Al Jazeera

6/2/2017 AlJazeeraWikipedia
AlJazeera
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
AlJazeera(Arabic:alazrahIPA:[ldzir],
literally"TheIsland,"thoughreferringtotheArabian
AlJazeera
Peninsulaincontext[2]),alsoknownasJSC(Jazeera
SatelliteChannel),isaDohabasedstatefundedbroadcaster
ownedbytheAlJazeeraMediaNetwork,whichispartly
fundedbytheHouseofThani,therulingfamilyofQatar.[3]
InitiallylaunchedasanArabicnewsandcurrentaffairs
satelliteTVchannel,AlJazeerahassinceexpandedintoa
networkwithseveraloutlets,includingtheInternetand
specialtyTVchannelsinmultiplelanguages.
Type Satellitetelevisionnetwork
AlJazeeraisamongthelargestnewsorganizationswith80
Country Qatar
bureausaroundtheworld.AlJazeeraisownedbythe
governmentofQatar.[3][4][5][6][7][8]WhileAlJazeeraofficials Availability Worldwide
havestatedthattheyareeditoriallyindependentfromthe Owner AlJazeeraMediaNetwork
governmentofQatar,thisassertionhasbeendisputed.[9] Keypeople SheikhHamadbinThamerAl
Thani,Chairman
TheoriginalAlJazeerachannel'swillingnesstobroadcast
YasserAbuHilala,Director
dissentingviews,forexampleoncallinshows,created
controversiesintheArabStatesofthePersianGulf.The General[1]
stationgainedworldwideattentionfollowingtheoutbreakof
warinAfghanistan,whenitwastheonlychanneltocover
AljazeeraSatelliteChannel(Al
thewarlive,fromitsofficethere.[10]
JazeeraArabic)
AlJazeerahasbeencalledapropagandaoutletfortheQatari
governmentanditsforeignpolicy,byanalystsandbynews
reporters,includingformerAlJazeera
reporters.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]Thenetworkissometimes
perceivedtohavemainlyIslamistperspectives,promoting
theMuslimBrotherhood,andhavingaproSunniandan
antiShiabiasinitsreportingofregionalissues.[18][19]Itis
alsoaccusedofhavinganantiWesternbias.[20][21]However,
Launched 1November1996
AlJazeerainsistsitcoversallsidesofadebate,itsaysit
presentsIsrael'sview,Iran'sviewandevenairedvideos Ownedby AlJazeeraMediaNetwork
releasedbyOsamabinLaden.[22] Pictureformat 1080i(HD)
576i(SD)
Slogan "TheOpinionandTheOther
Contents Opinion"
Country Qatar
1 Etymology
2 History Language Arabic
2.1 Launch Broadcastarea Worldwide
2.2 Aroundtheclock
2.3 WarinAfghanistan Headquarters Doha,Qatar
2.4 2003IraqWar Sister AlJazeeraEnglish
3 Organization channel(s) AlJazeeraMubasher
3.1 Staff AlJazeeraBalkans
4 Reach
5 ExpansionoutsidetheMiddleEast
5.1 AlJazeeraEnglish
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera 1/25
5.1
AlJazeeraEnglish AlJazeeraTrk
5.2
AlJazeeraBalkans AlJazeeraDocumentaryChannel
5.3
AlJazeeraAmerica
5.4
AlJazeeraTrk Website AlJazeeraArabic(http://www.alja
5.5
Sportchannels zeera.net/)
5.6
Availability Availability
5.7
Ontheweb
5.7.1 CreativeCommons Satellite
5.7.2 Citizenjournalism Arabsat 11604H275003/4
5.8 Plans
6 ControversiesassociatedwithAlJazeera Nilesat 10971V275003/4(SD)
6.1 Algeria 11219H275005/6(HD)
6.2 Bahrain Hotbird 12111V275003/4
6.3 China
6.4 Egypt beIN(Middle Channel200(HD)
6.5 India East&North
6.6 Iraq Africa)
6.7 Israel
Canal Channel400(SD)
6.8 PalestinianNationalAuthority
6.9 SaudiArabianledwarinYemen (France)
6.10 Syria DSTV Channel406
6.11 UnitedStates
6.11.1 DeathofTareqAyyoub Cable
6.11.2 AlJazeerabombingmemo VirginMedia Channel831
6.12 Websiteattacks (UK)
6.13 Shariahandlife
6.14 AssassinationofRussianambassador MozaicTV Channel100
AndreyKarlov CableVision Unknown
7 Editorialindependence (Lebanon)
8 Documentaries
9 Awardsandaccolades Ziggo Channel784
10 Competitors (Netherlands)
11 Network Hot (Israel) Channel137
12 Seealso
13 References IPTV
14 Furtherreading FetchTV Channel187
15 Externallinks
(Australia)
PEOTV(Sri Channel26
Lanka)
Etymology
Streamingmedia
InArabic,alazrahliterallymeans"theisland".However, VirginTV Watchlive(http://anywhere.virgin
itrefershere[23]totheArabianPeninsula,whichis Anywhere media.com/channels/live/aljazeer
ibhalazrahalarabiyyah,abbreviatedto a/)(UKonly)
alazrahalarabiyyah.(ComparetheArabicname SlingTV InternetProtocoltelevision
alJazira(Arabic:"theisland")forUpper
Mesopotamia,anotherareaoflandalmostentirely
surroundedbywater.)
History
Launch
AlJazeeraSatelliteChannelnowknownas(AJA)waslaunchedon1November1996followingtheclosure
oftheBBC'sArabiclanguagetelevisionstation,ajointventurewithOrbitCommunicationsCompany.The
BBCchannelhadclosedafterayearandahalfwhentheSaudigovernmentattemptedtosuppressinformation,
includingagraphicreportonexecutionsandprominentdissidentviews.[24]
TheEmirofQatar,SheikhHamadbinKhalifa,providedaloanofQAR500million($137million)tosustain
AlJazeerathroughitsfirstfiveyears,asHughMilesdetailedinhisbookAlJazeera:TheInsideStoryofthe
ArabNewsChannelThatIsChallengingtheWest.ShareswereheldbyprivateinvestorsaswellastheQatar
government.
AlJazeera'sfirstdayontheairwas1November1996.Itoffered6
hoursofprogrammingperdayincreasedto12hoursbytheendof
1997.Itwasbroadcasttotheimmediateneighborhoodasaterrestrial
signal,andoncable,aswellasthroughsatellites(whichwasalsofreeto
usersintheArabworld),althoughQatar,likemanyotherArab
countries,barredprivateindividualsfromhavingsatellitedishesuntil
2001.
AtthetimeofAlJazeera'slaunch,Arabsatwastheonlysatellite
broadcastingtotheMiddleEast,andforthefirstyearcouldonlyoffer AlJazeeraArabicBuilding
AlJazeeraaweakCbandtransponderthatneededalargesatellitedish
forreception.AmorepowerfulKubandtransponderbecameavailableasapeaceofferingafteritsuser,Canal
FranceInternational,accidentallybeamed30minutesofpornographyintoultraconservativeSaudiArabia.[25]
AlJazeerawasnotthefirstsuchbroadcasterintheMiddleEastanumberhadappearedsincetheArabsat
satellite,aSaudiArabiabasedventureof21Arabgovernments,tookorbitin1985.TheunfoldingofOperation
DesertStormonCNNInternationalunderscoredthepoweroflivetelevisionincurrentevents.Whileother
localbroadcastersintheregionwouldassiduouslyavoidmaterialembarrassingtotheirhomegovernments
(QatarhaditsownofficialTVstationaswell),AlJazeerawaspitchedasanimpartialnewssourceandplatform
fordiscussingissuesrelatingtotheArabworld.
Inpresenting"Theopinionandtheotheropinion"(thestation'smotto),itdidnottakelongforAlJazeerato
shocklocalviewersbypresentingIsraelisspeakingHebrewonArabTVforthefirsttime.Livelyandfar
rangingtalkshows,particularlyapopular,confrontationalonecalledTheOppositeDirection,wereaconstant
sourceofcontroversyregardingissuesofmoralityandreligion.Thispromptedatorrentofcriticismfromthe
conservativevoicesamongtheregion'spress.Italsoledtoofficialcomplaintsandcensuresfromneighboring
governments.SomejammedAlJazeera'sterrestrialbroadcastorexpelleditscorrespondents.In1999,the
Algeriangovernmentreportedlycutpowertoseveralmajorcitiesinordertocensoronebroadcast.Therewere
alsocommercialrepercussions:SaudiArabiareportedlypressuredadvertiserstoavoidthechannel,togreat
effect.AlJazeerawasalsobecomingafavoritesoundingboardformilitantgroupssuchasHamasandChechen
separatists.
