Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sch in t SE002
HC TON V DY TON
NH TH NO?
y l phin bn in t min ph
dnh cho cc bn c ca
Sputnik Education
2
Mc lc
Li gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1 Hc ton nh th no? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 Nim vui hc ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Hc ton c ci g? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Xa b cc ro cn tm l . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4 Ton c ngha v ton v ngha . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5 Hc chuyn v hc trc chng trnh? . . . . . 21
1.6 T hc l tt, nhng c thy tt hn . . . . . . . 23
1.7 Thy cy m chng thy rng . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.8 Ton hc v thut ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2 Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton . . . . . 41
2.1 Hiu v nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2 C bn v nhiu cng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.3 Gii thch sao cho d hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4 Cu hi lm g? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5 Khng vic thi ln t vic hc . . . . . . . . . 54
2.6 ng x vi hc sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3
2.7 Cht lng, s lng v hnh thc . . . . . . . . 61
2.8 Bn cht ca kin thc cn dy . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.9 Gy t m v sung sng cho ngi hc . . . . . 73
2.10 Rn luyn kh nng suy ngh su sc . . . . . . . 78
2.11 i mi lin tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.12 Hi ha gia cc thi cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3 Tho lun vi cc ging vin tr . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.1 Dy hc l mt ngh cao qu . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.2 Gi tr ca ngi thy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3 Cht lng ngy cng quan trng . . . . . . . . . 98
3.4 Trc ht l thng yu tr . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.5 Cht lng dy hc khng t dng m c . . . . 102
3.6 S tn trng hc sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.7 Uy tn ca ngi thy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.8 Lm sao hc sinh d theo di . . . . . . . . . 109
3.9 Dy hc qua cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.10 Cc v d v nhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.11 Tm hiu lch s cc khi nim khoa hc . . . . . 122
3.12 Mt gi ging bi l nhiu gi lao ng . . . . . 123
3.13 Trnh by th trc khi trnh by tht . . . . . . 125
3.14 Nhng bi ging chn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.15 Tm ra sai lm m trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.16 Dy gii bi tp nh th no? . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4 Sputnik Education
Li gii thiu
Sputnik Education 5
c v rt ra nhng li khuyn t chng ny.
Chng hai v chng ba ch yu bn v vic dy ton. Chng
hai da trn nhng bi vit ngn ca tc gi t nm 2009 v nhng
iu nn v khng nn lm khi dy ton. Chng ba l nhng ghi
chp li t hai bui tho lun ca tc gi vi mt nhm ging vin
ton tr vo thng 9/2012, c lp li mt s ca chng hai, nhng
vit dng khc i.
Tc gi hy vng rng quyn sch ny s gip cho bn c hiu r
hn v bn cht ca ton hc, v gp phn lm cho vic hc ton v
dy ton tr nn hiu qu hn.
Quyn sch ny n c tay bn c l nh c T sch Sputnik,
mt d n do cc nh khoa hc v gio dc hng u ca Vit Nam
lp ra nhm gp phn ci cch h thng gio dc theo chiu hng
tt ln. Hy vng rng bn c s ng h T sch Sputnik, qua nhng
vic nh l mua cc quyn sch rt hay ca t sch ny, qung b cho
n, v.v.
Toulouse, 06/2015
Nguyn Tin Dng
6 Sputnik Education
Chng 1
Hc ton nh th no?
7
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
1.1 Nim vui hc ton
8 Sputnik Education
1.1. Nim vui hc ton
Sputnik Education 9
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
10 Sputnik Education
1.1. Nim vui hc ton
Sputnik Education 11
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
v ton hc trong t nhin, trong cng ngh, trong cuc sng, v.v., c
tnh gi m. Cc tp ch Vit Nam nh Ton hc v Tui tr v Ton
hc v Tui th cng c mt s bi bo nh vy, nhng mc
hn ch hn.
Nhng sch v tp ch hay m ri vo tay tay tr em th chng
cn thc p tr em cng s say sa c, v chnh l mt cch hc
rt hiu qu m yu ton, gii ton. Ngoi ra, cc hot ng thc
hnh, th nghim, cc cuc thi vui, v cc ch tri c yu t ton hc
cng l nhng cch rt hiu qu em li nim vui hc ton.
