
improving privacy and further decreasing the
TRUE FALSE
number of disruptions to concentration.
Many people refer to such systems as white 5. Blocking is a noise control strategy that can only be used in closed rooms.
noise systems; however, this is a misnomer. TRUE FALSE
The term white noise describes a very specific
type of sound used in early masking systems 6. A walls sound transmission class (STC) rating indicates:
developed in the 1970s. These systems were A) Whether or not it should be built to the deck B) The level of speech privacy it provides
unsuccessful due to their inflexibility and the C) How well it attenuates airborne noise D) None of the above
irritating hissing quality of the sound they
produced, but the name became widely 7. Workstations lower than this height provide little acoustical value:
adopted. Newer sound masking technologies A) 75 inches B) 60 inches
typically do not use a white noise signal. C) 48 inches D) 42 inches
In open-plan spaces, the generally accepted 8. Absorption and blocking reduce the volume peaks in a space, but they also tend to lower a facilitys background
masking volume is between 45 and 48 dBA. In sound level.
closed spaces, masking volumes are typically TRUE FALSE
several decibels lower because higher ambient
volumes are less expected and, therefore, less 9. When installed in a facility, sound masking will:
accepted in smaller spaces. Here, the masking A) Lower dynamic range B) Maximize acoustic consistency
volume should be between 40 and 45 dBA, C) Add 5 to 12 dBA of ambient volume to private offices D) All of the above
unless the required speech privacy levels cannot
be met due to the manner in which the closed 10. If incorporated during the design phase, sound masking can reduce the specifications for other acoustic treatments.
rooms were constructed. Spot treatment of TRUE FALSE
local areas is discouraged because it draws
CONSTRUCTIBLE DREAMS
MAKING THE WORLDS HIGH-PROFILE, HIGH-PERFORMANCE FACADES
Presented by:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this article, you will be able to:
1. Understand the factors affecting faade aesthetics today, including
environmental performance, architectural languages, transparency, and context.
2. Understand the types of research being conducted in relation to faade
design and materials today.
3. Learn about recent or ongoing innovative faade projects and how they
are being realized.
4. Learn about the digital modeling tools and systems that connect design
with real-world building strategies.
5. Evaluate the contributions of new curtain walls to green and sustainable
design standards.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
CREDIT: 1 LU/HSW
COURSE NUMBER: ARmay2015.3
Use the learning objectives above to focus your study as you read this article.
Visit http://go.hw.net/AR515Course3 to read more and complete the quiz for credit.
Rising to 2,074 feet, Genslers Shanghai Tower will be the second-tallest building in the world when
completed. A double-skin faade that encloses a series of 12- and 15-story atria will help passively cool
the building even in stifling weather. Gensler
Todays high-performance facades are simulated While tools and modeling software have never
and perfected long before they are ever built. been more able to inspire new design and
Sometimes, even, thanks to social media and construction goals for facades, the materials,
global connectivity, a buildings swooping form glazing fabrication techniques, and manufacturing
or glistening glass walls become the darling systems used to achieve the end result are
of the public eye years before it is ready for constantly in flux as architects push the envelope.
occupants, raising the bar even further on the In this article, we will look at the research and
aesthetics and function of new landmarks. development being done in emerging areas of
Designer, fabricator, and installer must work faade materials, design, and performance, and
in tandem to achieve the desired results, using examine real-world projects that combine research
collaborative design approaches that would innovation, collaborative design processes, and
have been unimaginable even a few years ago. construction feasibility to improve not only faade
performance, but also human comfort. The buildings 120-degree rotation, developed during wind-tunnel
testing, reduced building wind loads by 24 percent. The shape saves
money, too, requiring 14 percent less glass than a square building
with the same total floor area. Gensler
CASE STUDY #1
Shanghai Tower | Shanghai, China | Gensler involved scripting parametric flexibility in analysis. Early
One such tower is on the rise in Chinas largest city. digital tools were Revit and Generative Components;
Measuring 2,074 feet and 124 stories, Shanghai Tower however later studies on exterior wall were conducted
is slated to be the second-tallest skyscraper in the world exclusively through Rhino with Grasshopper parametric
when it is completed later in 2015. Designed by global mechanism as well as 3D Max and AutoCAD. This
architecture and planning firm Gensler with a team allowed for a constant precise geometrical understand-
including structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti, the ing of the various exterior wall schemes being proposed
tower is becoming both a new benchmark for megatall and their relationship to building form.v
buildings, especially those that employ a double-skin In the projects competition phase, Gensler had decided
faade to meet goals of performance and appearance. not to pursue faade designs with a surface diagrid or
Designed as a soft vertical spiral, the tower will be a triangulated panels due to the clients wish that the
self-sustaining vertical city with vertically interconnected towers double skin would obstruct views from within
neighborhoods within a total of 120 floors, with four the building as little as possible. Other parameters
additional levels for mechanical equipment and a Tuned included glass sizelites would not be larger than 7
Mass Damper. The mixed-use program containing office, feet, 6 inches to accommodate glass floating, coating
boutique office, luxury hotel, retail, and entertainment and thermal glassprocessing capabilities in China.
and cultural venues is divided into nine zones, each The final design of Curtain Wall A comprises nearly 1.4
with an atrium space meant to be a gathering place for million square feet of glass, and about 28,315 curtain
occupants within that zone, as well as a public amenity panel units in total. With 144 panels per floor, the
that allows circulation between two adjacent high rises. faade has eight different panel types, with a larger
The buildings overall shape was determined through number of same panel types (95 percenet) except on
a series of calculations to determine its optimal rate of the V-strike area, a sharp indentation that rises the
twist, as well as extensive wind-tunnel testing analysis. height of the tower. For a more detailed description of
In a study delivered at the 2010 International Conference Shanghai Towers Curtain Wall A and B structures, read
on Building Envelope Systems and Technologies in Zeljics research via the link noted in the endnotes of
The Roadmap on the Future Research Needs of Tall Buildings Vancouver, Canada, Aleksandar Sasha Zeljic, leader of this article.
published by CTBUH. Courtesy CTBUH
the Shanghai Tower faade design team for Gensler, Functionally, one of Shanghai Towers primary goals is
SUPERTALL SKINS: DESIGNING FUTURE CITIES presented an in-depth look at development of the to create a double-skin structure that can capitalize on
towers more than 2.26 million square feet of glazing the natural convection of air. Though a passive system,
In introducing The Roadmap on the Future area. The team designed the curtain wall as a symbiosis like that detailed later in this article within the case
Research Needs of Tall Buildings, an in-depth of two glazed walls,the exterior curtain wall (Curtain study for Genslers design of the Tower at PNC Plaza, the
Wall A) and the interior curtain wall (Curtain Wall B) with tower expects to significantly reduce the total heating
study published by the Council on Tall Buildings a tapering atrium between the two wallsiv. and cooling demands a tower of this size could expect
and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), Timothy Johnson, Zeljic explains the complex process the design team used without convection cooling. With other LEED strategies
chairman of CTBUH and a design partner to develop the curtain walls geometry: Genslers faade employed in the building, the system creates 21 percent
at global architecture firm NBBJ, makes this team used a variety of available software that energy efficiency, compared to ASHRAE 90.12004.
observation: Research funding, in most regions
of the world, has declined year-on-year for most
of the last several decadesputting in jeopardy
the very act of research to better our existence.
Against the backdrop of the planets urban
population increasing by a million or more
people every week, research into making cities
more efficient and sustainable is vitally needed,
now more than ever. Urban density is a key
factor in this and, while tall buildings are not
the only solution for achieving greater density,
they are being embraced as a key element of
that solution in many cities around the world.i
The curtain wall consists of more than 20,000 interior and exterior The building skin is suspended from above on huge cantilevered
The Roadmap is a joint venture between CTBUH,
panels with more than 7,000 unique shapes. Gensler trusses that are stabilized by hoop rings and struts. Gensler
the International Council for Research and
Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB),
and the United Nations Educational, Scientific Within each subject area, research trees present tall-building research topics and their relative
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Split subcategories that have been evaluated and priorities are presented.
into eleven broad subject areas, ranging from organized through a series of questionnaires
Within the category of Cladding and Skin,
Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues, to distributed to those involved in the ownership,
a number of trends emerge. Among the 32
Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation, development, design, planning, construction,
individual topics identified, only five categories
the Research Roadmap suggests a new hierarchy consultancy, operation, maintenance and
receive an importance score lower than 3.9
of research priorities (and points out existing research of tall buildings. Each topic is scored
(just below very important), a result that
research gaps) for the architecture and building based on its importance and relative immatu-
seems to indicate both urgency and very high
industries to consider in the coming years. rity, explain the editors. In total, 358 individual
CASE STUDY #2
Unitized components in both the inner and outer is there. Daylight dimming systems on the perimeter
curtain walls allowed elegant solutions to a set of optimize lighting control depending on how much sun
interdependent problems without breaking the bank. enters the working spaces.
The undulating faade with punched openings and The north, east, and west faades use a different
ventilation slits offers unusual visual complexity, reading strategy for thermal-envelope performance: a primarily
variously from street level as a theatrical curtain, a brick cavity wall with a horizontal strip window system
chessboard, rows of balconies (referencing those of the and pre-weathered zinc panels. Economics and ease of
residential Upper East Side), or an irregular geometrical construction, Mazzella reports, led to the choice of a
pattern of rectangles and trapezoids. hand-laid brick cavity wall, replacing an initial plan for
Beyond its striking aesthetics, the double curtain wall a precast concrete faade with a brick veneer on these
functions as an energy-sparing brise-soleil. It is one of three sides. A related consideration was neighborhood
several areas where creative metalworking is essential and community-board concern over tower cranes, which
to the Belfers high performance, both in environmental were particularly acute during the planning stages
termsthe project achieved LEED Goldand in creating (coinciding with two highly publicized crane collapses
welcoming, flexible working spaces for researchers elsewhere in Manhattan); two cranes would have
in multiple fields. Theres every type of curtain wall been necessary to place precast. Instead, backup to the
or enclosure known to mankind on this building, brick was cast in concrete. By doing the upturned and
The Belfer Buildings undulating south facade controls solar thermal comments Richard Mazzella, senior vice president at downturned beams that support the brick, Mazzella
gain passively with a double curtain wall whose perforations let Tishman: theres ribbon windows, there are decorative adds, we eliminated a hung lintel system [and] all the
warm convection currents escape the cavity between its inner and metal panels, theres the sunshade curtain wall with the block that would be needed for the backup ... we saved
outer surfaces. Tex Jernigan catwalks in it, a regular storefront, the skylight in the two trailing activities behind the structure and before
back ... a lot of different types of faade systems that the faade would go on. So that was a big time saving
Weill Cornell Medical College Belfer Research Buildingvi played into the structure. and money saving for the client, and it also played
| Ennead Architects | New York, New York The United States does not have Germanys code into a safer project, with less operations around the
At Weill Cornell Medical Colleges recently completed requirement that every worker be located near natural perimeter. Crews were able to start window work on
Belfer Research Building, a gemlike, energy-efficient light, but if it did, says McIlhenny, the Belfer would these three sides earlier, which was also advantageous
double curtain wall presents a striking face to the easily pass. With floor-plate dimensions of 85 by 260 for the south faade schedule.
neighborhood and is one of the powerful factors, feet, it is a long, slim building whose ample interior Within the building, floors been assigned not according
according to campus architect William H. Cunningham, glazing ensures that daylight from its southern faade to conventional academic departments, but by disease
behind the colleges successful recent recruitment of penetrates deeply into not only the offices and lounges entities and major body systems: one floor is dedicated
several prestigious scientists. along that south wall but the laboratory areas reaching to brain and mind diseases, for example, mixing
To design the faade, Ennead Architects consulted the north. Even with low-emissivity glass, controlling psychologists, neurologists, neuroscientists, surgeons,
with Atelier Ten to organize the research buildings solar gain here is a challenge; the solution is the passive and medical personnel all working together, breaking
design around the programmatic need for daylight: double-skin curtain wall, which serves multiple purposes down the siloing that so often hinders interdisciplinary
Researcher offices face south to access sun and views along with defining the buildings visual profile. communication. The ample lounge areas, visible
(Computational Fluid Dynamics studies were conducted The outer skin, Cunningham reports, is composed of from the labs through interior glazing, increase the
to shape the south faade shading openings to aluminum and laminated glass panels with a ceramic frit awareness of colleagues work and the opportunities for
minimize heat accumulation), while laboratories face pattern of two different densities, heavier on spandrel casual conversations that lead to intellectual cross-polli-
north to take advantage of diffuse light, ideal for the glass and lighter on vision glass, and two different nation throughout this research campus of the future.
open work environment. colors, white for high reflectance on the exterior and
Cunningham and Enneads teamdesign partner Todd black inside. The weathertight inner curtain wall, tied
Schliemann and project architect Craig McIlhennyare back to the structural concrete slabs, supports brackets
all graduates of Cornells architecture school. The team at the lower edge of each panel; these support catwalks
of Cornell, Ennead, curtain-wall consultants Heintges, (some open and grated, some solid), which in turn
fabricators Permasteelisa, and Tishman Construction support the outer wall. Computational fluid dynamics
met a tight budgetary challenge by devoting ample (CFD) studies, McIlhenny notes, found that the cavity
time to planning, design, and pre-construction testing between the outer and inner layers (varying from a foot
of technical solutions, so that the actual construction to 30 inches deep with the panels undulations) acts a
proceeded relatively swiftly. We are a very conservative chimney, carrying heat upward by convection. To reduce
client, all of this innovation and testing aside, says heat buildup, the designers introduced ventilated
Cunningham. Were going to own our own buildings, openings, both large rectangles and horizontal slots at
and we intend to keep them for 100 years, so we are levels where the catwalks are solid.
very careful to do something that I think is going to The openings, the architects realized, might invite
have longevity. pigeons, with the obvious consequences for the clean
While the facades components are standard, the surfaces. To exclude birds completely rather than
way they are assembled is unique, particularly in the deter them with unsightly conventional bird wire, says
signature south faade. Theres a certain efficiency McIlhenny, we came up with this idea of tube-steel
that went into selecting the die shapes, so that when frames with these tension rods, absolutely straight,
the unitized pieces were set together in the field, even [with] over 1,000 deflection criteria, so we had to keep
if the angle was 10 degrees off from another angle, it very, very taut ... almost like bicycle spokes. The
those shapes were able to accommodate that through aggregate tension requires a stiff frame of tubular steel
the gasketing and still keep it air- and watertight, around the perimeter. Set screws in the side panels
notes McIlhenny. So while it looks like there may be a allow the rods to be tightened in unison if they ever The south curtain walls open ventilation segments exclude birds with
lot of complicated dies involved in this, there actually slacken over time, he adds; no problems with uneven tension rods spaced approximately inch apart. Grated and open
was a lot of repetition and parts that were reused for tension have arisen to date, so the frequency of such catwalks support the outer skin and allow access for maintenance.
different geometries. maintenance is impossible to project, but the capability Ennead Architects
In the categories listed above, current understand- 3. Computer simulations and energy studies should be used to show the impact of various curtain wall designs on
ing of glazed curtain walls and the standardized energy performance and daylighting
use of materials like glass, aluminum, and silicon, a. only if requested by the owner b. earlier rather than later in the design phase
may not apply in supertall building applications. c. during the implementation phase d. by the curtain wall fabricator
(The CTBUH defines a tall building based on at
4. In the United States, building codes require that workers be located near a source of natural light:
least one of three categories:iii height relative to
context; proportion; and tall building technolo- a. True b. False
tectural, ornamental, and miscellaneous metal industries. The Institute sponsors programs to assist architects, engineers,
Visit http://go.hw.net/AR515Course3 developers, and construction managers in transforming their ideas into reality. www.ominy.org
to read more and complete the quiz
for credit.
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
CONTINUING EDUCATION
RAINSCREEN TECHNOLOGIES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
1. Identify potential sources of moisture intrusion
and how moisture is transported through the
building envelope.
2. Examine the importance of rainscreens and
weather barriers in moisture mitigation.
3. Describe draining and drying mechanisms
of wall assemblies and different types of
rainscreen technologies.
4. Discuss rainscreen technology test methods that
measure their performance.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
CREDIT: 1 HSW/LU
COURSE NUMBER: ARmay2015.4
Use the learning objectives to focus your
study as you read this article. To earn credit
and obtain a certificate of completion,
visit http://go.hw.net/AR515Course4 and complete
the quiz for free as you read this article. If you
are new to Hanley Wood University, create a free
learner account; returning users log in as usual.
By Paige Lozier
THE PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE itself. Moisture can arise from various sources as stone and brick were not as susceptible to
and will travel through a building envelope by moisture, and even frame buildings that are
There is no such thing as a water-tight
different means. In order to protect building more moisture sensitive had significant drying
structure. Because water takes the path of least
components and maximize occupant safety, capacity. Minimal vapor resistance, moisture
resistance, it will find even the smallest opening
rainscreens should be employed to keep water storage capacity, and insulation equated to
in the building envelope, allowing moisture to
out, as well as to provide a drying mechanism better air exchange through the cavity, ensuring
enter the wall system, no matter how many
for the building. drying of excessive moisture.
layers of protection are provided. Therefore,
in addition to keeping water out with various Historically, before building materials As energy efficiency improved, moisture
weather resistive barriers (WRB), systems must technology became so advanced as to retention increased. Now buildings are so
be put in place to allow water to exit the essentially hermetically seal a building, a energy efficient and constructed so tightly
envelope once it inevitably does get in. building breathed on its own. There was no that when moisture enters it can become
insulation, so when moisture entered, natural trapped and is unable to dry. This is when
Moisture intrusion in a wall assembly poses
ventilation allowed the structure to dry out, building moisture becomes a major issue;
numerous threats to the health of occupants,
as the building was not airtight. In addition, if walls stay wet for too long, moisture
as well as to the structural safety of the building
construction materials typical of the time such problems will arise.