AlJazeerawastheonlyinternationalnewsnetworktohavecorrespondentsinIraqduringtheOperationDesert
Foxbombingcampaignin1998.Inaprecursorofapatterntofollow,itsexclusivevideoclipswerehighly
prizedbyWesternmedia.
Aroundtheclock
1January1999wasAlJazeera'sfirstdayof24hourbroadcasting.[26]Employmenthadmorethantripledinone
yearto500employees,andtheagencyhadbureausatadozensitesasfarasEUandRussia.Itsannualbudget
wasestimatedatabout$25millionatthetime.
Howevercontroversial,AlJazeerawasrapidlybecomingoneofthemostinfluentialnewsagenciesinthe
wholeregion.Eagerfornewsbeyondtheofficialversionsofevents,Arabsbecamededicatedviewers.A2000
estimatepeggednightlyviewershipat35million,rankingAlJazeerafirstintheArabworld,overtheSaudi
ArabiasponsoredMiddleEastBroadcastingCentre(MBC)andLondon'sArabNewsNetwork(ANN).There
wereabout70satelliteorterrestrialchannelsbeingbroadcasttotheMiddleEast,mostoftheminArabic.Al
JazeeralaunchedafreeArabiclanguagewebsiteinJanuary2001.Inaddition,theTVfeedwassoonavailable
inUnitedKingdomforthefirsttimeviaBritishSkyBroadcasting.
WarinAfghanistan
AlJazeeracametotheattentionofmanyintheWestduringthehuntforOsamabinLadenandtheTalibanin
Afghanistanafterthe11SeptemberattacksontheUnitedStates.ItairedvideositreceivedfromOsamabin
LadenandtheTaliban,deemingnewfootageoftheworld'smostwantedfugitivestobenewsworthy.Some
criticizedthenetworkforgivingavoicetoterrorists.[27][28]AlJazeera'sWashington,D.C.,bureauchief,Hafez
alMirazi,comparedthesituationtothatoftheUnabomber'smessagesinTheNewYorkTimes.[29]Thenetwork
saidithadbeengiventhetapesbecauseithadalargeArabaudience.[30]
ManyotherTVnetworkswereeagertoacquirethesamefootage.CNNInternationalhadexclusiverightstoit
forsixhoursbeforeothernetworkscouldbroadcast,aprovisionthatwasbrokenbytheothersonatleastone
controversialoccasion.[31]PrimeMinisterTonyBlairsoonappearedonanAlJazeeratalkshowon14
November2001tostateBritain'scaseforpursuingtheTalibanintoAfghanistan.[32]
AlJazeera'sprominenceroseduringthewarinAfghanistanbecauseithadopenedabureauinKabulbeforethe
warbegan.Thisgaveitbetteraccessforvideotapingeventsthanothernetworks,whichboughtAlJazeera's
footage,sometimesforasmuchas$250,000.[33]
TheKabulofficewasdestroyedbyUnitedStatesbombsin2001.[34]Lookingtostayaheadofpossiblefuture
conflicts,AlJazeerathenopenedbureausinothertroubledspots.
Thenetworkremaineddependentongovernmentsupportin2002,withabudgetof$40millionandad
revenuesofabout$8million.Italsotookinfeesforsharingitsnewsfeedwithothernetworks.Ithadan
estimated45millionviewersaroundtheworld.AlJazeerasoonhadtocontendwithanewrival,AlArabiya,an
offshootoftheMiddleEastBroadcastingCenter,whichwassetupinnearbyDubaiwithSaudifinancial
backing.[35]
2003IraqWar
BeforeandduringtheUnitedStatesledinvasionofIraq,whereAlJazeerahadapresencesince1997,the
network'sfacilitiesandfootagewereagainhighlysoughtbyinternationalnetworks.Thechannelanditsweb
sitealsowereseeingunprecedentedattentionfromviewerslookingforalternativestoembeddedreportingand
militarypressconferences.
AlJazeeramoveditssportscoveragetoanew,separatechannelon1November2003,allowingformorenews
andpublicaffairsprogrammingontheoriginalchannel.AnEnglishlanguagewebsitehadlaunchedearlierin
March2003.Thechannelhadabout1,300to1,400employees,itsnewsroomeditortoldTheNewYorkTimes.
Therewere23bureausaroundtheworldand70foreigncorrespondents,with450journalistsinall.
On1April2003,aUnitedStatesplanefiredonAlJazeera'sBaghdadbureau,killingreporterTareqAyyoub.[36]
Theattackwascalledamistakehowever,QatarhadsuppliedtheUSwithaprecisemapofthelocationofthe
bureauinordertospareitfromattack.[37][38]
AfshinRattansibecamethechannel'sfirstEnglishlanguagebroadcastjournalistafterhelefttheBBCToday
Programme,afterthedeathofUKGovernmentScientist,DavidKelly.
Organization
TheoriginalAlJazeerachannelwaslaunched1November1996byanemiridecreewithaloanof500million
Qataririyals(US$137million)fromtheEmirofQatar,SheikhHamadbinKhalifa.[39][40]Byitsfunding
throughloansorgrantsratherthandirectgovernmentsubsidies,thechannelclaimstomaintainindependent
editorialpolicy.[41][42]Thechannelbeganbroadcastinginlate1996,withmanystaffjoiningfromtheBBC
WorldService'sSaudicoownedArabiclanguageTVstation,whichhadshutdownon1April1996aftertwo
yearsofoperationbecauseofcensorshipdemandsbytheSaudiArabiangovernment.[43]TheAlJazeeralogois
adecorativerepresentationofthenetwork'snamewrittenusingArabiccalligraphy.Itwasselectedbythe
station'sfounder,EmirofQatarSheikhHamadbinKhalifa,asthewinningentryinadesigncompetition.[23]
Staff
AlJazeerarestructureditsoperationstoformanetworkthatcontainsalltheir
differentchannels.WadahKhanfar,thethenmanagingdirectoroftheArabic
Channel,wasappointedasthedirectorgeneralofAlJazeeraMediaNetwork.
HealsoactedasthemanagingdirectoroftheArabicChannel.Khanfarresigned
on20September2011proclaimingthathehadachievedhisoriginalgoals,and
that8yearswasenoughtimeforanyleaderofanorganization,inaninterview
airedonAlJazeeraEnglish.AhmedbinJassimAlThanireplacedKhanfarand
servedasthedirectorgeneralofthechannelfromSeptember2011toJune2013 WadahKhanfar,Former
DirectorGeneralofAl
whenhewasappointedministerofeconomyandtrade.[44]Thechairmanofthe
JazeeraMediaNetwork
channelisHamadbinThamerAlThani.ThecurrentDirectorGeneralisDr.
MostefaSouag.
TheeditorinchiefoftheArabicwebsiteisDr.MustafaSouagwhoreplacedAhmedSheikh.Ithasmorethan
100editorialstaff.ThemanagingdirectorofAlJazeeraEnglishisAlAnstey.TheEditorinChiefofthe
EnglishlanguagesiteisMohamedNanabhaywhohasrunthesitesince2009.Previouseditorshaveincluded
BeatWitschiandRussellMerryman.
ProminentonairpersonalitiesincludeFaisalalQassem,hostofthetalkshowTheOppositeDirection,Ahmed
Mansour,hostoftheshowWithoutBorders(bilaHudud)andSamiHaddad.
ItsformerIranandBeirutBureauChiefwasGhassanbinJiddo.HebecameaninfluentialfigureonAlJazeera
withhisprogramHiwarMaftuh,oneofthemostfrequentlywatchedprograms.[45]Healsointerviewed
Nasrallahin2007andproducedadocumentaryaboutHezbollah.[45]Somesuggestedthathewouldeven
replaceWadahKhanfar.[45]However,binJiddoresignedfromhisjobafterpoliticaldisagreementswiththe
station.[45]
OssamaAlBayati
OssamaAlBayatiARTdirectorforfilmandTV,commercialdirector,specializedinconceptualthinkingfor
networkbranding,.TodayhisworkcanbeseenforbrandssuchasAljazeeraMediaNetwork.Ossamamade
severalawardedinPromaxBDAAwardsinmediamarketingandspeakstoeverypartofthebusinessfrom
promotionanddesigntobrandingandinteractiveinDubaiandLosAngeles,andEurope.