1.2 Hc ton c ci g?
12 Sputnik Education
1.2. Hc ton c ci g?
Sputnik Education 13
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
(1)
Xem chng hn: http://www.careercast.com/jobs-rated/jobs-rated-2014-
ranking-200-jobs-best-worst
14 Sputnik Education
1.3. Xa b cc ro cn tm l
1.3 Xa b cc ro cn tm l
Sputnik Education 15
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
16 Sputnik Education
1.4. Ton c ngha v ton v ngha
Sputnik Education 17
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
18 Sputnik Education
1.4. Ton c ngha v ton v ngha
Sputnik Education 19
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
hnh thc, m l bng quan st, c lng trc gic, v.v. V d nh,
khi chng ta c lng din tch ca mt ci nh, th tch ca mt
thng ru, thi gian lm vic g , v.v., l chng ta cng tnh
tch phn.
Tch phn chng qua l tng
ca nhiu thnh phn li vi
nhau, vi s thnh phn c th
l v hn (chia nh ra thnh
tng ca cc thnh phn nh
li ti), v l cng c tnh
ton hay c lng ln ca
vn vt: th tch, din tch,
di, vn tc, trng lng, thi
gian, tin bc, tng trng dn
s, bnh dch, v.v. Bn thn ci
k hiu ca php ly tch phn
chnh l ch S ko di ra, m S
y c ngha l summa (tng).
Sch Hiu th gii bng ton
Khi hc tch phn, quan
hc ca V.I. Arnold cho thy
trng nht l hiu c tng
ngha ca ton hc.
tch phn chng qua l tng v l
cng c tnh ton c lng cc th qua cc php bin i. y l
mt tng rt trong sng, chng c g kh khn hiu n. Nm
c tng , v bit c vi nguyn tc c bn bin i
tch phn, l c th coi l hiu tch phn, ch khng cn phi hc
hng trm cng thc tnh cc tch phn rm ri long ngong (nh
20 Sputnik Education
1.5. Hc chuyn v hc trc chng trnh?
Sputnik Education 21
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
22 Sputnik Education
1.6. T hc l tt, nhng c thy tt hn
Sputnik Education 23
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
24 Sputnik Education
1.6. T hc l tt, nhng c thy tt hn
Sputnik Education 25
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
26 Sputnik Education
1.6. T hc l tt, nhng c thy tt hn
khng hiu, hoc l tng mnh hiu tuy thc s cha hiu g,
dn n tu ho nhp ma. T hn na, th c th c phi nhng
sch nhm nh, sch vit sai, v.v.
Qu trnh t i tm ra kin thc, tm ra chn l bao gi cng kh
khn lu di hn l qu trnh tip thu li t nhng ngi nm c
n. Nhng kin thc m hc sinh c hc by gi l nhng th m
cc nh bc hc ca nhng th k trc phi mt c i ngi tm
ra. Khng th bt hc sinh i li con ng khm ph , v nh th
s mt qu nhiu thi gian. V tt nhin khi lng ph qu nhiu thi
gian tm tr vo vic pht minh li ci bnh xe, hc sinh s khng
cn thi gian tip cn cc kin thc cn thit khc.
iu trn khng c ngha l hc sinh khng nn nghin cu v
sng to. Nghin cu v sng to cng l cn thit, nhng phi da
trn mt nn tng c s c ch khng th rng rut m nghin
cu sng to c ci hay ho. hc nghin cu sng to, th nhng
ngi thy tt nht cho vic chnh l nhng ngi nghin cu
v sng to: cc nh khoa hc, nh sng ch, ngh s, v.v. (ch khng
phi l nhng ngi dy nghin cu m bn thn cha c cng trnh
nghin cu quan trng no). Cng chnh bi vy m hc vn v
hc ting, th hc sinh nn c cc bi th, mu truyn hay ca cc
nh vn nh m thch hc c, thy c ci hay ci p s
sng to ca ngn ng ch khng phi ngay t lp mt hc cc
khi nim ngn ng phc tp nhng trn cc v d nht nho v
ngha.