Finally, there are numerous interior moisture approximately 250,000 types of molds spores,
sources that can contribute to moisture about 200 can be found within buildings
problems in the building enclosure, including and it is possible for these mold spores to be
transpiration from human bodies and pets, transported several hundred miles through the
evaporation from plants, cooking, heating, air. According to ASHRAE, when combined with
laundering, cleaning, broken water pipes, a surface temperature between 50 and 104
backed up drainage and seasonal absorption. degrees Fahrenheit, mold spores will germinate
in as quickly as 24 hours with a surface relative
humidity at 100%. At a relative humidity of
98%, it will take 7 days, and at 80% it will take
approximately 30 days.
Mold produces allergens that can trigger aller-
gic reactions or asthma attacks in those people
allergic to mold spores. Most mold exposure
symptoms result from inhaling or touching
mold, with the most common symptoms being
asthma, nasal or sinus congestion, sensitivity
to light, skin irritation, shortness of breath,
Internal moisture degradation is a leading cause of premature failure headache, fatigue and burning eyes. Serious
of building envelopes. Photo courtesy of Cosella-Dorken cases of mold exposure can lead to lung disease
and a compromised immune system.
Moisture can arise from various sources including precipitation, THE EFFECTS OF MOISTURE INTRUSION
ground water, construction materials, elevated relative humidity and According to the 2012 NIOSH alert, Preventing
interior sources of moisture. Photo courtesy of Cosella-Dorken Moisture in envelope assemblies can cause Occupational Respiratory Disease from
numerous problems affecting the indoor Exposures Caused by Dampness in Office
WATER WATER EVERYWHERE
air quality of a building and the longevity Buildings, Schools, and Other Nonindustrial
Ideally, bulk water, such as wind-driven rain, of building components. Internal moisture Buildings, the best current evidence suggests
would never intrude behind a water resistive degradation is a leading cause of premature observations of dampness, water damage,
barrier. But in the real world, it enters through failure of building envelopes. mold, or mold odors are the best indicators
penetrations such as screw and nail holes, of dampness-related health hazards, rather
Persistent moisture can lead to rot, corrosion,
flashing details, and other imperfections, like than microbiologic measurements. Owners,
expanding soil which can crack or undermine
window sealants and gaskets that are not employers and occupants should take measures
the foundation, corrosion of metal components,
properly designed to flex with the window. to minimize the likelihood of persistent building
ice dams, and other forms of deterioration.
Precipitation is an obvious source of moisture Moisture also supports insect infestation, dampness and subsequent respiratory problems
intrusion, but other less obvious sources are ranging from mites to cockroaches and ants. in exposed occupants. These measures include
the inherent moisture present in construction regular inspection of the building for evidence
If elevated moisture levels persist on or inside of dampness, as well as regularly scheduled
materials, elevated relative humidity, ground
a wall or roof assembly, they can lead to the inspections of HVAC systems. Occupants
water, as well as interior moisture sources.
growth of microorganisms such as mold and should be informed that respiratory effects
Construction moisture is elevated when excess
bacteria. The metabolism of mold and bacteria from exposure in damp buildings can occur and
water evaporates from building materials such
can create microbiological volatile organic owners should implement a system for response
as curing concrete and drying lumber, or during
compounds (MVOCs) that adversely affect air to building dampness and musty or moldy
the construction process when materials are
quality inside a building. Mold can only grow in odors, leaks, and flooding incidents, as well
exposed to the elements.
the presence of high levels of moisture and is as building-related respiratory symptoms
Elevated relative humidity is the amount of water very serious to building occupants. or disease.
in the air compared to the maximum amount of
Molds are a type of fungi that survive in areas
water it can hold at a given temperature. Cold air
cannot hold as much water as warm air. When air
where there is an organic food source and According to ASHRAE, when
high moisture levels. Many building materials
comes into contact with a surface, which reduces
including wood, paper, carpet, foods and combined with a surface
its temperatures so that the relative humidity
reaches 100% (the maximum amount of water
insulation are common fungi food sources. temperature between 50 and 104
When mold spores are allowed to spread to
air can hold) dew point temperature has been
damp areas indoors, they begin growing and degrees Fahrenheit, mold spores
reached. Building surfaces at or below dew point
temperature will condense water onto the surface
digesting whatever they land on, gradually will germinate in as quickly as
destroying it.
of building materials. Keeping relative humidity 24 hours with a surface relative
low keeps the dew point temperature low and A combination of moisture and temperature
reduces the potential for condensation. causes mold spores to germinate. Of the humidity at 100%.
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
CONTINUING EDUCATION
7. What are the two key performance features a rainscreen adds to a wall system?
complete the corresponding quiz for credit. 8. There are _____ required components of a rainscreen wall assembly, which offer multiple moisture-shedding pathways.
a. 1 b. 2
c. 3 d. 4
9. Which type of rainscreen prevents all rainwater penetration, while deliberately forcing air to penetrate the wall cavity in
order to equalize pressure on the exterior and interior of the outer wall?
a. D/BV b. PER
10. True or False: In AAMA Test Method AAMA 509-9 the only pass/fail criteria is that the weather barrier does not permit
water penetration into the structure.
a. True b. False
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RETHINKING WOOD AS
A MATERIAL OF CHOICE
COSTS LESS, DELIVERS MORE
Presented by:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this article you will be able to:
1. Compare the material, project and environmental
costs of wood to other building materials.
2. Explain innovative wood technologies and
how they are contributing to a wide range of
sustainable designs.
3. Discuss the environmental impact of wood through-
out its life cycle, including its renewability, certifi-
cation options, impacts on energy efficiency, low
carbon footprint, and end-of-life recycling and reuse.
4. Examine research and examples demonstrating
the positive impact of exposed wood on a
buildings occupants.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
AIA CREDIT: 1 LU/HSW
GBCI CREDIT: 1 CE Hour
AIA COURSE NUMBER: ARmay2015.4
GBCI COURSE NUMBER: 920003245
Use the learning objectives above to focus your study
as you read this article.
Visit http://go.hw.net/AR515Course4 to read more and
complete the quiz for credit.
Cathedral of Christ the Light; Oakland, California; Design architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Photo by Timothy Hursley
Designers today are finding new possibilities reimagined use; and a unique human-nature which minimizes construction delays and keeps
in one of the oldest building materials on connection that has always been intuitive, but is labor costs competitive. Woods adaptability
earth. Wood has always been valued for its now being documented in research. and ease of use also translate into faster con-
beauty, abundance and practicality, but many struction schedules, while a smaller foundation
of woods inherent characteristics are rising COST CONSCIOUS may be needed because of its light weight.
to very current challenges. Woods traditional As a material grown throughout North America, For the Carroll Smith Elementary School in
values and newest technologies meet in the wood can be locally sourced and is usually less Osceola, Arkansas, woods light weight indi-
projects presented in this course, illustrating the expensive than alternative building materials. rectly led to savings. The project was originally
advantages of wood in four areas: cost-effec- Wood building systems also typically cost less designed in concrete block. This would have
tiveness in a wide range of projects; adaptability to install when construction is viewed as a required expensive piers to address soft soil
for use in challenging, visionary new designs; whole, for a number of reasons. Wood is readily conditions. The project team also looked at
lower environmental costs throughout its life available and tends to be delivered quickly, and using steel construction elements, which were
cycle, from its source in renewable, carefully most communities have a large pool of qualified found to concentrate the load in unacceptably
managed forests, through an energy-efficient tradespeople with wood framing experience, small areas. Ultimately, the project team
service life, and often on to a new, recycled and
selected wood thus reducing both the need Often, even when wood is chosen to meet For example, the Cathedral of Christ the Light
for piers and the cost of the structural system. other goals, cost is still the deciding factor. For in Oakland, California is an extraordinary
According to Ferran Espin of PKM Architects, the Marselle Condominium project in Seattle, timber cathedral designed to last 300 years
lead designer for the project, using wood for Washington, wood construction helped the using a unique structural system. Designed
the walls, floor and roof deck saved approx- building meet requirements of the local Master by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM),
imately $10 per square foot compared to a Builders Association Built Green program. But the soaring 36,000-square-foot, 1,500-seat
steel structure with light metal gauge framing. while the environmental recognition was an structure replaces another cathedral destroyed
John Warriner of John Warriner and Associates, added benefit, the developer considered the during a 1989 earthquake. Architecturally
also part of the architectural team, said wood decision to use wood framing purely financial. stunning, the new building features a space-
was the natural choice for this project given its If the project had been built using all concrete, frame structure comprised of a glued-laminated
economic value and design flexibility. Designing for instance, it would have cost about 30 timber (glulam) and steel-rod skeleton veiled
the building using wood allowed the team to percent more, according to Kory Knudson, with a glass skin. Given the close proximity of
meet all of the project requirements in the most vice president of Norcon, NW, Inc. If we had fault lines and non-conformance of the design
financially responsible way. built the entire project out of steel, it would to a standard California Building Code lateral
have taken much longer and we would have system, the City of Oakland hired a peer review
In addition to material costs, an aggressive
had to make many energy modifications. committee to review SOMs design for tough-
construction schedule was one of the main drivers
ness and ductility. Through the use of advanced
for the choice of wood in Emory Point, a mixed- INNOVATIVE USES FOR A TRADITIONAL seismic engineering, including base isolation,
use project near Emory University in Atlanta, BUILDING MATERIAL the structure has been designed to withstand
Georgia. Designed by Cooper Carry and The
Building codes recognize woods structural a 1,000-year earthquake. Engineers were able
Preston Partnership, the 442-unit project includes
performance capabilities in a broad range of to achieve the appropriate structural strength
one five-story wood-frame building over slab-on-
applicationsfrom the light-duty repetitive and toughness by carefully defining ductility
grade and three four-story wood-frame buildings
framing common in small structures to the requirements for the structure, using three
over one-story concrete podiums. According to
larger and heavier framing systems used to dimensional computer models that simulate
Brad Ellinwood, PE, of Ellinwood + Machado
build arenas, schools and other large buildings. the entire structures nonlinear behavior, testing
Consulting Structural Engineers, a number of
However, around the world, architects and struc- of critical components relied on for seismic
systems were considered but wood was by far the
tural engineers are extending the boundaries base isolation and superstructure ductility, and
most economical. For the structural frame portion
of wood design, while innovative technologies verifying their installation.
only, the wood design cost approximately $14/
square foot compared to $22/square foot for a and building systems continue to expand An example with farther-reaching implications
7-inch post-tensioned concrete slab and frame. opportunities for wood use in construction. Its is the Long Hall in Whitefish, Montana, the
Despite the need for significant site preparation, a symbiotic relationship that has also influenced first commercial building in the U.S. to be built
woods ease of use allowed the entire project to the evolution of building codes and standards. from cross laminated timber (CLT). Although
be completed in just over a year. CLT has since been written into the 2015
International Building Code1 (IBC), it was new
to code officials when this Type VB structure
was built under the 2009 IBC. Darryl Byle,
PE, of CLT Solutions worked with the local
building department more than six months
in advance to address concerns and keep the
project on schedule. Among the challenges, the
team needed approval of the CLT system as a
stand-alone, one-hour rated assembly in order
to feature exposed CLT on the interior. Byle
used data on fire design from sources such as
the National Design Specification (NDS) for
Wood Construction and experimental CLT fire
test data from manufacturers and independent
sources to demonstrate that CLT panels could
be expected to perform well in a fire event.
In addition to CLT, parallel strand lumber (PSL),
glulam and prefabricated paneling systems are
among the products contributing to a wider
range of wood buildings. They have made
wood a viable choice for applications such as
arenas, gymnasiums and lobbies, which require
Environmental recognition with local green building programs was a plus for the Marselle Condominiums in Seattle, Washington, designed by PB tall walls and large open spaces with minimal,
Architects, but cost was the driving factor in the decision to use wood construction. Photo by Matt Todd, courtesy of WoodWorks intermediate supports.
WOOD AND THE ENVIRONMENT for the future. In North America, responsible
forest management ensures that forests are
Wood grows naturally and is renewable. Life
legally harvested and managed to meet societys
cycle assessment (LCA) studies also show that
long-term demand for forest products and other
wood yields clear environmental advantages
sustainability goals. In the U.S. and Canada, this
over other common building materials in terms
has resulted in more than 50 consecutive years
of embodied energy, air and water pollution,
of net forest growth that exceeds annual forest
and greenhouse gas emissions.
harvests.3 The rate of deforestation in the U.S. and
In the past, the green building movement has Canada is virtually zero.4
taken a prescriptive approach to choosing
Wood is also the only building material that has
building materials. This approach assumes that
third-party certification programs in place to
certain prescribed practicessuch as using local
demonstrate that products being sold have come
materials or specifying products with recycled
from a sustainably managed resource.
contentare better for the environment
regardless of the products manufacturing
THE TREND TOWARD TALLER
process or disposal. Today, however, it is being
Speed record: Taking speed of construction to an entirely new level, WOOD BUILDINGS
the two-story Long Hall in Whitefish, Montana, designed by Datum replaced by the scientific evaluation of actual
Multi-family housing was one of the first market
Design Drafting and engineered by CLT Solutions, took just five days impacts through LCA.
to erect and gave the owner a sustainable, energy-efficient building. segments to rebound from the recession, because its
It was the first commercial building in the U.S. made from CLT. Photo LCA is an internationally recognized method more affordable than single-family housing while offering
by gravityshots.com advantages such as less upkeep and closer proximity to
for measuring the environmental impacts of
amenities. Wood construction is attractive for multi-family
materials, assemblies or whole buildings over projects because it offers high density at a relatively low
For example, glulam can be manufactured to
their entire livesfrom extraction or harvest cost, as well as adaptability on site, faster construction,
achieve spans as long as 100 feet and walls up
of raw materials through manufacturing, and reduced carbon footprint. The IBC allows wood-frame
to 20 feet. (See the case study on the Bullitt construction for five stories and more (e.g., with the
transportation, installation, use, maintenance
Center in Seattle, Washington.) use of mezzanines and terraces) in building occupancies
and disposal or recycling. When integrated that range from business and mercantile to multi-family,
into green building codes, standards and rating military, senior, student and affordable housing. However,
systems, LCA encourages design professionals there are indications that this may increase as new
to compare different building designs based on products continue to enhance woods ability to add value
in multi-story applications. For example, cross laminated
their environmental impacts and make informed
timber (CLT) is widely used in Europe and is gaining
choices about the materials they use. ground in North America. In Australia, a ten-story CLT
building was completed in 2013, and there are eight-story
A comprehensive review of scientific literature2 examples in the UK and Austria.
looked at research done in Europe, North
America and Australia pertaining to life cycle
LCA IN CODES, STANDARDS AND
assessment of wood products. It applied LCA
RATING SYSTEMS
criteria in accordance with ISO 14040-42 and
concluded, among other things, that: LCA is more common in Europe than North America, but
its use is increasing in both markets because of its holistic
Fossil fuel consumption, the potential approach and power as an evaluative tool. For example:
contributions to the greenhouse effect The UK-based Building Research Establishments
and the quantities of solid waste tend to Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is the
be minor for wood products compared to worlds most widely used green building rating system
and the basis for many others, including the Leadership
competing products.
in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system and
Wood products that have been installed Green Globes. The BREEAM modules for offices, multi-
and are used in an appropriate way tend family buildings and ecoHomes include calculations
based on LCA.
to have a favorable environmental profile
In the U.S., LCA is encouraged in the Green Globes
compared to functionally equivalent
rating system, and included in the American National
products made from other materials. Standard based on Green Globes, ANSI/GBI 01-2010:
Green Building Assessment Protocol for Commercial
Its worth taking a closer look at some of Buildings. With the release of LEED v.4, a pilot credit
the important aspects that contribute to this related to LCA was replaced with optional credits
favorable environmental profile. related to LCA, LCA-based environmental product
declarations (EPDs), material ingredient verification
Sustainable Source and raw material extraction.
Sustainable forest management involves meeting LCA is incorporated in the draft California Green
Building Standards Code, American Society of Heating,
societys need for forest products and other Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
The Bullitt Center. Photo by John Stamets (See case study.)
benefits, while respecting the values people attach Standard 189.1, National Green Building Standard (ICC
to forests and preserving forest health and diversity 700), and International Green Construction Code (IGCC).
assessed against a stringent standard that a. A smaller foundation may be needed because of woods light weight.
considers environmental, economic and social b. Wood can be locally sourced and delivered quickly.
values. As of August 2013, approximately c. Wood suppliers tend to be small family operations with low overhead.
500 million acres of forest in the U.S. and d. Construction tends to be faster than with steel and concrete structures.
Canada were certified under one of the four 2. Forest management programs in North America have resulted in: (Select all that apply).
internationally recognized programs used in a. a rate of deforestation that is virtually zero.
North America: the Sustainable Forestry Initiative b. more than 50 consecutive years of net forest growth that exceeds annual forest harvests.
(SFI), Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Canadian
c. limiting tree growth to only a few states and provinces.
Standards Associations Sustainable Forest
d. Both a and b are correct, but not c.
Management Standard (CSA), and American
e. Both b and c are correct, but not a.
Tree Farm System (ATFS). This represents more
than half of the worlds certified forests. 3. True or False: Wood stores more carbon than is emitted during its harvest, production, transport and installation.
Carbon Footprint 4. Which common building materials are certified by third-party organizations to demonstrate that products being
sold have come from a sustainably managed resource?
As trees grow, they absorb carbon dioxide from a. Domestic steel, but not foreign. b. Stone and granite.
the atmosphere. They release the oxygen and c. Only wood. d. Wood, concrete and brick.
incorporate the carbon into their wood, roots,
leaves or needles, and surrounding soil. One of 5. Wood has become a viable choice for applications such as arenas, gymnasiums, lobbies and other buildings which
require tall walls and large open spaces with minimal intermediate supports, primarily due to:
three things then happens:
a. improvements in tree culture resulting in stronger lumber.
