ROLDAN B.

PIDO
BEED
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of a polynomial equation. Quite often algebraic
functions can be expressed using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and raising to a fractional power.
Relations
A relation is a set of inputs and outputs, often written as ordered pairs (input, output). We can also represent a relation as a
mapping diagram or a graph. For example, the relation can be represented as:

Mapping Diagram of Relation

Lines connect the inputs with their outputs. The relation can also be represented as:

A function is a relation in which each input has only one output.

In the relation , y is a function of x , because for each input x (1, 2, 3, or 0), there is only one output y .x is not a function of y ,
because the input y = 3has multiple outputs: x = 1 and x = 2 .

Examples:
\: y is a function of x , x is a function of y .

: y is not a function of x ( x = 3 has multiple outputs), x is a function of y .

: y is a function of x , x is not a function of y ( y = 9 has multiple outputs).

: y is not a function of x ( x = 1 has multiple outputs), x is not a function of y ( y = 2 has multiple outputs).
In math, a relation is just a set of ordered pairs.
Note:
{ } are the symbol for "set"
Some Examples of Relations include

{ (0,1) , (55,22), (3,-50) }

{ (0, 1) , (5, 2), (-3, 9) }

{ (-1,7) , (1, 7), (33, 7), (32, 7) }

One more time: A relation is just a set of ordered pairs. There is absolutely nothing special at all about the numbers that are in a
relation. In other words, any bunch of numbers is a relation so long as these numbers come in pairs.

The domain:
Is the set of all the first numbers of the ordered pairs.
In other words, the domain is all of the x-values.

The range:
Is the set of the second numbers in each pair, or the y-values
Range
The range of a relation (or function) is the set of all outputs of that relation. For example, the range of is . The range of the following
mapping diagram is :

Mapping Diagram
The range of the following graph is :

Graph

The picture on the front page of the course

website is a collage of portraits of famous
mathematicians who made significant
contributions to the field that we now know as
abstract algebra. Some of them will likely be
mentioned in class when we cover results to
which they contributed. Below are
descriptions of these people and their work.

Top row, from left to right:

 Niccol Fontana Tartaglia (1499/1500 - 1557) Tartaglia was an Italian mathematician. The name "Tartaglia" is
actually a nickname meaning "stammerer", a reference to his injury-induced speech impediment. He was largely self-
taught, and was the first person to translate Euclid's Elements into a modern European language. He is best
remembered for his contributions to algebra, namely his discovery of a formula for the solutions to a cubic equation.
Such a formula was also found by Gerolamo Cardano at roughly the same time, and the modern formula is known as
the Cardano-Tartaglia formula. Cardano also found a solution to the general quartic equation.

Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736 - 1813) Despite his French-sounding name, Lagrange was an Italian mathematician.
Like many of the great mathematicians of his time, he made contributions to many different areas of mathematics. In
particular, he did some early work in abstract algebra. We will learn about Lagrange's Theorem fairly soon, which is
one of the most fundamental results in group theory.

variste Galois (1811 - 1832) Galois was a very gifted young French mathematician, and his story is one of the most
tragic in the history of mathematics. He was killed at the age of 20 in a duel that is still veiled in mystery. Before that,
he made huge contributions to abstract algebra. He helped to found group theory as we know it today, and he was the
first to use the term "group". Perhaps most importantly, he proved that it is impossible to solve a fifth-degree
polynomial (or a polynomial of any higher degree) using radicals by studying permutation groups associated to
polynomials. This area of algebra is still important today, and it is known as Galois theory in his honor.

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777 - 1855) Along with Leonhard Euler, Gauss is considered to be one of the greatest and
most prolific mathematicians of all time. He made significant contributions to algebra, number theory, geometry, and
physics, just to name a few areas. In algebra, there are several results in ring theory (specifically regarding rings of
polynomials) bearing his name.

Bottom row, left to right:

Niels Henrik Abel (1802 - 1829) Abel was a Norwegian mathematician who, like Galois, did seminal work in algebra
before dying at a very young age. Strangely enough, he proved similar results regarding the insolvability of the quintic
independently from Galois. In honor of his work in group theory, abelian groups are named after him. The Abel Prize in
mathematics, sometimes thought of as the "Nobel Prize in Mathematics," is also named for him.

Emmy Noether (1882 - 1935) Noether is widely considered to be the greatest female mathematician of all time, and
in fact one of the greatest mathematicians ever. Her most important work was related to abstract algebra, specifically
the theory of rings and fields. The concept of a Noetherian ring, as well as several theorems in algebra, are named in
her honor. She became a lecturer at the University of Gttingen in 1915, at the invitation of David Hilbert. She was
forced to leave in 1933, when Adolf Hitler expelled Jewish faculty members from Gttingen. She emigrated to the
United States, where she took up a position at Bryn Mawr, which she held until her death in 1935.

Arthur Cayley (1821 - 1895) Cayley was a British mathematician whose work is known to students of abstract
algebra and linear algebra. The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem for matrices is named after him and William Rowan
Hamilton, and a fundamental theorem in group theory, Cayley's Theorem, is due to him.

