Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Technical Paper
http://technicalpapers.ctbuh.org
Paper Title: Burj Dubai Stack Effect - Passive Stack Effect Mitigation Measures in the Design of the
Worlds Tallest Building
Stack effect in buildings is the same as stack occupant to experience the sound and feel of
effect in chimneys. That is to say, in a chimney, air rushing up or down an elevator shaft or
stack effect is the draft produced by the whistling through gaps in even closed doors.
difference between the temperature of the During certain times of the year, the rush of air
flue gas within the chimney and the outside when opening the entry doors into the lobby
air. The force of the draft is a function of both of a tall building not only makes it difficult to
temperature difference and height of the flue. negotiate the entry, but think of the cost to the
During periods of extreme weather, this effect environment due to the loss of expensive
becomes evident in buildings of even modest conditioned (heated or cooled) air. Some tall
height, although the temperature differential is buildings even have experienced problems
much less than in a chimney. Those of us that with doors to exit stair shafts being forced
live in temperate and cold climates are familiar open or held closed at certain times, due to
with the upward movement of air in stack effect. This problem can be serious if
wintertime. This is especially noticeable at the during an emergency the occupants trying to
entrances to buildings, elevator shafts, use those doors are elderly, very young or
stairwells, dumbwaiters, mail chutes and physically impaired. It is therefore important
mechanical shafts. Stack effect also occurs in for the designer to understand this
warm and tropical climates, especially in the phenomenon so as to make provisions in the
summertime. We sometimes describe this design to minimize, mitigate or accommodate
phenomenon as reverse stack effect because this effect as well as to advise the Owner on
the flow of air is downward. With normal stack issues that may arise in the on going operation
effect, the air in the building has a buoyant of his building.
force because it is warmer and less dense than The purpose of this paper is to outline the
the outside air. With reverse stack effect, the challenges related to stack effect faced by the
cooler more dense air is inside the building Burj Dubai design team and to describe the
and wants to drop downward and flow out of measures taken to mitigate them. The writer
the building at its bottom. This latter case of hastens to add that this process is still ongoing
reverse stack effect will be the most prevalent and will continue through construction and
type encountered in the Burj Dubai. into the operational life of this super tall,
Why is understanding stack effect important? unique structure.
Stack effect can impact the function, systems
performance, equipment specification, energy
use and operations of a building; especially a Burj Dubai
tall one. Although the physics that causes stack The Burj Dubai (Tower of Dubai) will be the
effect is known; its impact on individual worlds tallest structure when completed in
buildings and specific locations within those 2009. The superstructure is currently under
buildings can differ greatly. Environmental construction on a site in Dubai, UAE, formerly
variables, such as the air temperature, occupied by the military. At over 160 stories
atmospheric pressure, humidity, combined in height, it will be the centerpiece of a
with the air tightness of the exterior wall and 3,700,000 m2 (40,000,000 ft2) residential, office
existence and height of vertical pathways for and retail development. The final height of the
air transfer within the building will influence building is currently confidential, but when
the magnitude of the effect. The magnitude of completed, this ultra-modern multi-use
the effect can turn a mere annoyance into a skyscraper will be in excess of 700 meters
larger problem affecting building operation (2300 ft), significantly exceeding the height
and even safety. It is unpleasant to the of the current record holder, the 509 meter
(1670 ft) tall Taipei 101.
Fig 1. Burj Dubai under construction
( )
of Taipei 101 (currently the tallest completed 1_1
building in the world) and is scheduled to be P = Ks T0 T1 h
topped out sometime in 2008. Refer to
where: P = pressure difference, in H2O (Pa)
figure 1, showing the Tower under
construction. Figure 2 is a rendered image of T = absolute temperature of outside air, 0R (K)
the Tower as it will look upon completion at T1 = absolute temperature of air inside shaft, 0R (K)
the end of 2008. Furthermore, in order to
h = distance above neutral plane, ft (m)
understand the magnitude of the potential
stack effect, refer to Figure 3 which graphically Ks = coefficient, 7.64 (3460)
compares the height of Burj Dubai to the five
next tallest buildings in the world. The neutral plane is the elevation where the
hydrostatic pressure inside the shaft is equal to
The Design Team the pressure outside the shaft.
The SOM design team in Chicago was fully To give one an idea of the potential magnitude
interdisciplinary. SOM services included of stack effect in a super tall building, we can
architectural, structural, building services and make the following assumptions:
interior fit-out design and ran from concept
Internal Temperature: +21 C
design stage in the form of a limited
competition through full construction External Temperature: +46 C
documents. An important aspect of the SOM Height of Shaft 700 meters
team was that individual members had
experience on the design and operation of The resulting magnitude of the pressure
several of the top ten tallest buildings ever differential at the top and bottom of the shaft,
built. Those structures included Sears Tower discounting wind effects and the effect of the
and John Hancock Center in Chicago and Jin HVAC system, would be +320 Pa and -320 Pa
Mao in Shanghai. Because of this experience, respectively. For those more familiar with
as the design phase commenced, RWDI, a imperial measure, that would be a pressure
specialist consultant in wind engineering, difference of over 6 psf from the neutral plane
located in Guelph Ontario, was added to the at the midpoint of the shaft or about 13 psf
team. Their expertise included an ability to between the top and the bottom.
provide a computational basis for the stack As the design reached maturity in late 2005,
effect forces. RWDI completed their analysis and released
The Physics Behind Stack Effect their final report. That report became the basis
As previously stated, the magnitude of stack by which the active and passive mitigation
effect, and its potential impact, will vary with measures were developed and implemented
the temperature difference between inside on the project.
Fig 2. Rendering of Burj Dubai.
and outside, the height of the building or shaft