Reach
ManygovernmentsintheMiddleEastdeploystaterunmediaorgovernmentcensorshiptoimpactlocalmedia
coverageandpublicopinion,leadingtointernationalobjectionsregardingpressfreedomandbiasedmedia
coverage.[46]Somescholarsandcommentatorsusethenotionofcontextualobjectivity,[47]whichhighlightsthe
tensionbetweenobjectivityandaudienceappeal,todescribethestation'scontroversialyetpopularnews
approach.[48]
Increasingly,AlJazeera'sexclusiveinterviewsandotherfootagearebeingrebroadcastinAmerican,British,
andotherwesternmediaoutletssuchasCNNandtheBBC.InJanuary2003,theBBCannouncedthatithad
signedanagreementwithAlJazeeraforsharingfacilitiesandinformation,includingnewsfootage.[49]
AlJazeera'savailability(viasatellite)throughouttheMiddleEastchangedthetelevisionlandscapeofthe
region.PriortothearrivalofAlJazeera,manyMiddleEasterncitizenswereunabletowatchTVchannelsother
thanstatecontrollednationalTVstations.AlJazeeraintroducedaleveloffreedomofspeechonTVthatwas
previouslyunheardofinmanyofthesecountries.AlJazeerapresentedcontroversialviewsregardingthe
governmentsofmanyArabstatesonthePersianGulf,includingSaudiArabia,Kuwait,BahrainandQatarit
alsopresentedcontroversialviewsaboutSyria'srelationshipwithLebanon,andtheEgyptianjudiciary.Critics
accusedAlJazeeraofsensationalisminordertoincreaseitsaudienceshare.AlJazeera'sbroadcastshave
sometimesresultedindrasticaction:forexample,when,on27January1999,criticsoftheAlgerian
governmentappearedonthechannel'sliveprogramElItidjahelMouakass("TheOppositeDirection"),the
AlgeriangovernmentcuttheelectricitysupplytolargepartsofthecapitalAlgiers(andallegedlyalsotolarge
partsofthecountry),topreventtheprogramfrombeingseen.[46][47][50][51]
Atthattime,AlJazeerawasnotyetgenerallyknownintheWesternworld,butwhereitwasknown,opinion
wasoftenfavourable[52]andAlJazeeraclaimedtobetheonlypoliticallyindependenttelevisionstationinthe
MiddleEast.However,itwasnotuntillate2001thatAlJazeeraachievedworldwiderecognition,whenit
broadcastvideostatementsbyalQaedaleaders.[53]
SomeobservershavearguedthatAlJazeerahasformidableauthorityasanopinionmaker.NoahBonseyand
JebKoogler,forexample,writingintheColumbiaJournalismReview,arguethatthewayinwhichthestation
coversanyfutureIsraeliPalestinianpeacedealcouldwelldeterminewhetherornotthatdealisactually
acceptedbythePalestinianpublic.[54]
Thechannel'stremendouspopularityhasalso,forbetterorworse,madeitashaperofpublic
opinion.Itscoverageoftendetermineswhatbecomesastoryandwhatdoesnot,aswellashow
Arabviewersthinkaboutissues.WhetherinSaudiArabia,Egypt,Jordan,orSyria,thestories
highlightedandthecriticismsairedbyguestsonAlJazeera'snewsprogramshaveoften
significantlyaffectedthecourseofeventsintheregion.
InPalestine,thestation'sinfluenceisparticularlystrong.RecentpollingindicatesthatintheWest
BankandGaza,AlJazeeraistheprimarynewssourceforanastounding53.4percentof
Palestinianviewers.Thesecondandthirdmostwatchedchannels,PalestineTVandAlArabiya,
polladistant12.8percentand10percent,respectively.TheresultofAlJazeera'smarket
dominanceisthatithasitselfbecomeamoverandshakerinPalestinianpolitics,helpingtocraft
publicperceptionsandinfluencethedebate.Thishasobviousimplicationsforthepeaceprocess:
howAlJazeeracoversthedeliberationsandtheoutcomeofanynegotiatedagreementwithIsrael
willfundamentallyshapehowitisviewedand,moreimportantly,whetheritisacceptedbythe
Palestinianpublic.
AlJazeera'sbroadavailabilityintheArabworld"operat[ing]withlessconstraintthanalmostanyotherArab
outlet,andremain[ing]themostpopularchannelintheregion",hasbeenperceivedasplayingapartinthe
ArabSpring,includingtheTunisianandEgyptianrevolutions.TheNewYorkTimesstatedinJanuary2011:
"TheprotestsrockingtheArabworldthisweekhaveonethreadunitingthem:AlJazeera,...whoseaggressive
coveragehashelpedpropelinsurgentemotionsfromonecapitaltothenext."ThenewspaperquotedMarc
Lynch,aprofessorofMiddleEastStudiesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversity:"Theydidnotcausetheseevents,
butit'salmostimpossibletoimagineallthishappeningwithoutAlJazeera."[55]
WithAlJazeera'sgrowingglobaloutreachandinfluence,somescholarsincludingAdelIskandarhave
describedthestationasatransformationoftheverydefinitionof"alternativemedia."[56]AlJazeerapresentsa
newdirectioninthediscourseofglobalnewsflowandshowsvoicesunderrepresentedbytraditional
mainstreammediaregardlessglobalimbalancesintheflowofinformation.[57]
ExpansionoutsidetheMiddleEast
AlJazeeraEnglish
In2003,AlJazeerahireditsfirstEnglishlanguagejournalists,
amongwhomwasAfshinRattansi,[58]fromtheBBC'sToday
Programme.
InMarch2003,itlaunchedanEnglishlanguagewebsite.[59](see
below)
On4July2005AlJazeeraofficiallyannouncedplanstolauncha
newEnglishlanguagesatelliteservicetobecalledAlJazeera
International.[60]Thenewchannelstartedat12hGMTon15
November2006underthenameAlJazeeraEnglishandhas AlJazeeraEnglishnewsroom
broadcastcentersinDoha(nexttotheoriginalAlJazeera
headquartersandbroadcastcenter),London,KualaLumpurand
WashingtonD.C.Thechannelisa24hour,7daysaweeknewschannel,with12hoursbroadcastfromDoha,
andfourhourseachfromLondon,KualaLumpur,andWashingtonD.C.
AlJazeeralaunchedanEnglishlanguagechannel,originallycalledAlJazeeraInternational,in2006.Among
itsstaffwerejournalistshiredfromABC'sNightlineandothertopnewsoutfits.JoshRushing,[61]aformer
mediahandlerforCENTCOMduringtheIraqwar,agreedtoprovidecommentaryDavidFrostwasalsoon
board.[62][63]Inaninterestingtechnicalfeat,thebroadcastofthenewoperationwashandedoffbetweenbases
inDoha,London,Washington,D.C.,andKualaLumpuronadailycycle.
ThenewEnglishlanguageventurefacedconsiderableregulatoryandcommercialhurdlesintheNorthAmerica
marketforitsperceivedsympathywithextremistcauses.[64][65][66]Atthesametime,othersfeltAlJazeera's
competitiveadvantagelayinprogrammingintheArabiclanguage.Therewerehundredsofmillionsof
potentialviewersamongthenonArabiclanguagespeakingMuslimsinEuropeandAsia,however,andmany
otherswhomightbeinterestedinseeingnewsfromtheMiddleEastreadbylocalvoices.Iftheventurepanned
out,itwouldextendtheinfluenceofAlJazeera,andtinyQatar,beyondevenwhathadbeenachievedinthe
station'sfirstdecade.Inaninterestingtwistoffate,theBBCWorldServicewaspreparingtolaunchitsown
Arabiclanguagestationin2007.
AlJazeeraBalkans
In2011,AlJazeeraMediaNetworklaunchedAlJazeeraBalkansbasedinSarajevoandservingBosniaand
HerzegovinainboththeBosnianlanguage,SerbianlanguageandtheCroatianlanguage.Thelookandfeelof
thenetworkissimilartoAlJazeeraEnglish.
AlJazeeraAmerica
InJanuary2013,AlJazeeraMediaNetworkpurchasedCurrentTV,whichwaspartiallyownedbyformerU.S.
VicePresidentAlGore.UsingpartofCurrentTV'sinfrastructure,AlJazeeralaunchedanAmericannews
channelon20August2013.
ThoughCurrentTVhadlargedistributionthroughouttheUnitedStatesoncableandsatellitetelevision,it
averagedonly28,000viewersatanytime.[67]TheacquisitionofCurrentTVbyAlJazeeraallowedTime
WarnerCabletodropthenetworkduetoitslowratings,buttheyreleasedastatementsayingthattheywould
considercarryingthechannelaftertheyevaluatedwhetheritmadesensefortheircustomers.[68][69][70][71][72][73]
TimeWarnerCablelaterbegancarryingAlJazeeraAmericainDecember2013.
InAugust2014GoreandfellowshareholderJoelHyattlaunchedalawsuitagainstAlJazeeraclaiminga
residualpaymentof$65millionofthesaleproceeds,duein2014,remainedunpaid.[74]AlJazeeralater
announcedacountersuit.
On13January2016,AlJazeeraAmericaCEOAlAnsteyannouncedthatthenetworkwouldceaseoperations
on12April2016,citingthe"economiclandscape".[75]
AlJazeeraTrk
AlJazeerahasbeenpreparingtolaunchaTurkishlanguagenewschannelcalledAlJazeeraTrk.On10
February2011,AlJazeeraacquiredTurkey'sCine5televisionchannel.[76]AlJazeeraTurklauncheditswebsite
withnewsin2014completewithvideoclips.
