The Jiwo Hills has been considered to be composed of very low-grade

metamorphic rocks. This contribution explains a preliminary view of the

metamorphic rocks from collected rocks sample in the Jiwo Hills. Common
metamorphic rocks found in this area are phyllite, mica schist, calc-silicate
schist, and marble with the foliation trend of NE-SW. Most of the metamorphic
rock exposures are strongly weathered. Rarely epidote-glaucophane schist crop
out near the exposure of serpentinite in western part of this complex. Several
carbonate sedimentary rocks are converted to garnet-wollastonite skarn under
the contact metamorphism probably caused by diabase intrusion. Garnet-
wollastonite skarn mainly consists of garnet and wollastonite embed in the
quartz matrix.The garnets are rich of grossular composition, range from Adr13
19Grs8185Sps02. Those show anisotropic, with sectorial twinning zonings. The
skarn deposits might give important information for economic resources in this
area. Epidote-glaucophane schist mainly consists of glaucophane, epidote,
quartz, phengite, titanite, and hematite. By the present of this blueschist facies
of high-pressure metamorphic rock in this area, it confirms that Jiwo Hills is one
of the high-pressure metamorphic terranes together with Luk Ulo Complex of
Central Java, Meratus Complex of South Kalimantan, and Bantimala Complex of
South Sulawesi. The serpentinites might facilitate exhumation of the blueschist in
the Jiwo Hills. Detailed study of the distribution of metamorphic rocks in this area
is needed in order to understanding tectonic evolution as well as economic
geology

Introduction
Significantly regional metamorphic rocks scattered expose throughout Java
Island. Those are exposed in Ciletuh Complex of West Java, Luk Ulo Complex of
Central Java, and Jiwo Hills area of Central Java (Fig. 1a). Among those complexes
in Java island, Luk Ulo Complex is well-known to be worldwide outcrop of high-
pressure metamorphic rocks (eclogite, blueschist) [1, 2, 3, 4], whereas the other
complexes (Ciletuh and Jiwo Hills) still lack of publication about the metamorphic
rocks and the occurrence of high-pressure metamorphic rocks.
This contribution explains the occurrence of various metamorphic rocks in the
Jiwo Hills. Previously, [5] has reported the metamorphic facies study in western
part of this complex (West Jiwo). This paper explains detailed petrographical
observation and mineral chemistry analyses on garnet-wollastonite skarn and
epidote-glaucophane schist. Furthermore, those results are synthesized to
emphasize the contribution of Jiwo Hills metamorphic terrane on the tectonic
evolution of Indonesia region. Mineral abbreviations in this paper follow [6].
Geological Outline
Jiwo Hills located in Bayat area, which is 45 km NE of Yogyakarta (Figs. 1a, b). In
this isolated hills, which approximately has 30 km2, regional metamorphic rocks
were expose [5, 7, 8] (Fig. 1b). The Jiwo Hills have been previously considered to
be composed of the very low-grade metamorphic rocks [2, 8]. Common
metamorphic lithologies in the Jiwo Hills are phyllite, mica schist, calc-silicate
schist, and marble. [5] reported the occurrence of amphibolite, blueschist,
phyllite and serpentinite in this area. Foliations of the metamorphic rocks are
reported to have a trend of NE-SW [8]. No reliable P-T conditions of the
metamorphic rocks were reported from this area.

Figure 1. Simplified geological map of Jiwo Hills in Central Java. Modified after [