Constructivisme l kiu t hc l chnh tuy c thy ng bn
cnh. Cn mt kiu t hc och hn, l t hc khng cn thy.
Sputnik Education 27
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
28 Sputnik Education
1.6. T hc l tt, nhng c thy tt hn
Sputnik Education 29
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
30 Sputnik Education
1.7. Thy cy m chng thy rng
Sputnik Education 31
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
32 Sputnik Education
1.8. Ton hc v thut ton
Sputnik Education 33
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
(3)
Bn dch ca Phan Tt c c t nm 1976. Bn dch mi v chnh xc hn ca
Nguyn Tin Dng do Sputnik Eduation pht hnh t nm 2015.
34 Sputnik Education
1.8. Ton hc v thut ton
Sputnik Education 35
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
36 Sputnik Education
1.8. Ton hc v thut ton
Sputnik Education 37
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
38 Sputnik Education
1.8. Ton hc v thut ton
Trong nm hc 2013-2014,
ti c dy ton cho mt lp
i hc nm th nht chuyn
ngnh tin hc, thay cho mt
ng nghip ngh . Mt s
bn sinh vin phn nn vi ti
l chng trnh ton chn qu,
chng thy lin quan g n tin
hc. M ng th tht, ti c
chng trnh cng thy chn.
Nhng ti ch l lnh nh
thu ch khng son chng
trnh nn khng thay i c Mt quyn sch Sputnik c bn
n. Ci m ti c gng lm nhiu v thut ton
b tr li l gii thch thm
cho cc sinh vin nhng khi nim m h hc chnh l cc thut
ton c ngha ra sao.
V d nh, cng thc ni suy Lagrange chnh l thut ton v
ng cong n gin nht, p mt nht i qua mt s im cho
trc, v khi ngi ta thit k t, tu bay th thay v v ton b cc
im ngi ta ch cn v t im thi ri ni suy ra cc im cn li
theo kiu cng thc . Hay nh chui Taylor lm g? N cng
chnh l thut ton cho php chng ta tnh xp x mt cch rt chnh
xc cc gi tr ca cc hm phc tp, v.v. Chng hn, ta c th tnh
nhm bng tay cc s nh e, sin(1), v.v. vi chnh xc rt cao m
khng cn my tnh. (My tnh cng dng cc thut ton nh ta tnh
Sputnik Education 39
Chng 1. Hc ton nh th no?
nhm thi).
Khi hc sinh sinh vin (c bit l sinh vin tin hc) c gii
thch ngha thut ton ca cc khi nim ton hc, th h cng
phn khi ln. i vi sinh vin sinh vt, ha hc, v.v. th c th cn
dy hi khc i, vi nhiu minh ha ng dng ton hc trong ngnh
ca h hn, v d nh ti sao li dng hm ly tha khi kho st dn
s, v.v. Cui cng th ton hc vn l mt tng hp cc cng c m
hnh ha v cc thut ton gii quyt cc vn ny sinh trong
mi lnh vc, ch khng phi l mt m khi nim t trn tri ri
xung.
40 Sputnik Education
Chng 2
Mt s iu nn v khng
nn khi dy ton
2.1 Hiu v nh
41
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
42 Sputnik Education
2.1. Hiu v nh
Sputnik Education 43
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
44 Sputnik Education
2.2. C bn v nhiu cng dng
Sputnik Education 45
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
ca hai biu thc lng gic), m ngay nhng ngi lm ton chuyn
nghip cng rt him khi cn n. Thay v tn nhiu thi gian vo
nhng cng thc phc tp m khng cn dng , hc nhng th c
bn khc s c ch hn.
Mt ln nh xut bn Springer c ln nh ti lm phn bin cho
mt quyn sch v hnh hc vi phn v ng dng. Ti khuyn
Springer khng in sch , v mt trong cc l do l quyn sch cha
qu nhiu khi nim m ngay sch cng khng dng n. V d
nh khi nim khng gian Lindeloff c a vo chng u,
pht biu thnh mt nh ngha c nh s hn hoi (ch khng phi
l ch nhc qua n trong mt ghi ch), nhng khng dng n n
ch no trong sch, ti khng hiu ngi vit sch a nh ngha
vo trong sch lm g.