As trees mature and then die, they start b. the ongoing development of wood products and technologies such as cross laminated timber (CLT), parallel
to decay and slowly release the stored strand lumber (PSL) and glued laminated timber (glulam).
carbon back into the atmosphere. c. computer aided design to reduce loads on structural elements.
The forest succumbs to wildfire, d. materials like window glass and floor covering that are now lighter in weight.
insects or disease and releases the 6. The two-story Long Hall in Whitefish, Montana, the first commercial building in the U.S. made from CLT, was
stored carbon quickly. designed to be sustainable and energy-efficient, and took how long to erect?
The trees are harvested and manufactured a. Two years b. One year
into forest products, which continue to c. Six months d. Five days
store much of the carbon. In the case of
7. Which of the following statements is not true about the Wood Carbon Calculator for Buildings?
wood buildings, the carbon is kept out
a. It estimates the amount of carbon stored in a wood building.
of the atmosphere for the lifetime of
b. It estimates the greenhouse gases avoided by not using steel or concrete.
the structureor longer if the wood is
c. It estimates the carbon emissions that result from energy use in the buildings first year of operation.
reclaimed and manufactured into other
d. It can be used to compare the carbon impact of alternate building designs.
products. Wood stores more carbon than
is emitted during its harvest, production, 8. The embodied energy in buildings and issues of disposal mean that a materials ability to be recycled or reused
transport and installation. at the end of the structures service life has what effect on its life cycle environmental impact?
a. Its not critical because buildings in the U.S. have a typical service life of over 100 years.
Visit http://go.hw.net/AR515Course4 b. It is important because buildings in the U.S., regardless of material, often have a service life of less than
50 years.
to read more and complete the quiz
c. Not much impact because the embodied energy of all major building materials is the same.
for credit.
d. Not much impact because no major building materials can be recycled or reused effectively.
SPONSOR INFORMATION 9. Which of the following statements best describes the results of the study highlighted in the course measuring
the reaction of university students to four different office environments?
a. Materials used in the office interiors had very little impact on occupant response.
b. The impact of the materials used in the office interiors varied greatly depending on the individual.
c. Stress as measured by sympathetic nervous system activation was lower in the wood rooms in all periods
of the study.
The reThink Wood initiative is a coalition of interests d. The color of the material determined occupant response more than the material.
representing North Americas wood products industry
and related stakeholders. The coalition shares a passion 10. From a thermal perspective, which of the following make wood inherently more efficient than other materials?
for wood products and the forests they come from. a. The insulating qualities of the wood structural elements, including studs, columns, beams and floors
Innovative new technologies and building systems have
enabled longer wood spans, taller walls and higher b. The fact that wood stud walls are easy to insulate
buildings, and continue to expand the possibilities for c. The fact that options also for insulating wood-frame buildings that arent available for other construction types
wood use in construction. www.rethinkwood.com d. All of the above
Presented by:
EFFECTIVE CONCRETE
WATERPROOFING TECHNOLOGIES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
1. Explain the relationship between porosity and
permeability and describe the mechanics by which
liquid water and water vapor are transported
through concrete structures and how this contributes
to concrete deterioration
2. Differentiate between dampproofing,
waterproofing and vaporproofing.
3. Differentiate between positive and negative side
waterproofing and list the common characteristics of
these waterproofing methods.
4. Identify the various types of waterproofing systems
and differentiate between them.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
CREDIT: 1 LU
COURSE NUMBER: ARmay2015.6
Use the learning objectives to focus your study
as you read this article. To earn credit and obtain
a certificate of completion, visit http://go.hw.net/
AR515Course6 and complete the quiz for free
as you read this article. If you are new to Hanley
Wood University, create a free learner account;
returning users log in as usual.
OVERVIEW OF CONCRETE complex chemical reactions, ensuring durability number of compounds formed, such as calcium
and longevity. silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium hydroxide
First and foremost before even talking about
(CH). CSH is the most important of these as
waterproofing, it is important to understand Concrete has many advantages, including low
it contributes to setting, hardening, strength
what concrete is. It is the most widely used cost, high stiffness, high compressive strength,
development, and volume stability. CH con-
man-made product in the world and is a con- ease of fabrication, and it is non-flammable.
tributes by providing an alkaline environment
struction material that basically consists of, in its However, there are some disadvantages, or
which is beneficial to the reinforcing steel as
most common form, cement, aggregates (large limitations associated with concrete as well,
it helps to reduce the potential for corrosion.
and small), and water. The origin of concrete such as low tensile strength, it is brittle, and,
In addition, other compounds such as calcium
can be traced back to the Babylonians, who to some extent, durability can be an issue if
aluminate hydrate and calcium ferrite are also
used a clay-mix similar to concrete. The modern not protected from the elements.
formed by hydration.
day version of concrete was not invented until
1756, when British engineer John Smeaton CHEMISTRY OF CONCRETE When it comes to determining the strength
pioneered the use of cement in concrete. The Concrete hardens by a process called hydration of concrete, the key factor is the water to
composition of traditional concrete is relatively whereby cement and water form a paste that cement ratio or mass ratio of water to cement.
simple; however, todays concrete is often a coats the aggregate, and this paste hardens and A lower water to cement ratio will yield a
complicated mix, consisting of a number of gains strength. During this reaction, there are a concrete which is stronger, while a higher water
to cement ratio yields a concrete with less cement and certain siliceous aggregates causing Deterioration of concrete due to its permeability
strength. Water also affects the workability and abnormal expansion and cracking. includes the factors mentioned earlier. A more
consistency of the concrete mix. permeable concrete increases the structures
When it comes to inadequate design, there
vulnerability to the attack of water, chemicals,
LIMITATIONS OF CONCRETE are also a number of factors that result in
and sulfates. Also, due to this, there is the
deterioration. These include:
Although concrete is very durable, it will increased potential of the corrosion of the steel
eventually deteriorate from natural weathering Inadequate accommodation for movement reinforcement as well as an increased potential
and the degree of this deterioration is depen- during thermal changes of freeze/thaw damage in those climates that
dent on a number of factors. The first of these Inadequate accommodation for shrinkage are susceptible to freezing temperatures.
is the exposure of the concrete to moisture, Inadequate design for differential Related to permeability is porosity which also
temperature, and chemicals. It is imperative settlement determines the extent of water penetration..
that the concrete is designed to accommodate Porosity can be defined as the ratio of the
Inadequate design for structural capacity
these exposures. volume of openings or voids to the total volume
Even when all of the above factors are of the material. In other words, the spaces in
One of the most critical forms of concrete
considered, actual placement of the concrete the concrete. The most important factor in
deterioration is the corrosion of reinforcing
along with poor construction practices can result determining the porosity of the concrete is
steel. This is caused by the breakdown of the
in deterioration. This can range from minor the water to cement ratio. A greater water to
passive layer provided by the concrete around
defects such as honeycombing, bug-holes, cement ratio will produce a concrete with a
the steel. While this concrete layer is intact,
surface dusting, and pitting, to major defects greater porosity.
it inhibits corrosion but this protection is lost
including finishing, inadequate concrete cover,
when the film is destroyed by infiltration into
and various types of cracking that include MOISTURE IN A STRUCTURE
the concrete by chemicals, excessive amounts
shrinkage cracking, settlement cracking, thermal
of chloride, or other ions that reach the steel. Now that the deterioration factors of the
stress cracking, tension cracking, and cold joints.
Another form of deterioration is carbonation. concrete have been examined, it is important
Other deterioration factors can result from
This is a process that occurs due to the reaction to understand the two types of moisture that
inadequate protection of the concrete such as
between carbon dioxide and a hydroxide enter the structure, and the process. These are
spalling, delaminations and salt-scaling.
forming a carbonate in the cement paste called liquid water and water vapor.
calcium carbonate. In the presence of water, All of the major deterioration factors listed can
It is important to understand the difference
carbonic acid can form, which lowers the pH be traced back to the presence of water in the
between water and water vapor because
and breaks down the passivating layer. In the structure. To protect the structure, it is neces-
controlling these requires different techniques.
presence of water and oxygen, the steel will sary to provide a waterproofing system that
corrode. Yet another deterioration process reduces the potential for this concrete deterio- HOW DOES MOISTURE ENTER?
occurs in the presence of chlorides. These ions ration. No matter how good the concrete is, it
can penetrate through the pores or defects of can still be described as permeable and porous. The presence of water in its liquid form around
the passivating film, again lowering the pH of The extent of water penetration into a structure a structure can be from numerous sources,
surrounding concrete, and in the presence of is determined by these two characteristics, and in order to select a system that can
moisture, form iron chloride. This then destroys permeability, and porosity. control water penetration, it is important to
the passivating film and initiates corrosion. A consider all of these sources. These include:
final deterioration process can occur in the WATER PENETRATION the water tablethe depth of this needs to
presence of sulfates in the soil. This occurs as be determined and understood; and, site
Permeability can be defined as the measure of
a result of sulfates in the soil or ground water drainageis there naturally occurring site
the ease with which fluids will flow through a
reacting with the calcium aluminate hydrates drainage, or do alternate drainage methods
material. Cracks in concrete interconnect flow
that form during hydration. The deterioration is need to be addressed. Something to consider
paths and increase concrete permeability. The
a result of an expansive reaction. is that fine-grained soils can draw water from
progression of these cracks allow for more water
considerable distances. Both of these can be
The mix design of concrete is critical for long or aggressive chemical ions to penetrate into the
determined by a soil report.
term durability. Using too much water in the concrete, facilitating deterioration. The lesser
concrete mix can lead to excessive bleeding the permeability, the more durable the concrete. Another factor to consider is the irrigation
resulting in various deficiencies such as a system. When designing a structure that
There are various factors that can affect the
weakened concrete surface, finishing problems incorporates this, it is important that the
permeability of concrete. These include trapped
such as trapping of water in the top surface, waterproofing and drainage system can
air pockets from inadequate compaction, empty
and pitting problems. Selecting the wrong types accommodate the extra water that will be
spaces produced due to the lack of mixing
of materials (aggregates) can result in pop-outs present as a result.
water by evaporation, the age of the concrete
that can occur due to the expansion of porous (older concrete is more permeable), and the And then there are cracks in concrete. As we
aggregates. There is also the potential of alkali grade of cement particles. A finer grade of have mentioned, they are a prominent part of
aggregate reactions, such as ASR (alkali silica cement allows for a better hydration reaction concrete, it will crack. The location of these
reactivity) and ACR (alkali carbonate reactivity), creating smaller voids and ultimately more cracks can somewhat be controlled by the
which are the result of alkalis in the Portland dense concrete. design of the concrete, however, there is also the
possibility for cracking to occur that has not been When selecting the correct system, it is essential When looking at hydrostatic pressure, it is
accounted for. Water can enter through these to differentiate between dampproofing, water- important to design for proper site drainage,
cracks, and so it is important for the system to proofing, and vaporproofing. These terms are whether it be in the form of a granular type
be designed to accommodate this cracking. sometimes misunderstood and this can lead to material, or a pre-manufactured drainage layer.
the selection of improper materials when trying There are various options available but the goal
And no matter how good everything is,
to control moisture intrusion. Waterproofing is the same, reduce the hydrostatic pressure
waterproofing details are a major factor that
is defined as the resistance of the passage of on the system. In addition, a waterproofing
controls everything; if the detailing is lacking,
water under hydrostatic head pressure. material is to be used. This can be one of a
water will find its way in.
number of materials, as will be discussed shortly.
Dampproofing
Hydrostatic Pressure
Dampproofing is defined as the resistance Capillary action requires the same sort of
When considering a waterproofing system
of water in the absence of hydrostatic head protection, using a material that provides a
to control liquid penetration, it is important to
pressure. Dampproofing materials typically will capillary break, as larger spaces mean less
look at two factors that allow for the move-
not bridge cracks in concrete that may occur capillary rise. Again, this is also used with a
ment of water. These are hydrostatic pressure,
during the life of a building. It is important to waterproofing material to provide the best level
and capillarity.
understand this, as without proper drainage of protection.
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure coming there can be the presence of hydrostatic pressure
In certain situations, dependent on the project
from the weight of the liquid and its value is and as discussed earlier, the concrete will crack.
requirements, a vapor barrier (or retarder) will be
directly proportional to the height of the liquid
Vaporproofing required to address the vapor pressure issue. This
and the density of the liquid. In other words,
A vaporproofing material is one that is totally is independent of liquid water and needs to be
the deeper you go, the more pressure will be
immune to the passage of a gas under pressure. considered in certain situations. Some water-
present. A denser liquid will also produce a
As mentioned earlier, vapor diffusion occurs proofing materials will perform this function,
greater hydrostatic pressure.
due to differences in vapor pressure, and below others will not. So the selection of the material is
In scientific terms, hydrostatic pressure increases grade, this method of moisture movement very important for long term performance.
in proportion to the depth measured from the needs to be considered. It is important to
If there was one waterproofing system that
surface because of the increasing weight of understand this vapor movement when it
would work in every situation, that would make
fluid exerting downward force from above. comes to the selection of waterproofing
things easier, unfortunately this is not the case.
materials or various floor coatings and their
Capillarity The system needs to be selected based on the
vapor permeance. If materials are used that are
Capillarity is the force that results from greater requirements of the project. When selecting
not breathable, such as a number of urethanes
adhesion of a liquid (water) to a solid surface this system, it is important to understand if the
and epoxies, and they are subject to vapor
than internal cohesion of the liquid itself and material is considered to be a positive side or
diffusion, premature failures of these coatings
is therefore able to literally rise along vertical negative side waterproofing system. What does
can occur as a result.
surfaces. That means that liquid rises against that mean?
gravity. The amount of capillary rise is deter- CHARACTERISTICS OF A POSITIVE SIDE NEGATIVE SIDE
mined by the spaces between the particles, or if WATERPROOFING SYSTEM WATERPROOFING WATERPROOFING
you are looking at tubes, a tube with a smaller
diameter will produce a greater rise. When As previously mentioned, there is not one material
selecting granular materials for drainage, larger that is suitable for every situation, so the selection
spaces between the aggregate will reduce the of a suitable waterproofing system should be
potential for capillary rise, but will also allow dependent on the requirements of the project.
water to drain freely through those spaces. Some common characteristics that should be
Coating
Coating
Water Vapor considered are: that the system be effective
Moisture can also enter a structure in its gaseous against moisture intrusion, both liquid water Water Pressure Water Pressure
formwater vapor. Being a gas, water vapor will and water vapor.; it needs to be continuous
move from an area of high pressure to low pres- as water will find a way in if there are
sure as a result of a difference in vapor pressure, inconsistencies in the system; and, it needs to
which is dependent on temperature and relative be durable both during and after construction,
humidity. Looking at conditions below grade, and definitely needs to be robust and durable
the diffusion of water vapor is typically from the for the life of the structure. Having a premature
ground into the structure through the concrete failure of a waterproofing system can be Concrete Concrete
slab. Ambient conditions in the ground are catastrophic and costly. Positive Side Waterproofing
approximately 55 degrees Fahrenheit and 100% When considering the selection of a water- Positive side waterproofing is a system that
RH, conditions within a structure will result in a proofing system, resistance to hydrostatic is applied to the exterior (or wet) side of the
lower vapor pressure, and since concrete is not pressure, capillary action, and vapor pressure concrete. This is currently the most predominant
a good vapor barrier, this water vapor readily should be considered. It is necessary to type of waterproofing and includes all types
passes through the concrete. understand how to protect against these. of commercially available systems; blindside,
systems can be applied on the positive side a. Product is mixed up and surface b. Added directly to the concrete at the
applied to the concrete ready mix plant
and include sheet membranes, fluid-applied
c. Sprinkled onto a fresh concrete slab d. All of the above
membranes, cementitious waterproofing, and
flexible cementitious coatings. Most of these 6. Which of the following is the most widely used man-made product in the world?
systems also require the use of a protection a. Fiberglass b. Concrete
board to protect it from the backfill placed c. Foam d. Paper
after membrane application. It is important
to check with the manufacturer to determine 7. Which of the following is not a type of moisture that can enter a structure?
this. Alternatively, composite drainage boards a. Liquid water b. Ice
can act as a protection layer of the membrane, c. Water vapor d. None of the above
but will also provide great drainage around
the structure, sometimes negating the use of 8. True or False: When considering a waterproofing system to control liquid penetration, it is important to look at two factors
that allow for the movement of water, hydrostatic pressure, and capillarity.
drainage fill material.
a. True b. False
Negative Side Waterproofing
Negative side waterproofing is applied to the 9.Which of the following materials is one that is totally immune to the passage of a gas under pressure?
interior face, or dry side, of the concrete. Such a. Dampproofing b. Vaporproofing
systems include cementitious coatings and c. Waterproofing d. None of the above
crystalline materials. The key criteria for these
10. When considering the selection of a waterproofing system, which of the following should be considered?
materials are that they are able to withstand
a. Resistance to hydrostatic pressure b. Capillary action
hydrostatic pressure that will be acting on the
c. Vapor pressure d. All of the above
bond of the material. The breathability of
these materials is important to prevent water
vapor issues and debonding of the waterproof-
ing system from the substrate. This can occur
with non-breathable type systems such as SPONSOR INFORMATION
epoxies or urethanes. The primary advantage
of negative side waterproofing is that the area
is fully accessible after installation so defects
or required touch-ups can be repaired with no
surface removal or intrusion to the substrate.
Negative side waterproofing allows the water
W. R. MEADOWS has been helping building owners, designers, and contractors fight off the ravages of moisture
into the substrate, which may be an advantage infiltration for nearly 90 years. W. R. MEADOWS provides a family of moisture protection products designed to work
(curing), but also a disadvantage as there are from the ground up to provide clients with the best available defense against moisture infiltration.
potential issues such as corrosion and deteriora-
tion from freeze-thaw.
Negative side waterproofing systems can
typically be broken down into crystalline water-
proofing and flexible cementitious coatings. This article continues on http://go.hw.net/AR515Course6.
Go online to read the rest of the article and complete the corresponding quiz for credit.