Sportchannels
beINSPORTS,formerlyAlJazeeraSportchannels,itwaslegallyseparatedfromAlJazeeraMediaNetwork
on1January2014andiscontrolledbybeINMediaGroup
beINSPORTScurrentlyoperatesthreechannelsinFrancebeINSport1,beINSport2andbeINSportMAX
andlaunchedtwochannelsintheUnitedStates(EnglishandSpanish)inAugust2012.[77]Thenetworkalso
hasaCanadianChannelandholdsCanadianbroadcastrightstoseveralsportsproperties,Thenetworkalsohas
anAustralianchannel.
InFrance,beINSportholdstherightstobroadcastmajorfootballtournamentsonFrenchtelevision,including
Ligue1,Bundesliga,theUEFAChampionsLeagueandtheEuropeanFootballChampionships.IntheUnited
StatesandCanada,beINSportholdstherightstobroadcastLaLiga,SerieA,Ligue1,CopadelRey,South
AmericanWorldCupQualifierandEnglishChampionshipmatches,inadditiontoBarcaTV.[78]
InOctober2009,AlJazeeraacquiredsixsportschannelsoftheART.[79]On26November2009,AlJazeera
EnglishreceivedapprovalfromtheCRTC,whichenablesAlJazeeraEnglishtobroadcastviasatellitein
Canada.[80]
Availability
TheoriginalAlJazeerachannelisavailableworldwidethroughvarioussatelliteandcablesystems.[81]For
availabilityinfooftheAlJazeeranetwork'sotherTVchannels,seetheirrespectivearticles.SegmentsofAl
JazeeraEnglishareuploadedtoYouTube.[82]
Europe,NorthernAfricaandtheMiddleEast.AlJazeeracanbefreelyviewedwithaDVBSreceiverin
Europe,NorthernAfricaandtheMiddleEastasitisbroadcastontheAstra1M,EutelsatHotBird13A,
Eutelsat10A,Badr4,Turksat2A,Thor6,Nilesat102,Hispasat1CandEutelsat28Asatellites.TheOptusC1
satelliteinAustraliacarriesthechannelforfreeandfromJuly2012isavailableatnoextrachargetoall
subscriberstoAustralia'sFoxtelpayTVservice.
Canada.AlJazeeraisavailableinCanadaonBellChannel516,aspartofthepackage"InternationalNewsI."
AlJazeeraisavailableonRogersCableindividually.AlJazeeraisalsoavailableonShawCableTVChannel
513,aspartofthepackage"Multicultural"
India.On7December2010,AlJazeerasaiditsEnglishlanguageservicehasgotadownlinklicenseto
broadcastinIndia.SatelliteandcablecompanieswouldthereforebeallowedtobroadcastAlJazeerainthe
country.[83]ThebroadcasterwillbelaunchedsoononDishTV,andisconsideringaHindilanguage
channel.[84]
UnitedKingdom.AlJazeeraEnglishisavailableontheSkyandFreesatsatelliteplatforms,aswellasthe
standardterrestrialservice(brandedFreeview),thusmakingitavailabletothevastmajorityofUKhouseholds.
On26November2013itlaunchedaHDsimulcastoncertainterrestrialtransmitters.[85]
UnitedStates.AlJazeeraEnglishismainlyavailableonlineviaitslivestreamonitswebsite,DVBS,Galaxy
19andGalaxy23Cbandsatellites.FollowingthelaunchofAlJazeeraAmericain2013until2016whenthe
channelfolded,AlJazeeraEnglishwasnotavailableintheUnitedStates.Ithadbeenavailablethroughlive
streamingovertheAlJazeerawebsite,DVBS,Galaxy19,freetoairandGalaxy23satellites,andithadbeen
broadcastovertheairintheWashington,DCDMAbyWNVCondigitalchannel305,andondigitalchannel
48.2intheNewYorkmetroarea,butthosebroadcastswerediscontinuedon20August2013.AlJazeera
EnglishhadalsobeenavailabletocableTVviewersinToledo,OhioBurlington,VermontNewYorkCity
(WRNNrebroadcast),WashingtonStateandWashington,D.C(arebroadcastofWNVC'sfeed),butthose
sourceswereswitchedtoAlJazeeraAmericaon20August2013.Manyanalystshadconsideredthelimited
availabilityofAlJazeeraEnglishintheUnitedStatestobeeffectivelya"blackout".[86][87]Thelivestreamand
programmingovertheinternetthathadbeengeoblockedwasmadeavailabletoviewersintheUnitedStates
againinSeptember,2016.
Online.AlJazeeraEnglishcanbeviewedovertheinternetfromtheirofficialwebsite.Thelowresolution
versionisavailablefreeofcharge,[88]whilethehighresolutionversionisavailableundersubscriptionfees
throughpartnersites.InsomecountriesthatdonotregularlyofferAlJazeeraEnglishthroughsatelliteorcable,
theavailabilityofinternetvideostreamingreceiverboxes,likethosesoldbyRokuintheUnitedStates,offer
thelowresolutionstreamwithouttheuseofacomputer.[89]AlJazeera'sEnglishdivisionhasalsopartnered
withLivestationforInternetbasedbroadcasting.[90]ThisenablesviewerstowatchAlJazeeraEnglishandAl
JazeeraliveworldwidewiththeexceptionofEnglishintheUnitedStates.
Ontheweb
AlJazeera'swebbasedserviceisaccessiblesubscriptionfreethroughouttheworld,atavarietyofwebsites.[91]
ThestationlaunchedanEnglishlanguageeditionofitsonlinecontentinMarch2003.ThisEnglishlanguage
websitewasrelaunchedon15November2006,alongwiththelaunchofAlJazeeraEnglish.TheEnglishand
Arabicsectionsareeditoriallydistinct,withtheirownselectionofnewsandcomment.AlJazeeraandAl
JazeeraEnglisharestreamedliveontheofficialsite,[92][93]aswellasonYouTube.[94][95]On13April2009,Al
JazeeralaunchedcondensedversionsofitsEnglishandArabicsitesformobiledeviceusers.
TheArabicversionofthesitewasbroughtofflineforabout10hoursbyanFBIraidonitsISP,InfoCom
Corporation,on5September2001.InfoComwaslaterconvictedofexportingtoSyriaandGaddafiruled
Libya,ofknowinglybeinginvestedinbyaHamasmember(bothofwhichareillegalintheUnitedStates),and
ofunderpayingcustomsduties.[96]
in2014AlJazeeraMediaNetworklaunchedanonlineonlychannelcalledAJ+.Thechannelisbasedoutofthe
formerCurrentTVstudiosinSanFranciscoandhasoutpostsinDoha,KualaLumpurandotherlocations.Itis
independentofallofAlJazeera'sotherchannelsandismostlyinanondemandformat.Thechannellaunched
on13June2014onwithapreviewonYouTube.
CreativeCommons
On13January2009,AlJazeerareleasedsomeofitsbroadcastqualityfootagefromGazaunderaCreative
Commonslicense.Contrarytobusiness"AllRightsReserved"standards,thelicenseinvitesthirdparties,
includingrivalbroadcasters,toreuseandremixthefootage,solongasAlJazeeraiscredited.Thevideosare
hostedonblip.tv,whichallowseasydownloadingandintegrationwithMiro.[97][98][99][100][101][102][103]
AlJazeeraalsooffersover2,000CreativeCommonslicensedstillphotosattheirFlickraccount.
Citizenjournalism
AlJazeeraacceptsusersubmittedphotosandvideosaboutnewseventsthroughaYourMediapage,andthis
contentmaybefeaturedonthewebsiteorinbroadcasts.[104]
ThechannelusedtheUshahidiplatformtocollectinformationandreportsabouttheGazaWar,throughTwitter,
SMSandthewebsite.[105][106]
Plans
FutureprojectsinotherlanguagesincludeAlJazeeraUrdu,anUrdulanguagechanneltocatermainlyto
PakistanisandpossiblysomeIndians.[107]AKiswahiliservicecalledAlJazeeraKiswahiliwastobebasedin
NairobiandbroadcastinKenya,Tanzania,Uganda,RwandaandBurundi.[108]However,thoseplanswere
cancelledduetobudgetconstraints.[109]
ThechannelalsohasplanstolaunchaSpanishlanguagenewsnetworktocatermainlytoSpainandHispanic
America,liketheIraniancableTVnetworkHispanTV.AlJazeerahasalsobeenreportedtobeplanningto
launchaninternationalnewspaper.[110]AlJazeeraArabicbeganusingachromakeystudioon13September
2009.SimilartoSkyNews,AlJazeerabroadcastfromthatstudiowhilethechannel'smainnewsroomwas
givenanewlook.Thechannelrelaunched,withnewgraphicsandmusicalongwithanewstudio,on1
November2009,the13thbirthdayofthechannel.