Mt v d khc: cc bt ng thc. C nhng bt ng thc c
tn tui, khng phi v n kh, m l v n c ngha (n xut hin
trong cc vn hnh hc, s hc, phng trnh vi phn, v.v.). Ch
nu hc mt ng hng ngn bt ng thc m khng bit chng
dng lm g, th kh l ph thi gian. Phn ln cc bt ng thc
(khng k cc bt ng thc c tnh t hp) c th c chng minh
kh d dng bng mt phng php c bn, l phng php dng
o hm hoc sai phn. Thay v hc phng php a nng ny, hc
sinh li mt qu nhiu thi gian vi cc kiu mo mc chng minh
bt ng thc.
Cc mo mc c t cng dng, ch dng c cho bi ton ny
nhng khng dng c cho bi ton khc (bi vy mi l mo
mc ch khng phi phng php). Mo mc c th lm cho
46 Sputnik Education
2.2. C bn v nhiu cng dng
Sputnik Education 47
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
48 Sputnik Education
2.3. Gii thch sao cho d hiu
Sputnik Education 49
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
50 Sputnik Education
2.3. Gii thch sao cho d hiu
Sputnik Education 51
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
2.4 Cu hi lm g?
52 Sputnik Education
2.4. Cu hi lm g?
Sputnik Education 53
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
54 Sputnik Education
2.5. Khng vic thi ln t vic hc
Sputnik Education 55
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
56 Sputnik Education
2.5. Khng vic thi ln t vic hc
Sputnik Education 57
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
58 Sputnik Education
2.6. ng x vi hc sinh
2.6 ng x vi hc sinh
Sputnik Education 59
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
60 Sputnik Education
2.7. Cht lng, s lng v hnh thc
Sputnik Education 61
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
62 Sputnik Education
2.7. Cht lng, s lng v hnh thc
Sputnik Education 63
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
64 Sputnik Education
2.8. Bn cht ca kin thc cn dy
Sputnik Education 65
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
66 Sputnik Education
2.8. Bn cht ca kin thc cn dy
Sputnik Education 67
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
68 Sputnik Education
2.8. Bn cht ca kin thc cn dy
minh rng 1/ 1 + 1/ 2 + . . . + 1/ 100 > 10), m li thiu nhng bi
n gin nhng gip hiu bn cht ca cn bc hai, nh bi tnh
Sputnik Education 69
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
70 Sputnik Education
2.8. Bn cht ca kin thc cn dy
Sputnik Education 71
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
c bi tp sau:
Chng minh rng A = 75.(41999 + 41998 + . . . + 4 + 1) + 25 chia
ht cho 100.
lm c bi ny, hc sinh cn bit cch cng 41999 + 41998 +
. . . + 4 + 1 (l mt bi ton c th coi l kh i vi hc sinh lp 7?,
tuy nhin n khng phi l mc ch kin thc ca chng), ri sau
kim tra s chia ht cho 100, cng khng phi l ci nm trong
kin thc m Chng 1 ny mun hc sinh nm c. Mt bi ton
nh vy, d d hay kh, cng khng hay, v nhm ch.
V d khc: trong Chng 1 c nhng bi tp v bt ng thc
(nh bi 95) hay cc tr (nh bi 125) l nhng bi kh. N kh v
hc sinh khng c hc t g v l thuyt (phng php nh gi
cc i lng hay tm cc tr) m phi lm bi tp. Nu lm bi tp,
m khng c phng php lm, tc l on m, c ngha l s lm
mt cch mo mc. N c th coi l bi hay, nu xp vo dng ton
nhm rn luyn t duy, kh nng suy lun su cho hc sinh gii
(tc l cho mt t l nh hc sinh c c t m c bit v ton),
nhng n khng hay nu y l bi tp hc v s hu t v v
t.