IN LUXURY FENESTRATIONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this article you will be able to:
1. Discuss the main attributes and relevance of
windows in sustainable (green) building design
2. List the critical aesthetic and functional
roles of fenestration in the design of luxury
residential projects
3. Evaluate windows according to the key
performance criteria such as base material,
cladding, and hardware
4. Select a superior window for luxury home
projects that will be long lasting, durable, and
aesthetically pleasing
CONTINUING EDUCATION
CREDIT: 1 HSW/LU
COURSE NUMBER: ARjune2014.2
Use the learning objectives above to focus
your study as you read this article.
Visit http://go.hw.net/AR614Course2 to read more
and complete the quiz for credit.
Windows create a unique opportunity for the architect to create a luxury living space that is both comfortable and energy efficient.
By Andrew Hunt
Luxury homes offer the architect, builder and building goals and also provide the touch of increase comfort, save material costs, create a
buyer a unique opportunity to create dwellings quality and beauty a luxury home requires. more healthful living space and produce a more
that are distinctive, comfortable and aesthetically durable building. The positive qualities of sustain-
pleasing. Increasingly, sustainable design is WINDOWS AND GREEN BUILDING able or green building make it especially attractive
becoming more important to luxury home owners. Concerns about climate change, rising energy in the luxury home market where homes are often
Opulence does not need to be wasteful of natural costs, and a general trend towards environmental built in unique and environmentally attractive or
resources. Even large floor plans can prove to be responsibility have created a homebuilding sensitive areas.
conservation-minded if the architect, builder and market where sustainable goals are increasingly Sustainability and green building design are not
homeowner decide to pursue a green route. important to both buyer and builder. new concepts in the practice of architecture.
Designing a luxury home that is environmentally A report from the U.S. Department of Energy The principles have existed for decades. There
responsible must take into account many (DOE) shows that residential buildings consume have always been designs that take advantage
aspects of the building process including 22 percent of all the energy used in the United of natural systems, from tepees to the Capitol
design, construction practices, air sealing and States annually. In addition to this, according to Building, but the materials and forms were
insulation, and material selection. Windows the USGBC (United States Green Building Council) not technically advanced. Today, construction
sit at the crossroads of sustainable material buildings in the United States account for 39 materials and building science technologies have
selection and luxury design. The right window percent of total carbon dioxide emissions. Beyond evolved enough that they can support sustainable
can reduce energy use, contribute to green energy conservation, sustainable design can also building goals, and windows are no exception.
GREEN BUILDING AND BEYOND Energy Star Canada and the USA. The organization offers
a Hallmark Certification program to ensure
Energy Star is a joint program of the U.S.
that fenestration products are manufactured in
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) DOE
accordance to their standards. In addition, they
designed to help save money and protect the
develop industry standards and test methods,
environment through energy efficient products
certify products to industry standards.
and practices.
As a trade organization WDMA represents the
Energy Star qualified windows have met a
industry before building code and regulatory
series of energy efficiency guidelines set by
bodies, conducts research and collects data on
the EPA and the DOE. It does not measure/
the fenestration industry, provides educational
evaluate materials or their sources.
programs and training for members, and serves
National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) as an information clearinghouse for specifies,
architects, builders, contractors and consumers.
As a non-profit organization, the NFRC
administers a uniform, independent rating and The Sustainable Forestry Initiative
labelling system for the energy performance
Green building programs can support and architects goal of creating a Founded by the American Forest & Paper
of windows, doors, skylights, and attachment
sustainable design while also satisfying the aesthetic needs of the project. Association in 1994, the Sustainable Forestry
products. Their goal is to provide fair, accurate,
Green building is a very popular trend today but goes Initiative (SFI) was originally designed as a code
and reliable energy performance ratings so that
beyond simply improving insulation and recycling of conduct for the forest products industry in
construction waste. Today green building also takes into architects, builders, code officials, contractors
the United States, the SFI program has become
account many other more subtle metrics. Here are a few and homeowners can compare different
one of the worlds largest sustainable forestry
of the important ones to consider: products and make informed product choices.
and certification programs.
Embodied Energy (EE): the quantity of energy required
to manufacture and supply (to the point of use), a Ratings provided by the NFRC also help building
In 2007, a new, fully independent organization,
product, material, or service. officials, state government employees, and others
the Sustainable Forestry Initiative, Inc. was cre-
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): the total environmental involved in code development and enforcement
ated to direct all elements of the SFI program.
impact of a material or product through every step of to determine if products meet local codes. The
its lifefrom the raw material extraction, to transport,
They developed a comprehensive third-party
NFRC is also one of the industry standard rating
manufacturing, assembly, installation, use in a building, certification procedure for participants to
organizations that help manufacturers have a
and finally through its disassembly, deconstruction document and communicate their compliance
and/or decomposition. This term is also known as a fair and level playing field to compare products
with the SFI Standard.
cradle-to-grave analysis. and an accurate method of showing the energy
benefits of new designs or technology. To be certified, an applicant must undergo
a review of its operations by an audit firm
Windows have evolved from single-pane light American Architectural Manufacturers
accredited by an independent body, such as the
sources to the high tech fenestrations now Association (AAMA)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
recognized as an integral part of the green built or the Standards Council of Canada. Auditors
The AAMA is a material-neutral organization,
environment. Modern windows have the ability must meet educational and professional criteria
comprised of members from window, door,
to lower energy bills by reducing, or allowing, established by SFI, Inc.
and skylight manufacturers, component and
solar gain, depending on the climate zone.
supply manufacturers, and service and con-
Understanding the main attributes of windows Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
sulting companies. Established in 1936, AAMA
and how these characteristics apply to green The FSC is an international not-for-profit
represents all sizes of companies, from all
or sustainable building goals is an important membership-based organization that accredits
across the USA and internationally. Addressing
first step in matching the right window with a certification organizations (such as Rainforest
issues of critical importance to its members, it
luxury home. AllianceSmartWood) in order to guarantee
provides a forum for sharing experiences and
As popular as green building is, it remains knowledge, while participating in efforts to the authenticity of their claims. Their goal is to
subjective. Identifying processes and products shape the future for its members. promote environmentally responsible, socially
that are green is an extremely difficult task. beneficial, and economically viable manage-
AAMA is a primary source for performance
It is not always scientific and there may not ment of the worlds forests by establishing
standards, product certification and
be a definite yes or no answer. The answer is a worldwide standard of recognized and
educational programs for the window, door
often relative. However, there are a number of respected Principles of Forest Stewardship.
and skylight industry. AAMA proactively and
programs and organizations available to assist Founded in the early 1990s, FSC was created
effectively influences codes, construction and
with assessments. When it comes to windows, to change the dialogue about the practice of
specification issues.
being able to identify a high-quality product sustainable forestry worldwide. The FSC standards
that will satisfy sustainability, comfort, and Window and Door Manufacturers
represent the worlds strongest system for guiding
luxury aesthetic goals is critical. The following Association (WDMA)
forest management toward sustainable outcomes.
are some of the more common programs
WDMA is a trade association for the window,
and organizations that help define green or In addition to these specific product certification
door and skylight industry with members in
sustainable building products and practices. programs, there are several green building
programs that can validate the overall design The second evaluation of energy efficiency for
and construction of the building. These windows is how well the product performs at
programs can be especially helpful when blocking solar radiation, or sunshine, from pass-
selecting windows as they can suggest ing through the glazing. This rating is called the
attributes or certifications a window must have solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC). The SHGCis
to be considered part of an overall sustainable the amount of solar radiation admitted through
design package. a window, door, or skylighteither transmitted
directly and/or absorbed, and subsequently
The following are a few of the more recognized
released as heat inside a home. The lower a
green building programs available today for
products SHGC, the less solar heat it transmits
sustainable design for residential homes.
and the greater its shading ability. A product
NAHBs Model Green Home with a high SHGC rating is more effective at
Building Guidelines collecting solar heat during the winter. A product
with a low SHGC rating is more effective at
The National Association of Home Builders While some green building programs focus strictly on commercial reducing cooling loads during the summer by
designed the program as a tool kit for individual buildings, more opportunities are being created for residential
sustainable project.
blocking heat gain from the sun.
builders looking to engage in green building
practices. It also aims to assist homebuilder HOW WINDOWS CAN BE ENERGY EFFICIENT The third rating to consider when evaluating a
associations looking to launch their own local window for energy efficiency is the air leakage
green building programs. Windows impact the energy efficiency of the rating. This is the rate of air movement around
house by reducing the heat transfer from a window, door, or skylight in the presence
The Model Green Home Building Guidelines the outside environment to the inside of the of a specific pressure difference across it. It is
are for the mainstream homebuilder and is home. To determine how well a window expressed in units of cubic feet per minute per
designed to systematize green design and the operates at reducing heat transfer, there are square foot of frame area (cfm/ft2). A product
construction process. The program highlights three factors that can be evaluated: direct heat with a low air leakage rating is tighter than one
the methods a mainstream homebuilder can transfer, solar gain, and air tightness. with a high air leakage rating.
effectively include to introduce environmental
solutions into new homes. To evaluate the direct heat transfer of a window These three primary energy efficiency ratings can
is to determine how well a window blocks heat be found on the NFRC label attached to the win-
Leadership in Energy and from directly conducting through the unit. To dow, although the reference to the air leakage is
Environmental Design (LEED) measure this, windows are given a U-factor. optional in many regions. For windows, Energy
LEED Green Building Rating System is the U-factor is the rate at which a window, door, Star bases its qualification only on U-factor and
nationally accepted benchmark for the design, or skylight conducts non-solar heat flow. It is solar heat gain coefficient ratings.
construction, and operation of high-perfor- usually expressed in units of BTU/hr-ft2-oF. For
windows, skylights, and glass doors, a U-factor Historically, single pane windows did very little
mance green buildings. LEED provides building
may refer to just the glass or glazing alone. NFRC to reduce the amount of energy that passed
owners and operators with the tools they need
U-factor ratings, however, represent the entire between the outside environment and the
to have an immediate and measurable impact
window performance, including frame and inside of the home. Glass by itself is highly
on their buildings performance. It promotes
spacer material. The lower the U-factor, the more conductive, so to improve energy efficiency a
a whole-building approach to sustainability by
energy-efficient the window, door, or skylight. second and then third pane of glass was added
recognizing performance in five key areas of
to the window frame. The spaces between the
human and environmental health: sustainable
panes greatly reduce heat transfer and are filled
site development, water savings, energy
with argon or a similar inert gas with a low heat
efficiency, materials selection and indoor
transfer property. The gas works to both reduce
environmental quality.
heat transfer and also eliminate fogging from
In the United States, LEED is administered humidity between the panes.
by the U.S. Green Building Council; in
The other aspect of energy efficiency in
Canada, it is operated by the Canada Green
windows is the coating put on the glass panes.
Building Council.
Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings on glazing or
While these certifications and programs can glass control heat transfer through windows
help point the architect toward a window with insulated glazing. A low-e coating is a
that can satisfy sustainable design goals, it microscopically thin, virtually invisible metal or
is important to understand the basic criteria metallic oxide layer deposited directly onto the
that these programs use to evaluate windows. surface of one or more of the panes of glass.
There are two general areas to be familiar The low-e coating lowers the U-factor of the
with when evaluating the sustainable aspects window. Different types of low-e coatings have
of a window, energy efficiency and what the been designed to allow for high solar gain,
materials used to produce the window. moderate solar gain, or low solar gain.
QUIZ
1. Which of the following is not a benefit of sustainable design in luxury home building?
a. Improved energy efficiency b. A more healthful living environment
c. Improved home security d. Increased durability
5. Which of the following should be considered as part of the life cycle analysis of a window?
a. Initial cost of the product b. How easy the product can be recycled at the end of
its functional lifespan
Windows manufactured with low-e coatings
c. Weight and shipping costs d. The value, in dollars, of the potential energy savings
typically cost about 10% to 15% more than
regular windows, but they may reduce energy 6. What are some of the primary benefits of daylighting as an architectural design element?
loss by as much as 30% to 50%. This signifi- a. Improved mood for the occupants b. Increased resell value
cant reduction in energy loss can be especially c. Reduce energy use through temperature d. Improved line of sight for occupants
advantageous for luxury homes, which are regulation and artificial light use
generally larger and have more windows than
traditional homes. 7. What is the base material of a window?
a. The glass or glazing type b. The type of primer paint used
A final consideration when evaluating
c. The exterior of the bottom sill d. The material the frame is made from
low-e windows for luxury homes is the UV,
or ultraviolet, protection the window coatings
8. What are some of the attributes of a high quality window base material?
offer. Blocking UV light is important because
a. Moisture resistant and dense grain b. Sustainable forest certified
it can protect furniture, art, carpet and dcor
c. Natural smell and pleasing grain tone or color d. Low VOC
from the fading effects of UV exposure.
Low-e windows can block over 70 percent of
9. From a quality standpoint, which of the following describe the benefits of extruded aluminum when compared
the UV light coming into the house through to roll-formed aluminum?
the window. a. Extruded aluminum can withstand b. Extruded aluminum can be shaped for more intricate
greater impact without sustaining damage profile details
c. Provides a more uniform base for high d. All of the above
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while workers in the foreground immediately belie Aires (195966), which includes sketches and a giant
that reading. (MoMA also sponsored an Instameet, cutaway modelone of several new models made
which prompted Instagram users to upload more than and installed at eye height so that you can mentally
17,700 present-day images of the featured projects; enter the building. A 1965 photo by Manuel Gomez
search the hashtag #arquimoma.) Piiero reveals an interior scale similar to that of the
128
(later) Ford Foundation by Roche Dinkeloo, which 196768 headquarters for the Corporacion Venezolana
also features an internal space with a set of stacked, Electrificacin del Caron, with its stacked structure
shelf-like faades. and gridded outrigger sunshades of brick and steel, I
cant help thinking of Eero Saarinens 1964 Deere &
An Institutional Mea Culpa Co. headquarters in Moline, Ill., with the same (minus
The exhibit was organized by Barry Bergdoll, former the brick). Did both architects visit Katsura?
chief curator of the Department of Architecture & Alvar Aalto is mentioned on the label for the
Design; curatorial assistant Patricio del Real; Jorge beautifully planned Residential El Polo complex
Francisco Liernur from the Universidad Torcuato di in Bogot (195962) by Rogelio Salmona and
Tella, Buenos Aires; and Carlos Eduardo Comas of Guillermo Bermdez. But hes not mentioned in the
the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto text accompanying the two spectacular churches by
Alegre, Brazil. In an interview with Metropolis, Bergdoll Uruguyan engineer and architect Eladio Dieste, which,
discussed the show as a personal and institutional mea in their handling of brick, light, and curves, suggest
culpa. The last time MoMA surveyed Latin American a kinship with the Finnish architect (though Diestes
modern design was 1955, with the photographically engineering was likely more advanced).
driven Latin American Architecture Since 1945.
The 1955 exhibit, as well as the 1943 MoMA show What Moderno Gets Right
Brazil Builds, were both significant. But to frame For a sense of whats missing, head up Park Avenue
the current exhibit within the context of MoMAs 15 blocks to the Americas Society. There, guest curators
own institutional history seems to repeat the very Maria Cecilia Loschiavo dos Santos, Ana Elena Mallet,
and Jorge F. Rivas Prez have organized the small
Bergdoll spoke, at the press preview, of but exquisite Moderno: Design for Living in Brazil,
recognizing Latin American architecture Mexico, and Venezuela, 19401978 (until May 16)
around the question of the domestic landscape. A few
as the great conversationalist that it was. designers overlap between the two shows. Theres the
But as I went through the exhibit, I felt Bahia chair and a wall-size image of the Glass House
by Bo Bardi, another chair by the great Mexican
that it failed to inspire those conversations. architect Pedro Ramrez Vzquez, and the Mexican
entry from MoMAs epochal 1940 Organic Design in
error that this exhibit seeks belatedly to correct. The Home Furnishings competition: the webbed Scorpion
museums research and scholarship matter, of course, chaise by Michael Van Beuren, Klaus Grabe, and
but the work featured here is already influential Morley Webb.
and significant on its own. It doesnt need MoMAs The chaise and the drawings from the societys
imprint to somehow validate it. archives underscore the point that modernist ideas
Bergdoll spoke, at the press preview, of happened in many places at once: Bruno Mathsson
recognizing Latin American architecture as the in Sweden and Danish Jens Risom in New York
great conversationalist that it was. But as I went also explored combinations of webbing and wood
through the exhibit, I felt that it failed to inspire for seating during this era. Moreover, the wall text
those conversations, whether about the synthesis discusses designers like Van Beuren and Cynthia
of the arts mentioned in the campus projects, or Sargent (one of a handful of women in Moderno)
dialogues between individual architects, or how the who came from North America to Latin America and
political systems in that timeline on the wall shaped stayed. (Van Beuren also trained at the Bauhaus.)
the architecture. The show could do more to integrate Sargents wall-size Scarlatti rug, in pink and orange
these monuments into an international narrative, and yellow, provided the hit of graphic color that I
regionally and globally, and tease out the connections associate with Latin American architecture, and which,
between people, buildings, and the arts. on the whole, seems lacking in the MoMA exhibit.
Those connections dont have to be formulated In another welcome turn, Moderno calls out
(as they have often been in the past) as the north more of the contemporary crosscurrents between
influencing the south: You can make a network nations. In its attempt to avoid comparisons, the
chart without directional arrows. At times it felt like MoMA curators screened out most North American
the wall labels were trying so hard not to suggest and European architects who built in Latin America
influence as to leave visitors without any interpretive during this era, and relegated work by Latin American
framework at all. When I see Jess Tenreiro Degwitzs architects outside of their country of origin to a
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separate export section. This creates a motley array Kahns Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., by Barragn,
of projects in the MoMA exhibitions final hallway, a consultant on the project. A spectacular model
including pavilions for expos in Milan, Montreal, for the 1968 Mexican pavilion in Milan by architect
and Osaka, designs for major buildings in Spain, Eduardo Terrazas distills the design for the Olympic
and a rough sketch for the central plaza at Louis games (here credited to Terrazas, Ramrez Vzquez,
Brit Beatrice Trueblood, and
American Lance Wyman) into an
approximately 4-foot by 2-foot
lidded box, like the most fabulous
dollhouse in the world. But why no
other images from the actual games,
and why not put this artifact over
near the stadiums section?