ControversiesassociatedwithAlJazeera
WhileAlJazeerahasalargeaudienceintheMiddleEast,theorganizationandtheoriginalArabicchannelin
particularhavetakencriticismandbeeninvolvedinseveralcontroversies.[111]
Algeria
On27January1999,severalAlgeriancitieslostpowersimultaneously,reportedlytokeepresidentsfrom
watchingaprograminwhichAlgeriandissidentsimplicatedtheAlgerianmilitaryinaseriesof
massacres.[46][47][50]
On4July2004,theAlgeriangovernmentfrozetheactivitiesofAlJazeera'sAlgeriancorrespondent.The
officialreasongivenwasthatareorganizationoftheworkofforeigncorrespondentswasinprogress.The
internationalpressuregroupReportersWithoutBorderssays,however,thatthemeasurewasreallytakenin
reprisalforabroadcastthepreviousweekofanotherAlItijahalMouakissdebateonthepoliticalsituationin
Algeria.[112]
Bahrain
InMay2000,BahrainbannedAlJazeerabroadcastduetothechannel'scommentsaboutBahrain'smunicipal
elections,labellingitas"servingZionism".[113]
DuringhisvisittoEgyptinNovember2011,NabeelRajab,thepresidentofBahrainCentreforHumanRights,
criticizedAlJazeera'scoverageoftheBahrainiuprising,sayingthatitrepresentsanArabicdoublestandard.
Rajabcommented,"AlJazeera'sintentionalignoringforcoverageofBahrainprotestsmakesmestrongly
believethatweneedchannelsthataresponsoredbypeopleratherthanbyregimes".[114]
China
InMay2012ChineseauthoritiesrefusedtorenewAlJazeeracorrespondent'spresscredentialsandvisa,or
allowareplacementjournalist.AlJazeeraconsequentlycloseditsbureauinBeijing.[115]AlJazeerareopeneda
bureauinChinain2014.
Egypt
Duringthe2011Egyptianprotests,on30January,theEgyptian
governmentorderedtheTVchanneltocloseitsoffices.Adayafter,on
31January,EgyptiansecurityforcesarrestedsixAlJazeerajournalists
forseveralhoursandseizedtheircameraequipment.Therewerealso
reportsofdisruptioninAlJazeeraMubasher'sBroadcastto
Egypt.[116][117][118]Thechannelwasalsocriticizedforbeing MubarakcensorshipofAlJazeera
sympathetictoMohamedMorsiandtheMuslimBrotherhoodanditwas
closedforthesamereasonsinSeptember2013.[119]
TwentytwomembersofstaffofAlJazeera'sEgyptianbureauannouncedtheirresignationon8July2013,
citingbiasedcoverageoftheongoingEgyptianpowerredistributioninfavouroftheMuslim
Brotherhood.[120][121][122]AlJazeeraclaimsthattheresignationsweremadeduetopressurefromtheEgyptian
Military.
InAugust2013,Memritranslateda17August2013clipfromAlJazeera,inwhichGamalNasser,aformer
MuslimBrotherhoodofficialandAlJazeeracommentator,saidthatGeneralAbdelFattahelSisiis"ofJewish
origin"and"implementingaZionistplantodivideEgypt".[123][124]
InlateJune2014,threeAlJazeeraEnglishemployeesweresentencedtoseventotenyearjailtermson
"terrorism"chargesfornewsreportsdeemedsupportiveofthebannedMuslimBrotherhood.Thesentences
wereappliedafterseveralcourthearingstookplacefeaturingnoevidencetobackthegovernment'sclaims[125]
Thethree,MohamedFahmy,PeterGresteandBaherMohamedappealed.Therewasinternational
condemnationofthecourtproceedingsfrombothgovernmentsandmedia,withtheterms"chillingand
draconian"usedbyU.S.SecretaryofStateJohnKerrytodescribethejailsentences.[126]Newlyelected
EgyptianPresidentAbdelFattahelSisihoweverwasunmoved,adayaftertheverdictsdeclaringhis
governmentwouldnotinterveneinjudicialrulings.[127]On1February,Grestewasreleasedfromjailand
deported.On12FebruarybothMohamedFahmyandBaherMohamedwerereleasedonbail.[128]Onedayprior
toFahmy'ssentencingon28August2015,Fahmy'sCanadianlawyerJoannaGislasonwroteinaGlobeand
Mailopedthat:[129]"JournalismwasgrosslypervertedbytheQatarinetworktotugEgyptianheartstowardits
MuslimBrotherhoodsympathies.Inprison,Mohamedlearned,forexample,ofBrotherhoodactivistsbeing
paidasjournalistsbyAlJazeeraaclearcrimeinEgyptbythattime,tosaynothingoftheoffenceto
journalism.QatarknewwhatpoliticsitfavouredforEgyptandusedAlJazeeraasitsmouthpiece."AlJazeera
hasdeniedtheseclaims.On29August2015,Fahmy,GresteandMohamedweresentencedto3yearsinprison
inadecisionheavilycriticizedinternationally.[130]TheGovernmentofCanadaworkedtohaveFahmy
pardonedanddeported.[131]On23September2015,FahmyandMohamedwerepardonedbyEgyptian
presidentAbdelFattahelSisialongwith100otherpeopleandreleasedfromPrison.[132]
India
TheIndiangovernmentbannedtheAlJazeeraTVchannelinApril2015forfivetelecastdaysasitrepeatedly
displayeddisputedmapsofIndia.TheSurveyorGeneralofIndia(SGI)hadobservedthatinsomeofthemaps
displayedbyAlJazeera,"aportionofIndianterritoryofJammuandKashmir(i.e.PoKandAksaiChin)hasnot
beenshownasapartofIndianterritory."
TheSGIassertedthatitwasoutrageousthatthechannelalsodidnotshowLakshadweepandAndamanIslands
asIndianterritoriesinsomeofthemaps.TheSGIalsosaidthatthemapswerenotinaccordancewiththe
SurveyofIndiacopyrightmapandisalsoagainsttheNationalMappolicy,2005andmaprestrictionpolicy
issuedbyMinistryofDefencefromtimetotime.TheMinistryofExternalAffairsalsopointedoutsimilar
airingofawrongmapbythechannel.
IntheirreplytoaShowCauseNotice,AlJazeerasaidthatallmapsthataredisplayedbythemaregeneratedby
aninternationallyknownsoftwareusedbyGlobalNewsProviders.Thechannelalsoaddedthatittakesthe
Indiangovernment'sconcernsaboutmapsveryseriouslyandaccordinglyreviewsallitsIndiaandPakistan
mapstoensurecompatibilitywithrecentofficialUNmap.AspertheorderoftheInformationand
BroadcastingMinistry,theInterMinisterialCommitteewhichwasalsoattendedbyrepresentativesofthe
MinistryofExternalAffairs,afterdeliberations,heldthatthechannelhadclearlyviolatedtheprovisionsofthe
programmecodeandprohibitedtransmissionorretransmissionofthechannelthroughoutIndiaforfive
days.[133]
Iraq
TheIraqiinterimgovernmentclosedtheofficesofAlJazeerainBaghdadinAugust2004.[134]ThenIraqiprime
ministerIyadAllawiaccusedthechannelof"incitinghatred"inthecountry.[134]AttheendofApril2013,the
IraqigovernmentledbyNouriAlMalikionceagainorderedAlJazeeratostopbroadcastingduetothealleged
roleofthechannelin"encouragingthesectarianunrest".[135]
Israel
DuringtheSecondIntifadaPalestinianswhofelltoIsraeligunfirewerereferredtoasmartyrswhileIsraelis
killedbyPalestinianswerereferredtoasIsraeliskilledbyPalestinians.[136]
Onthe2008releaseinanIsraelHezbollahdealofSamirKuntar,whohadmurderedFourIsraelisin1979,
includinga4yearoldgirl,AlJazeeraArabicthrewhimaparty:"BrotherSamir,wewishtocelebrateyour
birthdaywithyou,"crowedthestation'sBeirutbureauchief,hailingKuntarasa"panArabhero."[11][137]
On13March2008,Israelannounceda"boycott"oftheArabicbroadcasteralJazeera,accusingitofbias
particularlyduringcoverageoftheconflictintheGazaStripandofslantedcoveragefavoringHamas.
Ministerswillrefusetodointerviewsandaccordingtosomereports,willdenyvisaapplicationsfromitsstaff.