Mt hc sinh bnh thng, nu gp nhng bi nh vy kh c
th lm c (h ngh mt lc khng ra s thy chn v t hi ti
sao phi lm bi nh vy), d tnh ton thnh tho vi cc phn
s v bit tnh cn bc hai. Nhng nu c hc v cc phng php
tm cc tr hay nh gi cc i lng ri, th my bi ton khng
cn g kh, c iu my phng php li khng c trong chng
trnh chnh thc!
72 Sputnik Education
2.9. Gy t m v sung sng cho ngi hc
Sputnik Education 73
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
).
S t m thc y con ngi
ta tm ti hiu bit, lm cho no
tip thu kin thc v khm ph
th gii nhanh hn. Khi t m
tc l trong u t ra cc cu
hi, v no thm kht thng
tin tr li cc cu hi , khi
v c cu tr li s nhp vo
u rt nhanh v trong u
dn ch sn n nhn n.
Sudoku vui cho tr em.
Tr con sinh ra c bn nng t
m, v hc rt nhanh. Vn l lm sao gi c tnh t m m
khng nh mt n i khi ln ln.
Theo mt s nghin cu v gio dc hc thn kinh hc (xem
cun sch Insult to Intelligence ca Frank Smith), th tr em trung
bnh mi ngy hc c mt cch t nhin, nh nhng my chc t
mi trong lc lm cc vic khc, tuy rng lc hc trng th c khi
vt v mt ngy khng hc ni vi t mi. Mt trong cc l do m cc
nh gio dc hc a ra gii thch s hc km hiu qu trng,
chnh l cch gio dc hnh thc trng lm gim i s t m ca
tr em. Khi chn hc, khng c s t m, th hc rt kh vo.
Con ngi ta khi hc, khng nhng ch nh kin thc c hc,
m cn nh c trng thi tm l, cm gic (feelings) khi hc kin
thc . Nu nh nh rng hc ci g l nhm chn hay au
kh, th s khng mun hc na, v phn x t nhin ca con ngi
74 Sputnik Education
2.9. Gy t m v sung sng cho ngi hc
Sputnik Education 75
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
76 Sputnik Education
2.9. Gy t m v sung sng cho ngi hc
Sputnik Education 77
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
78 Sputnik Education
2.10. Rn luyn kh nng suy ngh su sc
- Suy ngh lu v mt vn .
Trong i sng ca con ngi, hu ht cc hot ng c lm
theo phn x m khng cn suy ngh hoc ch cn suy ngh n gin
1-2 bc. Nhng c nhng vic quan trng, i hi kh nng suy ngh
su, v d nh phn tch tnh hnh, vch chin lc, hay l nghin cu
mt vn x hi hay mt vn khoa hc. Nhng ngi bnh dn
c th t khi suy ngh su sc, nhng nhng ngi mun t nhn
mnh l tr thc, khng th khng bit suy ngh mt cch c lp
v su sc.
Kh nng suy ngh su sc khng phi t nhin sinh ra m c (tr
em suy ngh rt gin n), m l mt k nng c th c tng dn
ln qua qu trnh luyn tp thnh thi quen. Theo cc nh thn kinh
hc th khng ch cc kin thc, m c cc k nng ca con ngi
cng c ghi trong b nh ca no. Tng t nh l my tnh, kin
thc th c nh dng d liu (data) cn k nng c nh dng
chng trnh (programs). Trong c cc bn nng, l cc k nng
t lc sinh ra c sn trong b no, v d nh bn nng nghe nhn,
n ung, t v, v.v. (nhng th khng ai dy cng bit lm mc
no ), v cc k nng cn li l do hc c trong qu trnh sng.
Tt nhin cc k nng c th tt ln (nu c s dng v luyn tp
thng xuyn) hoc ti i cng vi thi gian.
c k nng suy ngh su sc, th khng c cch g khc, l
phi thng xuyn c luyn tp suy ngh su sc. Mt anh bn ti
gc do Thi (nhng khng theo o Do Thi) c k cho ti mt cu
chuyn th v sau: o Do Thi rt l phc tp, rt nhiu lut l, v
nhng ngi theo o, t a tr con, phi nghim chnh tun th
Sputnik Education 79
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
80 Sputnik Education
2.10. Rn luyn kh nng suy ngh su sc
Sputnik Education 81
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
(1)
Xem http: //gowers.wordpress.com/2008/07/25/what-is-deep-mathematics/
82 Sputnik Education
2.10. Rn luyn kh nng suy ngh su sc
Sputnik Education 83
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
2.11 i mi lin tc
84 Sputnik Education
2.11. i mi lin tc
Sputnik Education 85
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
tch).