Theres also the question of
the numerous modern architects,
Bo Bardi and Villanueva among
them, who were born abroad but
moved to Latin America. Without
resuming the tired narrative of Le
Corbusier bringing Modernism to
this part of the world, it still seems
possible to talk about who came
from where and studied or worked
with whom.
Its difficult to address these
matters in an exhibition, but I
still think the curators of Latin
America in Construction could
have offered more guidance about
the superlative artifacts assembled.
I came away from the galleries
overwhelmed by what I didnt
know, but very excited to plan
my next trip south.
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data room) will not be air-conditioned. This is a supplying night-cooled air via the floor plenum, and
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Its hard to believe that the Salk Institute is nearly a life cycle of a traditional buildingthose made out of
half-century old. Louis Kahns masterpiece, perched brick, stone, and timberis 60 years before the first
on Pacific bluffs in La Jolla, Calif., has always had a minor repair (restoring interior finishes, for instance),
conflicted relationship with time. Critic Esther McCoy, and 120 years for the first major repair (such as fixing
in a 1967 issue of Architectural Forum, wrote that Kahn damage to structural members). Modernist structures,
has said that he builds for today, not the future, but Dr. by contrast, have an accelerated cycletwice as fast,
[Jonas] Salk maintains that in the laboratory building according to Macdonald. Which means that as many
the future was built into today. postwar buildings have started needing major work,
The Salk Institute might be enduring in its they havent had conservation plans in place. By
design. But even icons age. Today, the landmark needs the time we got to the 2000s, these buildings from
significant work on its concrete and glass faade, as the 50s and 60s were up for their first major repair,
well a plan for maintaining the limestone courtyard. Macdonald says. Right now a lot of these buildings
Kahn couldnt have predicted that fungus spores would are at the moment in their life cycle where they
drift on marine air from nearby eucalyptus trees and need attention and repair. And were having trouble
take root on the building, discoloring and eroding the knowing how to conserve them.
teak window screens. As a key first step, this spring the Getty announced
Which is why the Salk teamed up with the Getty the launch of HistoricPlacesLA.org, an online
Conservation Institute (GCI) to develop a long- inventory and map of notable sites that was developed
term preservation strategy for the site. Based on a over a decade in partnership with the city of Los
condition survey, historical research at the Kahn Angeles. It includes pre-1900 architecture in addition
archives in Philadelphia, DNA testing, and surface to modernist landmarks, historic districts and sites
treatment analysis on the buildings faade, CGI of cultural or social importance, and even features
came up with a conservation methodology. The Salk infrastructure: bridges, parks, and streetscapes.
Institute Conservation Project, as its called, is a model GCI is not an advocacy group. Macdonald
field study within the Gettys Conserving Modern considers the survey of 880,000 parcels of land for
Architecture Initiative (CMAI). the website project a critical first step in identifying
the citys heritage. But as for lobbying and public
awareness, CGI will leave that to organizations such
as Docomomo International, the nonprofit watchdog
for the worldwide preservation of modern architecture,
or the Los Angeles Conservancy, one of the oldest
nonprofits protecting 20th-century architecture.
Still, by advancing the knowledge of how to
preserve modernist buildings, CMAI may be able to
sway debates about at-risk sites. As weve recently
seen with Brutalist architectureconsider Paul
Rudolphs threatened concrete-and-glass Orange
County Government Center in Goshen, N.Y., or John
Johansens demolished 1967 Morris A. Mechanic
Theatre in Baltimorea buildings neglected
The Salk Institute condition is often used as justification for razing and
redevelopment. When the fate of the Mechanic was still
uncertain, Kirby Fowler, president of the Downtown
CMAIs goal is both ambitious and far-reaching: Partnership in Baltimore, underscored the preservation
to ensure the survival of our modernist heritage, both challenges and offered them as reasons for demolition.
here and abroad. In addition to model field projects, The theater, he wrote in a statement to Architect
the initiative hosts professional training programs magazine in 2012, is an obsolete and failing structure
for conservators and architects, conducts scientific that has been a blight on the community.
research on materials-based conservation, stages public
lectures and workshops, and will eventually publish a Form Follows Function as a Curse
Helen Cook
icynene.com/whyproseal
154
THE PROJECT
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Panelized systems designed for pre-
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questions about authenticity,
temporality, and reconstruction.
In a position paper presented at
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project manager Kyle Normandin
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To view the case craftsperson?
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project architects for the initial phase of the work Eames House was the first of CMAIs field projects;
on the Eames House Conservation Project, their the Salk Institute is its second.)
wide-ranging practice encompasses everything from The firms investigations in art informed its work
contemporary art to working on classic houses by L.A. on the 1949 landmark, which Charles and Ray Eames
masters like John Lautner and Quincy A. Jones. (The designed for themselves in Pacific Palisades, Calif.
Escher GuneWardena approached
the conservation of the residence
like the restoration of a painting:
meticulous in the effort not to
erase history. All of the traces
that we discovered in the Eames
House during early investigations
the cracks in painted surfaces,
mechanical abrasions on the wood,
or discolorations or stains in the
woodthese to us were something
that we felt was absolutely
necessary to preserve, says Escher.
They are part of the buildings
history and create a very particular
Natural Endurance. atmosphere. We have always felt
and this began before the Eames
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165
EisEnman: DaniEl shEa
Ehrlich Architects: Steven Ehrlich, Takashi Yanai, Mathew Chaney, Patricia Rhee Peter Eisenman
166
Edward Mazria Rural Studio: Andrew Freear Thomas Lollini Thomas Luebke
167
Justin Crane
Elizabeth Whittaker
Stephen Francis Gray
Mary Hale
Mazria: Michael clark; Freear: rob culpepper;
luebke: eli Meir kaplan
168
AIA Honor Awards Thomas Jefferson Awards for research grant. ArchItect profiled the
Public Architecture Arid Lands Institute in December 2013.
Thomas E. Lollini, FAIA
Lollini has made significant contributions Associates Award
to the campus designs of both the Stephen Francis Gray, Assoc. AIA
University of California, Berkeley, and Gray is a Boston-based senior associate
the University of California, Merced. at Sasaki Associates and an associate
Hired in 2006 at Merced, he developed director on the Boston Society of
the Triple Zero Commitment plan, which Architects Board of Directors. Currently
pledges that by 2020, the university will a lecturer in urban design at the
achieve net-zero status for energy, waste, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
and emissions. To date, Merced is the Gray previously taught urbanism at
only campus in the world where all the Northeastern University and served as a
buildings are LEED-certified. visiting design critic at several Boston-
Edward C. Kemper Award area architecture and planning schools.
Edward Mazria, AIA Thomas Luebke, FAIA
The Kemper is conferred by the AIA board For the past decade, Luebke has served Mary E. Hale, Assoc. AIA
of directors on an architect member for as the secretary of the U.S. Commission Hale, a Boston-based designer at Shepley
contributions to the profession through of Fine Arts in Washington, D.C. An Bulfinch, is also a faculty member at the
service to the Institute. During a 40-year advocate for historic preservation, he was Boston Architectural College. She is a
career as an author and educator, Mazria instrumental in helping to find a new use former chair of the Boston Society of
has spearheaded innovative research for the historic St. Elizabeths Hospital Architects Common Boston committee,
on how the built environment is affected campus in D.C., which will be the future which organizes New Englands largest
by climate change. He is the founder home of the Department of Homeland free architecture and design festival.
of Architecture 2030, a nonprofit that Security. Before joining the commission, Last year, Hale worked with local
develops planning, policy, and design Luebke worked as a preservation architects to organize a public panel
solutions aimed at creating low-carbon historian for the Alfred Mullettdesigned discussion about Bostons waterfront.
environments. The organizations Old Executive Office Building in D.C., and
2030 Challenge envisions making new he also served as the city architect for Young Architects Award
buildings carbon neutral by 2030. Alexandria, Va. Jos Alvarez, AIA
Alvarez was born in Caracas,
Whitney M. Young Jr. Award The Latrobe Prize Venezuela, and earned his M.Arch.
Rural Studio Arid Lands Institute at Tulane University. A principal at
This award is conferred by the AIA With California in the midst of a Eskew+Dumez+Ripple, where he has
board on an architect or architectural devastating drought, the Arid Lands worked for 17 years, Alvarez serves as
organization that contributes significantly Institute at Woodbury University, in program director of the New Orleans
to contemporary social issues. Auburn Burbank, Calif., has developed a new chapter of the AIA Young Architects
Universitys Rural Studio, located in digital water mapping and modeling Forum and is the president of the award-
Hale County, Ala., was founded in 1993 tool. Called Hazel, it was developed by winning Louisiana chapter of the National
by late architecture professors Samuel the institutes Peter Arnold and Hadley Organization of Minority Architects.
Mockbee and D.K. Ruth. The mission: Arnold; Rowan Roderick-Jones of
to give students hands-on design/ Arups Water Systems Group; Deborah Zachary R. Benedict, AIA
build experience while improving the Weintraub, AIA, the chief deputy city Benedict manages community-based
infrastructure and well-being of the engineer for Los Angeles Bureau of design and research for Ft. Wayne,
underserved local community. Now led Engineering in the Department of Public Ind.based MKM Architecture + Design.
by director Andrew Freear, the studio has Works; and Perkins+Wills Leigh Christy, He has served on the local AIA chapters
built more than 150 projects, including AIA, and John Haymaker, AIA. The project board of directors, where he helped
various iterations of a $20,000 house; aims to create solutions for harvesting establish a partnership with Ball State
recent work includes a new town hall more water locally, by reclaiming Universitys College of Architecture
for Newbern, Ala.; the renovation of a stormwater, recycling wastewater, and Planning in Muncie, Ind. That
storefront into a public library, also in and by designing other conservation partnership has produced more than
Newbern; and a home for a new Boys & techniques. The AIA College of Fellows 120 student projects focused on
Girls Club in Greensboro, Ala. awards the Latrobe, a biennial $100,000 downtown Ft. Wayne.
169
Hafsa Burt, AIA youngest architect in the firms history a project architect at RLF. In 2014, she
In addition to running her San Francisco to be named a design principal. Based in received the AIA Florida Presidents
based firm HB+A Architects, Burt is an HDRs Dallas office, Henry serves as the Award. Talbert is a member of the city of
involved community leader focused on director of communications in his second Winter Park, Fla.s historic preservation
collaborative change. She is a member term as a member of the Dallas AIA board. She earned her M.Arch. from the
of the AIA California Councils Committee chapters board. University of Florida in 2004.
on the Environment and regularly
lectures on topics such as improving Chris Hong, AIA Derek C. Webb, AIA
indoor air quality. She has been Hong joined Honolulu-based Group Webb is a principal at mArchitects in
practicing for 16 years. 70 International as a project architect Houston, where he focuses on civic and
in September 2011 after working as an institutional projects. Webb is currently
Justin Crane, AIA architect at NBBJ. He volunteers with a secretary on AIA Houstons board,
An associate at Cambridge Seven Habitat for Humanity and is on the board which he chaired in 2008. He received
Architects in Cambridge, Mass., Crane of directors at AIA Honolulu, where he co- his M.Arch. and an MBA from Texas Tech
currently serves as president of Learning chairs the Young Architects Forum. University.
by Design in Massachusetts, a program
which focuses on K12 education in James A. Meyer, AIA Elizabeth Whittaker, AIA
architecture. He has also served as Meyer has made a name with his Whittaker is the founding principal of
former chair of the Boston Society advocacy for public design. In addition Merge Architects, in Boston, and an
of Architects Ethics Committee and to founding the nonprofit Studio Main, assistant professor at Harvards Graduate
founded the organizations Common in Little Rock, Ark., Meyer has also been School of Design, where she earned her
Boston Committee, which organizes a key player in the redevelopment of M.Arch. in 1999. She is also a member
New Englands largest free architecture downtown Little Rock. He is involved with of the Boston Society of Architects
and design festival. AIA committees and initiatives at local board of directors, and in 2008 co-
and national levels. founded Young Architects Boston to
Sarah W. Dirsa, AIA facilitate collaboration among emerging
Dirsa, an architect at HOKs St. Ann Sobiech Munson, AIA practitioners.
Louis office, is the firms first social Sobiech Munson is a certified
responsibility chair. She is also the co- construction specifier at Substance Institute Honors for Collaborative
founder of the firms community service Architecture in Des Moines, Iowa, and Achievement
initiative, HOK Impact, and is a member is a founding member of the nonprofit The Lyceum Fellowship
of the team working on the forthcoming Iowa Women in Architecture, which aims Founded in 1985 by Jon McKee, AIA, the
net-zero William Jefferson Clinton to empower womens involvement in Lyceum Fellowship provides travel grants
Childrens Center in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. architecture and design. In November for architecture students. The subject of
Dirsa is the president and a founding 2013, she was elected to the city council this years fellowship is Rejuvenation,
member of community design nonprofit in Slater, Iowa. She has an M.Arch. from which tasks students with adapting
SEED St. Louis. She earned an M.Arch. Iowa State. the Empire State Building to create an
and a masters in urban design from innovative hub for senior living.
Washington University in St. Louis. Adrianne Steichen, AIA
An associate principal at Pyatok Transsolar KlimaEngineering
Andrew Dunlap, AIA Architecture + Urban Design in Oakland, Stuttgart, Germanybased climate
Dunlap is an architect at SmithGroupJJR Calif., Steichens work focuses on both engineer Transsolar KlimaEngineering
in Detroit specializing in building affordable and student housing. She is describes its mission as ensuring the
enclosures and thermal analysis. He a member of the organizing committee highest possible comfort in the built
mentors students through AIA Michigan for the AIA San Franciscos Missing 32% environment, with the lowest possible
and is a member of AIA Detroits Building Symposium. In 2003, she was named impact on the environment. The firms
Enclosure Council. Dunlap earned his the AIA California Councils Associate projects include the SANAA-designed
M.Arch. from the University of Detroit member of the year. She has an M.Arch. Glass Center for the Toledo Museum of
Mercy in 2002. from Tulane University. Art in Ohio and several buildings at Loyola
University Chicago with Chicago-based
James Henry, AIA Rebecca Talbert, AIA Solomon Cordwell Buenz. Transsolar also
After working as the senior healthcare Talbert joined AEC firm Dewberry as an offers climate engineering fellowships
designer at HDR, Henry became the architect last year. Previously, she was through its Transsolar Academy.
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172
Gold Medal:
Moshe Safdie made his name with Habitat 67. But the market
wasnt ready for his pioneering conceptuntil now.
Habitat 67
173
For the expo, Safdie prefabricated 365 modules eventually settled on a larger property between Wall
in a factory and stacked them asymmetrically to and Fulton Streets. The models show a series of crazy
make apartments of different types and sizes, from looking 50-story triangular stacks of prefabricated
600-square-foot one-bedroom to 1,800-square-foot volumes. Safdie compared the structural system to that
four-bedroom units. Each one had a roof garden. Each of a suspension bridge: the modules, instead of fitting
was entered from one of the shared pedestrian streets into a superstructure as they did in Montreal, were to
that ran through the complex. All of the buildings be hung from cables. The complex was also supposed
componentsthe modules, the walkways, the three to include offices, retail, and parking (with a garage
elevator coreswere load-bearing and worked together that was partially underwater).
to form a continuous suspension system. What happened in New York is more or less what
The project, back then, was entirely unexpected. happened everywhere. While innovation was surely
Yes, it was futuristic, but it also possessed a shaggy the raison dtre of Worlds Fairs, the marketplace
humanity that was often missing from visionary had little tolerance for wholesale rule breaking. What
schemes. It was unquestionably modern, but there killed the idea? Id say a combination of economics,
was also something wonderfully primal about it. The resistance, and building codes, Safdie says.
boxes resembled a mound of toy blocks, poised on the There was also the matter of the changing Zeitgeist.
brink of tumbling into the St Lawrence River: a vision Safdies merger of the single-family home and the
as arresting today as it was then. Habitat remains a apartment complex could be read as a last ditch effort
desirable place to live; the apartments shown for sale to buoy the notion of urban living at a moment when
in current real estate listings are uniformly spectacular, affluent North Americans were deserting the city in
and sale prices are in the $400,000 to $500,000 range droves. In the later 1970s, Safdie recalls, there was
for typical two cube apartments, substantially higher such a recession in terms of urban development.
than Montreals average home price, in the low $300s. Aside from one smallish apartment complex in
In 1967, the acclaim was intense, but not universal. Cambridge, Mass., the Esplanade (1989), which had
Edgar Kaufmann Jr. (whose father had commissioned a passing resemblance to Habitat, the architect who
Fallingwater) called it repulsive. Ada Louise radically reinvented urban living stopped designing
Huxtable was moved by the projects boldness. Just residential buildings and instead established a
about every housing and building rule, precedent, reputation for cultural projects, including the National
practice, custom and convention is broken by Habitat, Gallery of Canada in Ottawa (1988) and a series
she wrote in The New York Times. But she reported of Holocaust museum and memorial buildings at
that because the project was such an experiment, Jerusalems Yad Vashem (19872005). You design one
built with untested methods, on an accelerated good museum and one good library, and you start
production schedulein ten months and 21 daysit being stereotyped, Safdie says.
was, in some respects, a failure. It was planned as a
$42-million project of 1,000 units, Huxtable wrote. Only In China
The budget was subsequently cut to $11.5 million. It In this millennium, however, the ideas that were
took $5 million just to develop the manufacturing so exciting to a young Safdielike prefabrication
plant and machinery. With the balance, only 158 units and densityare suddenly fashionable again. Even
could be built. What was meant to be mass produced the aesthetic that emerged from Safdies nonlinear
is virtually handcrafted sample, and costs have soared thinkingthe word he now uses to describe it is
to more than $100,000 a unit. fractalizedhas become stylish; see Bjarke Ingels
No matter. The project was a sensation and 8 House in Copenhagen or West 57th in Manhattan.
developers everywhere commissioned the young So it makes a great deal of sense that now, finally,
architect to design them their own version of Habitat. almost 50 years later, commercial developers are
By 1968, Safdie was working on mountains of modules clamoring to build projects inspired byor, at the
for clients in San Juan, St. Thomas, Jerusalem, and very least, named afterHabitat 67. Predictably, those
New York City. None came to fruition. developers are all in Asia.