Camille Jordan (1838 - 1922) Like Cayley, Jordan made contributions to both abstract algebra and linear algebra. He
is known for developing the Jordan normal form of a matrix, and for originating the Jordan-Hlder Theorem in group
theory.
Trigonometry (from Greek trignon, "triangle" and metron, "measure") is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships involving
lengths and angles of triangles. The field emerged in the Hellenistic world during the 3rd century BC from applications
of geometry to astronomical studies.
Sumerian astronomers studied angle measure, using a division of circles into 360 degrees. They, and later the Babylonians, studied
the ratios of the sides of similar triangles and discovered some properties of these ratios but did not turn that into a systematic method
for finding sides and angles of triangles. The ancient Nubians used a similar method.[5]

In the 3rd century BC, Hellenistic mathematicians such as Euclid (from Alexandria, Egypt) and Archimedes (from Syracuse, Sicily)
studied the properties of chords and inscribed angles in circles, and they proved theorems that are equivalent to modern trigonometric
formulae, although they presented them geometrically rather than algebraically. In 140 BC, Hipparchus (from Iznik, Turkey) gave the
first tables of chords, analogous to modern tables of sine values, and used them to solve problems in trigonometry and spherical
trigonometry.[6] In the 2nd century AD, the Greco-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy (from Alexandria, Egypt) printed detailed trigonometric
tables (Ptolemy's table of chords) in Book 1, chapter 11 of his Almagest.[7] Ptolemy used chord length to define his trigonometric
functions, a minor difference from the sine convention we use today.[8] (The value we call sin() can be found by looking up the chord
length for twice the angle of interest (2) in Ptolemy's table, and then dividing that value by two.) Centuries passed before more
detailed tables were produced, and Ptolemy's treatise remained in use for performing trigonometric calculations in astronomy
throughout the next 1200 years in the medieval Byzantine, Islamic, and, later, Western European worlds.

The modern sine convention is first attested in the Surya Siddhanta, and its properties were further documented by the 5th century
(AD) Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata.[9] These Greek and Indian works were translated and expanded by medieval
Islamic mathematicians. By the 10th century, Islamic mathematicians were using all six trigonometric functions, had tabulated their
values, and were applying them to problems in spherical geometry.[citation needed] At about the same time, Chinese mathematicians
developed trigonometry independently, although it was not a major field of study for them. Knowledge of trigonometric functions and
methods reached Western Europe via Latin translations of Ptolemy's Greek Almagest as well as the works of Persian and Arabic
astronomers such as Al Battani and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.[10] One of the earliest works on trigonometry by a northern European
mathematician is De Triangulis by the 15th century German mathematician Regiomontanus, who was encouraged to write, and
provided with a copy of the Almagest, by the Byzantine Greek scholar cardinal Basilios Bessarion with whom he lived for several years.
[11]
At the same time, another translation of the Almagest from Greek into Latin was completed by the Cretan George of Trebizond.
[12]
Trigonometry was still so little known in 16th-century northern Europe that Nicolaus Copernicus devoted two chapters of De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium to explain its basic concepts.

Driven by the demands of navigation and the growing need for accurate maps of large geographic areas, trigonometry grew into a
major branch of mathematics.[13]Bartholomaeus Pitiscus was the first to use the word, publishing his Trigonometria in 1595.[14] Gemma
Frisius described for the first time the method of triangulation still used today in surveying. It was Leonhard Euler who fully
incorporated complex numbers into trigonometry. The works of the Scottish mathematicians James Gregory in the 17th century
and Colin Maclaurin in the 18th century were influential in the development of trigonometric series.[15] Also in the 18th century, Brook
Taylor defined the general Taylor series

Hipparchus, credited with compiling the first trigonometric table, is known as "the father of
trigonometry".

The word angle comes from the Latin word angulus, meaning "corner"; cognate words are
the Greek (ankyls), meaning "crooked, curved," and the Englishword "ankle". Both are
connected with the Proto-Indo-European root *ank-, meaning "to bend" or "bow".
An angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.
[1]
Angles formed by two rays lie in a plane, but this plane does not have to be a Euclidean plane. Angles are also formed by the
intersection of two planes in Euclidean and other spaces. These are called dihedral angles. Angles formed by the intersection of two
curves in a plane are defined as the angle determined by the tangent rays at the point of intersection.

An angle is in standard position if its vertex is located at the origin and one ray is on the
positive x-axis. The ray on the x-axis is called the initial side and the other ray is called
the terminal side. If the terminal side of an angle lies"on" the axes (such as 0, 90, 180,
270, 360 ), it is called aquadrantal angle. The angle shown at the right is referred to as
aQuadrant II angle since its terminal side lies in Quadrant II.

KINDS OF ANGLE

A triangle is a 3-sided polygon sometimes (but not very commonly) called the trigon. Every triangle has three sides and three angles,
some of which may be the same. The sides of a triangle are given special names in the case of a right triangle, with the side opposite
the right angle being termed thehypotenuse and the other two sides being known as the legs. All triangles are convex and bicentric.
That portion of the plane enclosed by the triangle is called the triangle interior, while the remainder is the exterior.

An triangle is said to be acute if all three of its angles are all acute, a triangle having an obtuse angle is called an obtuse triangle, and a
triangle with a right angle is called right. A triangle with all sides equal is called equilateral, a triangle with two sides equal is
called isosceles, and a triangle with all sides a different length is called scalene. A triangle can be simultaneously right and isosceles, in
which case it is known as an isosceles right triangle.