The regional metamorphic rocks are considered to be the oldest rocks crop out in
this complex. [8] reported K-Ar from quartz-mica schist yielded 98 Ma. Those are
unconformably overlain by Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks [7] (Fig.
1b). A diabase, which yields K-Ar age of 39.831.3 Ma [10], intruded older rocks
in this area (Fig. 1b).
Modes of Occurrence
Field investigation in the Jiwo Hills confirms that very low-grade metamorphic
rocks are abundant in this area. However, most of the exposures are strongly
weathered. The most predominant rock types are phyllites. Rarely blueschist-
facies assemblage of epidoteglaucophane schist was found near the exposure of
serpentinite in the western part of this complex (West Jiwo) with the foliation
trend varies from N6263E dipping 5570 to the south (Figs. 1b, 2a, b). Garnet-
wollastonite skarn and clinopyroxene-epidote skarn were also found in the
western part (Fig. 1b). urthermore, the occurrence of marbles were reported by
[5] also found in the western part. Whereas in the eastern part of this complex
are dominated by calc-silicate schist and phyllite (Figs. 1b, 2b, c). The calc-
silicate schist has a trend of N60E dipping 34 to the south. The other variations
of low-grade schists found in this area are albite-muscovite schist, graphite
phyllite, and quartz phyllite.

Figure 2. Modes of occurrence of the metamorphic rocks in Jiwo Hills. (a) Outcrop
of serpentinite and (b) epidote-glaucophane schist in West Jiwo. (c) Outcrop of
phyllite and (d) calc-silicate schist in East Jiwo.

Petrography and Mineral Chemistry

In this section, petrographical characteristics of collected metamorphic rock
samples from Jiwo Hills area are discussed. Detailed description of mineral
assemblages under the microscope are given in Table 1. Two samples of garnet-
wollastonite skarn and epidoteglaucophane schist were analyzed their mineral
chemistries with a JEOL JED2140- JSM5301S scanning electron microscope with
energy dispersive spectrometry system (SEM-EDS) in Kyushu University, Japan.
The analytical conditions were set at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV, a probe
current of ca. 0.35 nA, and a beam diameter of 1 . natural mineral samples and
synthesized oxide samples (Pand H Block No. SP00076) were used as standards
for the quantitative chemical analyses. Representative chemical compositions of
the analyzed minerals are listed Table 2. Fe3+ contents of garnet were calculated
using algorithms as suggested by [11]. The end members of clinopyroxene were
calculated as suggested by [12] with Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios were determined from
stoichiometry using the method of [13] as Fe3+ = 4 2Si 2Ti Al Cr + Na +
K, Fe2+ = Fetotal Fe3+. Nomenclatures and calculated compositions of the
amphiboles follow [14].

Phyllites
Phyllites represent the lowest grade of metamorphic rocks in the Jiwo Hills. These
rocks contain detrital grains of quartz with fine grain matrix of chlorite,
muscovite, and graphite (Fig. 3a). Those have thin layers, in which contains two
regions of detrital quartz-rich and chlorite-rich regions. Fine-grained apatite is
commonly framed by graphite and chlorite.

Calc-silicate schists
Calc-silicate schists mainly consist of calcite, quartz, muscovite, and iron-oxide
grain minerals (Fig. 3b). Weak schistosity is developed by calcite and muscovite
grains. Calcite, quartz, iron-oxide grains are having size of 0.10.5 mm in length,
whereas muscovite is ~0.2 mm in length. Several calcite veins are cross-cutting
this rocks, which is regarded as secondary phases.
Albite-muscovite schists
These rocks show strong schistosity and mainly consist of albite, chlorite, quartz,
muscovite, and graphite (Fig. 3c). Porphyroblastic albites are abundant in this
rock type. The strong parallel schistocity is defined by chlorite, muscovite, and
graphite. Chlorite and albite might be pseudomorph after garnet (Fig. 3c).
Although original garnet grains were not identified in the collected-rock samples.

Serpentinites
Serpentinite are composed mostly of serpentine together with spinel (Fig. 3d).
Spinel is having size of 0.52 mm in diameter. Relict grains of protolith rocks
were not recognized due to the highly serpentinization and highly weathering
condition.