Habitat New York is one of those what-if stories. Only in China, quips Safdie principal architect
Carol Haussamen, a real estate heiress with passion Lorenzo Mattii, AIA, about one of the most exuberant
for housing and connections to the late Mayor John Habitat-inspired projects, Golden Dream Bay, a
Lindsay, hired Safdie to design upscale developments beachside development in Qinhuangdao, China,
for two possible sites, both on the East River. The on the Bohai Sea. It was Mattii who spearheaded
initial site was at East 91st Street, but Haussamen a 2008 research project for Safdie Architects that,
175
intentionally or not, resurrected the Habitat brand. It family at home, suggests the sales material. A similar
began innocently enough. Curator Donald Albrecht project is now planned for Colombo, Sri Lanka, and
was organizing an exhibition of Safdies work at two one is also underway in an unannounced location in
museums the architect himself designed: Crystal the Middle East.
Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Ark.
(2011), and Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles I Told You So
(2013). All the models of the original Habitat were The story of Habitat 67, a revolutionary work of
being remade for the exhibition, Safdie recalls. architecture that seemed, for a moment, as if it was
Donald suggested to me that we should conclude the really going to change the world, is almost operatically
exhibition with a rethinking of Habitat. Says Albrecht: sad. It was hurtful, recalls Safdie about the period
My thinking was that since the original Habitat 67 was when all his Habitat commissions fell apart. It was
a futurist proposal, it would be good to have Moshe painful that the idea had not proliferated, as it should
revisit it and its assumptions. have after the public reaction. And then some of
But the curators request wouldnt have carried his more conventional residential projects, like 1987
much weight if it hadnt also been the exact right Columbus Center (on the site where Skidmore, Owings
moment to re-consider the project: With respect & Merrills Timer Warner Center now stands), didnt
to the mass migration of people back into the city, get built. So there were a lot of disappointments.
Mattii says, I thought that it was certainly something Clearly, Habitat 67 failed to change the world.
worth looking at. After studying the original project Instead, over the course of five decades, the world
and sifting through the archival material, which changed on its own. A market opened up in Asia
was housed at McGill, Mattiis team concluded that for gargantuan developments. In my dreams, I
todays Habitat couldnt crack the prefab nut and didnt think of the densities that were building
be in any way affordable. We quickly knew that we today, Safdie says. And Asian clients have embraced
could not do the box architecture, Mattii says. We formal inventions and structural gymnastics beyond
needed to do something that was buildable with your anything that even the most outrageous 1960s thinkers
basic construction techniques. At the same time, it could have imagined. Safdie seems bemused by the
still needed to look like a giant stack of single-family emergence of Habitat as a 21st-century brand, tickled
homes rather than conventional apartments. The goal, by the way the Singapore developer uses photos
according to Mattii became to build densely in a of the original to give his own project a pedigree.
manner that it doesnt look like its built densely. Unexpectedly, this architectural opera has a happy
Currently, Safdies office has two Habitat-inspired ending: It feels very comforting, Safdie says.
projects that are just about done: Golden Dream Bay It seems like, I told you so.
and a Singapore high-rise called Sky Habitat. Both
are intended for a middle-class market and apply the
formal qualities of Habitat to complexes that dwarf the
scale of the original. Golden Dream Bay is a cluster
of 15-story buildings that each has a cascading slope
of terraces along one edge. The buildings are stacked
in a dramatic fashion, so that the complex is actually
30 stories tall. The stacks frame 20-story-tall openings
between buildings that make the developmentin the
photos, at leastappear porous. The design comes
directly from one of the models that Mattiis research
group made for Albrechts exhibition.
The Sky Habitat complex in Singapore is a
bit more conventional, a pair of 38-story towers
connected by three landscaped sky bridges, with
balconies arrayed along the towers angled edges to
create the appearance of cascading terracesor, as
the Safdie website says, fractal geometry surface
patterns. The balconies echo Habitat 67s generous
rooftop gardens. Plan a dinner under the stars, tend
to your very own herb garden and bond with the Sky Habitat in Singapore
178
Tom Bonner
181
331 Foothill Retail and Office Building, Beverly Hills, Calif., 2010
We like to unlock the potential of a site, Ehrlich says. Thats certainly true of this four-story
building, which houses a local television network as well as leasable office space. The overall form, a
classic modern glass box on pilotis, is punctuated with projecting volumes of earth-toned masonry
that harken back to an earlier California vernacular. Steel louvers on the faades of both the office
block and its parking garage hint at a broader set of sustainability strategies, as the architects have
designed 331 Foothill to meet LEED Silver certification requirements.
RMA PhotogRAPhy
182
Lawrence anderson
183
Bill Baker, structural engineering partner, SOM: Baker: We were working around the clock because of
The initial phases of Broadgate were built where the the time difference. At the end of the day, the architects
tracks are kind of on a grid. Then the leftover piece and engineers in Chicago would take a drawing, cut it
was where, when the trains come out of the station, up into rectangles, fax it to London, and then theyd
they start to commingle and merge. Youve got a tape it back together.
very complicated set of tracks coming out of there.
Thats where the Exchange House is. You couldnt Tomlinson: I was leading the project in the London
bring down regular columns and foundations on a office. Getting FedEx packages every morning, it was
regular grid, except on two strips that were 78 meters sort of like Christmas.
[256 feet] apart.
Baker: The construction sequence was a big deal. We
Richard Tomlinson, FAIA, retired partner, SOM: I dont had the steel on temporary supports until we could
want to oversimplify it, but it was one of those things close the arch. The engineers were worried about loads
where the client feltand we felt, even from an urban- jumping around. We jacked up the entire building
design perspectivethat it would be crazy to leave 50 millimeters, to be able to control the unloading of
a hole in the site in that location. The client said, the temporary shores. Then we put the building back
Isnt there any way we can put a building there? down again.
and we said, Sure.
The design, thats all Bruce Graham [who died in Tomlinson: The public realm at Broadgate is
2010]. It was his vision to span the tracks and to make extremely important. The plaza covers all the tracks;
a bridge a building, and a building a bridge. the building only spans them. Its a great plaza.
Hundreds of people gather there in decent weather.
Baker: If you took this building and hung it as a series I visited a week and a half ago; it doesnt look
of weights, it would drape to exactly this curve. We 25 years old.
built, essentially, the natural shape of the structure.
And because of that it was very economical. It wasnt Lipton: It looks almost new today. The finishes of the
a bunch of hairy transfers and trusses and girders, but building have lasted well. The faade looks terrific.
these very simple arches. It looks good because they knew how to design it.
When I first started to do the details, I tended to
use a machine aesthetic. Bruce said no, noit should
be a structural aesthetic, a bridge aesthetic. There are These interviews have been edited and condensed.
no fancy, machine-like connections.
Topaz Medallion:
Peter Eisenmans students recount the indelible influence
of his teachingsand his teaching style.
In a career that has spanned six decades, Peter Daniel Libeskind, AIA: He was one of the seminal
Eisenman, FAIA, has been many thingsauthor, teachers at Cooper when I was a student there [in the
critic, designer, gadfly. Hes also been one of the 1970s], and he had a tremendous impact not only on
great teachers of our time, which has earned him this me but on the school. He had an intellectual rigor
years AIA/ACSA Topaz Medallion for Excellence in and tenacity of mind that showed him to be a kind of
Architectural Education. ArchItect tracked down an educational genius. When Chomsky first emerged,
some of Eisenmans former students to get their take he was a Chomskian; when Derrida appeared, he
on his influence, both on their own work and on the embraced Derrida; he always moved ahead with trends
field at large. but always developed his own thinking as well.
theoretical, critical, formal, and ethical one. It was a most interesting course. One day, Peter interrupted
polemical place, but also open, a major instrument in class to tell me that my questions were stupid, that I
furthering architecture as a cultural practice. was not to speak again until the end of the semester,
and that my drawings should be doing the talking.
Harrison Fraker, assoc. aIa, 2014 Topaz recipient: I met Several of my classmates came up to me after, surprised
Peter in 1963, during my senior year at Princeton. He that I hadnt run out of the classroom crying. But I
was our studio teacher, and he came bouncing in was practically beaming. Peter freaking Eisenman had
smoking this little corncob pipe. What was fascinating taken time during a lecture to publicly challenge me. In
was the contrast between his tweedy personality and my memory this is a special moment, not only because
the fact that he was tough as nails. Over his career Peter took the bait and decided to challenge me back,
Peter has been both the conscience of architecture and but also because it changed the way I approached my
one of its most bad-boy provocateurs. For me, hes work. Until then, I had always used words to express
always represented that youre not making architecture my ideas. Staying silent was not easy. Learning to
if you dont have some generative idea about whats produce work that spoke for itself was harder.
driving your formal propositions. Many of us admire
and respect him for that, but we have also shaped our Alan Balfour, 2010 Topaz recipient: Eisenmans true
careers as a critique of many of his ideas. When I got character became clear very early in my time at
the Topaz last year, I said that my whole career has Princeton when he wore a large Goldwater for
been about trying to reconcile the very complicated President button around the studios in 64, infuriating
relationship between form and performance, especially all us liberals. It was only later that we realized that
environmental performance. That mission emerged was his intentionprovocation. He remains the great
both as a result of, and as a reaction, to Peters position. and perhaps the only true iconoclast in our discipline
unrivaled, unrepentant. And that is his gift to me and
Palmyra Geraki, aIa: The moment I stepped into his to countless others. No other figure in the last half of
first-semester core lecture course [in Yale Universitys the 20th century has so brilliantly and intelligently
undergraduate architecture program in the late 2000s], produced a systematic, disciplined critique of the
I immediately understood that Peters was by far my given traditions and values of architecture.
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222
Pterodactyl
Culver City, Calif.
Eric Owen Moss Architects
223
For decades, your conquest of the Hayden Tract I think a building like that lends itself to a different
in Culver City has been happening in pieces. Is sociologyit works. It seems odd that we would be
Pterodactyla rooftop additionthe final piece? involved in a discussion about how something works.
Eric Owen Moss, FAIA: Like a city, the Hayden Tract Its considered banal and prosaic. But actually, its
projects didnt really have a beginning or middle, very appealing to go in there and to see it. I think the
and dont really have an end. There are several other configuration of the building facilitates the energy and
projects underway or planned in the area. enthusiasm of the people who inhabit it.
It was done, initially, in a very piecemeal way.
Pterodactyl creates a sense of unity in five pieces, Speaking of banality, in some ways this is a conventional
though it is deceptive. You enter under the Stealth composition, with a forecourt, an entrance emphasized
(2001) and there are buildings called Slash and by symmetrical parking ramps, and then, above that, an
Backslash (1999), the Umbrella (1999), and then this honorific element which looks like a pediment turned
one, which is really just a garage, built in 2001, 2002, upside down and fractured. A modern-day temple front.
with the intention of finishing it later. Pterodactyl was It depends whether you believe that the world keeps
the most difficult: Its the most technically complicated, getting different or that the world recycles. I saw it
and we had to wait for the rents to rise enough for it to more like the mouth of the lion or the tigertheres a
make sense from a development standpoint. piece hanging over you, which is showering you with
flowers or could be a guillotine. You could probably
This is the first area along the Hayden Tract that make a case that both ideas have some truth to them.
feels like you are creating a campus with exterior This building is complex because of the aggregate
relationships between buildings. of simple components. The trick is how you put them
Its not Harvard Yard. Its a little bit rougher. But I together. For example, the western side of the building
was in the Pterodactyl at 9:00 on a Friday night, and is, by intention, pulled past the edge of the garage to
the place was packed. The tenant is a media company, obviate the scale of the garage and to minimize the
and there were men and women with their children, automobiles context.
dogs, theres a bar with beer on tap, ping-pong, and
theyre going like hell. They were working on a water It only gives you fragments that let you imagine the
conservation advertising campaign with all of these larger volume, so there is complexity in the reading of it.
so-called Millennials piled into every nook and cranny The technical pieces that make each box are, as a
of the place, and its terrific. theoretical proposition, straightforward elements that
For years, the discussion about Culver City has are used in many buildings with predictable results.
been: You invent it, its nowhere, nobody cares. But But here were using something that is understood
over time, people started to understand it as a venue as a form in a predictable way and producing a very
for media, advertising, the arts. Theres a sense here different anomalous spatial result while producing an
that creativity is more important than pushing paper, operationally simple and intelligible interior. So its
and all of that integrates with the architecture. The simple, and then it isnt, and then it is.
workplace begins to relate the different components to
each other across the outdoor spacea piazza if you There is a moment inside where an I-beam jams into a
dont want to call it a campus. corner, then flips up and asserts itself into the middle of
the workspace. Can we intuit some relationship between
Workplaces have changed radically. Creativity becomes that instance and the chaotic order of the Hayden Tract?
integrated with the architecture. Youve been doing that I dont think its chaotic. If youre a little bit patient,
for a long time, but have you made it more visible here? there is a sense of how this got to be what it is. I could
I think whats appealing for me is the evolution of the go through and say this piece belongs to that, this is
workplaceit has to do with technology, the size of made out of plastic because of this but I think that
spaces that people need, and the fact that they move kind of logic belongs in an auditorium lecture. I think
around. In Pterodactyl, the ground floor is pretty much it narrows the prospect for architecture.
an open plan. The second is broken down into nine This is a discussion about culture, about how ideas
boxes that are more privatized and have their own move, about how architecture can either facilitate
personalities. Theres another piece, which is harder to content because the client says it has to be that way, or
read in the drawings but very readily understood when it can interrogate it in some way. This building is both
youre in the building itself, which is a bridge that an interrogator and a facilitator of content because it
allows you to walk the length of the building. has to be used. One doesnt have to preclude the other.
225
4
6 6
Ground-Level Plan
6 5
4 0 5 10
n
2 0 5
0 10
10 20
Site Plan
NATIONAL
EFER
SCHA
12 11
1. Lobby 10
2. Stair from parking below
3. Open office 9 8
4. Conference
5. Caf
6. Private office
7. Entry from surface parking STELLER
8. Pterodactyl
9. Umbrella
10. Slash
N
JEFFERSO
11. Backslash n
The east faade rises from the roof of the garage and is clad in Rheinzink sheet metal panels and PPG Solarban 70XL glazing.
Opposite: A stair projects from the west faade, offering access to offices and partly obscuring the existing parking garage.
Above: A caf at the southern end of the building opens onto the garage roof; the sloped metal volume at right is one of two
enclosed staircases (one at either end of the new structure) that offer access to the upper office floor.
230
Project Credits
Project: Pterodactyl, Culver City, Calif. Mechanical Engineer: Fruchtman &
Above: A passageway runs the length Client: Frederick and Laurie Samitaur Smith Associates
of both floors; on the lower office level, Architect: Eric Owen Moss Architects, Structural Engineer: Nast Enterprises .
Culver City, Calif. . Eric Owen Moss, FAIA Hooman Nastarin
a glass-walled conference room opens (principal); Dolan Daggett, Raul Garcia, Electrical Engineer: Silver, Roth &
onto the entry plaza. Zarmine Nigohos, Kyoung Kim, Vanessa Associates
Jauregui, Karen Shueh, Scott Nakao, John General Contractor: Samitaur Constructs .
Bencher, Eugene Glekel, Yi-Hsiu Yeh, Peter Brown, Tim Brown, Bo Brown
Opposite: The more fragmented floor Corinna Gebert, Holly Deichmann Furniture/Accessories: Gensler
plate of the upper office level offers the (project team) Size: 16,663 gross square feet
opportunity for double-height spaces. Cost: Withheld
231
232
Third-Floor Plan
9
Civil and human rights are immense, and immensely 12
important, topicsfar too much for one organization, 9
let alone one building, to encompass. Which is why
the National Center for Civil and Human Rights 10
11
11
focuses on the understanding and exploration of the
individuals role in civil and human rights, says CEO
Doug Shipman. Were not trying to embody every
moment or issue, but to tell the stories of individual
people who have been involved in these movements,
so that visitors can understand their perspective and
Second-Floor Plan
be inspired by their story. Which is why, he says, the
intimate scale and spirit of the building designed for
the institution was of paramount importance. 9
Enter Phil Freelon, FAIA, then of the Freelon Group 9
(his firm has since joined Perkins+Will). The team of
Freelon Group and HOK won a 2008 competition for
8
the center in part because of their conceit of a curved
building representing interlocking armsa symbol
7
of unity and solidarity. We believe that architectural
design, when appropriate, should be representative of
the mission of the institution, Freelon says. 6
really hit me. This is the first time its been personal. 12. Offices 0 20 40
237
Project Credits
Project: National Center for Civil and Structural Engineer: Walter P Moore and
Human Rights, Atlanta Sykes Engineering
Client: National Center for Civil and Civil Engineer: Long Engineering
Human Rights M/P Engineer: Newcomb & Boyd
Project Manager: Gude Management Group Electrical: Davis Pullen Engineers
in partnership with Cousins Properties Contractor: H.J. Russell & Co., C.D. Moody
Design Architect: The Freelon Group, Construction and Holder Construction,
Atlanta . Phil Freelon, FAIA (design architect) Joint Venture
Architect of Record: HOK, Atlanta Cost Estimator: Cost Plus
Landscape: HOK Exhibit Design: Rockwell Group
Plaza Sculpture: Larry Kirkland Studio Exhibit Fabricator: Design & Production
Lighting Consultants/Exhibit Lighting: Size: 42,000 square feet
Fisher Marantz Stone Cost: Withheld
242
A1
Architects who made their reputations with small
buildings designed when their firms were boutique
operations often cant translate their ideas and
language to a larger scale, especially when a
commission demands monumentality. The failure
is all the more conspicuous when the young Turks
morph into deans of the profession. How do they
sustain the energy level of break-out invention and/or
outright iconoclasm when their struggling studio goes
corporate? Its hard to startle the bourgeoisie when 1
youve given up the guitar and now drive a Porsche.
