ABSTRACT

ICU stands for Intensive Care Unit, a place in the hospital where very ill patients
are monitored very closely. Typically, the patient-staff ratio is very low and the LIFE-
SAVING EQUIPMENT used is very advanced. Generally ICU is a hospital facility for
provision of intensive nursing and medical care of critically ill patients, characterized by
high quality and quantity of continuous nursing and medical supervision and by use of
sophisticated monitoring and resuscitative equipment The patients in the ICU need a
constant monitoring of their Temperature and heart beat. This project is a working model,
which incorporates sensors to measure important parameters namely the Temperature,
Respiratory temperature and Heart Beat. The sensors are interfaced to computer, so that
the condition of a patient can be analyzed by doctors in any part of the hospital wherever
they are.

Whenever there is an abnormality felt by the patient, the particular patient will
give an alarm signal, by which the doctor can rush to the patient. Even when the patient is
in an unconscious condition, all the parameters will be sensed and doctor will be
cautioned, thus it reduces doctors workload and also gives more accurate results.

Our project is a working model which incorporates sensors to measure parameters

like Heart Beat rate and temperature and the patient condition can be analyzed to by
doctors in LCD. Thus it reduces doctors work load and also gives more accurate results,
wherever there is an abnormality felt by the patient, we have also incorporated
monitoring system which gives an alarm when the saline bottle about to empty.

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 CONTENTS
Title Page No.
CHAPTER 1
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 History 6
1.3 Characteristics of embedded systems 7
1.4 Peripherals
8
1.5 Debugging 9

CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION OF HARD WARE COMPONENTS
2.1 Block diagram 13
2.2 AT89S52
2.2.1 Introduction 14
2.2.2 Pin description 15
2.2.3 Architecture of microcontroller 18
2.2.4 Special function register memory 18
2.2.5 Addressing modes 19
2.2.6 Timers and Counters 21
2.3 Power supply
2.3.1 Introduction 27
2.3.2 Transformer 27
2.3.3 Transformer working 28
2.3.4 Rectifier 29
2.3.5 Bridge rectifier 29
2.3.6 Smoothing 30
2.3.7 Regulator 31
2.4 Max 232 32
2.5 ADC 34

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 2.6 Liquid Crystal Display 36

CHAPTER 3
SENSORS
3.1 Sensor
3.1.1 Temperature sensor 45
3.1.2 Humidity sensor 46
3.1.3 Gas sensor 47

CHAPTER 4
HEARTBEAT SENSOR 48
CHAPTER 5
SOURCE CODE 51
CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 54
CHAPTER 7
OUTPUT SAMPLE 60
CONCLUSION 61
REFERENCES 62

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 LIST OF FIGURES
NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO.
Figure 1.1 Embedded system design calls 2
Figure 1.2 Embedded system design cycle 3
Figure 2.1 Transmitter section 13
Figure 2.2 Receiver section 13
Figure 2.3 Pin configuration 14
Figure 2.4 Oscillator connections 17
Figure 2.5 Architecture of Micro Controller 18
Figure 2.6 Power supply 27
Figure 2.7 Basic transformer 27
Figure 2.8 Transformer symbol 28
Figure 2.9 Bridge rectifier 30
Figure 2.10 Smoothing 30
Figure 2.11 Regulator 32
Figure 2.12 Pin diagram of MAX 232 33
Figure 2.13 MAX 232 33
Figure 2.14 Pin diagram of ADC 35
Figure 2.15 Molded chip carrier package 35
Figure 2.16 Sizes and shapes of LCD 38
Figure 2.17 Power supply for LCD 39
Figure 2.18 Pin diagram of 1x16 lines LCD 39
Figure 2.19 Entering text of LCD 43
Figure 2.20 Flow chart 44
Figure 3.1 Pin diagram of Temperature sensor 46
Figure 3.2 Gas sensor 48

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 LIST OF TABLES

NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO.

Table 2.1 Port 1 Pin description 15
Table 2.2 Pin description 16
Table 2.3 Timer and interrupt 22
Table 2.4 TMOD Registers Timers/Counters 0 and 1 26
Table 2.5 TCON Registers 26
Table 2.6 Address location for 1x16 lines LCD 37
Table 2.7 Functions of LCD 40

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