Garnet-wollastonite skarn
This rock mainly consists of garnet and wollastonite, embed in the quartz matrix.
The garnets having size of 0.51 mm in diameter, which obviously show sectorial
winning zoning (Figs. 3e, f). Those are rich in grossular composition with the
range of Adr1319Grs8185Sps02 (Fig 4a). Representative chemical
composition analysis of garnet is shown in Table 2. Rim to rim analysis of garnet
(A to A; Fig 3f) shows that the garnet has slightly zone in composition with
slightly lower grossular content in the rim than core portions (Fig. 4b). The
andradite composition shows opposite pattern (Fig. 4b) with

Figure 3. The scale bar without expression indicates 1 mm. Photomicrographs of

metamorphic rocks from Jiwo Hills. (a) Phyllite has main compositions of chlorite,
quartz, muscovite, and graphite with minor apatite. (b) Calc-silicate schist with
calcite, quartz, and iron oxide grains. (c) Chlorite-albite schist with chlorite and
albite pseudomorph after garnet and surrounded by graphite. (d) Serpentinite
with spinel grains embed in the mesh texture of serpentine. (e) Garnet-
wollastonite skarn; garnet has sectorial twinning zoning. (f) Back-scattered image
of garnet-wollastonite skarn with AA is microprobe line analysis.

Figure 3. (continued) The scale bar without expression indicates 1 mm. (g)
Epidote-glaucophane schist has main composition of epidote, glaucophane,
quartz, titanite and hematite. (h) Back-scattered image of epidote-glaucophane
schist shows that amphibole has glaucophane composition in core-portion and
actinolite composition in rimportion.

Figure 4. (a) Chemical compositions of garnets in garnet-wollastonite skarn are

plotted on the ternary diagram of grossular, spessartine, and andradite. (b)
Zoning profile of garnet in garnet-wollastonite skarn based on the microprobe
analysis line of AA (Fig. 3f). (c) Chemical compositions of clinopyroxenes in
garnet-wollastonite skarn are plotted on the ternary diagram of clinoenstatite,
wollastonite, and clinoferrosilite from [15]. (d) Chemical compositions of
amphiboles in epidote-glaucophane schist are plotted in the
nomenclaturediagram of amphibole from [14].

Table 2. Representative microprobe analyses of garnet, clinopyroxene, and

amphibole.

spessartine relatively flat (Fig. 4b). All of the fine-grained clinopyroxenes in this
rock are plotted in the wollastonite area of ternary diagram of clinoestatite-
clinoferrosilitewollastonite suggested from [15] (Fig. 4c). Representative chemical
composition analysis of clinopyroxene is shown in Table 2.
Epidote-glaucophane schist Epidote-glaucophane schist mainly consists of
glaucophane, epidote, quartz, phengite, titanite, and hematite (Figs. 3g, h).
Excluding quartz, glaucophane and epidote are ubiquitous in matrix, which
having size of ~0.2 mm in diameter and show random orientation. Actinolite
occupy in the rim of the glaucophane (Figs. 3h, 4d) as secondary phases of this
rock. Chlorite and albite replace other minerals, which also regarded as
secondary phases. Representative chemical composition analysis of amphibole is
shown in Table 2.

Discussion
Metamorphic rocks crop out in the Jiwo Hills having grade variation of
greenschist, blueschist, hornfels (skarn), and serpentinite (Table 1). Based on
their occurrence in the geological map, West Jiwo has more variation of
metamorphic rocks than East Jiwo. The metamorphic grades found in the West
Jiwo are greenschist, blueschist, hornfels (skarn), and serpentinite (Fig. 1).
Furthermore, [5] reported the occurrence of marble in the West Jiwo. Whereas in
the East Jiwo, so far, only greenschist was found in there (Fig. 1).

Implication of the occurrence of skarn in the Jiwo Hills

Mineral chemistry analyses have confirmed that grossular-rich composition of
anisotropic sectorial twinning zoning garnet together with wollastonite embed in
the quartz matrix is generally considered as skarn rock [16]. Carbonate
sedimentary rocks should be considered to be host rock of this contact
metamorphic process with the intrusion of igneous rock, which is probably
diabase. As the preliminary study, we strongly recommend to continue the study
of skarn in Jiwo Hills by detail mapping on the skarn zonation and prospect of
economic skarn deposit.