The answer for Wolf Prix, HON. FAIA, principal
of the Viennese firm Coop Himmelb(l)au, is that 2
6
7
5
5 5
4 4 4
3
0 40 80
Section AA1
0 40 80
246
247
Opposite: A sculptural support column (at left) merges with the tessellated museum volume to create a passageway between
the city and the riverfront.
Above: View from the A7 highway of the museums northwestern corner, where a staircase leads up to the entrance.
248
249
and Newtonian universalism. Lyon itself was long multiple demands and opportunities posed by the
the capital of French Gaul, its Euclidean geometries transportation systems, rivers, and roadways without
still visible in the impressive ruins of its ancient imposing a single geometric system. Rejecting Euclid
amphitheater and theater. and Descartes was enabling and practical.
With its scientific exhibits, the museum was After a long bureaucratic and political delay, and
ready to shift paradigms from the Greeks and then four years of construction, the museum opened
the Enlightenment to Einstein. It was open to an in December. A wide flight of stairs invites visitors up
architecture that was based on a different order, one to a spacious three-story lobby within a steel-and-glass
which acknowledged the non-linearity and complexity crystal, where a funnel of glass unexpectedly dives
made intelligible by a new digital culture. down into the space, looking like the top half of a
Prixs winning scheme embodied the shift. He wormhole. In an environmentally conscious twist, the
had already spent decades exploring the notion of funnel actually serves as a steel-saving column for the
energy embodied in architecture, and decades ago glass crystal. The lobby gives access not only to the
said, Architects have always dreamed of building building but to the site: Without taking off their coats
clouds. The computer enabled the visiona faceted, or buying tickets, visitors can walk straight through to
voluminous cloud clad in anodized aluminum, with an the park in backwhich will be completed by Coop
entrance housed in an angular glass crystal. Without Himmelb(l)au this spring.
a center, symmetry, or any other controlling geometry, Or they can walk up another inviting flight to the
the non-hierarchical design was Einsteinian in the second level, where a tempting ramp spiraling around
2
relativity of its parts, more E=mc than x,y,z. The the wormhole connects the two floors of galleries.
coincidence between the nature of the museums They are all organized on either side of wide, long
scientific exhibits, which include displays of eruptive pedestrian streets that connect the front of the museum
clouds forming galaxies, and the design of the building to pay-off views of the river confluence.
itself was beautiful, according to Michel Ct, the Like Le Corbusier, Prix designed a peripatetic
former head of the museum. building with promenades architecturales around which
Beyond theory, the design had to make the cosmic architectural events, like ramps, overviews, and long
local. At the urban scale, the buildings location next urban and natural vistas entice visitors. In the tradition
to a highway into the central city required that it be a of the Parisian shopping galleries appreciated by
monument legible at 60 mph. Opposite a pedestrian Walter Benjamin, its a journey of reflection that allows
and tram bridge, it had to appeal to people walking cultural browsing in the cavernous galleries. Each
at 3 mph. It was also a gateway into a park lined with of the black-box galleries, some sized for dinosaurs,
promenades along riverbanks. While monumental, can be closed individually, letting curators change
it also had to be porous, tying into the skein of exhibitions without disrupting adjacent spaces.
pedestrian promenades on the bridge and along the This museum that houses Jurassic-era behemoths is
riverfronts. Additionally, the high water table required itself the new behemoth in town. Too new and radical
lifting most of the building above grade on a service for easy digestion, it is the subject of controversy, not
podium, with a high center of gravity. The long, unlike the Eiffel Tower in its time. Some commentators
narrow site lent itself to a linear building, with an have hailed it as evidence of a new enlightenment in
entrance at the narrow end. the digital age that is bringing France, or at least Lyon,
There was virtually no architectural context, no into the 21st century. Others have railed against what
charming tangle of medieval streets, no neighborhood they perceive to be architectural chaos.
of properly aligned French faades. If anything, the Whether ugly or beautiful, the building
context was a force field of movement and flowthe succeeds, but not just as a museum. It has become
varying flow of highway traffic, and the flow of the two an event in the cityscape, an oneiric urban object
rivers forming unpredictable eddies as they converged. inspiring curiosityand perhaps even wonderin
The site was perfectly suited to Prixs concept the collective urban imagination. Challenging the
of architecture that is broken into parts that are status quo, it causes visitors and passersby to think
organized dynamically within an energy field. about what architecture has been in this city, what it
Arguably, the fractal geometries of his anti-formalist might be, and how it relates to the displays inside. It
formalism were an opportunistic and empathic succeeds because it is now the institutions largest
response to the site, both capitalizing on, and exhibit, a subject and a didactic provocation for the
adapting to, its various characteristics. His open interdisciplinary learning that is the mission of the
architecture and new geometries could meet the museum itself.
251
Project Credits
Project: Muse des Confluences, Schwary, Markus Schwarz, Oliver Tessmann, HVAC: ITEE-Fluides
Lyon, France Dionicio Valdez, Philipp Vogt, Markus Wings, Security Fire Consultation: Cabinet
Client/Owner: Dpartement du Rhne Christoph Ziegler (project team, Vienna); Casso & Cie
Architect: Coop Himmelb(l)au | Wolf D. Patrick Lhomme, Francois Texier, Philippe Acoustics: Cabinet Lamoureux
Prix & Partner, Vienna, Austria . Wolf D. Folliasson, Etienne Champenois, Alexandru Media Consulation: Cabinet Labeyrie
Prix, Hon. FAIA (design principal/CEO); Gheorghe, Niels Hiller, Emanuele Iacono, Lighting Consultation: Har Hollands
Markus Prossnigg (project partner); Tom Pierre-Yves Six (project team, Lyon) Landscape Design: Coop Himmelb(l)au;
Wiscombe, AIA (design architect); Mona Bayr, Local Architects: Patriarche & Co. (planning); Egis
Angus Schoenberger (project architects); Tabula Rasa (execution); Chabanne & Construction: Vinci Construction
Thomas Margaretha, Peter Grell (project Partenaires (project management) M/E/P: Axima Seitha
coordination); Christopher Beccone, Guy Construction Survey: Jean Pierre Debray Plumbing: JMoos
Bbi, Lorenz Brgi, Wolfgang Fiel, Kai Hellat, Costs: Mazet & Associs; CUBIC . Jean-Luc Window Fabrication: Blanchet
Robert Haranza, Alex Jackson, Georg Kolmayr, Minjard Size: 46,476 square meters
Daniel Kerbler, Lucas Kulnig, Andreas Structural Engineering: Bollinger + (500,263 square feet)
Mieling, Marianna Milioni, Daniel Moral, Grohmann Ingenieure; (design); Coyne et
Jutta Schdler, Andrea Schning, Mario Bellier, VS_A (execution)
The new engineering building is the third structure that The detailing on this building seems simple, but with
you have designed at Lancaster University, but you also a materials palette that clearly shows a lot of care.
designed the master plan to update the 1960s campus. Its a very simple palette of handmade natural
How does the new building fit into the larger plan? materialsconcrete, wood, and glass. And its consistent
John McAslan, intl. assoc. aia: The master plan with the palette that weve developed for the previous
identified new buildings, replacement buildings, and buildings on the site and that are articulated elsewhere
refurbished buildings, and its first iteration goes back on the campus. Its a modestly scaled concrete frame,
seven or eight years. It was not just looking at building with a brick faade. But there is a lot of natural
new structures and remodeling existing ones, but ventilation through openings on the perimeter, both
also at the landscape and how to connect elements natural vents in the perforated panels and within the
and associated facilitiesin total about $500 or $600 faade system. There are really no suspended ceilings
million worth of construction to be spread over a so we get the advantage of height, volume, and
decade more. The engineering building was identified nighttime cooling throughout.
for a location close to a series of other associated
facilities, on the site of a redundant sports hall which Your work is all very modern in style, and as you say,
was demolished as part of our project. relates to the midcentury campus, but there also seems
to be a nod to classicism in the exposed concrete frame.
This is a publicly funded university without a huge Do you see that in the proportions of the building?
capital budget. Where did their commitment to good However you define classicism, I think the engineering
architecture and good planning come from? building is quite a carefully proportioned building. Its
Lancaster is one of the postWorld War II universities principal reference is the postwar architecture of not
where there was a commitment to publicly funded just that university but similar universities that were
higher education. A very good firm, Shepheard state-funded, and, in fact, a bit like our national health
Epstein Hunter, was the master planner and architect servicethe great development of social endeavor after
for a number of the original buildings. Their work the war. Its reflecting the kind of spare, modernist,
started a commitment on behalf of the university to and honest aesthetic that was determined with those
good postWorld War II architecture, and robust, social movements. Its not a Brutalist aesthetic. Its not
well-made higher education buildings; even through the Paul Rudolph or Denys Lasdun architecture of the
successive facilities departments theyve always hired postwar era, its an architecture that was slightly more
good architects. Lancaster is not a highly endowed modest and understated. There is a kind of classical
universitytheir level of endowment is very low, language there, an understated competence and
especially compared to U.S. universities. If you integrity in the architecture. There are no frills or funny
take every university in Britain, including Oxford bits. Its just a modest, robust structure; hopefully fit
and Cambridge, the total endowment of all of them for its purpose, but with enough care in its materiality
together is less than the endowment for the University and its realization to make it a building of quality rather
of Texas, which is more than $25 billion. Sixty than just a functional box.
percent goes to Oxford and Cambridge, so the total
endowment for every British university except Oxford What has it been like for you to watch this project evolve
and Cambridge is about $8 billion, which is nothing over time, and to continue to realize some of the ideas
its a tough call to get good buildings out of that. that you initiated 10-plus years ago?
Most architects want the relationship to be more than
Theres a real clarity and simplicity to the engineering a single-building relationship. You want a chance to
building. How does the building itself express some of do more work. And its funny, when we did our first
the ideas of engineering? little building on the campus, we assumed that would
The route that we took was to try and reflect the be it. And then we then got a second building. When
precision of the engineering through the precision of we went for this interview, we sort of just assumed
the architecture, and for that precision to be reflective we wouldnt get it, but we secured it. It was a real
of the way the original campus was built, which was demonstration from the client of their faith in what
out of concrete and brick in the robust language of weve done. Maybe we wont secure another one
postWorld War II materials. The engineering building for a bit, but I think its key to be able to develop a
was quite bespoke in its volumes and its loadings and relationship with a single client and to feel that it is
its servicing requirements, but it needed also to be one that is evolving. To have that kind of ongoing
reasonably generic and adaptable to future needs. relationship is really valuable.
G Chemistry Lab F E
ENGINEERING BUILDING
| GROUND FLOOR PLAN H Mezzanine Workshop
I Team Project Centre
J Full Height Void (above Entrance)
K Double Height Void (above Workshops)
ENGINEERING BUILDING
| SECOND FLOOR PLAN
8
3
A
A CORE: Lift / WCs / Accessible WC / Brew Station / Locke ners Cupboard
B omms Room
L C -plan Office
D e Person Academic Office
Second-Floor Plan
Ground-Floor Plan
E d Academic Office D E
F g eering Research Lab 1
4
G Clea Room
H G ab
3
6
6
J Embedded Systems / Undergraduate Drop-In
K Engineering Research Lab 2
L Engineering Project Lab
M Electronic & Electrical Engineering Technicians Worksh p h connecting Chemical Bath
N Electronic & Electrical Engineering Lab
2
O Full Height Void (above Entrance)
4
3
5
ENGINEERING B LDING
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
A1
B Mechanical Engineering Teaching Lab (with connecting store)
C Additive Materials Lab (connecting Plastic & Metal Powder rooms)
D Brew Station
E Technicians Office K
7
0
P Teaching Office (Reception)
Q Bike / Bin / Gas / Fuel Store A CORE: Lift / WCs / Accessible WC / Brew Station / Lockers / Store / Cleaners Cupboard
B Meeting Room
C Open-plan Office
D Single Person Academic Office
3
6
20
F Shared Academic Office
G Chemistry Lab F E
H Mezzanine Workshop
I Team Project Centre
J Full Height Void (above Entrance)
40
K Double Height Void (above Workshops)
n
ENGINEERING BUILDING
| THIRD FLOOR PLAN
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING BUILDING
BUILDING
|| THIRD
SECONDFLOOR PLAN
FLOOR PLAN
Section AA1
A CORE: Lift / WCs / Accessible WC / Brew Station / Lockers / Store / Cleaners Cupboard B
B ISS Comms Room
Fourth-Floor Plan
C Open-plan Office B
D Single Person Academic Office
E Shared Academic Office
A CORE: Lift / WCs / Accessible WC / Brew Station / Lockers / Store / Cleaners Cupboard
F Engineering Research Lab 1
B Plant Access
G Clean Room
6
6
C Open-plan
CORE: Lift / Office
WCs / Accessible WC / Brew Station / Lockers / Store / Cleaners Cupboard
AH Gas Lab
D Single
Plant Person Academic Office
Access
BI Breakout Space (with connecting Brew Station)
E Shared Academic Office
Open-plan
C J EmbeddedOfficeSystem graduate Drop-In
FD Full Height
Single Person Void (ab
Acad ance)
ce
K Engineering Resea
G Shared Height Void
Double Academic reakout Space)
EL Engineering ProjeO
FM Full
Electronic Void
Height & (ab
Electr ance)
eering Technicians Workshop & Office (with connecting Chemical Bath
GN Double Height
Electronic Void
& Electr reakout
eering Space)
Lab
O Full Height Void (above Entrance)
ENGINEERING BUILDING
| FOURTH FLOOR PLAN
ENGINEERING BUILDING
| FOURTH FLOOR PLAN
9. Plant
6. Office
5. Storage
4. Workshop
3. Laboratory
1. Entry plaza
2. Lobby atrium
0
40
A Plantroom
A Plantroom
257
258
259
Opposite: The labs and workshops (like Wall Section Through Windows Wall Section Through Masonry
this main workshop on the ground floor,
are outfitted with rubber flooring from
Nora. A building management system,
lighting controls, and HVAC from Ameon
Building Services maintains the proper 1
environmental controls for each space.
2
13 3 4 15 13 14
6
Project Credits
Project: Lancaster University Engineering
Building, Lancashire, England
Client: Lancaster University
Architect: John McAslan + Partners, London
. John McAslan, Intl. Assoc. AIA (chairman);
Tony Skipper (project director); Paul Hughes
(project leader); Chris Seviour (architect);
Tim Marjot (architectural assistant)
Interior Designer: John McAslan + Partners
Mechanical/Electrical Engineer: AECOM
Structural/Civil Engineer: Curtins
Consulting
Construction Project Manager: Faithful &
Gould
General Contractor: Eric Wright
Construction
Landscape Architect: John McAslan +
Partners
Concrete Consultant: David Bennett
Associates
BREEAM Assessor & Sustainability
Consultant: GWP Project Services
Size: 4,701 square meters
(50,601 square feet)
Cost: $12.52 million (8.4 million)
(construction cost); $18.26 million
(12.25 million) (total cost)
262
Located about 20 miles northwest of downtown Sexton notes that one of the toughest things
Miami, the Benjamin P. Grogan and Jerry L. Dove about entering a building in South Florida is that
Federal Building in Miramar, Fla., provides an youre initially cold and blind due to the difference in
integrated hub for FBI activities in South Florida. temperature between the sunny and steamy outdoors
The Krueck + Sextondesigned complex comprises and the over-conditioned and comparatively dark
three structures that form eastwest bars with interiors. The architects address this abrupt change
courtyards in between. The 20-acre site lies less than by orchestrating an entry sequence that allows people
6 miles east of the Everglades, on improved land to adapt in stagesmoving from the parking lot that
that was actually part of the immense natural wetland might be 90 degrees and 10,000 footcandles through
less than a century ago. Chicago architects Ron a series of more sheltered spaces before entering
Krueck, FAIA, and Mark Sexton, FAIA, recognized the the building proper. It goes down 5 degrees, then
potential for restoring much of the site to its natural 3 degrees, then 2 degrees, Sexton says. And the
condition, an ecologically correct decision that also footcandles go down, too.
helps secure the facility through the simplest of Early in his career, Krueck abandoned the
means: Why shouldnt alligators be enlisted to protect postmodern world of architecture and trained for five
those who protect us? years as an artist; that background has since informed
Two office buildings, one six stories and the his approach to design. One such influence has been
other seven stories, are connected by a bridge and Roy Lichtenstein. Here in Miramar, subtle patterns on
supplemented to the north by a lower-scaled annex the buildingfrom the fritting on the glazing to the
and parking garage that supports an extensive perforations in the metal sunscreensreflect the dotted
photovoltaic array, providing 20 percent of the pop art technique that the painter typically employed.
complexs energy needs. The concrete-framed buildings The relatively clear glass skin might, at first glance,
are designed to LEED Platinum core-and-shell seem colorless, but its almost like a chameleon,
standards through material use and smart siting. It Krueck says. It takes on the color of the light.
costs you nothing to orient the building correctly, The metal sunscreens, which are laid out in
Sexton says. The architects mitigated primary solar a diamond pattern, were developed with Atelier
gain by placing fire stairs at the east and west ends of Ten. While theyre predominantly deployed on the
the office structures. Located behind carefully pleated south faade (as well as the east and west faades of
glass faades, the stairs are spacious and encourage the bridge that separates the two courtyards), their
healthy use by the occupants. principal use isnt for shading, but rather to reflect light
Developed through the U.S. General Services onto the interior ceilings, cutting the lighting energy
Administrations Design Excellence program, the load. And their layered composition adds another
383,000-square-foot complex consolidates nearly 1,000 dimension to the otherwise two-dimensional faades.