IsraeliDeputyForeignMinisterMajaliWahbeaccusedtheQatariownedstationofprioritizing/focusing
exclusivelyonPalestiniansuffering,andignoringIsraelisuffering."WehaveseenthatAlJazeerahasbecome
partofHamas...takingsidesandcooperatingwithpeoplewhoareenemiesofthestateofIsrael,"saidWahbe,
aDruseArab."ThemomentastationlikeAlJazeeragivesunreliablereports,representsonlyoneside,and
doesn'tpresentthepositionsoftheotherside,whyshouldwecooperate?",adding:"Thesereportsare
untrustworthyandtheyhurtus,andtheyarousepeopletoterroristactivities."Israeliofficialsbackedtheir
claimbysayingalJazeerahadcoveredtheGazaincursionbutnotthePalestinianrocketattacksagainstthe
IsraelicityofAshkelon.WahabisaidthattheIsraeliForeignMinistrywouldsendlettersofcomplainttothe
governmentofQatarandAlJazeera.OfficialsofPalestinianPresidentMahmoudAbbas'Fatahpartyalso
accusealJazeeraofbeingbiasedinfavourofHamas,withwhichitisatpoliticalloggerheads,andprominent
FatahofficialandformerGazastrongmanMohammedDahlanhasorganizedalawsuitagainstthe
broadcaster.[138][139][140][141]AlJazeeraeventuallyagreedtodiscusscoverageofMideastconflict,[142]andthe
issuewasapparentlysettled.
InFebruary2009,IsraelagainimposedsanctionsonAlJazeeraafterQatarclosedtheIsraelitradeofficein
DohainprotesttotheGazaWar.Initially,IsraelcontemplateddeclaringAlJazeeraahostileentityandshutting
downitsIsraeloffices,butafteralegalreview,theIsraeligovernmentdecidedinsteadtoimposelimited
measurestorestrictAlJazeera'sactivitiesinthecountry.AllAlJazeeraemployeeswouldnothavetheirvisas
renewed,andtheIsraeligovernmentwouldissuenonewvisas.AlJazeerastaffwouldalsonotbeallowedto
attendgovernmentbriefingsandreducedaccesstogovernmentandmilitaryofficesorinterviewKnesset
members.Thestationwouldonlybeallowedaccesstothreeofficialspokespersons:ThePrimeMinister's
Office,theForeignMinistry,andtheIDFSpokesperson'sUnit.[143]
InAugust2011,SamerAllawi,AlJazeera'sAfghanistanbureauchief,wasarrestedbyIsraeliauthoritieson
chargesofbeingamemberofHamas.WaliedAlOmary,AlJazeera'sbureauchiefinIsraelandthePalestinian
territories,saidthemilitarycourtaccusedAllawiofmakingcontactwithmembersofHamas'sarmedwing.[144]
AcoleaderofTheCommitteetoProtectJournalistssaid"IsraelmustclarifywhyitcontinuestoholdSamer
Allawi."[145][146]Allawiwasheldinprisonoveramonth,hewascharged$1400fineafterpleadingguiltyto
havingmetwithHamas,amilitantgroupseenasaterroristgroupbyIsraelandmostofthe
West.[147][148][149][150][151][152][153]
PalestinianNationalAuthority
On15July2009,thePalestinianNationalAuthoritycloseddownAlJazeera'sofficesintheWestBank,
apparentlyinresponsetoclaimsmadeonthechannelbyFaroukKaddoumithatPAPresidentMahmoudAbbas
hadbeeninvolvedinthedeathofYasserArafat.Inastatementannouncingthedecision,thePalestinian
InformationMinistrysaidthestation'scoveragewas"unbalanced"andaccuseditofincitementagainstthePLO
andthePA.[154]
On19July2009,PresidentAbbasrescindedthebanandallowedAlJazeeratoresumeoperations.[155]
SaudiArabianledwarinYemen
In2015,AlJazeerablockedanarticle,titled"SaudiArabiaUsesTerrorismasanExcuseforHumanRights
Abuses(http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/12/saudiarabiausesterrorismasanexcuseforhumanr
ightsabuses.html)",thatcriticizedSaudiArabianledinterventioninYemen.AccordingtotheblockedAl
JazeeraAmericaarticle,"NumerousreportssuggestthattheSaudiledcoalitionagainstoppositiongroupsin
Yemenhasindiscriminatelyattackedciviliansandusedclusterbombsincivilianpopulatedareas,inviolation
ofinternationallaw."[156][157]Thearticle,blockedoutsideoftheUnitedStates,alsocriticizedSaudiArabiafor
itsappallinghumanrightsrecord.[158]
Syria
InJanuary2013aformerNewsEditoratAlJazeera,whowasfromSyria,andhadbeenatAlJazeerafor
"nearlyadecade"wasfiredwithoutcausegiven,butinaninterviewstatedtheirbeliefthatitwaslinkedto
his/herresistanceofongoingstrongpressuretoconformtobiasedcoverageoftheSyriancivilwar.Theformer
EditorstatedthattheMuslimBrotherhoodwas"controllingtheSyrianfileatAlJazeera"withboth
organizationsbiasingnewscoverageinfavouroftheBrotherhoodoustingtheSyriangovernmentofAssadby
forceandwarningthetheneditor"themajority[inSyria]iswiththeMuslimBrotherhoodand[takingpower]
iswithinourgrasp"so"thankyourgodifyougetapardonwhenwebecomethegovernment."Thesource
namedthenamesofseveralotherformeremployeeswhoresignedinprotest,includingdirectoroftheBerlin
bureauAkthamSleiman,aSyrian,"whowas,atthebeginning,withthe[Syrian]opposition"butresistedwhat
theintervieweetermsthe"liesanddespicable[politicalandethnic]sectarianism"andconcludedthat"Al
Jazeerahasliedandisstilllying"aboutSyriaandinfavourofarmedoverthrowandoftheMuslim
Brotherhood.[159][160]
UnitedStates
On13November2001,duringtheWarinAfghanistan,aU.S.missilestrikedestroyedAlJazeera'sofficein
Kabul.Therewerenocasualties.[161]
WhenAlJazeerareportedeventsfeaturingverygraphicfootagefrominsideIraq,AlJazeerawasdescribedas
antiAmericanandasincitingviolencebecauseitreportedonissuesconcerningnationalsecurity.[162]
In2003WashingtonbureauchiefHafezalMiraziresignedtoprotestthestation's"Islamistdrift.".[11]
On24March2003,twoAlJazeerareporterscoveringtheNewYorkStockExchange(NYSE)hadtheir
credentialsrevoked.[163]TheNYSEbannedAlJazeera(aswellasseveralothernewsorganizationswhose
identitieswerenotrevealed)fromitstradingfloorindefinitely.NYSEspokesmanRayPellechiasaidthatitwas
dueto"securityreasons",andthattheexchangehaddecidedtogiveaccessonlytonetworksthatfocus"on
responsiblebusinesscoverage".Hedeniedtherevocationhadanythingtodowiththenetwork'sIraqwar
coverage.[164][165]However,RobertZito,theexchange'sexecutivevicepresidentforcommunications,indicated
thatAlJazeera'sbroadcastofUSP.O.W.'sanddeadAmericansoldierson22March2003ledhimtooustAl
Jazeera.[163]ThemovewasquicklymirroredbyNASDAQstockmarketofficials.[166]TheNYSEbanwas
rescindedafewmonthslater.[167]
Inaddition,AkamaiTechnologies,aU.S.companywhosefounderwaskilledinthe11SeptemberWorldTrade
Centerattack,canceledacontracttoprovidewebservicesforAlJazeera'sEnglishlanguagewebsite.[168][169]
DeathofTareqAyyoub
On8April2003,AlJazeera'sofficeinBaghdadwashitbyamissilefiredfrombyanAmericangroundattack
aircraft,killingreporterTareqAyyoubandwoundinganother.[170]AlJazeerareportedthatithadmailed
coordinatesfortheirofficetotheU.S.StateDepartmentsixweeksearlier,andthattheseshouldhaveclearly
identifiedtheirlocation.[171]DimaTareqTahboub,thewidowofTareqAyyoub,continuesasof2003to
denounceherhusband'sdeathandhaswrittenforTheGuardianandparticipatedinadocumentarybroadcaston
AlJazeeraEnglish.[172]
On30January2005,TheNewYorkTimesreportedthattheQatarigovernment,underpressurefromtheBush
administration,wasspeedingupplanstosellthestation.[173]
AlJazeerabombingmemo
On22November2005,theUKtabloidTheDailyMirrorpublishedastoryclaimingthatithadobtaineda
leakedmemofrom10DowningStreetsayingthatformerU.S.PresidentGeorgeW.Bushhadconsidered
bombingAlJazeera'sDohaheadquartersinApril2004,whenUnitedStatesMarineswereconductinga
contentiousassaultonFallujah.[174]
Websiteattacks
Immediatelyafteritslaunchin2003,theEnglishsitewasattackedbyoneorseveralhackers,wholaunched
denialofserviceattacks,andanotherhackerwhoredirectedvisitorstoasitefeaturinganAmerican
flag.[175][176]BotheventswerewidelyreportedasAlJazeera'swebsitehavingbeenattackedby"hackers".[177]
InNovember2003,JohnWilliamRacineII,alsoknownas'JohnBuffo',wassentencedto1,000hoursof
communityserviceanda$1,500U.S.finefortheonlinedisruption.RacineposedasanAlJazeeraemployeeto
getapasswordtothenetwork'ssite,thenredirectedvisitorstoapagehecreatedthatshowedanAmericanflag
shapedlikeaU.S.mapandapatrioticmotto,courtdocumentssaid.[178]InJune2003,Racinepleadedguiltyto
wirefraudandunlawfulinterceptionofanelectroniccommunication.[179]Asof2012,theperpetratorsofthe
denialofserviceattacksremainunknown.