Correlation with other high-pressure metamorphic complex in central

Indonesia
Epidote-glaucophane schist is assumed to have a peak metamorphism at
blueschist-facies on the glaucophane stability field. Later retrogression was
happened in the greenschistfacies on the actinolite stability field, which shown
by the amphibole texture (Figs. 3h, 4d). The occurrence of blueschist-facies in
the Jiwo Hills suggests that Jiwo Hills is one of the high-pressure metamorphic
terranes in Indonesia region together with Luk-Ulo Complex of Central Java,
Bantimala Complex of South Sulawesi, and Meratus Complex of South
Kalimantan. Relatively close synchronology in the available K-Ar ages of
metamorphic rocks in the Jiwo Hills (K-Ar: 98 Ma [8]) with the other terranes
(Bantimala Complex KAr: 113137 Ma [2, 17, 18]; Luk Ulo Complex K-Ar: 110124
Ma [1, 2, 19]; Meratus Complex K-Ar: 110119 Ma [20, 21]) indicates that these
rocks were metamorphosed and subducted northwesternly beneath the
Sundaland in the similar time (Cretaceous age). The occurrence of epidote-
glaucophane schist in the Jiwo Hills is adjacent to the serpentinite outcrop, which
also observed in the Luk Ulo Complex, Bantimala Complex, and Meratus Complex
[2, 22]. [23] pointed out that buoyancy is the only effective force to exhume
rocks from deeply subducted levels to the base of the crust. The serpentinites
are extremely buoyant with respect to the oceanic crust that mainly consists of
mafic rocks that have been transformed to high-pressure metamorphic rocks
during subduction and increasing their density, which are denser than average
mantle rocks [24]. Thus, serpentinites might be counter-balancing the negative
buoyancy, decouple, and facilitate exhumation of the high-pressure rocks [24,
25]. Mlange deposit, ophiolite, and oceanic plate stratigraphy (e.g. chert, pillow
lava), which found in the Luk Ulo Complex and Bantimala Complex, were not
observed in the Jiwo Hills. [5] and W. Warmada (2008; unpublished data) have
analyzed bulk chemistry of several metamorphic rocks in the Jiwo Hills (Table 3).
Representative samples were plotted on the ACF diagram from [26] show that
the protolith of metamorphic rocks from Jiwo Hills were derived from sedimentary
rocks without any basic igneous rock signatures (Fig. 5). This is different from
those in the Bantimala, Luk Ulo, and Meratus Complexes, which have protolith of
MORB, OIB, and arc signatures more than sedimentary rocks [4,27] (Fig. 5).
Sedimentary rocks are much more developed in the continental crust. Therefore,
it might have possibility that Jiwo Hills was a small continental crust that had
subducted beneath the Sundaland during Cretaceous. It can also explain the
position of Jiwo Hills relatively located in the east of other high-pressure
metamorphic terranes in central Indonesia. However, these are still speculative
tectonic interpretation from the preliminary study. Detailed studies particularly of
the occurrence of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Jiwo Hills are needed
in order to determine the tectonic evolution in this region.

Figure 5. Bulk rock compositions of metamorphic rocks from Jiwo Hills compared
to the other high-pressure metamorphic terranes in central Indonesia are plotted
on the ACF diagram from [26].

Conclusion
1. Various metamorphic rocks crop out in the Jiwo Hills area include greenschist,
blueschist, serpentinite, and skarn.
2. The occurrence of skarn in the Jiwo Hills might give prospect information of
economic mineral deposits.
3. The occurrence of blueschist-facies in the Jiwo Hills might be correlated with
other high-pressure metamorphic terranes in central Indonesia region, which
considered as Cretaceous subduction complex.

Acknowledgments
We would like to thank to staff members of Geological Engineering Gadjah Mada
University for their assistance during the field survey in the Jiwo Hills and
valuable discussions. This work is a part of the PhD study supported by JICA
AUN/SEED-Net scholarship, and was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific
Research (No. 21253008 and 22244063 to Y. Osanai) from the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.