FBI employees who had previously worked in several Theres a depth to them, Krueck says, depending on
locations throughout the Miami area. Open offices the light. The thinness of these elements, coupled with
receive ample natural light deep into the core due to their perforations, keep the buildings glassy elevations
the slim 60-foot width of the buildingsa dimension uncluttered. We liked the idea of a highly secure
more typical in Europe. The buildings undulating building being light and transparent, Sexton says.
north and south faces contrast with the faceted The building also had to be iconic, Sexton says.
curtainwalls at the east and west, and along the But what does that mean in 2015? The architecture
faades facing the courtyards between the structures. has a strong presence, which is no small feat given the
The pleated expression extends themes based on Mies FBIs complex program. Indeed, the building stands as
van der Rohes seminal but unbuilt 1920s projects that a stunningly ethereal testament to the state of the art in
have been previously explored by Krueck + Sexton in contemporary office buildings. It actually transcends
buildings like Chicagos Spertus Institute for Jewish the goals of the Design Excellence program to improve
Learning and Leadership. Were highly intrigued the quality of federal architecture, and sets an example
with reflections, Krueck says. for what private developers could build, if they moved
The east and west courtyards are subtly different. beyond simplistic pro-formas. Krueck + Sexton
The main entrance is at the eastern end, where an open provide qualities of interior spacenamely daylight,
colonnade under the north building creates a wider views, walkability, and energy efficiencythat should
ground plane that invites visitors in shaded comfort. inspire us to expect more from every office building
The larger west courtyard is a protected outdoor constructed in the United States. And thats a lesson
amenity strictly for employees. we should all embrace together.
265
0 100 200
Section AA1
0 25 50
7 7
4
6
9
8 9
1. Office buildings
2. Parking structure and annex
3. Restored wetlands 6
4. Open office 4 7
5. Perimeter circulation 7
6. Conference
7. Fire stair
8. Connector bridge n
A
9. Courtyard 0 25 50
266
Sunshade Axonometric
0 6" 12"
Project Credits
Project: Benjamin P. Grogan and Lighting Designer: George Sexton Design/Build Architect and Interior
Jerry L. Dove Federal Building, Associates Designer: Gensler
Miramar, Fla. Environment and High-Performance Design M/E Engineer and Lighting Designer: Syska
Client: U.S. General Services Consultant: Atelier Ten Hennessy Group
Administration Protective Design: Hinman Consulting Structural Engineer: Walter P Moore
Engineers Civil Engineer and Landscape Architect:
FP/Life Safety: Rolf Jensen & Associates Atkins
Bridging Design Team Security Systems: Sako & Associates Geotechnical Engineer: Professional
Bridging Design Architect: Krueck + Sexton Acoustical/AV/IT: Dugger & Associates Service Industries
Architects, Chicago Vertical Transportation: Jenkins & Construction Manager: Jacobs
M/E/FP Engineer: WSP Flack + Kurtz Huntington Blast Analysis: Hinman Consulting
Structural Engineer/Building Envelope Cost Consultant: Toscano Clements Taylor Engineers
Consultant: Thornton Tomasetti Curtainwall Assemblies: Gordon H. Smith
Civil Engineer: Miller Legg Design/Build Team Size: 383,000 square feet
Landscape Architect: Curtis + Rogers General Contractor: Hensel Phelps, Cost: $194 million
Design Studio Derek Hoffine
271
The vase spent years holding flowers in the reception Below that orthogonal array of beams and
area of Thomas Phifer and Partners New York office skylights is a striking counterpoint: a sculptural
before it had its moment in the sun. Weve had it for enclosure of sinuously curved 20-foot-tall by 2-foot-
as long as I can remember, recalls director Thomas wide cast-in-place concrete walls. The white-plastered
Phifer, FAIA. Its the bigger one by Alvar Aalto, with gallery walls (which also handle air, with outlets
the subtle curves. We were trying to learn about glass, along their tops and returns through doorway soffits),
so we took it downstairs onto the sidewalk, right onto create a building-within-a-building of galleries for the
Varick Street. permanent collection and rotating exhibitions.
The sidewalk experiment was prompted by the The shape of the vase never occurred to me here, at
commission to add a 100,000-square-foot, $64 million least consciously, Phifer reflects, despite the seeming
wing for contemporary art and design to the Corning formal resemblance. It was an intuition about these
Museum of Glass in Corning, N.Y., a company very soft rooms, about the softness of glass when its
town where the eponymous glassmaker has been made, about walking into a cloud.
headquartered since 1868. The addition features a The curves produce an edgeless cyclorama
26,000-square-foot, single-level gallery over lower-level effect within each gallery, suspending displays of
offices and adjoins an industrial shed from the former often brightly colored glass objects in lightness and
Steuben Glass Factory that has been converted to a whiteness. Where the doorjambs in the curving walls
500-seat glassblowing demonstration theater. between galleries face sightlines from the primary
The administrative campus is already a timeline entrance and perimeter circulation, they gradually
of the architectural applications of glass, as is taper to a near-knife-edge, further dematerializing the
the museum building: the 1951 glass-block and massive structure.
curtainwall International Style original by Harrison & I love Brice Mardens work, Phifer says. I began
Abramovitz; Gunnar Birkerts 19761980 addition, all to look at his paintings very closelyhe takes these
mirrored angles and tinted curves; and Smith-Miller ribbons of color, he connects them and directs them. I
+ Hawkinsons 2001 galleries and admissions lobby, a love the interactions with the edge of the painting, that
study in cable-stayed structures and fractured-seeming wonderful tension there.
geometries. Entry from the existing lobby is positioned at just
Down on Varick Street, Phifer was especially such a point of tension: the southeast corner of the
interested in sunlight. It was really bright that day, new wing, where the additions rectangular plan slots
he remembers, and once they took that vase outside, into the existing structures along its southern edge,
this thing that we hadnt ever totally paid attention to accommodating service spaces in a deep boundary
just came to life. between old and new. The addition had to weave itself
Because, unlike most artwork, the glass objects in there in a careful and seamless way, to get everything
in Cornings collection would sparkle unharmed in knitted together, Phifer says.
sunlit display, and because they were to be shown So you turn right from the lobby and go through
primarily in the round rather than against walls, a 20-foot-deep tapering portal. Its an experiential
the conventions of museum enclosures could be thing. We wanted to protect the integrity of the
rethought. Usually youre deflecting light to the existing spaces, so theres this metaphorical gasket in
walls, Phifer says, but here we wanted to push the between, this moment of pause. That moment of pause
light straight down. So we started looking at beams as addresses the widest of what Phifer calls the additions
a way to channel light to the floor. porches, or the perimeter circumambulation between
Working closely with structural engineers Guy the rectilinear exterior walls and the undulating gallery
Nordenson and Associates, Phifer topped the gallery enclosure, which overlooks a newly landscaped garden
volume with slender precast concrete beams, each and directs the eye to the entrance of the glassblowing
3 inches wide and 4 feet tall, running northsouth theater beyond.
on 3-foot centers below a pixelated array of variously Just as the new wings curvaceous central structure
transparent, translucent, and opaque roof panels. Here, is withheld from the perimeter, the seating and stage in
Phifers signature big roof has transformed from a filter, the theater are set back some 6 feet within the historic
as at his North Carolina Museum of Art in Raleigh structures existing walls, reinforcing the experience of
(2010), to an amplifier. Usually, in galleries, were suspension and lightness established in the galleries.
trying to get to 30 footcandles of brightness, and as Phifer retained the distinctive bunny-eared roof-
low as 10 for works on paper, Phifer says. Here we ventilator profile of the existing building, recladding
have a range of 400 to 500. The more the better. the entire structure in dark corrugated aluminum,
275
A A1
n
1. Admissions Lobby
0 40 80
2. Thomas Phifer and Partners, North
Wing Addition, 2015
Section AA1
3. Steuben Glass Factory Ventilator,
renovated by Thomas Phifer and
Partners, 2015
4. Smith-Miller + Hawkinson Addition,
2001, 2012 (renovation)
5. Harrison & Abramovitz, 1951
6. Gunnar Birkerts Addition, 1976 0 40 80
276
creating a counterpoint in the landscape to the sleek That gods, and devils, are to be found in such
and pale new winga sooty lump of coal next to a details is a truism attributed to Ludwig Mies van der
milky block of ice. Rohe, the early modernist and proto-minimalist master
The seeming simplicity of the gallery blocks icy of glass architecture. In Phifers recent work, such
faades relies on considerable technical complexity. as his recently completed United States Courthouse
Because the deep interior walls provide lateral in Salt Lake City (see January 2015, page 142), he
stability like the core of an office tower, Phifer says, establishes a new kind of minimalismnot of refusal
the exterior walls can be lightweightexceptionally and removal, but of strategic synthesis in which fewer
so in a window wall of 1-inch-thick low-iron panes of forms perform greater functions. Here in Corningin
laminated glass, each about 20 feet tall by 10 feet wide, those concrete beams whose vanishing narrowness
which runs without mullions some 144 feet along the directs both loads and light, in those internal walls
new wings north side. whose curving depth accommodates both structure
Theres a heroic scale to the panes and the smallest and air-handlingless does more.
possible joints between them, Phifer says. The Although Phifers work, with its zest for
additions 140 faade panels, prefabricated in Germany, components and arrays and alloys and polymers,
serve equally as window and wall, differing only in the visibly falls within a high-tech tradition, it resists
transition of their PVB laminar interlayer, from clear the mannered hyperformalism into which many of
within the sections of vision glass to opaque for the the genres founders have now lapsed. The result at
rest of the wall structurewhich is, as Phifer puts it, Corning is an intricate simplicity and an expansive
as white as white is white. restraint, serving neither a Puritan abstemiousness
That same glass goes from being rainscreen to nor a polemical economy, but supporting a maximal
being weatherproofing, the architect adds, so all the sensory experience of literally visual and figuratively
solutions happen behind the glass around the head, physical lightness. One in which the curated artifacts
jamb, and sill of those windows, to create that moment and landscapes provide the essential spectacles
of expanse without a frame. That detail is really the and illuminations. Its a vase that makes you see
whole building right there. the flowers.
277
10 9 11 8 7 12
0 5" 10"
14 13 15 16 17
3
1. Cast-in-place concrete 5. Structural precast concrete 9. Interior framing and bracing 14. Radiant flooring
2. Plaster roof joist 10. J-box for shade motor 15. Removable " aluminum
3. Mechanical ductwork 6. Shoe assembly 11. Wood blocking grille
4. Removable custom-profiled 7. " aluminum cover plate 12. Painted bent metal plate 16. Fin-tube radiator
aluminum plate for airflow 8. Motorized roller and shade 13. Concrete floor topping 17. Faade movement joint
280
Project Credits
Project: Corning Museum of Glass
Contemporary Art + Design Wing,
Corning, N.Y.
Client: Corning Museum of Glass
Architect: Thomas Phifer and Partners, New
York . Thomas Phifer, FAIA, Gabriel Smith,
FAIA (directors); Adam Ruffin, Katie Bennett
(associate directors); Remon Alberts,
Bethany Mahre, Brad Cooke, Mo Gagnon,
Gerry Gendreau, Eric Ho, Isaiah King,
Brad Kingsley, Joanna Luo, Stephen Varady,
Colin Ward (project team)
Structural Engineer: Guy Nordenson and
Associates
M/E/P/FP Engineer: Altieri Sebor Wieber
Landscape Architect: Reed Hilderbrand
Faade Consultant: Heintges
Daylighting/Lighting Design: Arup
Climate Engineer: Transsolar
Civil Engineer/LEED Consultant: OBrien
& Gere
Waterproofing Consultant: Simpson
Gumpertz & Heger
Environmental Graphics: 2x4
Cost Consultant: Stuart-Lynn Co.
Spec Writer: Construction Specifications
Acoustics and AV Design: Jaffe Holden
Theater Design: Theatre Projects
Construction Management:
Gilbane+Welliver, joint venture
Size: 100,000 square feet
Cost: $64 million
281
282
312.670.2400
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285
Residential:
House in Shichiku
Kyoto, Japan TexT by Sara JohnSon
Shimpei Oda Architects Office PhoToS by norihiTo yamauchi
286
Constructed on narrow lots, the traditional machiya Previous Page: View of exterior and
townhouses in Kyoto, Japan, are often compared to new first-floor faade (left)
unagi no nedoko, or an eel bed, because of their long,
thin shape. Osaka-based Shimpei Oda renovated one
of these dark eel bed houses into a light-filled, live/
work space for a couple.
The 979-square-foot House in Shichiku is a
mere 13 feet wide and nearly 42 feet long, and is the
first eel bed house that Odawho founded his firm
in 2008has worked on. The original house, which
he estimates was completed between 1920 and 1940,
was in need of seismic retrofitting and renovations.
The structure of the house had become unstable by
repeated extension and reconstruction, Oda says.
The renovation added several interior walls, which Ground-Floor Plan
form distinct rooms in addition to shoring up the
house structurally. I proceeded with the project by
considering ways to improve earthquake resistance,
Oda says, and also thinking about furniture and the
clients art works. A A
The first floor originally contained an office, bath,
and garage with steel shutter doors; Oda redivided the
space into a kitchen and dining area, bath and laundry
spaces, an entrance foyer, and a studio and gallery
that opens to the street. In place of the shutters, Oda
inserted a wood entry door and steel-framed window,
which can partially open for access to the studio so the
wife, a painter, can host exhibitions. A sliding glass Second-Floor Plan
door opens from the kitchen onto a garden.
Painted steel stairs lead to a second story, which
contains two rooms on either side of an open space
designed to serve as an office for the husband, a
furniture dealer. Oda moved the staircase from the
north side of the house to the south, which allows
light to filter into the foyer from a second-story
window. While currently a one-bedroom house, the
n
other upstairs room is designed to be converted into
a second bedroom if the need arises. 0 7 14
Throughout the house, Oda created a visual
distinction between old and new. To visualize the Section AA1
history of the house, I left the existing columns and
beams as they were, and painted reinforcing materials
and new structural elements white, Oda says.
The original wooden beams project through new
interior walls, and are left exposed where possible.
The wooden structural members are complemented
by oak floors in the water closet and living spaces;
elsewhere, fiber-reinforced plastic waterproofing was
used for the bathroom flooring, and trowel mortar
flooring was used in the lavatory, studio, and entrance.
Aside from the first-floor faade, the houses
exterior was left intact, leaving little indication from
the street of the pleasant, light-filled surprise inside. 0 7 14
288
Visit
i i Booth
h 859
AIA Convention 2015
May 14-16, Atlanta
commercial.ykkap.com
290
Project Credits
Project: House in Shichiku, Kyoto, Japan
Client: Withheld
Architect: Shimpei Oda Architects Office,
Osaka, Japan, Shimpei Oda
Structural Engineer: S3 Associates . Ichiro
Hashimoto
General Contractor: Kyowa-techno
Size: 980 square feet
Cost: $59,400
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Editorial:
All Grown Up and Nowhere to Go
Millennials cant catch a break, or so the story goes: singlehandedly, like Superman or Wonder Woman (but
Graduated into the worst job market in living memory in an all-black unitard, of course).
and saddled with unprecedented school debt, they There is precedent. As in 1927, when a league
are stuck in mom and dads basement without the of 17 early modernistsamong them Corb, Gropius,
wherewithal to buy a house of their own. According to and Miesindustrialized the building type with the
John Burns Consulting, those student loan payments Weienhof model housing estate in Stuttgart. Or in
cost the housing industry $83 billion in sales in 2014. 1967, when AIA Gold Medalist Moshe Safdie wedded
Fortunately, the storyline may be changing. prefabrication and prehistoric settlement patterns at
Bloomberg Business Week, The New York Times, and Money Habitat in Montreal (page 172). But neither wouldve
all report that as the economy improves Millennials been built had the architects radical ideas not aligned
will finally begin to pursue homeownership en masse. with the policies of the governments footing the bills.
The catch, as young house hunters may discover, is that Nowadays, architects must reconcile a myriad of
entry-level options, in the $200,000 range, are limited. powerful interestsnot just those of the client, but of
Destination cities such as New York, San Francisco, bankers, planners, community groups, the trades, and
and Washington, D.C., are simply priced out of reach. on and on. Its a tall order, but its also an opportunity
Concurrently, were witnessing the rise of the NORC, for the profession to take a leading role. Already,
or naturally occurring retirement community. Boomers architects are poised to make major contributions, in
around the country are embracing the idea of aging areas such as prefabrication and energy harvesting.
in place and opting to remain in their homes, which Demand for low-cost housing is only going to
reduces both resale inventory and the likelihood of increase with time. According to a recent Better Homes
remodeling jobs from recent purchasers. and Gardens Real Estate survey of Post-Millennials
The new construction landscape is just as grim. aged 13 to 17, a full 97 percent of respondents believe
More and more builders have been chasing that luxury they will one day own a home, and 82 percent say it
and 55-plus buyer, and all of that stuff is at higher price is the most important part of the American dream.
points, John Burns Consultings Rick Palacios Jr. tells Architects can help make that dream a reality.
Builder, Architects sister magazine, in an eye-popping
feature titled Are New Starter Homes History?
Furthermore, Palacios says, Its really difficult, given
what land prices moved up to, for a builder to make
that entry-level product pencil out.
Its not that home builders are avaricious. In his
story, Builder deputy editor Les Shaver enumerates a
host of factors that make the starter home a financial
nonstarter, including zoning that prohibits density and
the rising cost of materials, land, and labor.
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Glare is the enemy
of comfort and performance
1% 3% 5% 2.25% 3% 3.75%
* Based on 2014 Purdue University study. For more information visit the Lutron
Performance Shading Advisor.