Shariahandlife
ShariahandLife(alSharawaalayh)isanAlJazeeraArabicshowwithanestimatedaudienceof60
millionworldwideandstarsMuslimpreacherYusufalQaradawi,whoisdescribedas"Islam'sSpiritual'Dear
Abby'".[180][181]Theshowhasbeentherepeatedsubjectofcontroversy.InJanuary2009,Qaradawistated:
"Throughouthistory,Allahhasimposeduponthe[Jews]peoplewhowouldpunishthemfortheircorruption.
Thelastpunishmentwascarriedoutby[Adolf]Hitler."InOctober2010,QaradawiwasaskedifMuslims
shouldacquirenuclearweapons"toterrorizetheirenemies."QaradawisaidhewaspleasedPakistanhadsucha
weapon,thatthegoalofnuclearweaponswouldbepermissible,andprovidedreligiousjustificationquoting
KoranicversesurgingMuslims"toterrorizetherebytheenemyofGodandyourenemy."[182][183][184]
AssassinationofRussianambassadorAndreyKarlov
AwomanintheboardofAlJazeerahasreportedlysaidthatshebelievesthemurderoftheRussianambassador
AndreyKarlovinTurkeywasjustifiedbecauseofthebloodshedthecountryhascontributedtointheSyrian
civilwar.[185]
Editorialindependence
AlJazeeraisownedbythegovernmentofQatar.[3][4][5][6][7][8]WhileAlJazeeraofficialshavestatedthatthey
areeditoriallyindependentfromthegovernmentofQatar,[186][187]thisassertionhasbeendisputed.[9]
In2010,UnitedStatesDepartmentofStateinternalcommunications,releasedbyWikiLeaksaspartofthe2010
diplomaticcablesleak,claimthattheQatargovernmentmanipulatesAlJazeeracoveragetosuitpolitical
interests.[188][189]
InSeptember2012,TheGuardianreportedthatAlJazeera'seditorialindependencecameintoquestionwhen
thechannel'sdirectorofnews,SalahNegm,steppedinatthelastminutetoorderthatatwominutevideo
coveringaUNdebateovertheSyriancivilwarincludeaspeechbytheleaderofQatar,HamadbinKhalifaAl
Thani.Staffmembersprotestedthatthespeechwasnotthemostimportantaspectofthedebate,andthatitwas
arepetitionofpreviouscallsforArabintervention.[9]
TheGuardianalsoclaimedinSeptember2012thatQatarhastakenstepsinrecentyearstoconsolidatecontrol
ofAlJazeeraEnglish.[9]
A13August2015articleinTheIndependentonpoorBBCnewsreportingalsomadereferencetothepolitical
biasinAlJazeerafromtheQatargovernment.[190]
Documentaries
AlJazeera'scoverageoftheinvasionofIraqwasthefocusofanawardwinning2004documentaryfilm,
ControlRoombyEgyptianAmericandirectorJehaneNoujaim.
InJuly2003,PBSbroadcastadocumentary,calledExclusivetoalJazeeraonitsprogramWide
Angle.[191]
In2008,AlJazeerafilmedEgypt:Anationinwaiting,whichdocumentedtrendsinEgypt'spolitical
historyandforeshadowedtheEgyptianRevolutionof2011.[192]
Anotherdocumentary,AlJazeera,AnArabVoiceforFreedomorDemagoguery?TheUNCTour[193]was
filmedtwomonthsafter11September2001TerroristAttack.
ISILandtheTaliban,filmedin2015byanArabAlJazeerareporternamedNajibullahQuraishi,covers
IslamicState'spresenceinAfghanistanandhowtheygroomchildrenforjihad,filmingTaliban
commandersangryaboutIslamicState'spresence,AfghanNationalArmystartingoffensivesinAchin
and2suicidebomberstargetingJandal,aformerwarlord.
Awardsandaccolades
1999PrinceClausAwardfor"CreatingSpacesofFreedom",inAmsterdam
InDecember1999,IbnRushdFundforFreedomofThoughtinBerlinawardedtheIbnRushdPrizefor
FreedomofThoughtformediaandjournalismfortheyeartoAlJazeera.[194]
InMarch2003,AlJazeerawasawardedbyIndexonCensorshipforits"courageincircumventing
censorshipandcontributingtothefreeexchangeofinformationintheArabworld."[195]
InApril2004,theWebbyAwardsnominatedAlJazeeraasoneofthefivebestnewsWebsites,along
withBBCNews,NationalGeographic,RocketNewsandTheSmokingGun.AccordingtoTiffany
Shlain,thefounderoftheWebbyAwards,thiscausedacontroversyas[othermediaorganisations]"feltit
wasarisktakingsite".[196]
In2004,AlJazeerawasvotedbybrandchannel.comreadersasthefifthmostinfluentialglobalbrand
behindAppleComputer,Google,IKEAandStarbucks.[197]
Duringthe2011Egyptianprotests,theonlinemagazineSalon.comwrotethat"AlJazeera'sEgypt
coverageembarrassesU.S.cablenewschannels.",[198]andWikiLeakscommentedontheirTwitterfeed
that"Yes,wemayhavehelpedTunisia,Egypt.Butletusnotforgettheelephantintheroom:AlJazeera
+satdishes".[199]
On4March2011,U.S.SecretaryofStateHillaryClintontestifiedbeforetheSenateForeignRelations
CommitteethatAlJazeeraprovidedmorenewscoveragethantheopiniondrivencoverageofAmerican
massmedia.[200]MostAmericanmediaoutletsdeclinedcomment.MichaelClementeofFoxNewscalled
thecomments"curious",whilenotdirectlyrefutingthem.SecretaryClinton'sremarkscontrast
dramaticallytoSecretaryofDefenseDonaldRumsfeld'scomplaintsofbiasearlyintheprevious
decade.[201]However,Rumsfeldapparentlychangedhisopinionandexpressedin2011thathewas
"delighted"byAlJazeeraEnglish.[202]
InJanuary2013,AlJazeerawasnominatedfortheResponsibleMediaoftheYearawardattheBritishMuslim
Awards.[203]
Competitors
AlMayadeenisapanArabistsatellitetelevisionchannellaunchedon11June2012inLebanon.The
channel,claimsGulfsupportedmedia,aimsatreducingtheinfluenceoftheAlJazeeraandAlArabiya
networks,bothfundedbyoilrichSunniArabcountriesinthePersianGulf.However,itissaidtoplanto
presentanalternativetomainstreamArabsatellitemedia,largelydominatedbythesetwochannels.
InresponsetoAlJazeera,agroupofSaudiinvestorscreatedAlArabiyainthefirstquarterof2003.
Despite(especiallyinitial)skepticismoverthestation'sSaudifunding(cf.History)andaperceptionof
censorshipofantiSaudicontent,[204]AlArabiyahassuccessfullyemulatedAlJazeera,garnereda
significantaudienceshare,andhasalsobecomeinvolvedincontroversyAlArabiyahasbeenseverely
criticisedbytheIraqiandUSauthoritiesandhashadjournalistskilledonthejob.[205][206]
InordertocounteraperceivedbiasofAlJazeera,theU.S.governmentin2004foundedAlHurra("the
freeone").AlHurraisforbiddentobroadcasttotheUSundertheprovisionsoftheSmithMundtAct.A
Zogbypollfoundthat1%ofArabviewerswatchAlHurraastheirfirstchoice.[207]whileanIpsos
MENApollfromMarchMay2008showedthatAlHurrawasdrawingmoreviewersinIraqthanAl
Jazeera.[208]Citingthesefigures,AlvinSnyder,authorandformerUSIAexecutive,referredtoAlHurra
asa"goto"networkinIraq.[209]
AnothercompetitorisAlAlam,Establishedin2003byIslamicRepublicofIranBroadcasting,it
broadcastscontinuously.ItseekstoaddressthemostchallengingissuesoftheMuslimandArabworld
andtheMiddleEast.