Tt nhin c nhiu ngi, do iu kin cng vic, phi dy cng
mt mn (v d nh mn Ton lp 12) trong nhiu nm. trnh tr
tr trong trng hp , cn thng xuyn ci tin phng php v
ni dung ging dy (a vo nhng v d minh ha mi v bi tp
mi t thc t hin ti, s dng nhng cng ngh mi v cng c hc
tp mi, tm cc cch gii thch mi d hiu hn, v.v.)
86 Sputnik Education
2.12. Hi ha gia cc thi cc
Bt chc sng to
Sputnik Education 87
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
88 Sputnik Education
2.12. Hi ha gia cc thi cc
K lut t do
Sputnik Education 89
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
90 Sputnik Education
2.12. Hi ha gia cc thi cc
Sputnik Education 91
Chng 2. Mt s iu nn v khng nn khi dy ton
92 Sputnik Education
2.12. Hi ha gia cc thi cc
Sputnik Education 93
Chng 3
94
3.1. Dy hc l mt ngh cao qu
Sputnik Education 95
Chng 3. Tho lun vi cc ging vin tr
A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops
Henri Brooks Adams
96 Sputnik Education
3.2. Gi tr ca ngi thy
Sputnik Education 97
Chng 3. Tho lun vi cc ging vin tr
98 Sputnik Education
3.4. Trc ht l thng yu tr
Sputnik Education 99
Chng 3. Tho lun vi cc ging vin tr
Who dares to teach must never cease to learn John Cotton Dana
vo bi ging.
Bi tp (giao cho cc bn Toulouse lm ATER) l c ht quyn
sch ca Krantz trong vng mt tun. Nhng bn tr no i xin vic
ph ging cc ni trn th gii, cng nn c k cng sch trn v
mt s sch khc v trit l gio dc, ri ghi vo trong CV l c
cc sch , c th s c ni tuyn vic ch hn.
ch bo ca thy na.
Nh mt bn B. c pht biu trong bui tho lun, c 3 yu t
c mt bui dy cho tt v gi c uy tn, l:
- Chun b bi ging cho tht tt
- Gi k lut trt t trong lp
- Cn yu t th ba l g?
If a child cant learn the way we teach, maybe we should teach the
way they learn Ignacio Estrada
3.9 Dy hc qua cc v d
3.10 Cc v d v nhm
minh.
Nhy lon x t ny sang khc.
Tim nng ca no ngi rt ln. Nhng trong phm vi 1 ting
ng h, th kh nng thu nhp v x l thng tin ca no ngi l
c hn: thng n ch c th i theo mt vi mch suy ngh chnh
no , ch nu nhy lon x t ch ny sang ch khc l no s b
mt phng hng, mt tp trung, khng kp x l.Th nhng, c
nhng ngi ging by theo kiu nhy t ny sang khc mt cch
lon x nh vy. V d nh, u gi bp ngay vo mt nh l phn
cui ca 1 quyn sch gio trnh, mt lc sau li ln li phn u
quyn sch, lc sau na li nhy sang gia quyn sch, khng theo
th t no, lm cho sinh vin lun b bt ng.
C nhng ngi, khng hn l nhy lon x t ny sang khc,
m l nhy cc cc , khin cho mch suy lun b t on i vi
ngi nghe. Ngi ging bi c th khng nhn ra iu , v i vi
ng ta phn nhy cc b qua l phn qu quen thuc, hin nhin
d thy, tuy rng thc ra n khng h hin nhin i vi ngi nghe.
Vic ging bi nhy l xn hay t on mt phn c th do ch
quan, coi rng ai cng phi ngh ging mnh, mnh lm nh vy mnh
hiu c th ngi khc cng phi hiu c
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