AfurthercompetitoristheRusiyaAlYaumchannelthefirstRussianTVnewschannelbroadcastingin
ArabicandheadquarteredinMoscow,Russia.RusiyaAlYaumstartedbroadcastingon4May2007.The
ChannelisestablishedandoperatedbyRIANovosti,thesamenewsagencythatlaunchedRussiaToday
TVinDecember2005todeliveraRussianperspectiveonnewstoEnglishspeakingaudiences,and
"RusiyaAlYaum"isindeedatranslationof"RussiaToday"intoArabic.
TheBBClaunchedBBCArabicTelevisionon11March2008,anArabiclanguagenewschannelin
NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.[210]ThisisthesecondtimethattheBBChaslaunchedanArabic
languageTVchannelasmentionedabove,thedemiseoftheoriginalBBCWorldServiceArabicTV
channelhadatleastcontributedtothefoundingoftheoriginalAlJazeeraArabicTVchannel.
DeutscheWellebeganbroadcastinginArabicin2002.On12September2011,theGermaninternational
broadcasterlaunchedDW(Arabia),itsArabiclanguagetelevisionchannelforNorthAfricaandthe
MiddleEast.[211]Thenetworkhasexpandedfromaninitialtwohourblockto16hoursofdaily
programminginArabicstartingMarch2014.Thescheduleiscompletedwith8hoursofEnglish
languageprogramming.InFebruary2014,DW(Arabia)announcedtheacquisitionofreprise
transmissionrightsofEgyptiansatiristBassemYoussef'spopularshowAlBernameg.[212]
WhenEuronewsstartedbroadcastingitsprogramsinArabicon12July2008,itenteredintocompetition
withAlJazeera.ArabicistheeighthlanguageinwhichEuronewsisbroadcast,afterEnglish,French,
German,Russian,Spanish,Italian,andPortuguese.
SincethelaunchofAlJazeeraEnglish,AlJazeeradirectlycompeteswithBBCWorldandCNN
International,asdoagrowingnumberofotherinternationalbroadcasterssuchasDeutscheWelle,France
24,NHKWorld,andRT.
Network
AlJazeeramedianetworkoperatesanumberofspecialtychannelsbesidesitsoriginalflagshipnewschannel.
AlJazeeranetwork'sTVchannelsinclude:[213]
Launched
Website
in
aljazeera.net/channel
TheoriginalinternationalArabiclanguage24h 1November
AlJazeera (http://www.aljazeera.
newschannel 1996
net/channel)
AlJazeera
Alivepoliticsandpublicinterestchannel(similar
Mubasher mubasher.aljazeera.net
toCSPANorBBCParliament),whichbroadcasts
AlAmma(a.k.a. 2005 (http://mubasher.aljaze
conferencesinrealtimewithouteditingor
AlJazeeraLive era.net/)
commentary
General)
Achildren'sinterestchannel(originallycalled"Al jeemtv.net(http://ww
JeemTV 2005
JazeeraChildren'sChannel(a.k.a.JCC)") w.jeemtv.net/)
aljazeera.com(http://w
AlJazeeraEnglish AglobalEnglishlanguage24hnewschannel 2006
ww.aljazeera.com/)
AlJazeera
doc.aljazeera.net(htt
Documentary AnArabiclanguagedocumentarychannel 2007
p://doc.aljazeera.net/)
Channel
AversionofAlJazeerainthe
balkans.aljazeera.com
Bosnian/Croatian/Serbianlanguage(s)stationedin
AlJazeeraBalkans 2011 (http://balkans.aljazeer
Sarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovinacateringtoand
a.com/)
broadcastingaroundtheBalkans
PendingChannels DescriptionandRegion Year Website
AversionofAlJazeerathatwillbeintheTurkish
language(s)stationedinIstanbulcateringtoand 2014(Under aljazeera.com.tr(htt
AlJazeeraTrk
broadcastingaroundTurkey.Currentlyonline construction) p://aljazeera.com.tr/)
only.
aljazeerakiswahili.com
AlJazeera KiswahiliversionofAlJazeeratobebasedinEast (Under
(http://www.aljazeerak
Kiswahili Africa. construction)
iswahili.com/)
Otherentities Description Year Website
English,SpanishandArabiclanguagedigital
ajplus.net(http://www.
AJ+ onlineonlynewschannelbasedprimarilyonits 2014
ajplus.net/)
mobileappandYouTube
training.aljazeera.net
AlJazeeraTraining anArabiclanguage,GraphicsandMediatraining (http://training.aljazeer
2004
Center center a.net/en/news/default.
html/)
AThinkTankthatconductsresearchandindepth studies.aljazeera.net(h
AlJazeeraCenter
analysisofcurrentaffairsatbothregionaland 2006 ttp://studies.aljazeera.n
forStudies
globallevels et/en/)
Seealso
AlJazeeraeffect NHKWorld
Internationalbroadcasting PressTV
BritishBroadcastingCorporation RT
ChinaCentralTelevision TimesNow
CNN TeleSUR
DWTV Corporatemedia
Euronews Statemedia
France24 WionTV
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Furtherreading
AbdulMageed,M.M.(2008).OnlineNewsSitesandJournalism2.0:ReaderCommentsonAlJazeera
Arabic.TripleC:Cognition,Communication,Cooperation,6(2),5976.Abstractandfullarticle:
Blogspot.com(http://mumageed.blogspot.com/2009/04/onlinenewssitesandjournalism20.html)
AbdulMageed,M.M.,andHerring,S.C.(2008).ArabicandEnglishnewscoverageonaljazeera.net.In:
F.Sudweeks,H.Hrachovec,andC.Ess(Eds.),ProceedingsofCulturalAttitudesTowardsTechnology
andCommunication2008(CATaC'08),Nmes,France,24June27.Abstractandfullarticle:
Blogspot.com(http://mumageed.blogspot.com/2008/03/ArabicandEnglishnewscoverageon.html)
M.Arafa,P.J.Auter,&K.AlJaber(2005),Hungryfornewsandinformation:InstrumentaluseofAl
JazeeraTVamongviewersintheArabWorldandArabdiaspora,JournalofMiddleEastMedia,1(1),
2150
MarcLynch(2005),VoicesoftheNewArabPublic:Iraq,alJazeera,andMiddleEastPoliticsToday,
ColumbiaUniversityPress
N.Miladi(2004),AlJazeera,ISBN1860205933
HughMiles(2004),AlJazeera:HowArabTVnewschallengedtheworld,Abacus,ISBN0349118078,
a.k.a.AlJazeera:HowArabTVNewschallengesAmerica,GrovePress,ISBN0802117899
(2005reprint),
a.k.a.AlJazeera:TheinsidestoryoftheArabnewschannelthatischallengingtheWest,Grove
Press,ISBN0802142354(2006reprint)
MohammedelNawawyandAdelIskandar(2002),AlJazeera:HowtheFreeArabNewsNetwork
ScoopedtheWorldandChangedtheMiddleEast,WestviewPress,ISBN0813340179,
a.k.a.AlJazeera:Thestoryofthenetworkthatisrattlinggovernmentsandredefiningmodern
journalism,a.k.a.AlJazeera:AmbassadoroftheArabWorld,WestviewPress/Basic
Books/PerseusBooks,ISBN0813341493(2003reprint)
ErikC.Nisbet,MatthewC.Nisbet,DietramScheufele,andJamesShanahan(2004),"Publicdiplomacy,
televisionnews,andMuslimopinion"(PDF).(187KiB),HarvardInternationalJournalofPress/Politics9
(2),1137
DonatellaDellaRatta(2005),AlJazeera.Mediaesocietarabenelnuovomillennio(http://www.bruno
mondadori.com/scheda_opera.php?materiaID=82)(Italian),BrunoMondadori,ISBN8842492825
NaomiSakr(2002),SatelliteRealms:TransnationalTelevision,GlobalizationandtheMiddleEast,I.B.
Tauris,ISBN1860646891
Tatham,Steve(2006),LosingArabHearts&Minds:TheCoalition,AlJazeera&MuslimPublic
Opinion,C.Hurst&Co.(London),Published1January2006,ISBN0972557237
MohamedZayani(2005),TheAlJazeeraPhenomenon:CriticalPerspectivesOnNewArabMedia,
ParadigmPublishers,ISBN1594511268
AugustoValeriani(2005),Ilgiornalismoarabo,(Italian)Roma,CarocciISBN8843032801
Externallinks
OfficialAlJazeerawebsite(http://www.aljazeera.net/)
AlJazeeraEnglish(http://america.aljazeera.com/) WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoAlJazeera.
AfeaturestoryaboutAlJazeera(http://www.hossli.com/articles/2
013/12/18/hellothisisaljazeera/)
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